Article(id=1320880652254299006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070181, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852088272, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852088272, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852088272, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852088272, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=155, endPage=162, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880654074626943, articleId=1320880652254299006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of Nutrients and Flavor Compounds in Koumiss Fermented with Xinjiang-derived Superior Yeast Strains, columnId=1320880487858548920, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Food Microbiology and Biomanufacturing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the content of nutrients (free amino acids, fatty acids) and flavor substances in koumiss fermented with Xinjiang-derived superior yeast strains, as well as the changes in substances before and after fermentation, and the differences in nutrients and flavors compared with that of naturally fermented koumiss, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) were employed to detect the contents of free amino acids, fatty acids, and volatile flavor substances in fresh mare's milk, naturally fermented koumiss (control group), and koumiss fermented with superior yeast strains (experimental group) . The results showed that, compared with fresh mare's milk, the content of free amino acids in the experimental group significantly increased, while the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly increased, the number of volatile flavor substances increased, the relative contents of esters, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and heterocyclic compounds were elevated. Compared with the control group, the essential amino acid content in the experimental group significantly decreased, the contents of histidine (1297.68 mg/L), ornithine (545.38 mg/L), and γ-aminobutyric acid (1269.46 mg/L, GABA) significantly increased. The relative content of saturated fatty acids significantly decreased, while the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) significantly increased, notably the relative content of α-linolenic acid (19.72%) was significantly enhanced, but the relative content of linoleic acid (9.32%) significantly decreased. The total number of flavor substances in experimental group was reduced, and the key flavor substances were identified as 2,3-butanedione, 2-undecanone, heptanal, and 2-pentylfuran. Although the diversity of flavor substances was relatively lower, the overall flavor profile was more harmonious, characterized by buttery, cheesy, grassy, and fatty notes. In summary, the mixed yeast fermentation intervention effectively boosts the nutritional quality and optimizes the flavor balance of koumiss.

, authors=Xian TANG1, Weilin CHEN1, Wenrui MA1, Xiaohong LUO2, Daquan TANG1, Zhi'ang FU1, Kai TANG1, Yun WU1, *, authorsList=Xian TANG, Weilin CHEN, Wenrui MA, Xiaohong LUO, Daquan TANG, Zhi'ang FU, Kai TANG, Yun WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yun WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880655127397256, articleId=1320880652254299006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于新疆优良酵母菌发酵酸马乳中营养物质及风味物质分析, columnId=1320880488030515386, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=食品微生物与生物制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究基于新疆优良酵母菌发酵酸马乳中营养物质(游离氨基酸、脂肪酸)及风味物质含量,探究发酵前后物质变化并解析其与自然发酵酸马乳的营养物质及风味差异。采用超高效液相质谱法、气相色谱-质谱法及全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法对鲜马乳、自然发酵酸马乳(对照组)及优良酵母菌发酵酸马乳(试验组)中游离氨基酸、脂肪酸及挥发性风味物质含量进行检测。结果表明,与鲜马乳相比,经发酵后试验酸马乳中游离氨基酸含量及多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著上升;挥发性风味物质数目增多,酯类、醇类、羧酸类及杂环化合物相对含量上升。与对照酸马乳相比,试验酸马乳中必需氨基酸含量显著下降,而组氨酸(1297.68 mg/L)、鸟氨酸(545.38 mg/L)及γ-氨基丁酸(1269.46 mg/L)含量显著提升;饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著降低,多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著提升,其中α-亚麻酸(19.72%)相对含量显著提升,但其亚油酸(9.32%)相对含量显著下降;风味物质总数减少,关键风味物质分别为2,3-丁二酮、2-十一烷、庚醛和2-戊基呋喃,风味物质多样性相对较低但其整体风味更为协调,具有黄油味、乳酪味、青草味及脂肪味等风味特征。综上所述,基于新疆优良酵母混菌发酵马乳可提高酸马乳营养价值,平衡风味特征。

, authors=唐弦1, 陈卫林1, 马文瑞1, 罗晓红2, 唐大权1, 付志昂1, 汤凯1, 武运1, *, authorsList=唐弦, 陈卫林, 马文瑞, 罗晓红, 唐大权, 付志昂, 汤凯, 武运, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=武运, authorNote=

唐弦(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
武运(1965−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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Concentration of free amino acids in three samples (mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸名称鲜马乳对照酸马乳试验酸马乳
缬氨酸(Val)433.71±32.01b993.93±45.46a126.67±13.44c
异亮氨酸(Ile)576.41±61.18a524.28±46.23a72.81±8.09b
亮氨酸(Leu)261.93±21.15b799.58±17.39a117.38±9.64c
赖氨酸(Lys)835.86±48.10b418.60±31.87c1021.10±41.31a
蛋氨酸(Met)65.59±6.78ab79.76±11.02a49.43±7.84b
苯丙氨酸(Phe)391.65±32.02a443.27±56.28a128.53±3.22b
苏氨酸(Thr)597.37±18.07a329.82±40.98b647.42±57.05a
色氨酸(Trp)21.05±1.94b31.18±5.72b157.22±8.07a
组氨酸(His)684.99±35.23b394.16±27.57c1297.68±75.92a
丙氨酸(Ala)1764.55±53.07a801.35±72.44b1751.04±46.3a
精氨酸(Arg)56.38±3.13c780.85±68.35a146.37±9.89b
天冬酰胺(Asn)46.50±3.06b116.97±19.16a4.36±0.78c
天冬氨酸(Asp)80.74±6.35a96.57±12.03a60.52±9.04b
γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)1.73±0.45b7.75±1.08b1269.46±83.11a
谷氨酸(Glu)2150.32±121.51a1887.64±55.40b388.08±54.29c
甘氨酸(Gly)458.61±45.66a349.50±50.40b316.32±3.03b
鸟氨酸(Orn)122.58±4.55b91.69±12.58b545.38±32.51a
脯氨酸(Pro)116.71±7.51c1381.97±25.07a1043.62±22.4b
丝氨酸(Ser)907.15±47.23a177.94±18.94b989.91±65.78a
酪氨酸(Tyr)489.94±16.48b615.46±69.47a553.10±24.03ab
必需氨基酸3183.58±48.95b3620.42±97.36a2320.55±40.39c
总氨基酸10063.80±210.39b10322.27±183.26ab10686.39±352.17a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880660710015946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880652254299006, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种样品中游离氨基酸浓度(mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸名称鲜马乳对照酸马乳试验酸马乳
缬氨酸(Val)433.71±32.01b993.93±45.46a126.67±13.44c
异亮氨酸(Ile)576.41±61.18a524.28±46.23a72.81±8.09b
亮氨酸(Leu)261.93±21.15b799.58±17.39a117.38±9.64c
赖氨酸(Lys)835.86±48.10b418.60±31.87c1021.10±41.31a
蛋氨酸(Met)65.59±6.78ab79.76±11.02a49.43±7.84b
苯丙氨酸(Phe)391.65±32.02a443.27±56.28a128.53±3.22b
苏氨酸(Thr)597.37±18.07a329.82±40.98b647.42±57.05a
色氨酸(Trp)21.05±1.94b31.18±5.72b157.22±8.07a
组氨酸(His)684.99±35.23b394.16±27.57c1297.68±75.92a
丙氨酸(Ala)1764.55±53.07a801.35±72.44b1751.04±46.3a
精氨酸(Arg)56.38±3.13c780.85±68.35a146.37±9.89b
天冬酰胺(Asn)46.50±3.06b116.97±19.16a4.36±0.78c
天冬氨酸(Asp)80.74±6.35a96.57±12.03a60.52±9.04b
γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)1.73±0.45b7.75±1.08b1269.46±83.11a
谷氨酸(Glu)2150.32±121.51a1887.64±55.40b388.08±54.29c
甘氨酸(Gly)458.61±45.66a349.50±50.40b316.32±3.03b
鸟氨酸(Orn)122.58±4.55b91.69±12.58b545.38±32.51a
脯氨酸(Pro)116.71±7.51c1381.97±25.07a1043.62±22.4b
丝氨酸(Ser)907.15±47.23a177.94±18.94b989.91±65.78a
酪氨酸(Tyr)489.94±16.48b615.46±69.47a553.10±24.03ab
必需氨基酸3183.58±48.95b3620.42±97.36a2320.55±40.39c
总氨基酸10063.80±210.39b10322.27±183.26ab10686.39±352.17a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880660798096331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880652254299006, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Relative content of saturated fatty acids in three samples (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸名称鲜马乳对照酸马乳试验酸马乳
C6:00.38±0.01a0.32±0.01b0.36±0.03ab
C8:03.19±0.02a3.00±0.06a3.16±0.18a
C10:05.62±0.03a5.80±0.12a5.27±0.17b
C11:00.67±0.04a0.61±0.02a0.63±0.04a
C12:06.59±0.11c6.67±0.07b6.97±0.37a
C13:00.05±0.01a0.05±0.01a0.05±0.01a
C14:06.84±0.11a6.90±0.17a6.48±0.13b
C15:00.33±0.01a0.23±0.01b0.31±0.02a
C16:018.38±0.21b19.78±0.34a18.35±0.20b
C17:00.17±0.01a0.14±0.01b0.16±0.01a
C18:00.77±0.02b1.00±0.06a0.76±0.07b
C20:00.04±0.01a0.03±0.01a0.04±0.01a
C21:00.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a
C22:00.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a
C23:00.01±0.01a0.02±0.01a0.01±0.01a
C24:00.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a
SFA43.06±0.39b44.58±0.18a42.57±0.24b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880660877788108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880652254299006, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3种样品饱和脂肪酸相对含量(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸名称鲜马乳对照酸马乳试验酸马乳
C6:00.38±0.01a0.32±0.01b0.36±0.03ab
C8:03.19±0.02a3.00±0.06a3.16±0.18a
C10:05.62±0.03a5.80±0.12a5.27±0.17b
C11:00.67±0.04a0.61±0.02a0.63±0.04a
C12:06.59±0.11c6.67±0.07b6.97±0.37a
C13:00.05±0.01a0.05±0.01a0.05±0.01a
C14:06.84±0.11a6.90±0.17a6.48±0.13b
C15:00.33±0.01a0.23±0.01b0.31±0.02a
C16:018.38±0.21b19.78±0.34a18.35±0.20b
C17:00.17±0.01a0.14±0.01b0.16±0.01a
C18:00.77±0.02b1.00±0.06a0.76±0.07b
C20:00.04±0.01a0.03±0.01a0.04±0.01a
C21:00.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a
C22:00.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a
C23:00.01±0.01a0.02±0.01a0.01±0.01a
C24:00.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a0.01±0.01a
SFA43.06±0.39b44.58±0.18a42.57±0.24b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880660957479885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880652254299006, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Relative content of unsaturated fatty acids in three samples (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸名称鲜马乳对照酸马乳试验酸马乳
C14:10.66±0.01a0.60±0.01b0.64±0.02a
C15:10.04±0.01a0.03±0.01a0.03±0.01a
C16:15.85±0.13a5.32±0.07b5.90±0.37a
C17:10.47±0.01a0.30±0.01b0.44±0.03a
C18:1N121.28±0.01a1.37±0.23a1.23±0.06a
C18:1N9C14.31±0.19a13.14±0.29b13.39±0.18b
C18:1N70.88±0.01a0.71±0.02b0.83±0.08a
C20:15.26±0.10b6.23±0.03a5.00±0.13c
C22:1N90.09±0.01a0.11±0.01a0.10±0.02a
C24:10.03±0.01a0.03±0.01a0.03±0.01a
C18:2N610.11±0.08a10.42±0.15a9.32±0.36b
C18:3N60.03±0.01a0.03±0.01a0.03±0.01a
C18:3N317.17±0.36b16.24±0.26c19.72±0.42a
C20:20.19±0.01b0.19±0.01b0.22±0.01a
C20:3N60.04±0.01a0.04±0.01a0.04±0.01a
C20:3N30.31±0.01b0.40±0.01a0.30±0.01b
C20:4N60.05±0.01a0.05±0.01a0.04±0.01a
C22:20.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a
C20:5N30.02±0.01b0.04±0.01a0.02±0.01b
C22:40.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a
C22:5N60.01±0.01a0.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a
C22:5N30.06±0.01a0.08±0.01a0.07±0.01a
C22:6N30.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a
UFA56.94±0.39a55.42±0.18b57.43±0.24a
MUFA28.87±0.40a27.85±0.10b27.59±0.40b
PUFA28.07±0.28b27.57±0.10b29.84±0.44a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880661045560270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880652254299006, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三种样品中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸名称鲜马乳对照酸马乳试验酸马乳
C14:10.66±0.01a0.60±0.01b0.64±0.02a
C15:10.04±0.01a0.03±0.01a0.03±0.01a
C16:15.85±0.13a5.32±0.07b5.90±0.37a
C17:10.47±0.01a0.30±0.01b0.44±0.03a
C18:1N121.28±0.01a1.37±0.23a1.23±0.06a
C18:1N9C14.31±0.19a13.14±0.29b13.39±0.18b
C18:1N70.88±0.01a0.71±0.02b0.83±0.08a
C20:15.26±0.10b6.23±0.03a5.00±0.13c
C22:1N90.09±0.01a0.11±0.01a0.10±0.02a
C24:10.03±0.01a0.03±0.01a0.03±0.01a
C18:2N610.11±0.08a10.42±0.15a9.32±0.36b
C18:3N60.03±0.01a0.03±0.01a0.03±0.01a
C18:3N317.17±0.36b16.24±0.26c19.72±0.42a
C20:20.19±0.01b0.19±0.01b0.22±0.01a
C20:3N60.04±0.01a0.04±0.01a0.04±0.01a
C20:3N30.31±0.01b0.40±0.01a0.30±0.01b
C20:4N60.05±0.01a0.05±0.01a0.04±0.01a
C22:20.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a
C20:5N30.02±0.01b0.04±0.01a0.02±0.01b
C22:40.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a
C22:5N60.01±0.01a0.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a
C22:5N30.06±0.01a0.08±0.01a0.07±0.01a
C22:6N30.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a0.02±0.01a
UFA56.94±0.39a55.42±0.18b57.43±0.24a
MUFA28.87±0.40a27.85±0.10b27.59±0.40b
PUFA28.07±0.28b27.57±0.10b29.84±0.44a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880661112669135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880652254299006, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Odor activity value and aroma description of key flavor substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号物质名称阈值
(mg/L)
ROAV香气特征[29−31]
鲜马乳对照酸
马乳
试验酸
马乳
12,3-丁二酮0.00266.67100.0079.07黄油味
22-十一烷0.004342.9116.4243.30奶油香、乳酪味
3庚醛0.0035.6731.592.13青草味、脂肪味
42-戊基呋喃0.0060.1658.941.23青草味、蔬菜味
5异戊醇1.690.050.050.59焦香味、麦芽香味
61-辛烯-3-酮0.0051.496.170.44蘑菇味
72-庚酮0.750.870.340.19甜香、果香
8乙醛1.500.210.200.12果香、青草味
9丙烯酸乙酯0.00661.050.350.10果香、甜香、醇味
10壬醛1.000.150.080.02甜香、柑橘香、玫瑰香
112-壬烯醛0.00020.0220.500.01脂肪味、黄瓜味
12丙醛1.000.040.240.01果香、青草味
132-甲基丁醛0.0014.500.420.00可可味、杏仁味
142,4-壬二烯醛0.020.000.140.00黄瓜味、青草味
152-乙基呋喃2.300.010.150.00甜香、咖啡香气
), ArticleFig(id=1320880661196555216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880652254299006, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

关键风味物质气味活度值及香气描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号物质名称阈值
(mg/L)
ROAV香气特征[29−31]
鲜马乳对照酸
马乳
试验酸
马乳
12,3-丁二酮0.00266.67100.0079.07黄油味
22-十一烷0.004342.9116.4243.30奶油香、乳酪味
3庚醛0.0035.6731.592.13青草味、脂肪味
42-戊基呋喃0.0060.1658.941.23青草味、蔬菜味
5异戊醇1.690.050.050.59焦香味、麦芽香味
61-辛烯-3-酮0.0051.496.170.44蘑菇味
72-庚酮0.750.870.340.19甜香、果香
8乙醛1.500.210.200.12果香、青草味
9丙烯酸乙酯0.00661.050.350.10果香、甜香、醇味
10壬醛1.000.150.080.02甜香、柑橘香、玫瑰香
112-壬烯醛0.00020.0220.500.01脂肪味、黄瓜味
12丙醛1.000.040.240.01果香、青草味
132-甲基丁醛0.0014.500.420.00可可味、杏仁味
142,4-壬二烯醛0.020.000.140.00黄瓜味、青草味
152-乙基呋喃2.300.010.150.00甜香、咖啡香气
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基于新疆优良酵母菌发酵酸马乳中营养物质及风味物质分析
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唐弦 1 , 陈卫林 1 , 马文瑞 1 , 罗晓红 2 , 唐大权 1 , 付志昂 1 , 汤凯 1 , 武运 1, *
食品工业科技 | 食品微生物与生物制造 2026,47(18): 155-162
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食品工业科技 |食品微生物与生物制造 2026 , 47 (18) : 155 -162
基于新疆优良酵母菌发酵酸马乳中营养物质及风味物质分析
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唐弦1 , 陈卫林1, 马文瑞1, 罗晓红2, 唐大权1, 付志昂1, 汤凯1, 武运1, *
作者信息
  • 1新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 2新疆天润生物科技股份有限公司,新疆乌鲁木齐 830088
通讯作者:
武运(1965−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

唐弦(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Analysis of Nutrients and Flavor Compounds in Koumiss Fermented with Xinjiang-derived Superior Yeast Strains
Xian TANG1 , Weilin CHEN1, Wenrui MA1, Xiaohong LUO2, Daquan TANG1, Zhi'ang FU1, Kai TANG1, Yun WU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urmuqi 830052, China
  • 2Xinjiang Tianrun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830088, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070181
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为研究基于新疆优良酵母菌发酵酸马乳中营养物质(游离氨基酸、脂肪酸)及风味物质含量,探究发酵前后物质变化并解析其与自然发酵酸马乳的营养物质及风味差异。采用超高效液相质谱法、气相色谱-质谱法及全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法对鲜马乳、自然发酵酸马乳(对照组)及优良酵母菌发酵酸马乳(试验组)中游离氨基酸、脂肪酸及挥发性风味物质含量进行检测。结果表明,与鲜马乳相比,经发酵后试验酸马乳中游离氨基酸含量及多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著上升;挥发性风味物质数目增多,酯类、醇类、羧酸类及杂环化合物相对含量上升。与对照酸马乳相比,试验酸马乳中必需氨基酸含量显著下降,而组氨酸(1297.68 mg/L)、鸟氨酸(545.38 mg/L)及γ-氨基丁酸(1269.46 mg/L)含量显著提升;饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著降低,多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著提升,其中α-亚麻酸(19.72%)相对含量显著提升,但其亚油酸(9.32%)相对含量显著下降;风味物质总数减少,关键风味物质分别为2,3-丁二酮、2-十一烷、庚醛和2-戊基呋喃,风味物质多样性相对较低但其整体风味更为协调,具有黄油味、乳酪味、青草味及脂肪味等风味特征。综上所述,基于新疆优良酵母混菌发酵马乳可提高酸马乳营养价值,平衡风味特征。

混菌发酵  /  酸马乳  /  游离氨基酸  /  脂肪酸  /  挥发性风味物质

In order to investigate the content of nutrients (free amino acids, fatty acids) and flavor substances in koumiss fermented with Xinjiang-derived superior yeast strains, as well as the changes in substances before and after fermentation, and the differences in nutrients and flavors compared with that of naturally fermented koumiss, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) were employed to detect the contents of free amino acids, fatty acids, and volatile flavor substances in fresh mare's milk, naturally fermented koumiss (control group), and koumiss fermented with superior yeast strains (experimental group) . The results showed that, compared with fresh mare's milk, the content of free amino acids in the experimental group significantly increased, while the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly increased, the number of volatile flavor substances increased, the relative contents of esters, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and heterocyclic compounds were elevated. Compared with the control group, the essential amino acid content in the experimental group significantly decreased, the contents of histidine (1297.68 mg/L), ornithine (545.38 mg/L), and γ-aminobutyric acid (1269.46 mg/L, GABA) significantly increased. The relative content of saturated fatty acids significantly decreased, while the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) significantly increased, notably the relative content of α-linolenic acid (19.72%) was significantly enhanced, but the relative content of linoleic acid (9.32%) significantly decreased. The total number of flavor substances in experimental group was reduced, and the key flavor substances were identified as 2,3-butanedione, 2-undecanone, heptanal, and 2-pentylfuran. Although the diversity of flavor substances was relatively lower, the overall flavor profile was more harmonious, characterized by buttery, cheesy, grassy, and fatty notes. In summary, the mixed yeast fermentation intervention effectively boosts the nutritional quality and optimizes the flavor balance of koumiss.

mixed-strain fermentation  /  koumiss  /  free amino acids  /  fatty acids  /  volatile flavor compounds
唐弦, 陈卫林, 马文瑞, 罗晓红, 唐大权, 付志昂, 汤凯, 武运. 基于新疆优良酵母菌发酵酸马乳中营养物质及风味物质分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 155 -162 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070181
Xian TANG, Weilin CHEN, Wenrui MA, Xiaohong LUO, Daquan TANG, Zhi'ang FU, Kai TANG, Yun WU. Analysis of Nutrients and Flavor Compounds in Koumiss Fermented with Xinjiang-derived Superior Yeast Strains[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 155 -162 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070181
近年来,随着消费者对功能性食品需求的增加,马乳因其潜在的益生特性和低致敏性[1],逐渐成为乳品科学与营养学领域的研究热点。发酵是乳制品加工中提升营养价值与功能特性的重要手段,其丰富的营养物质不仅来源于原料乳本身还与发酵菌种和工艺息息相关[2]。马乳中的脂肪含量相较于牛乳较低,但其游离脂肪酸含量尤其是不饱和脂肪酸(如亚油酸、亚麻酸)较高[3]。传统酸马乳通常采用自然混菌发酵,乳酸菌和酵母菌是其中的优势发酵菌种,可通过代谢作用分解乳中蛋白质、脂肪等大分子物质,释放游离氨基酸、游离脂肪酸等生物活性物质[4],同时产生酯类、醛类及酮类等挥发性化合物[5],赋予发酵酸马乳产品独特营养价值和风味特征。目前市面上暂无酸马乳专用发酵菌剂,且已有研究中对发酵酸马乳的乳酸菌菌株挖掘较多,对酵母菌的研究较少。本团队在前期研究中从新疆酸马乳样品中筛选出了两株优良酵母菌(酿酒酵母TX1-6、马克斯克鲁维酵母TX3-1),利用两株酵母进行了酸马乳混菌发酵试验并对发酵工艺进行了优化。为进一步探究前期所筛优良酵母菌酿酒酵母TX1-6及马克斯克鲁维酵母TX3-1与乳酸菌混菌发酵工艺对酸马乳氨基酸、脂肪酸及挥发性风味物质的影响,本文以鲜马乳、试验酸马乳和对照酸马乳为研究对象,通过对比其发酵前后游离氨基酸、脂肪酸及挥发性风味物质的组成变化,探究所筛优良酵母混菌发酵对马乳品质提升与风味特性的调控。此外,已有的研究中发酵乳风味物质分析主要采用GC-MS等技术,对于未知风味物质难以检测,其检测方法有待进一步完善[6]。本研究采用了全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱对马乳进行风味组学检测,具有高灵敏度和分辨率[7]。该研究为马乳发酵制品的品质提升与功能性开发提供理论依据,对推动牧区发展与健康食品产业升级具有重要意义。
鲜马乳、对照酸马乳(同一牧民家购买,酸马乳采用传统工艺自然发酵) 新疆乌鲁木齐市南山牧场;酿酒酵母TX1-6、马克斯克鲁维酵母TX3-1、干酪乳杆菌MLS5 新疆农业大学食品生物发酵与质量安全研究室菌种库;甲醇(分析纯)、乙腈(分析纯)、乙酸铵(分析纯)、6-氨基喹啉-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基氨基甲酸酯(分析纯)、丙酮(分析纯)、碳酸氢钠(分析纯)、盐酸(分析纯)、正己烷(分析纯)、异丙醇(分析纯)、硫酸钠(分析纯)、氢氧化钠(分析纯) CNW Technologies;氨基酸混合标准品、脂肪酸甲酯混合标准品 中国医药集团有限公司;正构烷烃混合标准品 Sigma公司;正己烷 色谱纯,永华化学股份有限公司;氘代正己醇-d13 色谱纯,C/D/N Isotopes。
HWS-28型恒温水浴锅 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;LE200E电子分析天平 瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司;Heraeus Fresco17 centrifuge离心机、Vanquish Core 超高效液相-质谱联用仪、TRACE 1300气相色谱仪、TSQ 9000质谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;YM-080S超声仪 深圳市方奥微电子有限公司;JXFSTPRP-24研磨仪 上海净信科技有限公司;H2050R冷冻离心浓缩仪 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司。
经前期工艺优化试验已获得最优工艺及发酵参数,原料鲜马乳经过滤后,预热升温至65 ℃后在压力为20 MPa条件下均质,均质后的料液经85 ℃杀菌30 min冷却至40 ℃,以4.5% v/v接入复配菌种(酿酒酵母TX1-6:马克斯克鲁维酵母TX3-1:干酪乳杆菌MLS5比例为1:1:3),于恒温振荡培养箱振荡速度130 r/min发酵温度31 ℃条件发酵43 h,冷却终止发酵,于4 ℃的条件下放置12 h后熟。
取50 μL样本加200 μL提取液(乙腈:甲醇,体积比1:1,含内标混合液),涡旋混匀30 s;冰水浴超声15 min;样本在4 ℃,12000 r/min离心15 min;取上清液100 μL旋转蒸发至干;用100 μL 50%甲醇-水复溶,加入100 μL衍生剂,加入50 μL浓度为1 mol/L的碳酸氢钠,涡旋混匀;40 ℃水浴锅衍生1 h,取出后冷却至室温,加入50 μL浓度为1 mol/L的盐酸,旋转蒸发至干;200 μL甲醇-水复溶,过 0.22 µm 滤膜后上机测定。
使用Thermo vanquish UHPLC System(Thermo Fisher)超高效液相色谱仪,通过Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(100×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)液相色谱柱对目标化合物进行色谱分离。液相色谱A相为乙酸铵,B相为乙腈。柱温箱温度为45 ℃,样品盘设为4 ℃,进样体积为2 μL,采用梯度洗脱程序。
喷雾电压−3300 V;鞘气流速40 arb;辅助气流速10 arb;吹扫气流速1 arb;离子传输管温度325 ℃;蒸发器温度350 ℃;m/z 70~1050。
进行UHPLC-MS/MS分析之前,将目标化合物标准溶液引入质谱中。针对每个目标化合物,选取信号强度最高的数个母离子-子离子对(transition),对其MRM参数进行优化,并选取其中响应最好的离子对用于定量分析,其他离子对用于目标化合物定性分析。所有目标化合物定量分析工作,通过Skyline来完成,所有数据采集工作通过Xcalibur(4.4.16.14,Thermo Fisher)来完成。
参考文献[8−9]的方法,39种脂肪酸甲酯混标溶液(4000 μg/mL)用正己烷配制成1、5、10、25、50、100、250、500、1000、2000 μg/mL 10个混合标准浓度梯度,其中浓度为各组分的总浓度。
精确移取50 μL样本于10 mL玻璃离心管中,加入2 mL 1%硫酸甲醇溶液,充分混匀振荡;80 ℃水浴锅中酯化30 min;取出后冷却,加入1 mL正己烷萃取,振荡混匀,静置2 min,加入5 mL 4 ℃的H2O洗涤,3500 r/min 4 ℃离心10 min;取700 μL上清液于2 mL离心管中,再加入100 mg无水硫酸钠粉末除去多余水分,振荡混匀;取300 μL上清液于2 mL离心管中,加入15 μL 0.5 mg/L水杨酸甲酯为内标,振荡混匀,吸取50 μL上清液加入检测瓶中,过 0.22 µm 滤膜后上机测定。
Thermo Trace 1300气相系统,色谱柱Thermo TG-FAME毛细管柱(50 m×0.25 mm ID×0.20 μm);分流进样,进样量1 μL,分流比8:1。进样口温度250 ℃;离子源温度300 ℃;传输线温度280 ℃。程序升温起始温度80 ℃,保持1 min;以20 ℃/min升至160 ℃,保持1.5 min;以3 ℃/min升至196 ℃,保持8.5 min;以20 ℃/min升至250 ℃,保持3 min。载气为氦气,载气流速0.63 mL/min。
Thermo TSQ 9000质谱仪的电子轰击电离(EI)源,SIM扫描方式,电子能量70 eV,离子源温度设定为 230 ℃,接口温度设定为 280 ℃。
根据物质保留时间和定量离子比对混标总离子流图定性分析。以标准品的浓度为横坐标,标准品峰面积或标准品与内标的峰面积比值为纵坐标构建校正曲线,得到各物质线性回归方程,根据标准品回归方程进行定量计算。
将样品送往苏州帕诺米克生物医药科技有限公司采用全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法进行检测。
利用正构烷烃混合标准品(C7~C30)计算各挥发性组分线性保留指数,与标准数据库(NIST 2020)比对初筛,并将样品组分质谱图与NIST2020比对进行定性分析。采用内标法定量(氘代正己醇-d13为同位素内标),以氘代正己醇-d13的特征离子峰面积作为内标参照,换算为单位样品中各挥发性风味物质绝对含量,实现相对定量分析。
将所有样本总体风味贡献度最大的组分,定义其ROAV=100。其他物质的ROAV基于贡献度最大的组分的ROAV进行计算,公式为:ROAV=100×(待测物质的归一化定量值/待测物质阈值)/(ROAV=100的物质的归一化定量值/ROAV=100的物质阈值)。
每个试验重复3次,数据以平均值±标准误差的形式表示。使用Excel 2016进行数据处理和分析,采用SPSS 27.0软件进行单因素方差分析多重比较检验不同组之间的差异,并用Origin 2021绘图,部分数据在苏州诺米代谢云平台(https://www.biodeep.cn/home)上进行分析。
氨基酸是人体所需的基本物质之一,对人体肌肉组织、免疫系统乃至细胞代谢都有着不可替代的作用。鲜马乳、对照酸马乳和试验酸马乳中游离氨基酸结果如表1所示,3种样品中共检测出20种氨基酸。其中包含8种成人必需氨基酸(异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸及缬氨酸)、2种半必需氨基酸(组氨酸和精氨酸)和10种非必需氨基酸。试验酸马乳中游离氨基酸含量相较鲜马乳显著上升(P<0.05),表明其发酵过程中促进了游离氨基酸的生成。对照酸马乳中游离氨基酸总量高于鲜马乳但无显著性差异。孙哲航[10]研究发现,经过发酵后的马奶在氨基酸组成及含量上大大增加,脯氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和精氨酸为主要差异氨基酸,本研究结果与之相似。
鲜马乳、对照酸马乳和试验酸马乳中必需氨基酸占比分别为31.63%、35.07%及21.72%。相较于鲜马乳及对照酸马乳,试验酸马乳中必需氨基酸含量显著下降(P<0.05),其中赖氨酸和色氨酸含量显著上升(P<0.05),异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸及缬氨酸显著下降(P<0.05);半必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸总量显著上升(P<0.05),其中组氨酸、精氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、鸟氨酸及脯氨酸含量显著上升(P<0.05),天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸及甘氨酸显著下降(P<0.05)。综合分析可知,试验酸马乳中组氨酸、赖氨酸、鸟氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸浓度显著高于鲜马乳及对照酸马乳,是混菌发酵酸马乳中优势氨基酸。组氨酸具有清除自由基、延缓运动性疲劳及改善类风湿关节炎等作用[11];赖氨酸可以促进大脑发育,改善肝功能、人体免疫系统,增强人体抵抗力[12];鸟氨酸具有抗疲劳和抑制皮肤老化的作用[13]。试验酸马乳中γ-氨基丁酸的升高最为显著(P<0.05),含量达1269.46±83.11 mg/L,达总游离氨基酸的11.88%;谷氨酸含量占比从原料鲜马乳中的21.37%降至3.63%,2种氨基酸存在代谢关系,可能是由于发酵菌种引起了谷氨酸到γ-氨基丁酸的转化。γ-氨基丁酸是一种非蛋白质的天然氨基酸[14],具有降血脂、调节激素分泌、改善睡眠质量、增强记忆力、防治肥胖等重要生理功能[15−16]。后续可进一步研究高产γ-氨基丁酸能力来源于发酵菌种中的哪一株或哪种特定发酵菌种组合,为相关食品的开发及应用提供思路。
脂肪酸中不含双键的称为饱和脂肪酸,是一种高效的能量来源,具有耐高温性、不易被氧化的特点,但摄入过量会增加患心脑血管疾病的风险[17]。如表2所示,3种样品中共检测出饱和脂肪酸16种。试验酸马乳中饱和脂肪酸相对含量相较于鲜马乳有所下降但差异不显著,经发酵后月桂酸(C12:0)相对含量显著上升(P<0.05),癸酸(C10:0)和肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)相对含量显著下降(P<0.05)。而相较于对照酸马乳,试验酸马乳中饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著减少(P<0.05),其中癸酸(C10:0)、肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)、棕榈酸(C16:0)和硬脂酸(C18:0)相对含量显著小于对照酸马乳(P<0.05),而月桂酸(C12:0)、十五烷酸(C15:0)及十七烷酸(C17:0)相对含量显著高于对照酸马乳(P<0.05)。
不饱和脂肪酸根据双键个数的不同还可分为单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸[18]。单不饱和脂肪酸具有调节血糖的作用,可以改善胰岛素敏感性,其利于血糖平衡[19];多不饱和脂肪酸具有调节血脂和机体免疫力的作用,其有利于保护心脑血管健康[20]。如表3所示,3种样品中共检测出不饱和脂肪酸共23种,其中单不饱和脂肪酸10种,多不饱和脂肪酸13种。试验酸马乳中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量最高达57.43%,其中鲜马乳中单不饱和脂肪酸相对含量最高达28.87%,试验酸马乳中多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量最高29.84%。与鲜马乳样品相比,经过发酵后试验酸马乳样品中不饱和脂肪酸含量有所上升但无显著性差异,其中α-亚麻酸(C18:3N3)和花生二烯酸(C20:2)相对含量显著上升(P<0.05),而油酸(C18:1N9C)、花生烯酸(C20:1)及亚油酸(C18:2N6)相对含量显著下降(P<0.05)。同时试验酸马乳中不饱和脂肪酸含量显著大于对照酸马乳(P<0.05)。其中肉豆蔻烯酸(C14:1)、棕榈油酸(C16:1)、十七碳烯酸(C17:1)、异油酸(C18:1N7)、α-亚麻酸(C18:3N3)及顺式-11,14-二十碳二烯酸(C20:2)相对含量显著高于对照酸马乳(P<0.05),但其花生烯酸(C20:1)、亚油酸(C18:2N6)、二十碳三烯酸(C20:3N3)及二十碳五烯酸(C20:5N3)相对含量显著小于对照酸马乳(P<0.05)。
综合分析可得,棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸及α-亚麻酸在3个样品中均占较高比例,可能为马乳及发酵马乳中特征脂肪酸。叶乐等[3]研究发现,蒙古马乳中相对含量占比前四的为棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸及α-亚麻酸,本文研究与之一致。不同发酵菌种及工艺造成了2种酸马乳样品脂肪酸代谢差异,与对照酸马乳相比试验酸马乳优势在于饱和脂肪酸含量低,不饱和脂肪酸含量高,α-亚麻酸含量最高,其营养品质更为健康。亚油酸和α-亚麻酸被称为必需脂肪酸,是人体所需要但无法自身合成的,只能从食物中摄取,由此可得鲜马乳及发酵马乳制品可作为必需脂肪酸的来源。不饱和脂肪酸是维持人体健康的核心营养素,具有保护心脑血管、降血脂及抑制动脉粥样硬化的作用,推测酸马乳中高不饱和脂肪酸含量是其具有功能特性的原因之一。
3种样品中挥发性风味物质二维总离子流图如图1所示。不同颜色代表检测物质离子峰,其越红则表明响应强度越高。通过对比样品GC×GC色谱图中的峰位置、峰面积、峰形等特征,可知对照酸马乳与试验酸马乳中挥发性风味物质相较于鲜马乳中种类及其响应强度均有所上升,表明发酵后酸马乳中风味物质组成更为复杂。
通过对检测物质进行注释、除杂后,可得到风味物质鉴定信息,总风味物质数目见图2所示。鲜马乳中共检测出942种物质,对照酸马乳中共检测出1398种物质,试验酸马乳中共检测出1115种物质。相较于鲜马乳2种酸马乳样品中风味物质总数上升,试验酸马乳风味物质总数低于对照酸马乳。推测可能是由于对照酸马乳工艺采用传统自然发酵工艺,其发酵“引子”中微生物多样性更高[21],菌种代谢产物和交互作用更为复杂。
风味物质种类主要包括烃类、醛类、酯类、羧酸类、酮类、醇类、杂环类化合物及其他,3种样品中不同种类挥发性风味物质数如图3所示。相较于鲜马乳,发酵后2种酸马乳样品中各类风味物质数目均呈上升趋势,试验酸马乳中羧酸类物质数目高于对照酸马乳,醛类、酯类、酮类、醇类、杂环类化合物及其他风味物质数目均低于对照酸马乳。
3种样品中各类风味物质相对含量如图4所示,除其他物质外鲜马乳中相对含量由高到低分别为酯类(23.96%)、酮类(12.28%)、醇类(7.74%)、烃类(6.20%)、醛类(2.47%)、羧酸类(1.29%)及杂环化合物(0.47%)。相较于鲜马乳经发酵后试验酸马乳中酯类(29.60%)、醇类(8.85%)、羧酸类(1.97%)及杂环化合物(1.09%)物质相对含量上升,酮类(5.56%)、烃类(4.26%)和醛类(1.47%)物质相对含量降低。而相较于试验酸马乳,对照酸马乳中酯类(32.42%)、酮类(6.70%)、醛类(5.72%)、杂环化合物(1.82%)相对含量增加,醇类(4.79%)、羧酸类(1.25%)及烃类物质(3.92%)相对含量减少。酯类可赋予酸马乳果香、花香及奶油香[22],在鲜马乳和酸马乳中占比最高;酮类可增强黄油香和奶香,经发酵后增多使酸马乳风味更加醇厚;醛类物质过多易导致腐败味和金属味,少量可增加清新感[23],对照酸马乳中醛类物质增加可能是由于其传统工艺导致的不饱和脂肪酸氧化;醇类可赋予酒香,丰富风味层次,是酸马乳独特风味之一;烃类物质阈值较高,通常不会对风味产生较大影响;羧酸类物质可赋予酸味和奶酪风味[24];杂环化合物可赋予坚果香,使酸马乳风味更为丰富。发酵菌种及工艺差异使2种酸马乳中非挥发性风味物质组成和变化差异较大。杜晓敏等[25]研究发现,酸马奶发酵期间风味物质趋向于生成小分子类的酸类、醇类及酯类等物质。同时李宏强[26]研究发现,牦牛乳中酮类和酯类较多,而酮类和醛类物质会随着冷藏时间延长在原料乳中均逐渐增加,本研究结果与之相似。
采用相对气味活度法(ROAV)来评价样品的风味,ROAV值的大小可表示挥发性化合物对整体风味或香气的贡献程度[27]。通常ROAV≥1的物质为关键风味物质,ROAV介于0.1至1的物质为协同修饰贡献风味物质。
以ROAV值≥0.1为条件可在3种样品中筛选出15种风味物质,结果如表4所示。3种样品中共有的关键风味物质有3种,分别为2,3-丁二酮、2-十一烷和庚醛,为乳品提供了共有香气黄油味、奶香、乳酪味、青草味及脂肪味。鲜马乳中关键风味物质分别为2,3-丁二酮、2-十一烷、庚醛、1-辛烯-3-酮、丙烯酸乙酯及2-甲基丁醛,共6种。其中,1-辛烯-3-酮具有蘑菇味;丙烯酸乙酯具有果香、甜香和醇味;2-甲基丁醛具有可可味和杏仁香味,根据ROAV值可推测2-甲基丁醛为鲜马乳中特征风味物质。此外,还有4种物质起修饰作用,分别为2-戊基呋喃、2-庚酮、乙醛及壬醛。对照酸马乳中关键风味物质分别为2,3-丁二酮、2-十一烷、庚醛、2-戊基呋喃、1-辛烯-3-酮及2-壬烯醛,共6种。其中2-戊基呋喃可为样品提供青草味和蔬菜味,2-壬烯醛可为样品提供脂肪味及黄瓜味,2-壬烯醛为对照酸马乳中特征风味物质。此外还有7种修饰风味物质,分别为2-庚酮、乙醛、丙烯酸乙酯、丙醛、2-甲基丁醛、2,4-壬二烯醛和2-乙基呋喃。从中可以得出,对照酸马乳样品风味更为复杂,但其脂肪味及蔬菜味偏重,可能会影响整体风味协调性。试验酸马乳中关键风味物质分别为2,3-丁二酮、2-十一烷、庚醛、2-戊基呋喃,共4种,具有黄油味、奶香、乳酪味、青草味、脂肪味及蔬菜味等香气,此外异戊醇、1-辛烯-3-酮、2-庚酮、乙醛、丙烯酸乙酯5种物质在试验酸马乳风味中起修饰作用,与对照酸马乳相比其关键风味物质及起修饰作用的风味物质较少,但其整体味道更为协调和统一,而从食品工业的角度看,该表现可能意味着可控性强、稳定性高和风味导向更为清晰。王欣璐等[28]研究发现,燕麦发酵乳经发酵之后,酮类物质如2,3-丁二酮、1-辛烯-3-酮等显著增多,是主要的风味贡献物质,本研究结果与之相似。
本文以基于新疆优良酵母菌发酵酸马乳为研究对象,探究了其游离氨基酸、脂肪酸及风味物质含量,并将其与鲜马乳和对照酸马乳进行了对比。研究发现,与鲜马乳相比,试验酸马乳中总游离氨基酸含量升高;饱和脂肪酸相对含量无显著性变化,单不饱和脂肪酸相对含量下降,多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著上升;挥发性风味物质数目增多,其中酯类、醇类、羧酸类及杂环化合物相对含量上升。与对照酸马乳相比,试验酸马乳中游离氨基酸含量无显著性差异,必需氨基酸含量显著下降;饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著降低,总不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著上升,其中α-亚麻酸(19.72%)相对含量显著上升,但其亚油酸(9.32%)相对含量显著下降,脂肪酸比例更为健康;风味物质总数减少,关键风味物质分别为2,3-丁二酮、2-十一烷、庚醛和2-戊基呋喃,风味物质多样性相对较低但与对照酸马乳相比整体风味更为协调。同时,试验酸马乳中组氨酸(1297.68 mg/L)、鸟氨酸(545.38 mg/L)、赖氨酸(1021.10 mg/L)和γ-氨基丁酸含量(1269.46 mg/L)及α-亚麻酸相对含量均显著高于鲜马乳和对照酸马乳,具有高组氨酸、鸟氨酸、赖氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和高α-亚麻酸的特点。综上所述,基于新疆优良酵母混菌发酵马乳可提高酸马乳营养价值,平衡风味特征,为酸马乳产品的开发和功能性乳制品的挖掘提供了一定的理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070181
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-17
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    1新疆农业大学食品科学与药学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830052
    2新疆天润生物科技股份有限公司,新疆乌鲁木齐 830088

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武运(1965−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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