Article(id=1320166110457090183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070209, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681728233, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681728233, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681728233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681728233, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=357, endPage=367, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166110666805384, articleId=1320166110457090183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Drying Method on Volatile Compounds of Argopecten irradians concentricus Based on Electronic Nose, GC-IMS and GC-MS, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of drying methods on the volatile profile of Argopecten irradians concentricus, fresh scallops (FS) was compared with samples processed by natural drying (ND), hot-air drying (HAD) and vacuum drying (VD). Odor characteristics and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were comprehensively analysed by electronic nose (E-nose), gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that E-nose clearly discriminated the odour patterns of the differently dried scallops, with ND and HAD showing partial overlap. GC-IMS fingerprints revealed that ND was characterized by 1-octen-3-ol, 2-methylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 4-methylthiazole, and dimethyl trisulfide, whereas HAD and VD were dominated by ketones such as 5-methyl-3-heptanone, 2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone. Two-dimensional maps indicated that drying increased both the number and abundance of volatiles (ND>HAD>VD). GC-MS analysis demonstrated that the drying method markedly influenced the VOC profiles of scallops, with 32, 26, and 16 compounds detected in the ND, HAD, and VD groups, respectively. Aldehydes rose from 13.79% in fresh scallops to 18.39%, 24.45%, and 19.37%, whereas alcohols declined from 33.91% to 21.30%, 19.09%, and 13.84%. ROAV analysis further pinpointed ten key aroma-active compounds, mainly aldehydes and ketones, with decanal and benzaldehyde shared across all treatments, contributing floral, fruity, and nutty notes. ND and VD were typified by citrus and floral-like aromas, while HAD was characterized by floral-fruity and woody notes. This study elucidates the composition and aroma characteristics of VOCs in scallops under different drying methods and provides a theoretical foundation for flavor regulation and aroma enhancement in dried scallop processing.

, authors=Dongyuan WU1, Haisheng LIN1, 2, *, Dapeng LU3, Wenhong CAO1, 2, Mingtang TAN1, 2, Zhongqin CHEN1, 2, Huina ZHENG1, 2, authorsList=Dongyuan WU, Haisheng LIN, Dapeng LU, Wenhong CAO, Mingtang TAN, Zhongqin CHEN, Huina ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haisheng LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166111816044689, articleId=1320166110457090183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于电子鼻、GC-IMS和GC-MS分析干燥方式对墨西哥湾扇贝挥发性成分的影响, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同干燥方式对墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)挥发性成分的影响。本研究以鲜贝柱(fresh scallops,FS)作为对照,采用自然干燥(natrual drying,ND)、热风(hot air dring,HAD)、真空(vacuum drying,VD)三种干燥方式加工贝柱,利用电子鼻(electronic nose,E-nose)、气相离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)以及气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatographymass spectrometry,GC-MS)多维度解析了干燥方式对扇贝柱挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic components,VOCs)的影响。结果表明,电子鼻能够有效地区分不同干燥方式扇贝柱的气味特征,其中ND组与HAD组具有部分相似的气味特征。GC-IMS指纹图谱显示ND组的特征VOCs包括1-辛烯-3醇、2-甲基-吡啶、2,6-二甲基-吡啶、4-甲基噻唑和二甲基三硫,HAD和VD的特征VOCs以酮类为主,包括5-甲基-3庚酮、2-甲基-3(二氢)-呋喃酮、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮;二维谱图显示干燥增加了扇贝挥发性化合物的种类和含量,其中ND>HAD>VD。GC-MS结果显示,不同干燥方式对扇贝VOCs组成及含量具有显著影响,其中ND、HAD和VD分别检出32、26和16种VOCs,醛类化合物的相对含量由干燥前的13.79%分别上升至18.39%、24.45%、19.37%,醇类化合物的含量由干燥前的33.91%分别降低至21.30%、19.09%和13.84%。基于ROAV理论鉴别出了10种关键的香气成分,以醛类和酮类为主,共有的VOCs为癸醛、苯甲醛,赋予了扇贝花果香、坚果香,ND、VD组的特征香味为柑橘香和花香,而HAD组的特征香气为花果香和木香。本研究揭示了不同干燥方式下扇贝VOCs的组成及香气特征,可为干贝加工过程中风味的调控及香气的提升提供理论依据。

, authors=吴东源1, 林海生1, 2, *, 陆大鹏3, 曹文红1, 2, 谭明堂1, 2, 陈忠琴1, 2, 郑惠娜1, 2, authorsList=吴东源, 林海生, 陆大鹏, 曹文红, 谭明堂, 陈忠琴, 郑惠娜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=林海生, authorNote=

吴东源(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产食品质量与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
林海生(1985−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品精细加工及高值化利用,E-mail:。
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AuthorCompany(id=1320166113695092888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166113707675801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, companyId=1320166113695092888, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Zhanjiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhanjiang 524088, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166113716064410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, companyId=1320166113695092888, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3湛江市食品药品检验所,广东湛江 524088)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166116438167759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Radar response map (A) and PCA (B) analysis of the electronic nose of scallop columns with different drying methods, figureFileSmall=BBQ1wwCebS1aM42DTSN4Nw==, figureFileBig=Szhsec1UlPdcdUg3XI1cyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166118023614673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同干燥方式扇贝柱电子鼻雷达响应图(A)及PCA分析(B), figureFileSmall=BBQ1wwCebS1aM42DTSN4Nw==, figureFileBig=Szhsec1UlPdcdUg3XI1cyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166118208164050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=GC-IMS Fingerprints of scallop columns with different drying methods, figureFileSmall=DdW5fmWx7BdwEJEWHaiKcw==, figureFileBig=12x+t8PzyV41ho7aXvKN4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166118271078611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同干燥方式扇贝柱GC-IMS指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=DdW5fmWx7BdwEJEWHaiKcw==, figureFileBig=12x+t8PzyV41ho7aXvKN4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166118346576084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Differences in GC-IMS spectra of scallop columns with different drying methods, figureFileSmall=homsj1clK9q4BZvjJwtkWQ==, figureFileBig=dSnh90r77opXYPdlJLJjeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166118409490645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同干燥方式扇贝柱GC-IMS差异图谱, figureFileSmall=homsj1clK9q4BZvjJwtkWQ==, figureFileBig=dSnh90r77opXYPdlJLJjeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166118476599510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Distribution of compound species (A) and content (B) of scallop column GC-MS with different drying methods, figureFileSmall=w7GqSbmNlxzdlRzEmjRcSw==, figureFileBig=ymaYK6rsd2OtPfP5EV6HDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166118535319767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同干燥方式扇贝柱GC-MS化合物种类分布(A)和相对含量(B), figureFileSmall=w7GqSbmNlxzdlRzEmjRcSw==, figureFileBig=ymaYK6rsd2OtPfP5EV6HDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166118598234328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensitive substances and characteristic gases for the PEN3 electronic nose sensor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器名称敏感特点特征气体
1W1C芳烃类化合物甲苯
2W5S氮氧化物二氧化氮
3W3C芳香物质及氨类苯
4W6S氢化物氢气
5W5C短链烷烃类乙烷、丙烷
6W1S烷类甲烷
7W1W氮氧化物、有机硫化物硫化氢
8W2S醇类、醛酮一氧化碳
9W2W有机硫化物、芳烃类硫化氢
10W3S长链烷烃类癸烷
), ArticleFig(id=1320166118673731801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PEN3型电子鼻传感器对应的敏感物质及特征气体

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器名称敏感特点特征气体
1W1C芳烃类化合物甲苯
2W5S氮氧化物二氧化氮
3W3C芳香物质及氨类苯
4W6S氢化物氢气
5W5C短链烷烃类乙烷、丙烷
6W1S烷类甲烷
7W1W氮氧化物、有机硫化物硫化氢
8W2S醇类、醛酮一氧化碳
9W2W有机硫化物、芳烃类硫化氢
10W3S长链烷烃类癸烷
), ArticleFig(id=1320166118761812186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

GC-IMS analysis of flavor compounds in scallop adductors under different drying methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称分类CAS号RIRT(s)气味描述
庚醇醇111-70-6967.3441.81−
2-丁氧基乙醇醇111-76-2902.7279.68−
1-己醇醇111-27-3876.5236.27−
2-己烯醇醇2305-21-7861.7216.03−
1,3-丁二醇醇107-88-0772.1126.49−
1-辛烯-3-醇醇3391-86-4984.2497.89泥土、蘑菇
苯甲醇醇100-51-61040.8613.38茉莉花香、杏仁香
反式-2-己烯-1-醇醇928-95-0868.7225.29−
2-呋喃甲醇醇98-00-0856.2208.99−
丙基苯其他103-65-1964.7433.56−
邻甲酚其他95-48-71046.3622.69−
乙苯其他100-41-4862.9217.63−
二乙二醇二甲醚其他111-96-6965.2435.12−
苯乙烯其他100-42-5902.2278.74−
2-乙酰基吡咯其他1072-83-91077.5678.55核桃、烤面包
2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉其他85213-22-5923.5323.99爆米花
二乙基二硫其他110-81-6919.9315.90−
2,6-二甲基吡啶其他108-48-5897.3269.18坚果、烘焙香
2-甲基吡嗪其他109-08-0838.0187.24坚果、烘焙香
2-甲基吡啶其他109-06-8836.4185.38坚果、烘焙香
4-甲基噻唑其他693-95-8828.1176.38坚果香
2,5-二甲基吡嗪其他123-32-0919.4314.80炒花生、巧克力
2-丁基呋喃其他4466-24-4886.9251.48水果、葡萄酒
2,4-二甲基噻唑其他541-58-2877.7237.10咖啡、坚果香
N-亚硝基甲乙胺其他10595-95-6829.7178.08氨味、鱼腥味
二甲基三硫其他3658-80-8967.5442.25大葱、洋葱
2,3-二甲基吡嗪其他5910-89-4927.4333.03烤香、坚果、可可香
5-甲基呋喃醛醛620-02-0953.9401.73坚果、焦糖、朗姆酒
2-甲基-2-戊烯醛醛623-36-9836.7185.74果香、青草、脂肪
反式-2-戊烯醛醛1576-87-0752.9113.72柑橘香
丁酸酸107-92-6812.8160.73−
戊酸酸109-52-4884.6248.12−
巴豆酸酸107-93-7849.7200.90−
四氢噻吩酮酮1003-04-9967.1440.99蔬菜、奶油
3-甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮酮2758-18-1961.3423.23焦糖香、坚果香
5-甲基-3-庚酮酮541-85-5947.6384.28果香、脂香
3-庚烯-2-酮酮1119-44-4929.8338.74草莓、菠萝
4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮酮123-42-2820.3168.25椰香、奶油香
3-庚酮酮106-35-4882.4244.82苹果香、草本香
2-甲基-3(二氢)-呋喃酮酮3188-00-9815.5163.44肉汤、洋葱
环戊酮酮120-92-3795.6144.92青果、绿叶
2-环己烯-1-酮酮930-68-7924.7326.85果蔬、草本
丙位戊内酯酯108-29-2975.9469.49果香、奶香
丙酸异戊酯酯105-68-0975.7468.71杏子、菠萝
2-糠酸甲酯酯611-13-2975.7468.76焦香
己酸甲酯酯106-70-7924.8327.16菠萝、香蕉
gamma-丁内酯酯96-48-0925.0327.43椰子、奶香
甲酸己酯酯629-33-4911.4297.58甜香、果香
硫代乙酸丙酯酯2307-10-0876.5236.21大葱、蒜味
丙酸异丁酯酯540-42-1862.5217.03梨、苹果
丁酸异丙酯酯638-11-9849.8201.08菠萝、香蕉
丁酸乙酯酯105-54-4812.0159.10菠萝、香蕉
甲酸异戊酯酯110-45-2785.1135.97菠萝、香蕉
丁酸丙酯酯105-66-8889.3255.21菠萝、香蕉
乙酸异戊酯酯123-92-2868.6225.21菠萝、香蕉
戊酸甲酯酯624-24-8831.0179.47菠萝、香蕉
异硫氰酸异丙酯酯2253-73-8835.9184.88辛辣、刺鼻
甲酸正戊酯酯638-49-3827.0175.14菠萝、香蕉
甲酸-3-甲基丁酯酯110-45-2790.3140.31梨、苹果
3-甲基丁酸甲酯酯556-24-1764.3121.16苹果、菠萝
), ArticleFig(id=1320166118854086875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同干燥方式扇贝柱风味化合物GC-IMS分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称分类CAS号RIRT(s)气味描述
庚醇醇111-70-6967.3441.81−
2-丁氧基乙醇醇111-76-2902.7279.68−
1-己醇醇111-27-3876.5236.27−
2-己烯醇醇2305-21-7861.7216.03−
1,3-丁二醇醇107-88-0772.1126.49−
1-辛烯-3-醇醇3391-86-4984.2497.89泥土、蘑菇
苯甲醇醇100-51-61040.8613.38茉莉花香、杏仁香
反式-2-己烯-1-醇醇928-95-0868.7225.29−
2-呋喃甲醇醇98-00-0856.2208.99−
丙基苯其他103-65-1964.7433.56−
邻甲酚其他95-48-71046.3622.69−
乙苯其他100-41-4862.9217.63−
二乙二醇二甲醚其他111-96-6965.2435.12−
苯乙烯其他100-42-5902.2278.74−
2-乙酰基吡咯其他1072-83-91077.5678.55核桃、烤面包
2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉其他85213-22-5923.5323.99爆米花
二乙基二硫其他110-81-6919.9315.90−
2,6-二甲基吡啶其他108-48-5897.3269.18坚果、烘焙香
2-甲基吡嗪其他109-08-0838.0187.24坚果、烘焙香
2-甲基吡啶其他109-06-8836.4185.38坚果、烘焙香
4-甲基噻唑其他693-95-8828.1176.38坚果香
2,5-二甲基吡嗪其他123-32-0919.4314.80炒花生、巧克力
2-丁基呋喃其他4466-24-4886.9251.48水果、葡萄酒
2,4-二甲基噻唑其他541-58-2877.7237.10咖啡、坚果香
N-亚硝基甲乙胺其他10595-95-6829.7178.08氨味、鱼腥味
二甲基三硫其他3658-80-8967.5442.25大葱、洋葱
2,3-二甲基吡嗪其他5910-89-4927.4333.03烤香、坚果、可可香
5-甲基呋喃醛醛620-02-0953.9401.73坚果、焦糖、朗姆酒
2-甲基-2-戊烯醛醛623-36-9836.7185.74果香、青草、脂肪
反式-2-戊烯醛醛1576-87-0752.9113.72柑橘香
丁酸酸107-92-6812.8160.73−
戊酸酸109-52-4884.6248.12−
巴豆酸酸107-93-7849.7200.90−
四氢噻吩酮酮1003-04-9967.1440.99蔬菜、奶油
3-甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮酮2758-18-1961.3423.23焦糖香、坚果香
5-甲基-3-庚酮酮541-85-5947.6384.28果香、脂香
3-庚烯-2-酮酮1119-44-4929.8338.74草莓、菠萝
4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮酮123-42-2820.3168.25椰香、奶油香
3-庚酮酮106-35-4882.4244.82苹果香、草本香
2-甲基-3(二氢)-呋喃酮酮3188-00-9815.5163.44肉汤、洋葱
环戊酮酮120-92-3795.6144.92青果、绿叶
2-环己烯-1-酮酮930-68-7924.7326.85果蔬、草本
丙位戊内酯酯108-29-2975.9469.49果香、奶香
丙酸异戊酯酯105-68-0975.7468.71杏子、菠萝
2-糠酸甲酯酯611-13-2975.7468.76焦香
己酸甲酯酯106-70-7924.8327.16菠萝、香蕉
gamma-丁内酯酯96-48-0925.0327.43椰子、奶香
甲酸己酯酯629-33-4911.4297.58甜香、果香
硫代乙酸丙酯酯2307-10-0876.5236.21大葱、蒜味
丙酸异丁酯酯540-42-1862.5217.03梨、苹果
丁酸异丙酯酯638-11-9849.8201.08菠萝、香蕉
丁酸乙酯酯105-54-4812.0159.10菠萝、香蕉
甲酸异戊酯酯110-45-2785.1135.97菠萝、香蕉
丁酸丙酯酯105-66-8889.3255.21菠萝、香蕉
乙酸异戊酯酯123-92-2868.6225.21菠萝、香蕉
戊酸甲酯酯624-24-8831.0179.47菠萝、香蕉
异硫氰酸异丙酯酯2253-73-8835.9184.88辛辣、刺鼻
甲酸正戊酯酯638-49-3827.0175.14菠萝、香蕉
甲酸-3-甲基丁酯酯110-45-2790.3140.31梨、苹果
3-甲基丁酸甲酯酯556-24-1764.3121.16苹果、菠萝
), ArticleFig(id=1320166118929584348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Composition and relative content of volatile substances in scallops with different drying methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类化合物名称保留时间(min)CAS号相对含量%气味描述
FSNDHADVD
醇1-辛烯-3-醇20.213391-86-432.7018.4015.2913.16蘑菇香、泥土香
1-癸烯-3-醇27.8851100-54-01.221.610.61ND蘑菇香
(Z)-2-辛烯-1-醇24.7026001-58-1ND1.29NDND−
2-丁基-1-辛醇17.483913-02-8NDND0.550.68−
1-壬醇26.05143-8-8NDND0.92ND玫瑰香、油脂香
1-戊醇14.4271-41-0NDND1.72ND面包香、果香
醛辛醛15.56124-13-01.606.633.31ND甜橙、蜂蜜香
壬醛18.67124-19-65.76ND11.169.26脂肪、花香
2-辛烯醛19.452363-89-50.27NDNDND肉香、脂肪香
癸醛21.54112-31-22.153.673.703.50蜡香、柑橘香
苯甲醛21.81100-52-73.704.716.286.61杏仁、坚果香
月桂醛26.80112-54-90.31NDNDND腊香、皂香
庚醛12.39111-71-7ND3.38NDND甜杏、坚果香
酸壬酸37.70112-5-00.59ND0.23ND−
乙酸19.7164-19-7ND4.980.420.89醋味
癸酸35.78334-48-5NDND1.07ND−
肉豆蔻酸41.01544-63-8NDND3.88ND−
苯甲酸46.7465-85-0NDND5.14ND−
酮3-辛酮14.39106-68-30.70NDNDND土霉味,蘑菇香
1-辛烯-3-酮15.764312-99-60.86NDNDND土壤、蘑菇香
甲基庚烯酮16.79110-93-00.180.981.251.28柑橘、柠檬香
2-壬酮18.38821-55-60.141.662.39ND脂香、奶油香
2-十一酮24.04112-12-90.46ND0.66ND蜡香、果香、脂肪香
香叶基丙酮30.473796-70-10.570.350.94ND花香、果香、木香
2-乙基环戊酮27.144971-18-0ND0.69NDND草本香
烃二甲硫基甲烷15.241618-26-40.46NDNDND葱蒜、鲜芥菜味
戊基环丙烷23.472511-91-3ND0.42NDND−
2,3,3-三甲基-辛烷10.7562016-30-2ND1.072.03ND−
2-溴十二烷19.9613187-99-0ND1.261.623.13−
十七烷24.51629-78-7ND1.54NDND−
2-甲基-6-丙基-十二烷12.1055045-8-4ND3.58NDND−
十二烷11.52112-40-3ND4.048.5115.05−
十五烷17.21629-62-9ND4.702.68ND−
十四烷19.19629-59-4ND2.451.823.35−
3-甲基十一烷12.101002-43-3NDND2.614.95−
2,6,11-三甲基-十二烷21.95629-62-9NDND−1.86−
3,5,5-三甲基-2-己烯13.15112-40-338.578.6614.37.44−
1-十二烯17.47112-41-4ND0.91NDND−
1-十五烯23.0213360-61-7ND1.32NDND−
(Z,Z)-3,5-辛二烯5.337348-80-3NDNDND1.69−
酯己二酸二异丙酯30.956938-94-90.54NDNDND−
戊二醇二异丁酸酯31.296846-50-00.62NDNDND−
邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯36.2584-69-51.30NDNDND−
邻苯二甲酸二丁酯40.8484-74-23.770.903.79ND−
2-甲基-3-氧代丁酸甲酯26.4317094-21-2ND1.61NDND−
己酸乙烯基酯26.823050-69-9ND2.09NDND−
其他苯酚34.48108-95-20.40ND0.19ND刺鼻、辛辣味
2,4-二叔丁基苯酚39.7996-76-43.142.592.9417.56木香、樟脑味
2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚32.35128-37-0ND0.74NDND−
对叔戊基苯酚41.2080-46-6ND1.35ND9.60酚味、皮革味
2-乙酰基噻唑24.9224295-3-2ND1.51NDND烤肉、坚果香
2,6-二甲基吡嗪16.47108-50-9ND3.04NDND烘烤香、可可香
2,5-二甲基-3-乙基-吡嗪19.9013360-65-1ND3.73NDND烤面包、坚果香
), ArticleFig(id=1320166119026053341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同干燥方式扇贝挥发性物质组成及相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类化合物名称保留时间(min)CAS号相对含量%气味描述
FSNDHADVD
醇1-辛烯-3-醇20.213391-86-432.7018.4015.2913.16蘑菇香、泥土香
1-癸烯-3-醇27.8851100-54-01.221.610.61ND蘑菇香
(Z)-2-辛烯-1-醇24.7026001-58-1ND1.29NDND−
2-丁基-1-辛醇17.483913-02-8NDND0.550.68−
1-壬醇26.05143-8-8NDND0.92ND玫瑰香、油脂香
1-戊醇14.4271-41-0NDND1.72ND面包香、果香
醛辛醛15.56124-13-01.606.633.31ND甜橙、蜂蜜香
壬醛18.67124-19-65.76ND11.169.26脂肪、花香
2-辛烯醛19.452363-89-50.27NDNDND肉香、脂肪香
癸醛21.54112-31-22.153.673.703.50蜡香、柑橘香
苯甲醛21.81100-52-73.704.716.286.61杏仁、坚果香
月桂醛26.80112-54-90.31NDNDND腊香、皂香
庚醛12.39111-71-7ND3.38NDND甜杏、坚果香
酸壬酸37.70112-5-00.59ND0.23ND−
乙酸19.7164-19-7ND4.980.420.89醋味
癸酸35.78334-48-5NDND1.07ND−
肉豆蔻酸41.01544-63-8NDND3.88ND−
苯甲酸46.7465-85-0NDND5.14ND−
酮3-辛酮14.39106-68-30.70NDNDND土霉味,蘑菇香
1-辛烯-3-酮15.764312-99-60.86NDNDND土壤、蘑菇香
甲基庚烯酮16.79110-93-00.180.981.251.28柑橘、柠檬香
2-壬酮18.38821-55-60.141.662.39ND脂香、奶油香
2-十一酮24.04112-12-90.46ND0.66ND蜡香、果香、脂肪香
香叶基丙酮30.473796-70-10.570.350.94ND花香、果香、木香
2-乙基环戊酮27.144971-18-0ND0.69NDND草本香
烃二甲硫基甲烷15.241618-26-40.46NDNDND葱蒜、鲜芥菜味
戊基环丙烷23.472511-91-3ND0.42NDND−
2,3,3-三甲基-辛烷10.7562016-30-2ND1.072.03ND−
2-溴十二烷19.9613187-99-0ND1.261.623.13−
十七烷24.51629-78-7ND1.54NDND−
2-甲基-6-丙基-十二烷12.1055045-8-4ND3.58NDND−
十二烷11.52112-40-3ND4.048.5115.05−
十五烷17.21629-62-9ND4.702.68ND−
十四烷19.19629-59-4ND2.451.823.35−
3-甲基十一烷12.101002-43-3NDND2.614.95−
2,6,11-三甲基-十二烷21.95629-62-9NDND−1.86−
3,5,5-三甲基-2-己烯13.15112-40-338.578.6614.37.44−
1-十二烯17.47112-41-4ND0.91NDND−
1-十五烯23.0213360-61-7ND1.32NDND−
(Z,Z)-3,5-辛二烯5.337348-80-3NDNDND1.69−
酯己二酸二异丙酯30.956938-94-90.54NDNDND−
戊二醇二异丁酸酯31.296846-50-00.62NDNDND−
邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯36.2584-69-51.30NDNDND−
邻苯二甲酸二丁酯40.8484-74-23.770.903.79ND−
2-甲基-3-氧代丁酸甲酯26.4317094-21-2ND1.61NDND−
己酸乙烯基酯26.823050-69-9ND2.09NDND−
其他苯酚34.48108-95-20.40ND0.19ND刺鼻、辛辣味
2,4-二叔丁基苯酚39.7996-76-43.142.592.9417.56木香、樟脑味
2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚32.35128-37-0ND0.74NDND−
对叔戊基苯酚41.2080-46-6ND1.35ND9.60酚味、皮革味
2-乙酰基噻唑24.9224295-3-2ND1.51NDND烤肉、坚果香
2,6-二甲基吡嗪16.47108-50-9ND3.04NDND烘烤香、可可香
2,5-二甲基-3-乙基-吡嗪19.9013360-65-1ND3.73NDND烤面包、坚果香
), ArticleFig(id=1320166119105745118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Volatile flavor substances in scallop columns of different drying methods ROAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称气味阈值(μg/kg)气味描述ROAV
FSNDHADVD
庚醛3甜杏、坚果香−6.12−−
辛醛0.7甜橙、蜂蜜香7.0051.4730.88−
癸醛0.1蜡香、柑橘香、花香65.81199.44241.99265.96
苯甲醛3杏仁、坚果香3.778.5313.6916.74
壬醛1柑橘、脂肪、花香17.62−72.9970.36
1-辛烯-3-酮0.005土壤、金属、蘑菇523.27−−−
香叶基丙酮0.01花香、果香、木香−190.20614.78−
2-壬酮5果香、甜香0.091.803.13−
二甲硫基甲烷0.003葱蒜、鲜芥菜味468.94−−−
1-辛烯-3-醇1蘑菇味、泥土味100.00100.00100.00100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1320166119181242591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166110457090183, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同干燥方式扇贝柱挥发性风味物质ROAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称气味阈值(μg/kg)气味描述ROAV
FSNDHADVD
庚醛3甜杏、坚果香−6.12−−
辛醛0.7甜橙、蜂蜜香7.0051.4730.88−
癸醛0.1蜡香、柑橘香、花香65.81199.44241.99265.96
苯甲醛3杏仁、坚果香3.778.5313.6916.74
壬醛1柑橘、脂肪、花香17.62−72.9970.36
1-辛烯-3-酮0.005土壤、金属、蘑菇523.27−−−
香叶基丙酮0.01花香、果香、木香−190.20614.78−
2-壬酮5果香、甜香0.091.803.13−
二甲硫基甲烷0.003葱蒜、鲜芥菜味468.94−−−
1-辛烯-3-醇1蘑菇味、泥土味100.00100.00100.00100.00
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吴东源 1 , 林海生 1, 2, * , 陆大鹏 3 , 曹文红 1, 2 , 谭明堂 1, 2 , 陈忠琴 1, 2 , 郑惠娜 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(14): 357-367
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (14) : 357 -367
基于电子鼻、GC-IMS和GC-MS分析干燥方式对墨西哥湾扇贝挥发性成分的影响
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吴东源(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产食品质量与安全,E-mail:

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吴东源(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产食品质量与安全,E-mail:

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吴东源1 , 林海生1, 2, * , 陆大鹏3, 曹文红1, 2, 谭明堂1, 2, 陈忠琴1, 2, 郑惠娜1, 2
作者信息
  • 1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东湛江 524088
  • 2广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室/国家贝类加工技术研发分中心(湛江)/南海生物资源开发与利用协同创新中心,广东湛江 524088
  • 3湛江市食品药品检验所,广东湛江 524088
通讯作者:
林海生(1985−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品精细加工及高值化利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴东源(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产食品质量与安全,E-mail:

Effect of Drying Method on Volatile Compounds of Argopecten irradians concentricus Based on Electronic Nose, GC-IMS and GC-MS
Dongyuan WU1 , Haisheng LIN1, 2, * , Dapeng LU3, Wenhong CAO1, 2, Mingtang TAN1, 2, Zhongqin CHEN1, 2, Huina ZHENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2Guangdong Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety/National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang)/South China Sea Biological Resources Development and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 3Zhanjiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhanjiang 524088, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070209
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为探究不同干燥方式对墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)挥发性成分的影响。本研究以鲜贝柱(fresh scallops,FS)作为对照,采用自然干燥(natrual drying,ND)、热风(hot air dring,HAD)、真空(vacuum drying,VD)三种干燥方式加工贝柱,利用电子鼻(electronic nose,E-nose)、气相离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)以及气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatographymass spectrometry,GC-MS)多维度解析了干燥方式对扇贝柱挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic components,VOCs)的影响。结果表明,电子鼻能够有效地区分不同干燥方式扇贝柱的气味特征,其中ND组与HAD组具有部分相似的气味特征。GC-IMS指纹图谱显示ND组的特征VOCs包括1-辛烯-3醇、2-甲基-吡啶、2,6-二甲基-吡啶、4-甲基噻唑和二甲基三硫,HAD和VD的特征VOCs以酮类为主,包括5-甲基-3庚酮、2-甲基-3(二氢)-呋喃酮、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮;二维谱图显示干燥增加了扇贝挥发性化合物的种类和含量,其中ND>HAD>VD。GC-MS结果显示,不同干燥方式对扇贝VOCs组成及含量具有显著影响,其中ND、HAD和VD分别检出32、26和16种VOCs,醛类化合物的相对含量由干燥前的13.79%分别上升至18.39%、24.45%、19.37%,醇类化合物的含量由干燥前的33.91%分别降低至21.30%、19.09%和13.84%。基于ROAV理论鉴别出了10种关键的香气成分,以醛类和酮类为主,共有的VOCs为癸醛、苯甲醛,赋予了扇贝花果香、坚果香,ND、VD组的特征香味为柑橘香和花香,而HAD组的特征香气为花果香和木香。本研究揭示了不同干燥方式下扇贝VOCs的组成及香气特征,可为干贝加工过程中风味的调控及香气的提升提供理论依据。

扇贝  /  电子鼻  /  气相离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)  /  气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)  /  干燥方式  /  挥发性成分

To investigate the impact of drying methods on the volatile profile of Argopecten irradians concentricus, fresh scallops (FS) was compared with samples processed by natural drying (ND), hot-air drying (HAD) and vacuum drying (VD). Odor characteristics and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were comprehensively analysed by electronic nose (E-nose), gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that E-nose clearly discriminated the odour patterns of the differently dried scallops, with ND and HAD showing partial overlap. GC-IMS fingerprints revealed that ND was characterized by 1-octen-3-ol, 2-methylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 4-methylthiazole, and dimethyl trisulfide, whereas HAD and VD were dominated by ketones such as 5-methyl-3-heptanone, 2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone. Two-dimensional maps indicated that drying increased both the number and abundance of volatiles (ND>HAD>VD). GC-MS analysis demonstrated that the drying method markedly influenced the VOC profiles of scallops, with 32, 26, and 16 compounds detected in the ND, HAD, and VD groups, respectively. Aldehydes rose from 13.79% in fresh scallops to 18.39%, 24.45%, and 19.37%, whereas alcohols declined from 33.91% to 21.30%, 19.09%, and 13.84%. ROAV analysis further pinpointed ten key aroma-active compounds, mainly aldehydes and ketones, with decanal and benzaldehyde shared across all treatments, contributing floral, fruity, and nutty notes. ND and VD were typified by citrus and floral-like aromas, while HAD was characterized by floral-fruity and woody notes. This study elucidates the composition and aroma characteristics of VOCs in scallops under different drying methods and provides a theoretical foundation for flavor regulation and aroma enhancement in dried scallop processing.

scallops  /  E-nose  /  gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS)  /  gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS)  /  dryging methods  /  volatile components
吴东源, 林海生, 陆大鹏, 曹文红, 谭明堂, 陈忠琴, 郑惠娜. 基于电子鼻、GC-IMS和GC-MS分析干燥方式对墨西哥湾扇贝挥发性成分的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 357 -367 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070209
Dongyuan WU, Haisheng LIN, Dapeng LU, Wenhong CAO, Mingtang TAN, Zhongqin CHEN, Huina ZHENG. Effect of Drying Method on Volatile Compounds of Argopecten irradians concentricus Based on Electronic Nose, GC-IMS and GC-MS[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 357 -367 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070209
墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus)作为海湾扇贝的南部亚种,是我国东南沿海地区重要的经济养殖贝类。根据2024年中国渔业统计年鉴显示,2023年福建、广东、广西及海南四省的养殖总产量达1.29×105吨[1],且呈现逐年增长趋势。墨西哥湾扇贝食用价值高,具有营养丰富,低脂肪、高蛋白的特点,且富含多种矿物质元素和多不饱和脂肪酸,是优质的蛋白质来源。王昊[2]测定了4种扇贝闭壳肌中脂肪酸和矿物质元素组成,结果显示海湾扇贝PUFA的含量为51.95%±3.90%,同时富含了K、Mg等在内的7种矿物质元素。李伟青等[3]测定了海湾扇贝柱的基本营养成分,结果显示粗蛋白含量为12.7%(湿基),粗脂肪含量2.21%(湿基),其粗蛋白含量显著高于翡翠贻贝、河蚬以及栉孔扇贝,脂肪含量也显著低于另外3种贝类。墨西哥湾扇贝的闭壳肌(贝柱)是其主要食用部位,其加工方式主要有鲜销、冷冻、干制品等。其中干贝(又称瑶柱),是利用其闭壳肌经盐水烫煮、干燥后制成的干制品,因其鲜美滋味、高营养价值以及低脂高蛋白的特性,深受消费者青睐,在市场中占据重要地位。
目前,贝类干燥技术主要包括自然干燥(natrual drying,ND)、热风干燥(hot air dring,HAD)和真空干燥(vacuum drying,VD)等[4]。自然干燥应用范围广,成本较低,但受到天气和环境因素的限制;热风干燥效率高,但高温可能导致蛋白质变性、脂质氧化及美拉德反应加剧;而真空干燥避免了与氧气接触,通常能更好地保持物料原有的外观和营养价值[5],不同干燥方式的贝类在感官、营养保留、色泽以及风味特征存在显著差异。香气是决定干贝品质好坏的关键因素,香气的形成涉及美拉德反应、蛋白质降解及微生物代谢等复杂过程[6−8],主要的挥发性气味物质包括醇、醛、酮、酯类等。目前,基于气相离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)和气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatographymass spectrometry,GC-MS)联合电子鼻等智能感官技术已成为气味分析的重要手段[9],其具有高效、稳定等优点,并可实现风味的数字化表征[10]。研究表明不同的干燥方式对气味的形成具有显著影响。梁钻好等[11]探究了5种干燥方法对半干金鲳鱼风味的影响,结果表明日光联合变温热泵干燥的方法更能促进风味物质的形成,综合得分最佳。孟维博等[12]研究发现热风微波联合干燥法能够显著提升牡蛎干的风味品质,相较于单一干燥方式,该联合干燥法在促进牡蛎干香气物质生成和改善整体风味方面更具优势,为水产品干燥加工中风味优化提供了有益参考。
目前,针对扇贝原料的研究多集中于干燥方式对其理化特性、感官品质及流变学特性的影响。例如刘静[13]曾探究热泵干燥对扇贝力学特性和品质变化影响的机制。孙丽雯[14]探究了两种干燥方式(冷风、自然晾干)条件下栉孔扇贝的品质和流变学变化。李欣怡等[15]曾探究了干燥方式对海湾扇贝色泽、氨基酸以及多糖抗氧化活性的影响,但未对其具体风味成分进行解析。关于干燥方式对扇贝关键挥发性成分影响的研究鲜有涉及,基于此,本研究以墨西哥湾扇贝为研究对象,以鲜贝柱为对照,采用自然干燥、热风干燥和真空干燥三种方式处理墨西哥湾扇贝,借助电子鼻、GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS多维技术深入探究干燥方式对其关键挥发性成分的影响,旨在为干贝加工中风味的精准调控提供理论支持。
墨西哥湾扇贝贝柱 鲜贝柱购置于湛江市遂溪县港门镇,置于泡沫箱中加冰运输于2 h内运回实验室,置于−20 ℃冰箱中备用。
VOS-210C型真空干燥箱 上海爱朗仪器有限公司;DHG-9030A型电热鼓风干燥箱 上海一恒仪器;TQ850NX型三重四级杆气相色谱质谱联用仪、50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取针 日本岛津公司;PEN3型电子鼻 德国Airsense公司;FlavourSpec型气相离子迁移谱 德国G.A.S公司;MTX-5(15 m×0.53 mm)色谱柱 美国RESTEK公司;DF-101S数显加热磁力搅拌水浴锅 科瑞仪器有限公司。
扇贝柱解冻至室温后,用蒸馏水洗净,去除表面残留的内脏和杂质后,挑选品相良好、无破碎且大小相近的贝柱1000 g,平均分为4组,分别作为鲜贝对照组(Fresh scallops,FS)和3种干燥方式的原料。
将挑选后的贝柱置于配制好的5%的食用盐水中(料液比为1:5)漂烫2 min后立即捞出,置于厨房纸上沥干水分备用,然后按照以下方式进行干燥。
自然干燥(natrual drying,ND):将贝柱均匀地置于竹筛中,选择晴朗的夏季,9:00~18:00期间,干燥通风且平整的在有持续阳光的地方,进行晾晒。每隔1 h利用温湿度计记录变化,平均温度45±5 ℃,夜晚无阳光时放入密封袋并置于密闭容器中,重复此步骤直至水分含量到达20%。
热风干燥(hot air dring,HAD):将原料单层均匀平铺于烤盘中,置于鼓风干燥箱,温度为50±2 ℃,风速为5 m/s直至水分含量到达20%。
真空干燥(vacuum drying,VD):将原料单层均匀平铺于烤盘中,置于真空干燥箱,温度50±2 ℃,真空度保持在0.08 MPa,直至水分含量到达20%。
参考周莹等[16]的方法,并稍作修改。准确称取3.00 g样品于50 mL离心管中,保鲜膜密封2层,于室温下平衡30 min后,使用PEN3电子鼻对样品进行气味检测。测定条件设定为进样流速400 mL/min,传感器自清洗时间90 s,采集时间90 s,选取信号稳定的58~60 s信号区间作为采集时间,每组样品做3次平行测定。电子鼻各传感器对应的敏感特征如表1所示。
参考王治军等[17]的方法,并稍作修改。称取2 g样品于20 mL顶空萃取瓶中,65 ℃下于震荡孵化器中以500 r/min孵育15 min,通过1 mL气密加热注射器将0.5 mL顶空样品以不分流模式注入自动进样器中,进样温度:80 ℃。
GC条件:MTX-5(15 m×0.53 mm)型色谱柱,柱温:60 ℃;载气为N2(纯度≥99.999%);载气流速程序为初始流速2 mL/min保持2 min,随后在20 min线性增加至100 mL/min,保持5 min,在30 min时达到最终流速150 mL/min。
IMS条件:漂移管温度为45 ℃,在150 mL/min的恒定流速下运行。根据各挥发性化合物的保留指数(retention index,RI),将RI和保留时间通过仪器自带数据库NIST-14II06-10204内化合物信息对比,对挥发性化合物进行定性分析。每组样品进行三次平行测试。
样品于搅拌机中磨开,切成细碎,取5 g装入50 mL顶空萃取瓶中,经老化后的萃取头插入顶空瓶中在65 ℃条件下萃取40 min,萃取完成后在进样口解析5 min。
GC条件:TR-35MS(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm)型毛细管柱;进样口温度250 ℃;升温程序:初始温度为50 ℃,随后以4、5、5 ℃/min分别升温至100、200和230 ℃,并在终温处保持2、2和5 min;以高纯度氦气作为载气,流速为1 mL/min,采用不分流的方式进样。
MS条件:电子轰击离子源;电子能量70 eV;离子源温度230 ℃;传输线温度250 ℃;检测器温度为280 ℃;质量扫描范围m/z 33~450。
所有样品进行三次平行的测定,去除烷氧硅类等杂峰后取测得各样品物质总数最多的单次数据进行分析。将色谱图中的每个峰与系统图谱库(FFNSC3和NIST17)中已知化合物的质谱数据进行比对,保留相似度大于80的化合物。被测组分的相对含量利用面积归一化法进行计算,计算公式为:
$ \begin{split}&挥发性成分的相对含量(\text{%}) =\\&\frac{单个挥发性成分的峰面积}{挥发性成分的总面积}\times 100 \end{split} $
基于相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)理论分析关键风味化合物,ROAV值的计算公式如下:
$\rm ROAV(\text{%}) =\frac{C_A}{C_\text{max}}\times \frac{T_\text{max}}{T_A}\times 100 $
式中:CA为各挥发性组分的相对含量,%;Cmax为样品中香气贡献最大的组分含量,%;TA为各挥发性组分的气味阈值,μg/kg;Tmax为对样品中香气贡献最大的组分的气味阈值,μg/kg。
利用WinMuster软件对电子鼻数据进行处理分析,Vocal_0.4.03软件以及NIST-14II06-10204数据库对GC-IMS挥发性化合物进行定性分析,建立指纹图谱与二维差异谱图。采用Office Excel 2020对GC-MS各样品挥发性物质组成进行筛选分析及ROAV的计算。采用Origin 2020绘制不同干燥样品中电子鼻雷达响应图,PCA主成分分析图,挥发性物质组成及相对含量的堆积图。
如图1A所示,干燥处理前后扇贝的气味轮廓相似,其中传感器W1W、W5S的响应值最大,表明硫化物和氮氧化物是主要气味特征,该结果与WANG等[18]的研究结论一致。雷达图显示ND组的传感器W1W和W5S的响应值最高,HAD和VD组次之,这可能是由于扇贝柱持续长时间暴露在阳光下,因持续氧化和蛋白质降解等原因积累了更多的无机硫化物和氮氧化物[19],硫化物通常阈值较低,主要来源于含硫氨基酸如半胱氨酸的热降解,对风味的形成具有较大的贡献[20],而氮氧化物的生成与持续的氧化有关,VD处于真空缺氧的条件下可能是造成其W5S响应值低于ND、HAD的主要原因[21]。为了进一步区分不同干燥方式扇贝柱气味特征的差异,对电子鼻结果进行PCA分析,如图1B显示,第一主成分(PC1)贡献率达79.0%,第二主成分(PC2)为13.9%,累计贡献率92.9%,表明电子鼻结果能够基本涵盖样品中挥发性成分的主要信息。样品在PCA空间呈离散分布,分别位于不同象限且相距较远,结果表明电子鼻结果能够对干燥前后扇贝柱气味特征进行有效的区分[22],其中ND、HAD在二维空间的图像部分重叠,证明具有相近的挥发性气味特征。
采用GC-IMS技术分析不同干燥方式对扇贝柱挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的影响,结果如表2所示,共检测出60种VOCs,其中包括醇类9种、其他18种、醛类3种、酸类3种、酮类9种以及酯类18种。参照化合物谱库信息进行定性分析,建立了图2所示的指纹图谱,指纹图谱能够清晰地展示各处理组之间VOCs的差异,图中每个亮点代表一种化合物,其颜色深度与物质相对含量呈正相关,颜色越红代表含量越高[23]。根据化合物含量变化特征,将指纹图谱划分为三个区域:A区域为干燥前后共有的化合物,其中包括2-乙酰基吡咯、丁酸乙酯、1,3-丁二醇、四氢噻吩酮、反式-2-戊烯醛等酯、醇、酮、醛以及其他化合物在内的21种物质;B区和C区分别代表干燥前后的差异物质。B区域显示,ND组含量明显增加的化合物包括1-辛烯-3-醇、2-甲基吡啶、2,6-二甲基吡啶、4-甲基噻唑和二甲基三硫等。其中,1-辛烯-3-醇又称蘑菇醇可赋予蘑菇香气[24];吡啶类物质作为氨基酸与还原糖反应的氧化产物,能产生面包和饼干特有的香气[25];噻唑类物质通过美拉德反应或Strecker降解形成,主要呈现坚果和肉香风味[26];二甲基三硫则具有洋葱和大蒜特征气味。这些特征性气味物质的协同作用增强了ND组的整体香气特征。与崔明仙等[27]的研究对比发现,ND组新增了吡啶、噻唑和硫化物等化合物。这表明在特定条件下,干燥处理比加热更能促进香气物质的形成。HAD与VD的特征化合物主要以酮类物质为主,包括5-甲基-3-庚酮、2-甲基-3(二氢)-呋喃酮、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮等,酮类化合物主要来源于脂肪酸的氧化降解,其中5-甲基-3-庚酮属于脂肪族酮类具有类似烤香、花生和土豆气味,而2-甲基-3(二氢)-呋喃酮则具有面包、坚果气味[28]。C区域为FS组的特征VOCs,包括2,5-二甲基吡嗪、邻甲酚、苯甲醇、3-庚酮、环戊酮、3-甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮、丁酸丙酯等,其中N-亚硝基甲乙胺具有类似鱼腥和氨味的刺激性气味[29],FS组呈现高信号强度,而经干燥后其强度明显降低,这表明干燥能降低扇贝的不良气味,提升其风味。
GC-IMS根据化合物的保留以及迁移时间实现对化合物的快速定性,为了进一步量化VOCs的变化趋势,以FS谱图为对照进行背景扣除后得到不同干燥方式下扇贝的二维差异图谱。如图3所示,其中横纵坐标分别代表VOCs的迁移时间与保留时间,而垂直红线则表示反应离子强度峰(RIP),离子峰两侧的点分别表示不同的VOCs,不同大小和颜色深浅的点表示化合物含量的高低,反映了离子流信号的强弱,点的面积越大和红色越深则表示化合物的含量越高,由图可知4组样品VOCs均存在于迁移时间为0.5~1 ms和保留时间100~500 s的范围内。当化合物含量与对照相同时呈白色,高于或低于对照时分别显示红色或蓝色[30]。如图3所示,干燥处理后点的数量明显增多,颜色变深,这表明干燥处理增加了挥发性化合物的种类与含量,其影响程度依次为ND>HAD>VD,该结果与电子鼻分析结论一致。
GC-MS结果表明不同干燥方式对扇贝VOCs组成具有显著影响,从4组样品共鉴定出53种VOCs,其中包含醇类6种、醛类7种、酸类5种、酮类7种、烃类15种、酯类6种以及其他化合物7种,如图4所示,ND、HAD、VD分别检出32、26、16种VOCs。利用面积归一化法计算其相对含量结果如表3所示。醛类化合物的相对含量由干燥前的13.79%分别上升至18.39%、24.45%和19.37%,其中HAD组醛类含量最高,为24.45%。醛类化合物主要是由脂肪酸氧化降解形成的,气味阈值较低同时带有强烈的烘焙香和花果香味[31],能够提升干制品的整体香气。除了通过氧化的途径,醛类还可通过美拉德反应产生,PENG等[32]研究了不同的烘烤温度,保温时间和水分含量对花生油挥发性成分影响,结果表明随着温度的升高和保温时间的延长,美拉德反应加剧,提升了醛酮类和呋喃类化合物的含量。癸醛和苯甲醛在4组样品中均有检出,与对照组相比,扇贝柱中苯甲醛的含量经干燥处理后有不同程度的提升,癸醛带有强烈的柑橘香、脂肪香,由脂肪氧化产生,广泛存在于热加工和油炸食品中[33],而苯甲醛能赋予食品独特的杏仁、坚果香[34]。
醇类来源于醛酮类物质的还原以及脂质氧化,在4组样品中共检出6种醇类物质,醇类化合物的含量由干燥前的33.92%分别降低至21.30%、19.09%和13.84%(ND、HAD、VD)。VD组中的含量最低,这可能与VD处于真空缺氧的环境有关,减缓了脂类的氧化从而减少了醇类物质的生成,孟令帅等[35]研究不同干燥方式对红托竹荪复水特性及其品质的影响,结果表明三种干燥方式均造成醇类的损失,其中真空干燥的醇类含量最低,本文研究结果与之类似。1-辛烯-3-醇在4组样品中均被检出,其又被称为蘑菇醇,主要呈现蘑菇香,但通常被认为是水产品中腥味的来源之一[36],经干燥后其相对含量明显降低,说明干燥在一定程度上能够减少水产品的不良气味,提升其整体的品质,与前文中GC-IMS中的研究结论一致。
酮类物质是水产品风味的主要贡献者之一,其阈值较低,对挥发性气味的贡献较大,主要来源于脂肪酸的氧化分解以及氨基酸的转化[37]。2-壬酮作为中长链饱和酮类,带有明显的脂香和奶油香,仅在ND、HAD组中检出。甲基庚烯酮经干燥后相对含量具有不同程度的上升,由干燥前的0.18%分别提升至0.98%、1.25%和1.28%,其具有清新的柑橘香、柠檬香,通常含量较低,但可作为微量风味物质参与风味的调节[38]。
在其他类物质中2-乙酰基噻唑、2,6-二甲基吡嗪、2,5-二甲基-3-乙基-吡嗪仅在ND组中检出,其中噻唑类物质的形成与含硫氨基酸及羰基化合物的反应密切相关,如美拉德反应和Strecker降解,带有肉香和烤香[39]。而吡嗪通常由氨基酸与羰基化合物的缩合、氨基酸热解等形成,具有独特坚果香和烘烤香,二者均为干贝热加工过程中产生的重要风味物质,进一步验证了扇贝柱长期暴露在阳光下,持续氧化的过程中,可能发生了复杂的美拉德和氨基酸降解等反应,导致ND组产生独特的风味[40]。
挥发性化合物对样品香气的贡献大小除了与其在样品中的含量大小有关,其气味阈值也是决定其风味贡献程度的重要因素[41]。为了进一步探讨GC-MS检测结果中各挥发性组分对整体香气的贡献程度,基于ROAV理论对干燥扇贝柱中关键性气味物质进行了评估,结果如表4所示。相对气味活度值(ROAV)理论用于评估挥发性组分对样品整体香气的贡献程度,ROAV值越大,对样品的整体香气贡献越大[42]。通常来说0.1≤ROAV<1被定义为对整体风味具有修饰作用,而ROAV值大于1的组分被认为对样品整体风味具有重要贡献[43]。
4组样品中1-辛烯-3-醇对扇贝柱气味贡献最大,定义其ROAVmax为100,根据已知气味阈值共鉴别出10种关键的VOCs,癸醛和苯甲醛在鲜样及3种干燥样品中均被检出,且其ROAV远大于1,在VD组中ROAV值最大,由此说明二者作为干贝共有关键VOCs,赋予了ND、HAD和VD不同程度的花果和坚果香气。根据ROAV值大小顺序,在ND组中癸醛>香叶基丙酮>辛醛>苯甲醛>庚醛>2-壬酮,共6种,因此癸醛呈现的柑橘香、花香是ND的主要香气特征;在HAD组中,香叶基丙酮>癸醛>壬醛>辛醛>苯甲醛>2-壬酮,共6种,因此香叶基丙酮呈现的花果香和木香是HAD组的主要香气特征;VD组中,癸醛>壬醛>苯甲醛,共3种,因此VD呈现的主要香气特征与ND组一致,表现为柑橘香和花香。而FS组共有7种,以1-辛烯-3-酮的ROAV值(523.27)为最大值。1-辛烯-3-酮的气味阈值较低,带有泥土、金属和蘑菇味,是FS组的特征VOCs。综上,干燥前后扇贝的共同气味特征是花果香和坚果香,其中以VD组的气味最强烈,ND、VD组的特征香味为柑橘香和花香,而HAD组的特征香气为花果香和木香。
本研究利用电子鼻、GC-IMS、HS-SPME-GC-MS等技术探究了3种干燥方式对墨西哥湾扇贝挥发性物质组成及关键香气成分的影响。结果表明,不同干燥方式对墨西哥湾扇贝的挥发性成分与香气特征具有显著影响,电子鼻能够有效地区分3种干燥方式的气味特征,其中ND与HAD具有部分相近的气味特征。GC-IMS结果表明ND产生更多的VOCs,如1-辛烯-3-醇、2-甲基吡啶、2,6-二甲-吡啶、4-甲基噻唑和二甲基三硫等,形成了蘑菇、烘焙和洋葱等特征香气;HAD和VD则以酮类为主,呈现烤香和坚果香。GC-MS分析显示,干燥增加了醛类含量并降低了醇类含量。基于ROAV理论鉴定出癸醛和苯甲醛等10种关键香气物质,ND和VD突出柑橘香与花香,而HAD则表现为花果香和木香。本研究为干贝风味调控与品质提升提供了理论依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070209
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-17
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    1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东湛江 524088
    2广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室/国家贝类加工技术研发分中心(湛江)/南海生物资源开发与利用协同创新中心,广东湛江 524088
    3湛江市食品药品检验所,广东湛江 524088

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林海生(1985−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品精细加工及高值化利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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