Article(id=1320176104913092893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070202, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684111097, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684111097, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684111097, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684111097, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=361, endPage=371, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176105160556830, articleId=1320176104913092893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Concentration Methods on the Rheological Properties and Flavor Profile of Laiyang Pear Paste, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the effects of different processing methods on the rheological properties and flavor components of Laiyang pear paste, this study analyzed the fluid types and compared the volatile substances of three homemade pastes (freeze-drying concentration, vacuum concentration, and atmospheric boiling) and seven commercially sampled pastes by employing a rheometer and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy (GC-IMS). The results showed that all pear paste samples exhibited pseudoplastic fluid behaviors with shear-thinning characteristics. The relationship between shear rate and shear stress conformed to the Power Law model, demonstrating an excellent fit (R2>0.99). Among the ten samples, the paste prepared by freeze-drying concentration revealed the optimal rheological properties, showing neither excessive thinness nor thickness. Furthermore, GC-IMS identified different flavor compounds in 10 kinds of pear pastes and qualitatively detected the common flavor compounds, including 15 aldehydes, 14 esters, 13 ketones, 9 alcohols, 5 terpenes, 1 carboxylic acid, and 4 other compounds qualitatively. According to orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and relative odor activity value (ROAV) screening, the key odor markers were identified as 2-methylbutanal, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl butyrate. The flavor compounds of aldehydes and esters were typically associated with fruity aromas. Meanwhile, compared to pastes produced by atmospheric boiling and vacuum concentration, the paste prepared by freeze-drying concentration contained the highest level of ethyl butyrate, which contributed to a distinct fruity aroma. It indicated that the use of this method to produce Laiyang pear paste could maximize the preservation of the fruity aroma. In conclusion, findings of this study provide valuable insights for the processing and multi-dimensional quality evaluation of pear paste products.

, authors=Xulong LIU1, Mengtong SUN1, Kai XIAO2, Tao YU1, Wei CHEN1, *, Zhenjia ZHENG1, *, authorsList=Xulong LIU, Mengtong SUN, Kai XIAO, Tao YU, Wei CHEN, Zhenjia ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei CHEN, Zhenjia ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176106653729065, articleId=1320176104913092893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=浓缩方式对莱阳梨膏流变学特性与风味的影响, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同加工方式对莱阳梨膏流变学特性及风味成分差异的影响,本研究通过流变仪与气相色谱离子迁移谱联用(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS)技术对3种自制梨膏(冷冻干燥浓缩、减压浓缩和常压熬煮)与7种采样梨膏进行流体类型分析和挥发性物质比较。结果表明,所有样品梨膏均属于假塑性流体,具有剪切稀化特性,剪切速率与剪切应力变化关系符合Power Law方程,拟合效果良好(R2>0.99),其中通过冷冻干燥浓缩方法制备的莱阳梨膏流变学特性表现良好,在10种梨膏中没有表现出过度稀薄或黏稠的现象。GC-IMS在10种梨膏中检验出不同的风味化合物质,共有的风味化合物质包括醛类化合物15种,酯类化合物14种,酮类化合物13种,醇类化合物9种,烯萜类化合物5种,羧酸类化合物1种,其他类化合物4种,通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析和相对气味活性值筛选出关键气味标志物为2-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丙醛、己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯,醛类和酯类风味化合物质通常与水果香气有关,与常压熬煮和减压浓缩方法制得的梨膏相比,冷冻干燥浓缩方法制得的梨膏中丁酸乙酯含量最高,其表现出果香味的香气特点,表明通过该种方法制得莱阳梨膏可以最大程度保留果香。综上,本研究为梨膏类产品的加工与多维度品质评价提供参考。

, authors=刘旭龙1, 孙萌彤1, 肖凯2, 余涛1, 陈伟1, *, 郑振佳1, *, authorsList=刘旭龙, 孙萌彤, 肖凯, 余涛, 陈伟, 郑振佳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈伟, 郑振佳, authorNote=

刘旭龙(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈伟(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
郑振佳(1985−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
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Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320176121476399526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张伯雅, 郑璞帆, 李晓雪, 等. 基于电子舌结合GC-IMS分析不同品种梨果实的风味成分差异[J]. 保鲜与加工, 2024, 24(10): 109−118. [ZHANG B Y, ZHENG P F, LI X X, et al. Analysis of flavor components differences in different varieties of pear fruits based on electronic tongue combined with GC-IMS[J]. Storage and Process, 2024, 24(10): 109−118.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320176121547702695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG B Y, ZHENG P F, LI X X, et al. Analysis of flavor components differences in different varieties of pear fruits based on electronic tongue combined with GC-IMS[J]. Storage and Process, 2024, 24(10): 109−118., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320176106934747434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176106943136043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, companyId=1320176106934747434, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, Taian 271018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176106951524652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, companyId=1320176106934747434, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东省高等学校食品营养与健康重点实验室,山东泰安 271018)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320176107031216429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176107043799342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, companyId=1320176107031216429, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Yantai Feichi Woniu Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Yantai 265200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320176107052187951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, companyId=1320176107031216429, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2烟台飞驰蜗牛农业发展有限公司,山东烟台 265200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320176110982250842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Rheological characteristic curves of Laiyang pear paste, figureFileSmall=XAWn2RPqft0VGbqOv/MCrg==, figureFileBig=W64iq3rnSTiNQbXf21/bfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176111066136923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=CN, label=图1, caption=莱阳梨膏流变特性曲线

注:A:剪切应力;B:黏度。

, figureFileSmall=XAWn2RPqft0VGbqOv/MCrg==, figureFileBig=W64iq3rnSTiNQbXf21/bfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176111250686300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Storage modulus G' and loss modulus G'' of different Laiyang pear paste, figureFileSmall=OVyz7A6IvJFt9D+PwaPZ1g==, figureFileBig=L8xZ6j0ZCrNEK+/RbnRZdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176111330378077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同梨膏储能模量G'和损耗模量G''

注:A~C分别表示冷冻干燥浓缩梨膏、减压浓缩梨膏、常压熬煮梨膏;D~J分别表示采样梨膏4~10。

, figureFileSmall=OVyz7A6IvJFt9D+PwaPZ1g==, figureFileBig=L8xZ6j0ZCrNEK+/RbnRZdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176111397486942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Two-dimensional GC-IMS spectra of different Laiyang pear paste, figureFileSmall=jTp9K4iz5eTnuX6jYQYC4Q==, figureFileBig=A6JSEMDSWAWhPFzuPdN3JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176111464595807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同莱阳梨膏GC-IMS二维谱图

注:标号1~3分别代表冷冻干燥浓缩梨膏、减压浓缩梨膏、常压熬煮梨膏,标号4~10分别代表市场采样梨膏4~10。

, figureFileSmall=jTp9K4iz5eTnuX6jYQYC4Q==, figureFileBig=A6JSEMDSWAWhPFzuPdN3JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176111527510368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fingerprints of volatile components of different Laiyang pear paste, figureFileSmall=gdfkoMFdBq6aiY/OCRDdkQ==, figureFileBig=9dCnM+8iv13HuD2syxcHNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176111603007841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同莱阳梨膏挥发性物质指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=gdfkoMFdBq6aiY/OCRDdkQ==, figureFileBig=9dCnM+8iv13HuD2syxcHNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176111682699618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Multivariate statistical analysis of volatile compounds in different Laiyang pear paste, figureFileSmall=5EE4iZzvYf3xFjgEsnadDA==, figureFileBig=SaNKg7HtTPE+eUSyx5dClw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176111758197091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同莱阳梨膏挥发性化合物的多元统计分析

注:A不同莱阳梨膏OPLS-DA图;B置换检验结果图;C变量投影重要性(VIP)图。

, figureFileSmall=5EE4iZzvYf3xFjgEsnadDA==, figureFileBig=SaNKg7HtTPE+eUSyx5dClw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176111821111652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Regression parameters of Power Law equation for fluid curves of Laiyang pear paste

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别K(Pa·sn)nR²
121.37±2.270.81±0.020.9937
214.36±1.050.85±0.010.9973
327.89±3.300.81±0.020.9922
436.46±4.090.80±0.020.9929
520.24±2.180.85±0.020.9943
618.32±1.990.84±0.020.9941
721.62±2.250.83±0.020.9944
813.72±0.980.86±0.010.9975
916.31±1.510.85±0.020.9958
106.68±0.480.83±0.010.9972
), ArticleFig(id=1320176111896609125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

梨膏流体曲线的Power Law方程回归参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别K(Pa·sn)nR²
121.37±2.270.81±0.020.9937
214.36±1.050.85±0.010.9973
327.89±3.300.81±0.020.9922
436.46±4.090.80±0.020.9929
520.24±2.180.85±0.020.9943
618.32±1.990.84±0.020.9941
721.62±2.250.83±0.020.9944
813.72±0.980.86±0.010.9975
916.31±1.510.85±0.020.9958
106.68±0.480.83±0.010.9972
), ArticleFig(id=1320176111976300902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Volatile compound content in different Laiyang pear paste

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物种类化合物名称
(英文)
化合物名称
(中文)
分子式相对含量(%)
12345678910
醇类2-Hexen-1-ol2-己烯-1-醇C6H12O14.84±1.75b23.86±1.16a12.72±0.40c0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d
1-Hexanol1-己醇C6H14O3.85±0.11a1.16±0.78b0.39±0.03c0.36±0.03c0.28±0.03c0.29±0.01c0.38±0.06c0.44±0.01c0.40±0.05c0.73±0.08bc
1-Butanol1-丁醇C4H10O0.38±0.1de0.39±0.02d0.31±0.01fg0.34±0.04ef0.33±0.01f0.28±0.01g0.65±0.04a0.47±0.0c0.38±0.02de0.60±0.03b
1-Butanol-3-methyl3-甲基-1-丁醇C5H12O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.15±0.01c0.20±0.01b0.10±0.02d0.14±0.01c0.11±0.02d0.10±0.02d0.34±0.00a
1-Butanol-2-methyl2-甲基-1-丁醇C5H12O0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.08±0.01b0.08±0.00b0.06±0.01c0.08±0.00b0.07±0.01b0.06±0.01c0.28±0.00a
Ethanol乙醇C2H6O4.24±0.17cd5.19±0.46ab2.40±0.05f2.82±0.21e4.38±0.08c4.98±0.05b3.93±0.08d5.35±0.25a1.54±0.09g4.18±0.02cd
2-Methyl-1-propanol2-甲基-1-丙醇C4H10O0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.16±0.00c0.16±0.01c0.09±0.00f0.18±0.01b0.12±0.01e0.14±0.01d0.40±0.01a
1-Propanol1-丙醇C3H8O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.42±0.04d0.41±0.04d0.12±0.01e1.93±0.15b1.54±0.09c0.49±0.03d2.10±0.06a
3-Methyl-2-butanol3-甲基-2-丁醇C5H12O0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.21±0.01c0.89±0.01a0.14±0.14d0.09±0.00e0.08±0.01f0.35±0.02b0.09±0.01e
醛类2-Furaldehyde2-呋喃醛C5H4O22.58±0.08f7.01±0.77e30.52±0.90b33.04±2.92b39.31±1.01a42.10±0.43a32.28±2.27b13.93±4.88d22.92±2.16c15.44±1.25d
1-Octanal正辛醛C8H16O0.18±0.01f0.14±0.02f0.13±0.02f0.45±0.02d0.36±0.03e0.43±0.05de0.64±0.06b0.78±0.04a0.55±0.06c0.75±0.04a
(E)-2-Hexen-1-al反式-2-己烯醛C6H10O9.26±0.27a1.63±1.38b0.48±0.03c0.18±0.01c0.15±0.02c0.14±0.01c0.18±0.02c0.43±0.02c0.17±0.01c0.27±0.01c
Heptaldehyde庚醛C7H14O0.55±0.00c0.23±0.01gh0.19±0.00h0.42±0.01e0.28±0.02g0.34±0.02f0.49±0.06d0.71±0.04a0.45±0.04de0.62±0.03b
(Z)-4-Heptenal顺式-4-庚醛C7H12O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.09±0.01e0.08±0.01e0.08±0.01e0.16±0.01c0.23±0.02b0.12±0.01d0.48±0.01a
(E)-2-Heptenal反式-2-庚醛C7H12O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.35±0.05d0.21±0.00de0.18±0.01e1.46±0.21a1.10±0.08b0.31±0.04de0.53±0.05c
2-Hexenal2-己烯醛C6H10O0.90±0.02a0.18±0.02b0.13±0.01c0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e
1-Hexanal1-己醛C6H12O18.54±0.67a3.84±2.12b2.23±0.07c1.75±0.04c2.17±0.06c3.02±0.11bc2.51±0.10bc2.69±0.06bc1.62±0.05c2.86±0.05bc
(E)-2-Pentenal反式-2-戊烯醛C5H8O0.11±0.00g0.25±0.02f0.66±0.01c0.91±0.02b1.43±0.03a0.46±0.01e0.47±0.03e0.21±0.02f0.52±0.01d0.49±0.02de
2-Methyl butanal2-甲基丁醛C5H10O1.10±0.04h4.31±0.44g4.72±0.06g9.87±0.22d6.20±0.07f7.62±0.14e10.45±0.43c11.00±0.24b12.64±0.08a10.78±0.25bc
2-Methyl propanal2-甲基丙醛C4H8O0.65±0.03f1.28±0.13e1.13±0.02e4.38±0.12b3.28±0.02d4.04±0.04c5.22±0.20a4.34±0.15b5.35±0.07a4.00±0.12c
Propanal丙醛C3H6O0.74±0.03g1.17±0.11f1.21±0.02f1.63±0.03d1.37±0.02e1.87±0.04c1.98±0.11b1.99±0.03b2.55±0.02a2.60±0.06a
Butanal丁醛C4H8O0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g1.08±0.03c0.88±0.01e0.76±0.03f1.14±0.04b0.99±0.03d1.24±0.01a1.10±0.02bc
1-Nonanal1-壬醛C9H18O0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.69±0.02bcd0.53±0.04d0.65±0.05cd0.73±0.03bc1.05±0.04a0.86±0.09b1.12±0.26a
3-Methyl-2-butenal3-甲基-2-丁烯醛C5H8O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.15±0.00d0.12±0.00e0.16±0.01d0.18±0.01c0.20±0.01b0.20±0.00b0.22±0.01a
酮类1-(Acetoxy)-2-propanone乙酰氧基-2-丙酮C5H8O319.72±0.11c34.84±2.22a24.89±0.51b3.50±0.07f3.01±0.05f3.62±0.29ef4.09±0.24def5.06±0.19d4.95±0.15de5.34±0.25d
2-Methyl-2-hepten-6-one2-甲基-2-庚烯-6-酮C8H14O0.41±0.00a0.22±0.03ef0.17±0.02f0.42±0.01a0.32±0.04bc0.25±0.02de0.37±0.05ab0.40±0.02a0.28±0.02cd0.42±0.04a
2-Butanone,3-hydroxy3-羟基-2-丁酮C4H8O20.34±0.02f0.21±0.04g0.30±0.02fg0.49±0.03e0.66±0.05cd0.55±0.06de0.49±0.03e1.35±0.15a0.86±0.07b0.71±0.04c
1-Hydroxy-2-propanone1-羟基-2-丙酮C3H6O20.38±0.00c0.62±0.10c2.28±0.39a1.85±0.31b2.27±0.12ab2.59±0.27a2.22±0.04ab2.26±0.12ab2.63±0.27a2.23±0.13ab
2-Methyl-3-ketotetrahydrofuran2-甲基-3-酮四氢呋喃C5H8O20.15±0.04g0.32±0.02f1.06±0.05b0.50±0.05d1.99±0.06a1.00±0.08b0.49±0.02de0.41±0.05e0.87±0.05c0.48±0.02de
3-Penten-2-one3-戊烯-2-酮C5H8O0.04±0.00g0.18±0.02f0.24±0.01e0.55±0.01a0.39±0.01b0.31±0.00d0.34±0.01c0.22±0.01e0.29±0.01d0.54±0.02a
2,3-Pentadione2,3-戊二酮C5H8O20.15±0.01d0.10±0.01d1.23±0.10a0.35±0.11c0.55±0.22b0.25±0.01cd0.23±0.03cd0.19±0.03cd0.33±0.03c0.19±0.02cd
2,3 Butanedione2,3-丁二酮C4H6O20.56±0.02h3.00±0.30bcd2.10±0.05e2.93±0.04cd1.53±0.04g3.07±0.08bc1.81±0.06f2.81±0.10d3.18±0.02b3.42±0.08a
4-Methyl-2-pentanone4-甲基-2-戊酮C6H12O0.18±0.01a0.06±0.00b0.06±0.00b0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c
2-Propanone2-丙酮C3H6O1.58±0.05i2.30±0.21h2.77±0.03g4.83±0.17e4.04±0.06f4.56±0.10e5.75±0.29d7.69±0.09b6.74±0.06c10.02±0.23a
2-Butanone2-丁酮C4H8O0.02±0.00i0.14±0.01h0.87±0.00f1.62±0.02d2.59±0.01a1.43±0.02e1.60±0.10d0.78±0.02g2.31±0.01b1.86±0.04c
3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one3-甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮C6H8O0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.45±0.06c1.05±0.19a0.65±0.19b0.45±0.07c0.44±0.03c0.46±0.02c0.40±0.06c
Cyclopentanone环戊酮C5H8O0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.46±0.07cd0.41±0.02d0.41±0.04d0.55±0.04b0.68±0.05a0.49±0.04bc0.40±0.04d
酯类Acetic acid hexyl ester乙酸己酯C8H16O20.24±0.11a0.07±0.00b0.07±0.00b0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c
Ethyl caproate己酸乙酯C8H16O20.76±0.02d0.24±0.01d0.32±0.02d5.49±0.95a2.77±0.74bc2.93±0.32bc2.55±0.14bc3.23±0.34b2.46±0.18bc2.27±0.05c
ethyl(E)-2-butenoate反式-2-丁烯酸乙酯C6H10O20.80±0.00a0.19±0.01e0.13±0.00f0.24±0.03d0.15±0.01f0.20±0.01de0.26±0.01c0.39±0.02b0.28±0.01c0.28±0.01c
Acetic acid butyl ester乙酸丁酯C6H12O21.37±0.03a0.19±0.07b0.10±0.01c0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d
2-Methylbutanoic acid methyl ester2-甲基丁酸甲酯C6H12O20.41±0.01f0.26±0.03g0.41±0.01f0.51±0.02d0.77±0.01a0.47±0.01e0.60±0.03c0.48±0.01de0.64±0.03b0.48±0.02de
Acetic acid propyl ester乙酸丙酯C5H10O20.02±0.00g0.05±0.01f0.63±0.01b0.61±0.00b1.10±0.02a0.24±0.01c0.25±0.01c0.09±0.01e0.15±0.01d0.08±0.01e
2-Methyl butanoic acid ethyl ester2-甲基丁酸乙酯C7H14O20.29±0.00a0.04±0.00b0.04±0.00b0.07±0.01b0.05±0.00b0.02±0.00b0.03±0.01b0.03±0.00b0.03±0.01b0.03±0.01b
Butanoic acid ethyl ester丁酸乙酯C6H12O24.31±0.11a0.22±0.09b0.24±0.00b0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c
Butanoic acid, methyl ester丁酸甲酯C5H10O20.52±0.01a0.05±0.00c0.12±0.00b0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d
Ethyl 2-methy lpropionate异丁酸乙酯C6H12O20.19±0.00a0.02±0.00g0.02±0.00g0.10±0.01b0.05±0.00c0.04±0.01def0.03±0.00ef0.04±0.00d0.03±0.00fg0.04±0.00de
Ethyl propanoate丙酸乙酯C5H10O21.32±0.04a0.13±0.01c0.19±0.01b0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d
Acetic acid ethyl ester乙酸乙酯C4H8O26.42±0.21a3.74±0.27b3.11±0.05c1.48±0.07f1.24±0.02g1.41±0.01fg1.57±0.03f2.15±0.09e1.60±0.03f2.70±0.04d
Methyl acetate乙酸甲酯C3H6O20.89±0.02a0.54±0.05c0.71±0.01b0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d
Ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate2-羟基丙酸乙酯C5H10O30.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d2.24±0.44a1.04±0.26b0.97±0.02bc0.85±0.13bc1.01±0.10b0.65±0.03c0.67±0.05c
羧酸类Acetic acid醋酸C2H4O20.98±0.02c1.49±0.12c0.38±0.02c3.48±0.32c1.71±0.06c2.52±0.13c4.34±0.35c16.31±6.27a12.26±2.68b11.08±0.30b
烯萜类(+)-Limonene(R)-柠檬烯C10H160.05±0.00h0.15±0.02g0.36±0.01f1.49±0.10b2.64±0.09a0.69±0.01e1.14±0.06c0.39±0.04f0.82±0.02d0.62±0.02e
alpha-Terpinoleneα-松油烯C10H160.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.48±0.03b0.76±0.03a0.21±0.02d0.29±0.03c0.19±0.03d0.29±0.03c0.21±0.02d
beta-Ocimeneβ-罗勒烯C10H160.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.55±0.04b0.96±0.05a0.24±0.02e0.39±0.02c0.22±0.02e0.35±0.02c0.30±0.04d
beta-Myrceneβ-月桂烯C10H160.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.53±0.03b1.22±0.03a0.21±0.02d0.21±0.01d0.30±0.07c0.29±0.03c0.22±0.03d
delta-3-Careneδ-3-蒈烯C10H160.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.36±0.02b0.61±0.01a0.16±0.01e0.26±0.03c0.15±0.02e0.23±0.02d0.17±0.01e
其他类DMF二甲基甲酰胺C3H7NO0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c2.96±0.65a1.79±0.21b1.93±0.24b2.06±0.14b2.72±0.05a2.08±0.21b2.20±0.14b
2-Pentyl furan2-戊基呋喃C9H14O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.47±0.01a0.37±0.02b0.16±0.00e0.21±0.01d0.30±0.04c0.18±0.02e0.38±0.01b
1,2-Dimethylbenzene邻二甲苯C8H100.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.07±0.01b0.06±0.01b0.06±0.01b0.08±0.01b0.09±0.02b0.07±0.01b0.51±0.08a
1,1-Diethoxy ethane1,1-二乙氧基乙烷C6H14O20.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f1.38±0.18b0.78±0.04e0.99±0.01d1.20±0.02c1.79±0.03a1.25±0.03c1.77±0.04a
), ArticleFig(id=1320176112097935719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同莱阳梨膏挥发性成分含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物种类化合物名称
(英文)
化合物名称
(中文)
分子式相对含量(%)
12345678910
醇类2-Hexen-1-ol2-己烯-1-醇C6H12O14.84±1.75b23.86±1.16a12.72±0.40c0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d
1-Hexanol1-己醇C6H14O3.85±0.11a1.16±0.78b0.39±0.03c0.36±0.03c0.28±0.03c0.29±0.01c0.38±0.06c0.44±0.01c0.40±0.05c0.73±0.08bc
1-Butanol1-丁醇C4H10O0.38±0.1de0.39±0.02d0.31±0.01fg0.34±0.04ef0.33±0.01f0.28±0.01g0.65±0.04a0.47±0.0c0.38±0.02de0.60±0.03b
1-Butanol-3-methyl3-甲基-1-丁醇C5H12O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.15±0.01c0.20±0.01b0.10±0.02d0.14±0.01c0.11±0.02d0.10±0.02d0.34±0.00a
1-Butanol-2-methyl2-甲基-1-丁醇C5H12O0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.08±0.01b0.08±0.00b0.06±0.01c0.08±0.00b0.07±0.01b0.06±0.01c0.28±0.00a
Ethanol乙醇C2H6O4.24±0.17cd5.19±0.46ab2.40±0.05f2.82±0.21e4.38±0.08c4.98±0.05b3.93±0.08d5.35±0.25a1.54±0.09g4.18±0.02cd
2-Methyl-1-propanol2-甲基-1-丙醇C4H10O0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.16±0.00c0.16±0.01c0.09±0.00f0.18±0.01b0.12±0.01e0.14±0.01d0.40±0.01a
1-Propanol1-丙醇C3H8O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.42±0.04d0.41±0.04d0.12±0.01e1.93±0.15b1.54±0.09c0.49±0.03d2.10±0.06a
3-Methyl-2-butanol3-甲基-2-丁醇C5H12O0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.21±0.01c0.89±0.01a0.14±0.14d0.09±0.00e0.08±0.01f0.35±0.02b0.09±0.01e
醛类2-Furaldehyde2-呋喃醛C5H4O22.58±0.08f7.01±0.77e30.52±0.90b33.04±2.92b39.31±1.01a42.10±0.43a32.28±2.27b13.93±4.88d22.92±2.16c15.44±1.25d
1-Octanal正辛醛C8H16O0.18±0.01f0.14±0.02f0.13±0.02f0.45±0.02d0.36±0.03e0.43±0.05de0.64±0.06b0.78±0.04a0.55±0.06c0.75±0.04a
(E)-2-Hexen-1-al反式-2-己烯醛C6H10O9.26±0.27a1.63±1.38b0.48±0.03c0.18±0.01c0.15±0.02c0.14±0.01c0.18±0.02c0.43±0.02c0.17±0.01c0.27±0.01c
Heptaldehyde庚醛C7H14O0.55±0.00c0.23±0.01gh0.19±0.00h0.42±0.01e0.28±0.02g0.34±0.02f0.49±0.06d0.71±0.04a0.45±0.04de0.62±0.03b
(Z)-4-Heptenal顺式-4-庚醛C7H12O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.09±0.01e0.08±0.01e0.08±0.01e0.16±0.01c0.23±0.02b0.12±0.01d0.48±0.01a
(E)-2-Heptenal反式-2-庚醛C7H12O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.35±0.05d0.21±0.00de0.18±0.01e1.46±0.21a1.10±0.08b0.31±0.04de0.53±0.05c
2-Hexenal2-己烯醛C6H10O0.90±0.02a0.18±0.02b0.13±0.01c0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e
1-Hexanal1-己醛C6H12O18.54±0.67a3.84±2.12b2.23±0.07c1.75±0.04c2.17±0.06c3.02±0.11bc2.51±0.10bc2.69±0.06bc1.62±0.05c2.86±0.05bc
(E)-2-Pentenal反式-2-戊烯醛C5H8O0.11±0.00g0.25±0.02f0.66±0.01c0.91±0.02b1.43±0.03a0.46±0.01e0.47±0.03e0.21±0.02f0.52±0.01d0.49±0.02de
2-Methyl butanal2-甲基丁醛C5H10O1.10±0.04h4.31±0.44g4.72±0.06g9.87±0.22d6.20±0.07f7.62±0.14e10.45±0.43c11.00±0.24b12.64±0.08a10.78±0.25bc
2-Methyl propanal2-甲基丙醛C4H8O0.65±0.03f1.28±0.13e1.13±0.02e4.38±0.12b3.28±0.02d4.04±0.04c5.22±0.20a4.34±0.15b5.35±0.07a4.00±0.12c
Propanal丙醛C3H6O0.74±0.03g1.17±0.11f1.21±0.02f1.63±0.03d1.37±0.02e1.87±0.04c1.98±0.11b1.99±0.03b2.55±0.02a2.60±0.06a
Butanal丁醛C4H8O0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g1.08±0.03c0.88±0.01e0.76±0.03f1.14±0.04b0.99±0.03d1.24±0.01a1.10±0.02bc
1-Nonanal1-壬醛C9H18O0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.69±0.02bcd0.53±0.04d0.65±0.05cd0.73±0.03bc1.05±0.04a0.86±0.09b1.12±0.26a
3-Methyl-2-butenal3-甲基-2-丁烯醛C5H8O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.15±0.00d0.12±0.00e0.16±0.01d0.18±0.01c0.20±0.01b0.20±0.00b0.22±0.01a
酮类1-(Acetoxy)-2-propanone乙酰氧基-2-丙酮C5H8O319.72±0.11c34.84±2.22a24.89±0.51b3.50±0.07f3.01±0.05f3.62±0.29ef4.09±0.24def5.06±0.19d4.95±0.15de5.34±0.25d
2-Methyl-2-hepten-6-one2-甲基-2-庚烯-6-酮C8H14O0.41±0.00a0.22±0.03ef0.17±0.02f0.42±0.01a0.32±0.04bc0.25±0.02de0.37±0.05ab0.40±0.02a0.28±0.02cd0.42±0.04a
2-Butanone,3-hydroxy3-羟基-2-丁酮C4H8O20.34±0.02f0.21±0.04g0.30±0.02fg0.49±0.03e0.66±0.05cd0.55±0.06de0.49±0.03e1.35±0.15a0.86±0.07b0.71±0.04c
1-Hydroxy-2-propanone1-羟基-2-丙酮C3H6O20.38±0.00c0.62±0.10c2.28±0.39a1.85±0.31b2.27±0.12ab2.59±0.27a2.22±0.04ab2.26±0.12ab2.63±0.27a2.23±0.13ab
2-Methyl-3-ketotetrahydrofuran2-甲基-3-酮四氢呋喃C5H8O20.15±0.04g0.32±0.02f1.06±0.05b0.50±0.05d1.99±0.06a1.00±0.08b0.49±0.02de0.41±0.05e0.87±0.05c0.48±0.02de
3-Penten-2-one3-戊烯-2-酮C5H8O0.04±0.00g0.18±0.02f0.24±0.01e0.55±0.01a0.39±0.01b0.31±0.00d0.34±0.01c0.22±0.01e0.29±0.01d0.54±0.02a
2,3-Pentadione2,3-戊二酮C5H8O20.15±0.01d0.10±0.01d1.23±0.10a0.35±0.11c0.55±0.22b0.25±0.01cd0.23±0.03cd0.19±0.03cd0.33±0.03c0.19±0.02cd
2,3 Butanedione2,3-丁二酮C4H6O20.56±0.02h3.00±0.30bcd2.10±0.05e2.93±0.04cd1.53±0.04g3.07±0.08bc1.81±0.06f2.81±0.10d3.18±0.02b3.42±0.08a
4-Methyl-2-pentanone4-甲基-2-戊酮C6H12O0.18±0.01a0.06±0.00b0.06±0.00b0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c
2-Propanone2-丙酮C3H6O1.58±0.05i2.30±0.21h2.77±0.03g4.83±0.17e4.04±0.06f4.56±0.10e5.75±0.29d7.69±0.09b6.74±0.06c10.02±0.23a
2-Butanone2-丁酮C4H8O0.02±0.00i0.14±0.01h0.87±0.00f1.62±0.02d2.59±0.01a1.43±0.02e1.60±0.10d0.78±0.02g2.31±0.01b1.86±0.04c
3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one3-甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮C6H8O0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.45±0.06c1.05±0.19a0.65±0.19b0.45±0.07c0.44±0.03c0.46±0.02c0.40±0.06c
Cyclopentanone环戊酮C5H8O0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.46±0.07cd0.41±0.02d0.41±0.04d0.55±0.04b0.68±0.05a0.49±0.04bc0.40±0.04d
酯类Acetic acid hexyl ester乙酸己酯C8H16O20.24±0.11a0.07±0.00b0.07±0.00b0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c
Ethyl caproate己酸乙酯C8H16O20.76±0.02d0.24±0.01d0.32±0.02d5.49±0.95a2.77±0.74bc2.93±0.32bc2.55±0.14bc3.23±0.34b2.46±0.18bc2.27±0.05c
ethyl(E)-2-butenoate反式-2-丁烯酸乙酯C6H10O20.80±0.00a0.19±0.01e0.13±0.00f0.24±0.03d0.15±0.01f0.20±0.01de0.26±0.01c0.39±0.02b0.28±0.01c0.28±0.01c
Acetic acid butyl ester乙酸丁酯C6H12O21.37±0.03a0.19±0.07b0.10±0.01c0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d
2-Methylbutanoic acid methyl ester2-甲基丁酸甲酯C6H12O20.41±0.01f0.26±0.03g0.41±0.01f0.51±0.02d0.77±0.01a0.47±0.01e0.60±0.03c0.48±0.01de0.64±0.03b0.48±0.02de
Acetic acid propyl ester乙酸丙酯C5H10O20.02±0.00g0.05±0.01f0.63±0.01b0.61±0.00b1.10±0.02a0.24±0.01c0.25±0.01c0.09±0.01e0.15±0.01d0.08±0.01e
2-Methyl butanoic acid ethyl ester2-甲基丁酸乙酯C7H14O20.29±0.00a0.04±0.00b0.04±0.00b0.07±0.01b0.05±0.00b0.02±0.00b0.03±0.01b0.03±0.00b0.03±0.01b0.03±0.01b
Butanoic acid ethyl ester丁酸乙酯C6H12O24.31±0.11a0.22±0.09b0.24±0.00b0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c
Butanoic acid, methyl ester丁酸甲酯C5H10O20.52±0.01a0.05±0.00c0.12±0.00b0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d
Ethyl 2-methy lpropionate异丁酸乙酯C6H12O20.19±0.00a0.02±0.00g0.02±0.00g0.10±0.01b0.05±0.00c0.04±0.01def0.03±0.00ef0.04±0.00d0.03±0.00fg0.04±0.00de
Ethyl propanoate丙酸乙酯C5H10O21.32±0.04a0.13±0.01c0.19±0.01b0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d
Acetic acid ethyl ester乙酸乙酯C4H8O26.42±0.21a3.74±0.27b3.11±0.05c1.48±0.07f1.24±0.02g1.41±0.01fg1.57±0.03f2.15±0.09e1.60±0.03f2.70±0.04d
Methyl acetate乙酸甲酯C3H6O20.89±0.02a0.54±0.05c0.71±0.01b0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d
Ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate2-羟基丙酸乙酯C5H10O30.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d2.24±0.44a1.04±0.26b0.97±0.02bc0.85±0.13bc1.01±0.10b0.65±0.03c0.67±0.05c
羧酸类Acetic acid醋酸C2H4O20.98±0.02c1.49±0.12c0.38±0.02c3.48±0.32c1.71±0.06c2.52±0.13c4.34±0.35c16.31±6.27a12.26±2.68b11.08±0.30b
烯萜类(+)-Limonene(R)-柠檬烯C10H160.05±0.00h0.15±0.02g0.36±0.01f1.49±0.10b2.64±0.09a0.69±0.01e1.14±0.06c0.39±0.04f0.82±0.02d0.62±0.02e
alpha-Terpinoleneα-松油烯C10H160.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.48±0.03b0.76±0.03a0.21±0.02d0.29±0.03c0.19±0.03d0.29±0.03c0.21±0.02d
beta-Ocimeneβ-罗勒烯C10H160.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.55±0.04b0.96±0.05a0.24±0.02e0.39±0.02c0.22±0.02e0.35±0.02c0.30±0.04d
beta-Myrceneβ-月桂烯C10H160.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.00±0.00e0.53±0.03b1.22±0.03a0.21±0.02d0.21±0.01d0.30±0.07c0.29±0.03c0.22±0.03d
delta-3-Careneδ-3-蒈烯C10H160.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.36±0.02b0.61±0.01a0.16±0.01e0.26±0.03c0.15±0.02e0.23±0.02d0.17±0.01e
其他类DMF二甲基甲酰胺C3H7NO0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c2.96±0.65a1.79±0.21b1.93±0.24b2.06±0.14b2.72±0.05a2.08±0.21b2.20±0.14b
2-Pentyl furan2-戊基呋喃C9H14O0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.47±0.01a0.37±0.02b0.16±0.00e0.21±0.01d0.30±0.04c0.18±0.02e0.38±0.01b
1,2-Dimethylbenzene邻二甲苯C8H100.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00c0.07±0.01b0.06±0.01b0.06±0.01b0.08±0.01b0.09±0.02b0.07±0.01b0.51±0.08a
1,1-Diethoxy ethane1,1-二乙氧基乙烷C6H14O20.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f0.00±0.00f1.38±0.18b0.78±0.04e0.99±0.01d1.20±0.02c1.79±0.03a1.25±0.03c1.77±0.04a
), ArticleFig(id=1320176112181821800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ROAV of volatile flavor compounds in different Laiyang pear paste

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号名称香气描述CAS分子式阈值(μg/kg)ROAV
12345678910
11-己醛青草香、水果香C66251C6H12O0.03100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00
22-呋喃醛焦糖味C98011C5H4O2282−0.020.150.200.190.150.140.060.150.06
3正辛醛水果香C124130C8H16O0.70.040.160.241.110.720.611.091.251.451.12
4反式-2-己烯醛果香、青草香C6728263C6H10O170.090.070.040.020.010.010.010.030.020.02
5庚醛青草香、果香C111717C7H14O0.250.350.711.012.881.541.352.363.173.312.59
62-己烯醛甜杏仁味、青草香、水果香C505577C6H10O30−−0.01−−−−−−−
72-甲基丁醛苦杏仁、可可、麦芽香C96173C5H10O40.040.841.594.232.141.893.123.065.852.83
82-甲基丙醛坚果气味、香蕉味C78842C4H8O10.101.001.527.514.534.026.234.839.914.19
9丙醛刺激性气味、青草味C123386C3H6O100.010.090.160.280.190.190.240.220.470.27
10丁醛水果香、香蕉味C123728C4H8O9−−−0.200.140.080.150.120.260.13
111-壬醛花香C124196C9H18O49−−−0.020.010.010.020.020.030.02
122-己烯-1-醇青草香、果香C2305217C6H12O359.30.010.050.05−−−−−−−
13乙醇酒香C64175C2H6O520−0.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.01
142,3-戊二酮黄油味、甜香、果香C600146C5H8O220−−0.080.030.040.010.010.010.030.01
152,3-丁二酮黄油味C431038C4H6O2150.010.160.190.340.140.200.140.210.390.24
162-丁酮果香C78933C4H8O61−−0.020.050.060.020.030.010.070.03
17己酸乙酯甜香、果香C123660C8H16O250.020.040.091.880.770.580.610.720.910.48
18反式-2-丁烯酸乙酯青草香C623701C6H10O20.50.260.300.340.810.410.390.630.861.030.58
192-甲基丁酸
乙酯
甜香、苹果香C7452791C7H14O20.350.140.090.150.360.210.070.090.090.170.09
20丁酸乙酯果香、草莓香、青草香C105544C6H12O20.16.981.733.19−−−−−−−
21丁酸甲酯苹果、甜香、菠萝味C623427C5H10O210.080.040.16−−−−−−−
22异丁酸乙酯甜香、果香C97621C6H12O20.10.310.150.231.790.740.360.410.480.600.40
23丙酸乙酯果香C105373C5H10O2100.020.010.03−−−−−−−
24乙酸甲酯果香、甜香C79209C3H6O220.070.210.47−−−−−−−
25(R)-柠檬烯清新果香、柑橘香C138863C10H1638−−0.010.070.100.020.040.010.040.02
26α-松油烯柑橘香、柠檬香C586629C10H1680−−−0.010.01−−−0.01−
27β-月桂烯草本清香C123353C10H1615−−−0.060.110.010.020.020.040.02
282-戊基呋喃果香、泥土味C3777693C9H14O5.8−−−0.140.090.030.040.060.060.07
291,1-二乙氧基乙烷水果香C105577C6H14O240−−−0.060.030.020.040.050.060.05
), ArticleFig(id=1320176112274096489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176104913092893, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同莱阳梨膏中挥发性风味物质的ROAV

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编号名称香气描述CAS分子式阈值(μg/kg)ROAV
12345678910
11-己醛青草香、水果香C66251C6H12O0.03100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00
22-呋喃醛焦糖味C98011C5H4O2282−0.020.150.200.190.150.140.060.150.06
3正辛醛水果香C124130C8H16O0.70.040.160.241.110.720.611.091.251.451.12
4反式-2-己烯醛果香、青草香C6728263C6H10O170.090.070.040.020.010.010.010.030.020.02
5庚醛青草香、果香C111717C7H14O0.250.350.711.012.881.541.352.363.173.312.59
62-己烯醛甜杏仁味、青草香、水果香C505577C6H10O30−−0.01−−−−−−−
72-甲基丁醛苦杏仁、可可、麦芽香C96173C5H10O40.040.841.594.232.141.893.123.065.852.83
82-甲基丙醛坚果气味、香蕉味C78842C4H8O10.101.001.527.514.534.026.234.839.914.19
9丙醛刺激性气味、青草味C123386C3H6O100.010.090.160.280.190.190.240.220.470.27
10丁醛水果香、香蕉味C123728C4H8O9−−−0.200.140.080.150.120.260.13
111-壬醛花香C124196C9H18O49−−−0.020.010.010.020.020.030.02
122-己烯-1-醇青草香、果香C2305217C6H12O359.30.010.050.05−−−−−−−
13乙醇酒香C64175C2H6O520−0.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.01
142,3-戊二酮黄油味、甜香、果香C600146C5H8O220−−0.080.030.040.010.010.010.030.01
152,3-丁二酮黄油味C431038C4H6O2150.010.160.190.340.140.200.140.210.390.24
162-丁酮果香C78933C4H8O61−−0.020.050.060.020.030.010.070.03
17己酸乙酯甜香、果香C123660C8H16O250.020.040.091.880.770.580.610.720.910.48
18反式-2-丁烯酸乙酯青草香C623701C6H10O20.50.260.300.340.810.410.390.630.861.030.58
192-甲基丁酸
乙酯
甜香、苹果香C7452791C7H14O20.350.140.090.150.360.210.070.090.090.170.09
20丁酸乙酯果香、草莓香、青草香C105544C6H12O20.16.981.733.19−−−−−−−
21丁酸甲酯苹果、甜香、菠萝味C623427C5H10O210.080.040.16−−−−−−−
22异丁酸乙酯甜香、果香C97621C6H12O20.10.310.150.231.790.740.360.410.480.600.40
23丙酸乙酯果香C105373C5H10O2100.020.010.03−−−−−−−
24乙酸甲酯果香、甜香C79209C3H6O220.070.210.47−−−−−−−
25(R)-柠檬烯清新果香、柑橘香C138863C10H1638−−0.010.070.100.020.040.010.040.02
26α-松油烯柑橘香、柠檬香C586629C10H1680−−−0.010.01−−−0.01−
27β-月桂烯草本清香C123353C10H1615−−−0.060.110.010.020.020.040.02
282-戊基呋喃果香、泥土味C3777693C9H14O5.8−−−0.140.090.030.040.060.060.07
291,1-二乙氧基乙烷水果香C105577C6H14O240−−−0.060.030.020.040.050.060.05
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浓缩方式对莱阳梨膏流变学特性与风味的影响
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刘旭龙 1 , 孙萌彤 1 , 肖凯 2 , 余涛 1 , 陈伟 1, * , 郑振佳 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(12): 361-371
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (12) : 361 -371
浓缩方式对莱阳梨膏流变学特性与风味的影响
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刘旭龙1 , 孙萌彤1, 肖凯2, 余涛1, 陈伟1, * , 郑振佳1, *
作者信息
  • 1山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东省高等学校食品营养与健康重点实验室,山东泰安 271018
  • 2烟台飞驰蜗牛农业发展有限公司,山东烟台 265200
通讯作者:
陈伟(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
郑振佳(1985−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘旭龙(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

Effects of Concentration Methods on the Rheological Properties and Flavor Profile of Laiyang Pear Paste
Xulong LIU1 , Mengtong SUN1, Kai XIAO2, Tao YU1, Wei CHEN1, * , Zhenjia ZHENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, Taian 271018, China
  • 2Yantai Feichi Woniu Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Yantai 265200, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070202
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为探究不同加工方式对莱阳梨膏流变学特性及风味成分差异的影响,本研究通过流变仪与气相色谱离子迁移谱联用(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS)技术对3种自制梨膏(冷冻干燥浓缩、减压浓缩和常压熬煮)与7种采样梨膏进行流体类型分析和挥发性物质比较。结果表明,所有样品梨膏均属于假塑性流体,具有剪切稀化特性,剪切速率与剪切应力变化关系符合Power Law方程,拟合效果良好(R2>0.99),其中通过冷冻干燥浓缩方法制备的莱阳梨膏流变学特性表现良好,在10种梨膏中没有表现出过度稀薄或黏稠的现象。GC-IMS在10种梨膏中检验出不同的风味化合物质,共有的风味化合物质包括醛类化合物15种,酯类化合物14种,酮类化合物13种,醇类化合物9种,烯萜类化合物5种,羧酸类化合物1种,其他类化合物4种,通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析和相对气味活性值筛选出关键气味标志物为2-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丙醛、己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯,醛类和酯类风味化合物质通常与水果香气有关,与常压熬煮和减压浓缩方法制得的梨膏相比,冷冻干燥浓缩方法制得的梨膏中丁酸乙酯含量最高,其表现出果香味的香气特点,表明通过该种方法制得莱阳梨膏可以最大程度保留果香。综上,本研究为梨膏类产品的加工与多维度品质评价提供参考。

梨膏  /  浓缩工艺  /  流变特性  /  挥发性成分  /  风味分析

In order to investigate the effects of different processing methods on the rheological properties and flavor components of Laiyang pear paste, this study analyzed the fluid types and compared the volatile substances of three homemade pastes (freeze-drying concentration, vacuum concentration, and atmospheric boiling) and seven commercially sampled pastes by employing a rheometer and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy (GC-IMS). The results showed that all pear paste samples exhibited pseudoplastic fluid behaviors with shear-thinning characteristics. The relationship between shear rate and shear stress conformed to the Power Law model, demonstrating an excellent fit (R2>0.99). Among the ten samples, the paste prepared by freeze-drying concentration revealed the optimal rheological properties, showing neither excessive thinness nor thickness. Furthermore, GC-IMS identified different flavor compounds in 10 kinds of pear pastes and qualitatively detected the common flavor compounds, including 15 aldehydes, 14 esters, 13 ketones, 9 alcohols, 5 terpenes, 1 carboxylic acid, and 4 other compounds qualitatively. According to orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and relative odor activity value (ROAV) screening, the key odor markers were identified as 2-methylbutanal, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl butyrate. The flavor compounds of aldehydes and esters were typically associated with fruity aromas. Meanwhile, compared to pastes produced by atmospheric boiling and vacuum concentration, the paste prepared by freeze-drying concentration contained the highest level of ethyl butyrate, which contributed to a distinct fruity aroma. It indicated that the use of this method to produce Laiyang pear paste could maximize the preservation of the fruity aroma. In conclusion, findings of this study provide valuable insights for the processing and multi-dimensional quality evaluation of pear paste products.

pear paste  /  concentration process  /  rheological characteristic  /  volatile compounds  /  flavor analysis
刘旭龙, 孙萌彤, 肖凯, 余涛, 陈伟, 郑振佳. 浓缩方式对莱阳梨膏流变学特性与风味的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 361 -371 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070202
Xulong LIU, Mengtong SUN, Kai XIAO, Tao YU, Wei CHEN, Zhenjia ZHENG. Effects of Concentration Methods on the Rheological Properties and Flavor Profile of Laiyang Pear Paste[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 361 -371 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070202
莱阳梨,又名莱阳茌(慈)梨,是胶东半岛代表性果品,入选《山东省中药材标准》,是梨中较为罕见的兼具药用价值的品种。莱阳梨加工制成的梨膏,有止咳化痰等功效,具有较高的药用价值[1]。目前市售梨膏主要以鲜榨梨汁为原料,经澄清、过滤、浓缩(常压熬煮浓缩或减压浓缩)等多道工序而成,成品呈棕黄色或褐色的膏状[2]。近年来,随着梨膏市场份额的增加,对梨膏工艺与品质分析的研究逐步增加。李月等[3]通过煮沸浓缩并结合护色工艺优化制备出气味和风味最优的鸭梨膏,董雪君等[4]采用真空浓缩方式制备出抗氧化能力强和总酚含量较高的莱阳梨清膏。由于不同梨膏原料和工艺参数不同,生产的产品价格差异较大,目前梨膏品质分析不足,有待于进一步开展相关研究。
梨膏是流体食品,通过测定其剪切力、黏度等参数,解析流体食品的流变特性,对品质评价具有重要意义。李月等[5]通过流变学特性分析发现,相较于真空浓缩工艺,添加糖和胶会导致梨膏触变性减弱、黏度升高。风味是梨膏类食品的重要评价指标,不同工艺参数会引起挥发性化合物产生差异,赋予产品独特的风味特征[6−7],李月等[8]研究发现,添加金银花浸提液会对梨膏气味和滋味产生影响,使其品质变优。梨膏的风味成分研究报道较少,尚待开展。
常压熬煮和减压浓缩方法制作梨膏效率较高,温度条件会对梨膏风味产生影响,低分子量风味成分损失较大。冷冻干燥浓缩方法可以减少高温对梨膏部分风味化合物的影响,最大化保留梨汁中的成分。不同浓缩方式生产的梨膏风味成分存在差异,研究结果可为优化梨膏生产工艺、提升产品质量及产品差异化开发提供科学依据。
本研究以多维度分析梨膏品质为研究目标,选取莱阳梨为加工对象,通过常压熬煮、减压浓缩与冷冻干燥浓缩制备莱阳梨膏,并采集7个批次的莱阳梨膏,通过流变仪和气相色谱离子迁移谱联用技术进行静态、动态流变学指标与风味特性分析,系统考察不同浓缩方式对莱阳梨膏流体结构和挥发性香气成分的影响,以期为梨膏类产品的加工工艺优化与品质评价提供理论依据和技术支持。
莱阳梨 购自烟台飞驰蜗牛农业发展有限公司;莱阳梨膏采样样品(编号4~10) 采集于不同企业共7个批次。
MCR-102型流变仪 奥地利Anton Paar公司;FlavourSpec®风味分析仪器(GC-IMS) 德国GAS公司;FD-304真空冷冻干燥机 济南骏德仪器有限公司;658型气动压榨机 山东申东设备技术有限公司;泰山牌可倾式夹层锅(生产编号94256) 山东省泰安市轻工机械厂;AK002D手持糖度仪 深圳市测友科技有限公司。
选取新鲜莱阳梨,洗净去柄,破碎榨汁,果汁加热煮至55 ℃,加入0.04%(wt%)果胶酶,静置2 h得梨果汁,果汁经四层纱布过滤后分为3份,备用。样品1(冷冻干燥浓缩梨膏)的制备过程为果汁经冷冻成冰后于真空冷冻干燥机中通过冷冻干燥进行浓缩,设定样品仓温度为−18 ℃;样品2(减压浓缩梨膏)的制备过程为果汁在旋转蒸发仪中于75 ℃温度条件下减压浓缩;样品3(常压熬煮梨膏)的制备过程为果汁采用常压熬煮浓缩工艺进行制备。浓缩过程中进行监测,最终样品到达白利度为80±1oBrix,终止浓缩过程。
参考李月等[5]的方法,稍作修改。流动扫描模式下,选用直径25 mm平行板测定系统,设定平行板测定间距为1 mm,剪切速率范围为1~500 s−1,选定变化规律为对数变化。测定自制与采样梨膏在25 ℃温度条件下,剪切应力(Pa)随剪切速率(s−1)的变化,根据拟合情况判定不同梨膏流体类型。剪切速率和剪切应力是表征流变学特性的两个基本参数,其表达方式用Power Law方程进行拟合[9]。
$\rm \tau=KD^n $
式中:τ为剪切应力,Pa;K为黏度系数,Pa·sn;D为剪切速率,s−1;n为流动指数;n值用于判断流体类型,n>1时为胀塑性流体,n=1时为牛顿流体,n<1时为假塑性流体;K值的大小体现流体的浓稠程度,K值越大说明流体越黏稠[10]。
参考李月等[5]的方法,稍作修改。振荡频率模式下,选用直径25 mm平行板测定系统,设置平行板测定间距为1 mm,应变力1%。在25 ℃下,扫描1~20 Hz内,32个数据采集点,选定变化规律为线性变化,观察梨膏储能模量G'和损耗模量G''变化情况。
样品处理:称取梨膏样品2.0 g置于20 mL顶空瓶中,加水1 mL,60 ℃条件下孵育15 min后进样。
GC测试条件:MAX-WAX色谱柱(30 m×0.53 mm,1 μm);柱温60 ℃;分析时间30 min;载气为高纯氮气(纯度≥99.999%);初始流速为2 mL/min,保持2 min;2~5 min增至10 mL/min;5~25 min增至100 mL/min;25~30 min保持100 mL/min。
IMS测试条件:漂移气为高纯氮气(纯度≥99.999%);漂移气体流速150 mL/min;漂移管温度60 ℃;漂移管长度9.8 cm;管内线性电压500 V/cm。设置进样针温度为85 ℃,进样体积200 μL。
使用仪器配套的分析软件VOCal内置的NIST数据库和IMS数据库对物质进行定性分析,使用Gallery Plot插件,定量比较样品之间挥发性有机物的差异。
ROAV是一种结合阈值判定化合物重要性的方法,被广泛用于分析关键性风味化合物[11]。在ROAV≥1的化合物中,ROAV越大,说明该化合物挥发性气味对总体风味贡献度越大,其计算公式参考刘登勇等[12]的计算方法。
$ {\text{ROAV}}_{\text{i}}\text{≈}\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{i}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{Max}}}\text{×}\frac{{\text{T}}_{\text{Max}}}{{\text{T}}_{\text{i}}}\text{×100} $
式中:ROAVi表示相对气味活度值;Ci和Ti分别表示为某挥发性物质的相对含量(%)和嗅觉阈值(μg/kg);CMax表示每个处理组所测风味物质中相对含量的最大值(%);TMax表示每个处理组所测风味物质中嗅觉阈值的最大值(μg/kg)。
每组实验重复3次,利用风味分析仪内置的NIST数据库以及IMS数据库对挥发性香气成分进行定性分析,采用Origin 2024软件、SIMCA 14.1软件对实验结果绘图分析,数据以平均值±标准偏差的形式表示,通过SPSS 27.0软件进行显著性差异分析。
图1A中,在25 ℃条件下,10种莱阳梨膏的剪切应力随剪切速率增大而提高,不同梨膏剪切速率和剪切应力的Power Law拟合方程见表1。各拟合方程R2均大于0.99;n值均小于1,表明梨膏为假塑性流体且剪切稀化。样品4的K值为36.46±4.09,黏度最高,样品10的K值为6.68±0.48,黏度最低。
图1B为10种莱阳梨膏黏度随剪切速率增加而变化的流动特性曲线图。莱阳梨膏黏度随剪切速率提升均显著下降,说明样品具有明显的假塑性流体特征,具有良好的触变性[5]。剪切速率较小时,莱阳梨膏结构被破坏较少,表现出较高的黏度;随着剪切速率升高,样品中以长链形式存在的多糖分子链受到破坏程度增加,导致结构破坏和网络瓦解,各组分分子间相互作用力减弱,黏度下降,表现出剪切稀化现象[10]。10种莱阳梨膏中,样品4和样品10黏度差异最大,不同的加工工艺会导致莱阳梨膏黏度产生不同表现。冷冻干燥浓缩方式减少了高温的影响,相比较于减压浓缩和常压熬煮方式其制作时间更长,黏度主要受梨膏中水分含量的影响,在减压浓缩和常压熬煮过程中,高温会加剧流体分子的热运动,提高分子内部的摩擦频率,导致梨膏体系黏度增大[13]。王大琴[13]制备的梨膏中也观察到类似现象,在更高熬煮温度条件下梨膏黏度会更高。
储能模量G'和损耗模量G''反映流体的黏弹性大小,体现流体所具有的液体(黏性)或固体(弹性)特性[5],可以评估梨膏的总体强度。G'代表黏弹性行为的弹性分量,表征样品的固体性质;G''代表黏弹性行为的黏性分量,反映了样品的液体性质[14]。不同莱阳梨膏的储能模量G'和损耗模量G''情况见图2。在25 ℃条件下,扫描频率1~20 Hz范围内,随着扫描频率增高,储能模量G'和损耗模量G''均增高,结果表明,大部分莱阳梨膏样品G''>G',说明莱阳梨膏主要发生黏性形变,表现出液体黏度特性[15]。采样的莱阳梨膏产品由于具体加工参数不同,其储能模量G'和损耗模量G''表现不同,10号样品主要趋势表现为G'>G'',体现弹性主导行为,表现出类似软凝胶类的黏弹性行为[16]。10种莱阳梨膏动态流变学特性存在差异,是因为加工方式以及具体加工工艺不同。冷冻干燥浓缩方法避免了高温破坏和美拉德反应,较大程度保留糖类、蛋白质等大分子物质,在梨膏中可以形成稳定的胶体结构[17]。减压浓缩和常压熬煮方式制作的梨膏受温度条件影响,糖类和蛋白类聚合物出现分子链伸展和空间构象改变,亲水基团暴露,更多的结合位点受分子间氢键等多种作用力相互交联,构成凝胶网络,减压浓缩因浓缩时间较常压熬煮方式时间更长,其促进了水分子与亲水基团结合,纤维素分布均匀,形成的纤维框架能够强化体系中的凝胶网络,常压熬煮方法下,更高的温度为美拉德反应提供条件,促进了蛋白质分子的共价交联,提高了梨膏的黏性[18−19],对比10种梨膏储能模量G'和损耗模量G'',冷冻干燥浓缩方式制作的梨膏综合表现良好,结合静态流变学测定结果,说明该方法下制得的莱阳梨膏具有良好的黏弹性。
不同莱阳梨膏挥发性化合物分析图谱见图3。1.0处红色竖线为反应离子峰,反应离子峰右侧每一个点代表一种挥发性香气成分,不同颜色代表物质的浓度不同,红色越深代表浓度越大,白色表示浓度较低[20]。由图3可知,在样品1~3中,冷冻干燥浓缩方法制作的梨膏所含风味物质种类更多,样品4~10中所含风味物质的种类和浓度存在差异。
不同莱阳梨膏挥发性化合物指纹图谱见图4。每行表示一个样品的所有挥发性风味物质,每列表示不同梨膏中相同的挥发性化合物,由于电离作用和浓度原因,其中部分化合物被检测为单体(-M)和二聚体(-D)[21]。未知物质信号峰用ID-表示,信号强度以颜色来表示:颜色越接近红色,表明该化合物浓度越高。对比三种自制莱阳梨膏指纹图谱发现,冷冻干燥浓缩梨膏中特征挥发性风味物质种类最多,包括乙醇、醋酸、乙酸乙酯、1-丁醇-M、正辛醛、乙酸甲酯-D、1-己醇-M、1-己醇-D、乙酸甲酯-M、丁酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯-D、丙酸乙酯-M、4-甲基-2-戊酮、异丁酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯-D、丁酸乙酯-M、2-甲基丁酸甲酯、乙酸丁酯-D、乙酸丁酯-M、1-丁醇-D、反式-2-丁烯酸乙酯-D、反式-2-丁烯酸乙酯-M、3-己烯醛-D、2-己烯醛-M、庚醛-D、庚醛-M、2-己醛-D、1-己醛-M、反式-2-己烯醛-D、反式-2-己烯醛-M、己酸乙酯-M、乙酸己酯、2-甲基-2-庚烯-6-酮、己酸乙酯-D、3-羟基-2-丁酮、2-甲基丁酸甲酯。减压浓缩制得梨膏中含量较高的挥发性物质为2,3-丁二酮、丙醛-M。常压熬煮制得梨膏中特征挥发性风味物质较多,包括2-丙酮、2-甲基丙醛、丙醛-D、反式-2-戊烯醛-D、乙酸丙酯、2,3-戊二酮、2-丁酮、反式-2-戊烯醛-M、(R)-柠檬烯、2-甲基-3-酮四氢呋喃、1-羟基-2-丙酮-D、1-羟基-2-丙酮-M、2-呋喃醛-D、3-戊烯-2-酮、2-呋喃醛-M、2-甲基丁醛。该结果表明,通过冷冻干燥浓缩方法制作的梨膏中特征风味物质种类更多,说明温度条件会影响梨膏中部分风味化合物的生成,而常压熬煮方法制作的梨膏所含特征风味物质种类多于减压浓缩方法制作的梨膏,是因为高温为美拉德反应提供了条件[19],产生了部分不同于减压浓缩温度条件下生成的风味物质。采集的不同莱阳梨膏产品表现出不同的特征谱图信息,由图4可知,其中样品9缺少区分于其他采样梨膏的特征香气成分,样品5所含特征香气成分更多,包括乙醇、1-羟基-2-丙酮-D、1-羟基-2-丙酮-M、2-丁酮-D、2-甲基丁酸甲酯、α-松油烯、β-罗勒烯、(R)-柠檬烯-D、(R)-柠檬烯-M、乙酸丙酯、δ-3-蒈烯、β-月桂烯-M、2,3-戊二酮、β-月桂烯-D、2-甲基-3-酮四氢呋喃、反式-2-戊烯醛-D、3-甲基-2-丁醇、3-甲基-2-环戊烯-1-酮、反式-2-戊烯醛-M、2-甲基-2-庚烯-6-酮、3-甲基-2-丁烯醛、2-呋喃醛-D。冷冻干燥浓缩方式降低了高温对梨膏部分风味物质的影响,其产生的风味物质相较于减压浓缩和常压熬煮方法有所不同,自制的减压浓缩和常压熬煮梨膏与采样产品莱阳梨膏加工工艺类似,但是因为具体加工参数的不同,产品风味成分存在差异。
通过气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术对10种莱阳梨膏的风味成分及物质相对含量进行分析鉴定。梨膏中检测出共有的挥发性化合物61种,如表2所示,包括醛类化合物15种、酯类化合物14种、酮类化合物13种、醇类化合物9种、烯萜类化合物5种、羧酸类化合物1种、其他类化合物4种。种类数量和含量均较高的挥发性风味物质主要集中在醛类、酮类和酯类,不同来源及加工方法制作的梨膏中风味化合物质有所不同,其中己酸乙酯(呈甜香气味特征)、2-甲基丁醛(呈杏仁味、可可香气味特征)、醋酸(水果味气味特征)[22−23]含量在样品4~10中较样品1~3中更高,而2-己烯-1-醇在样品1~3中相对含量较高,该种风味物质表现出青草香和果香的气味特点[24]。冷冻干燥浓缩方法制作的梨膏中,1-己醛、乙酸丁酯和丁酸乙酯含量明显较其余组更高,以上风味物质主要呈现梨果香和青草香,梨成熟果实中常存在这些挥发性芳香物质[25],推测为此种条件加工对梨膏中这些挥发性物质影响较小,可以更好保留原有的果实香气。乙酸己酯具有典型梨果香味特征[25],在冷冻干燥浓缩产品中该成分含量更高,同样说明温度过高会使梨膏损失部分梨果原有香味。10种样品的2-呋喃醛含量具有显著(P<0.05)差异,其为梨膏贡献焦糖香味,在冷冻干燥浓缩条件下制作的梨膏中测得含量明显小于减压浓缩和常压熬煮条件制作的梨膏,该成分在采样梨膏中广泛存在且含量较高,证明高温条件会影响2-呋喃醛产生,其通常出现在美拉德反应和焦糖化反应中,产生受加热温度和时间影响[26−27]。
不同莱阳梨膏风味成分OPLS-DA及VIP分析结果见图5。正交偏最小二乘判别分析(图5A)结果显示,R2X、R2Y、Q2分别为0.996、0.981、0.912,均超过0.5,R2越接近1表示拟合度越高,Q2越接近1表示预测性越好[28],所有点均在置信区间内,表示此模型拟合下具有良好的解释力和拟合程度,没有出现过拟合现象。此外,各样品之间聚类能力良好,组间有明显差距,能完成各组之间的分离。通过置换检验(n=200)对OPLS-DA模型进行可靠度验证,如图5B所示,图中横坐标为样品的保留度,1.0处的点为原模型的R2和Q2。模型Q2回归线与横坐标的截距为负数,表示模型无过拟合且稳定可靠。VIP值≥1表示对于梨膏样品组间差异判别贡献度较高,VIP值越大,贡献越大[29],图5C中VIP≥1(红色柱状图)包含的特征风味挥发性物质为2-呋喃醛-D、乙酰氧基-2-丙酮、2-己烯-1-醇、2-呋喃醛-M、醋酸-M、乙醇、1-己醇-D、2-甲基丁醛、2-丙酮、2,3-丁二酮、1-丙醇、醋酸-D、反式-2-己烯醛-D、己酸乙酯-M、乙酸乙酯、反式-2-庚醛、1-己醇-M、2-丁酮-D、2-羟基丙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯-D、二甲基甲酰胺、2-甲基丙醛-M、丁酸乙酯-D,表明在10种莱阳梨膏中,这些风味成分是区分梨膏差异的重要特征标志物,对区分不同莱阳梨膏起关键作用,其中VIP值最高的化合物为2-呋喃醛-D,其为梨膏贡献焦糖味香气,是在温度较高条件下制作的梨膏中常见的风味物质。
在评估样品风味特性时,风味形成受挥发性物质浓度影响,同时需达到嗅觉阈值才能被感知。采用ROAV计算方法,计算莱阳梨膏中挥发性物质的ROAV,结果见表3。0.1<ROAV<1的化合物被认为对整体气味有修饰作用,ROAV≥1的化合物为关键性风味成分[30]。在10种梨膏中,1≤ROAV≤100的挥发性化合物包括1-己醛、正辛醛、庚醛、2-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丙醛、己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、异丁酸乙酯,结合VIP值结果分析得出,2-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丙醛、己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯为关键气味标志物。梨果实中大多数的直链酯、醛和醇类物质由脂肪代谢产生,支链脂肪族醛类物质呈现出花香、甜香及水果香[23]。通过冷冻干燥浓缩方法制作的梨膏中丁酸乙酯含量显著高于其余9组,酯类物质含量与水果香气浓度有关,含量越高香气越浓郁[31],表明在制作梨膏过程中减少高温影响,可以更好保留梨膏原料中梨果实原有香气。0.1≤ROAV<1的挥发性化合物具有修饰作用,其中2-呋喃醛成分的ROAV值在冷冻干燥浓缩、减压浓缩和常压熬煮样品中逐步提升明显,此物质为梨膏贡献焦糖味香气,不同品类的采样梨膏所含风味物质种类或浓度不同,表现出采样梨膏具有独特的风味特点。
本实验以莱阳梨为原材料,通过冷冻干燥浓缩、减压浓缩和常压熬煮方法制备梨膏并与采样莱阳梨膏对流变学特性、挥发性成分进行了分析,结果表明莱阳梨膏为非牛顿假塑性流体且剪切稀化。通过分析GC-IMS风味成分图谱,定性检测出10种莱阳梨膏中共存的61种不同挥发性风味物质,通过结合OPLS-DA和ROAV筛选出2-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丙醛、己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯为莱阳梨膏关键气味标志物。其中,通过冷冻干燥浓缩方式制备的莱阳梨膏在所有样品中流变学特性表现良好,没有表现出过度稀薄或黏稠的现象,并较大程度保留了梨果实原有的风味特点,该研究为梨膏类食品加工与品质分析提供理论与技术参考。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070202
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-17
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    1山东农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东省高等学校食品营养与健康重点实验室,山东泰安 271018
    2烟台飞驰蜗牛农业发展有限公司,山东烟台 265200

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陈伟(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
郑振佳(1985−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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