Article(id=1320166687673008864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070172, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752422400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681865852, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681865852, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681865852, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681865852, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=236, endPage=248, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166688008553185, articleId=1320166687673008864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Chili on Volatile Compounds and Bacterial Community in Shrimp Paste, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the effects of chili peppers on volatile compounds and bacterial community composition in shrimp paste, this study applied chili peppers to the fermentation of shrimp paste and compared it with the fermented shrimp paste without chili peppers, determined volatile compounds by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and analyzed the phylum- and genus-level compositions of the bacterial community and the changes in diversity by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Besides, this study established the correlation between dominant genera and key volatile flavor compounds by Spearson correlation analysis (SCA). The results showed that the addition of chili peppers increased the malondialdehyde content of shrimp paste during the fermentation process, and the flavor differences between the two groups of shrimp paste at the end of fermentation were small and acceptable. The addition of chili peppers introduced volatile flavor compounds such as 2-ethylfuran, β-pinene M, methyl tert-butyl ether D, 2,3-diethylpyrazine M, and propionaldehyde into the shrimp paste. As fermentation proceeded, flavor compounds such as 2,3-pentanedione and 2-methylbutyraldehyde accumulated in the chili shrimp paste, and methyl tert-butyl ether, β-pinene, and other substances with some irritating odors decreased, resulting in a softer flavor. At the phylum level, the addition of chilli peppers increased the relative abundance of Cyanobacteriota and Bacillota and decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota in shrimp paste. At the genus level, the addition of chilli peppers introduced Oceanobacillus to the shrimp paste, increased the relative abundance of norank_o_Chloroplast, and decreased the relative abundance of Olleya and Flavobacterium. Candidatus_Bacilloplasma, unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae, as the core dominant genera shared by the two groups of shrimp paste, were significantly negatively correlated with the content of characteristic volatile compounds in chili peppers, such as 2-ethylfuran, and were also positively correlated with the major volatile flavor compounds generated in shrimp paste fermentation, such as butyl acrylate M, which were a key microorganism driving the formation of flavor. The results of this study provide theoretical support for the development of novel flavor composite chili peppers shrimp paste.

, authors=Zinan KOU1, Mengyao SUN1, Zhihui CHEN2, Xiaoning WANG3, Yangliu LIU1, Jilu SUN1, *, authorsList=Zinan KOU, Mengyao SUN, Zhihui CHEN, Xiaoning WANG, Yangliu LIU, Jilu SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jilu SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166691913450237, articleId=1320166687673008864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=辣椒对虾酱中挥发性化合物和细菌群落的影响, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究辣椒对虾酱中挥发性化合物和细菌群落组成结构的影响,本研究将辣椒应用到虾酱发酵中并与未添加辣椒发酵的虾酱进行比较,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术测定挥发性化合物,利用高通量测序技术解析细菌群落的门、属水平组成及多样性变化,并通过Spearson相关性分析确立优势菌属与关键挥发性风味化合物的相关性。结果表明,辣椒的加入使虾酱发酵过程中丙二醛含量升高,发酵结束后两组虾酱风味差异较小且均具良好可接受性。辣椒的加入在虾酱中引入了2-乙基呋喃、β-蒎烯M、甲基叔丁基醚D、2,3-二乙基吡嗪M和丙醛等挥发性风味化合物。随着发酵进行,辣椒虾酱中2,3-戊二酮、2-甲基丁醛等风味化合物积累,甲基叔丁基醚、β-蒎烯等具有一定刺激性气味物质减少,风味更趋柔和。在门水平上,辣椒的加入在虾酱中提升了蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)与芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)的相对丰度,降低了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的相对丰度。在属水平上,辣椒的加入在虾酱中引入了大洋芽孢杆菌属(Oceanobacillus),增加了norank_o_Chloroplast的相对丰度,降低了沃雷氏菌属(Olleya)与黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)的相对丰度。Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae作为两组虾酱共有的核心优势菌属,与2-乙基呋喃等辣椒中特征挥发性化合物含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),同时与丙烯酸丁酯M等虾酱发酵中生成的主要挥发性风味化合物呈正相关,是驱动风味形成的关键微生物。本研究结果为新型风味复合辣椒虾酱的开发提供了理论支撑。

, authors=寇子楠1, 孙梦姚1, 陈智慧2, 王晓宁3, 刘杨柳1, 孙纪录1, *, authorsList=寇子楠, 孙梦姚, 陈智慧, 王晓宁, 刘杨柳, 孙纪录, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙纪录, authorNote=

寇子楠(2002−)(ORCID:0009−0009−5030−4225),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙纪录(1972−)(ORCID:0000−0001−5930−3389),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
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寇子楠(2002−)(ORCID:0009−0009−5030−4225),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

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注:A为AAN含量;B为MDA含量;C为TVB-N值;D为感官评价;不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166910688346312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=CN, label=图3, caption=虾酱中各类挥发性化合物的含量, figureFileSmall=bL76Hcplv6vfo6u4/fWWyQ==, figureFileBig=k+3vOPTo1H1jS+Nywf94EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166910814175433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=PCA diagram of volatile compounds in shrimp paste, figureFileSmall=2c0QI9Vv10eTMhJ0z+uAJA==, figureFileBig=I+ekeAD5VFIgerw1JVXXMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166912475119818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=CN, label=图4, caption=虾酱中挥发性化合物的PCA图, figureFileSmall=2c0QI9Vv10eTMhJ0z+uAJA==, figureFileBig=I+ekeAD5VFIgerw1JVXXMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166912554811595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=OPLS-DA diagram (A) and displacement test diagram (B) of volatile compounds in shrimp paste, figureFileSmall=kjv7u0nfz59ykPCnHlOp5g==, figureFileBig=h64xsB2kHc7iUYAglgrxEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166912663863500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=CN, label=图5, caption=虾酱中挥发性化合物的OPLS-DA图(A)和置换检验图(B), figureFileSmall=kjv7u0nfz59ykPCnHlOp5g==, figureFileBig=h64xsB2kHc7iUYAglgrxEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166912747749581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=VIP score plot (A) and cluster heat plot (B) of volatile compounds in shrimp paste, figureFileSmall=IcrwkCNgxuxD526gsRwJJQ==, figureFileBig=HtHjIGalVmMpPCH3rv6fIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166912865190094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=CN, label=图6, caption=虾酱中挥发性化合物的VIP得分图(A)和聚类热图(B), figureFileSmall=IcrwkCNgxuxD526gsRwJJQ==, figureFileBig=HtHjIGalVmMpPCH3rv6fIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166912940687567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=PCoA diagram of bacterial community in shrimp paste, figureFileSmall=9XxBpPZnOnkw4rCMIyLnNw==, figureFileBig=FnqJSn8QZG/f+SB5ZS0HoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166913011990736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=CN, label=图7, caption=虾酱中细菌群落的PCoA图, figureFileSmall=9XxBpPZnOnkw4rCMIyLnNw==, figureFileBig=FnqJSn8QZG/f+SB5ZS0HoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166913091682513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Relative abundance (A) and cluster heat map (B) of bacteria in shrimp paste at the phylum level, figureFileSmall=L0eejsxVxNFRm0jrZTizZA==, figureFileBig=Hq6K2DNihOYytxESv38New==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166913167179986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=CN, label=图8, caption=虾酱中细菌在门水平上的相对丰度(A)和聚类热图(B), figureFileSmall=L0eejsxVxNFRm0jrZTizZA==, figureFileBig=Hq6K2DNihOYytxESv38New==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166913242677459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Relative abundance (A) and cluster heat map (B) of bacteria in shrimp paste at the genus level, figureFileSmall=4IfS+8/bWl7YViLLLdRIlA==, figureFileBig=GX2pTh4/vSO4S76SY6JMqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166913313980628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=CN, label=图9, caption=虾酱中细菌在属水平上的相对丰度(A)和聚类热图(B), figureFileSmall=4IfS+8/bWl7YViLLLdRIlA==, figureFileBig=GX2pTh4/vSO4S76SY6JMqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166913385283797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Correlation cluster heat map of dominant bacteria and main volatile compounds in shrimp paste, figureFileSmall=14v7BmiTCZyYDI+Tk7TGaw==, figureFileBig=P3EmcXNRZIHo0K1ikPLtVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166913490141398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=CN, label=图10, caption=虾酱中优势菌属与主要挥发性化合物的相关性聚类热图

注:(A)对照虾酱;(B)辣椒虾酱;*表示显著相关,P<0.05;**表示极显著相关,P<0.01;***表示高度显著相关,P<0.001。

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Sensory evaluation criteria

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颜色气味滋味组织形态评分(分)
色泽均匀,具有该品类典型色泽(如红棕色/橙红色)具有浓郁发酵鲜香,无异味,辣椒与虾酱发酵香气协调滋味鲜美,辣椒辣味与虾酱鲜味协调黏稠度适中,勺取时呈块状且不易滴落8~12
色泽较均匀,轻微暗沉或偏浅,无明显杂质发酵香气明显,略带淡淡腥味或明显辣味,无刺鼻异味虾酱鲜味明显,或辣椒辣味明显,味道不协调黏稠度较低或较高,勺取时流动性强或难舀取4~7
色泽不均,有霉斑或异物有酸败味、腐臭味或其他不良气味有苦涩、酸败等异味呈水样或干硬结块,无法保持酱体形态0~3
), ArticleFig(id=1320166913649524952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感官评价标准

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颜色气味滋味组织形态评分(分)
色泽均匀,具有该品类典型色泽(如红棕色/橙红色)具有浓郁发酵鲜香,无异味,辣椒与虾酱发酵香气协调滋味鲜美,辣椒辣味与虾酱鲜味协调黏稠度适中,勺取时呈块状且不易滴落8~12
色泽较均匀,轻微暗沉或偏浅,无明显杂质发酵香气明显,略带淡淡腥味或明显辣味,无刺鼻异味虾酱鲜味明显,或辣椒辣味明显,味道不协调黏稠度较低或较高,勺取时流动性强或难舀取4~7
色泽不均,有霉斑或异物有酸败味、腐臭味或其他不良气味有苦涩、酸败等异味呈水样或干硬结块,无法保持酱体形态0~3
), ArticleFig(id=1320166913729216729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Identification results of volatile compounds in shrimp paste

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分类挥发性化合物名称CAS号保留指数保留时间(s)离子迁移时间(ms)峰体积
CK-0CL-0CK-3CL-3
酯类丙烯酸丁酯D141-32-2941.6472.3991.69482217.21±116.88a73.25±20.04b68.94±8.00b92.05±12.52b
丁酸丙酯105-66-8943.8476.2861.265972199.72±1012.04a684.37±97.68b598.24±90.14b1047.48±33.71b
L(-)-乳酸乙酯687-47-8793.6282.3761.52783206.90±88.49a137.85±20.51a122.24±25.95a162.13±33.14a
乙酸甲酯79-20-9582150.5421.189556.05±6.57b106.38±2.00b84.88±61.39b363.04±51.74a
乙酸丙酯M108-21-4758.2248.6941.4848921.76±1.87b35.75±8.78b23.34±7.69b155.81±87.79a
丙烯酸丁酯M141-32-2941.6472.3991.68482128.10±3.25c130.46±23.09c476.88±20.73b856.37±44.40a
乳酸乙酯97-64-3768.5258.3041.1503371.85±2.91c146.38±10.28b160.83±4.20b461.3±64.61a
戊酸丁酯591-68-41051.4670.431.4018148.18±1.97b63.59±12.92b58.74±10.17b180.88±38.15a
甲酸异戊酯110-45-2768.9258.6821.2800569.97±8.47b86.93±9.49b85.28±20.36b327.25±62.29a
乙酸乙酯141-78-6808.1296.5811.1009819.82±3.71c35.82±2.36b31.25±1.22b47.46±4.89a
乙酸丙酯D108-21-4758.2248.6941.4848918.00±1.50b27.52±8.32b21.59±4.66b110.61±62.28a
醇类2-甲基丙醇D78-92-2612161.3661.17164381.38±32.69bc687.92±15.38a349.02±51.64c458.54±65.82b
1-戊醇M71-41-0809.3297.7991.25458178.96±43.84b177.19±11.62b154.54±11.13b248.02±23.56a
2-己醇626-93-7999.8583.1941.2813439.47±9.52b135.81±42.24a28.06±2.03b52.66±31.96b
3-甲基-1-丁醇123-51-3752.9243.8431.2456859.70±4.24c212.99±24.21b81.41±27.26c351.35±41.06a
3-丁烯-1-醇627-27-0764.9254.8821.4290820.72±3.62b20.78±2.95b23.53±2.63b73.36±24.42a
丙硫醇107-03-9641.6172.7821.3591578.11±3.22b73.71±2.64b103.52±5.05b263.47±31.41a
1-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-41010.7600.6491.7176777.18±3.82b65.89±2.20b59.18±8.24b120.54±39.95a
1-戊醇D71-41-0775.2264.7051.2516145.18±37.21c72.25±3.36d433.52±25.87a336.02±46.46b
2-甲基丙醇M78-92-2606.7159.4061.366298.75±0.02b8.38±0.81b13.12±3.02b37.58±22.48a
2-丙醇67-63-0530.7133.7321.0837968.18±11.90ab48.40±27.18ab35.09±33.83b129.80±69.76a
醛类洋茉莉醛丙二醇缩醛61683-99-6797.6286.2871.2582288.55±97.18a117.41±5.80b207.82±33.45ab290.83±68.49a
3-甲基-2-丁烯醛M107-86-8760.9251.111.0966572.09±9.07c129.74±8.89c508.96±60.95a236.48±77.64b
3-甲基-2-丁烯醛D107-86-8809.5298.021.356936.74±15.44bc20.12±0.59c63.57±1.81ab82.40±29.01a
2-甲基丁醛96-17-3694.7196.9751.3943209.51±14.97c240.18±21.09c6869.65±54.18b7264.23±290.21a
2-甲基戊醛123-15-9720.8216.7461.2265184.07±8.27c108.68±12.62c166.92±18.44b262.75±27.64a
丙醛123-38-6730.6224.6571.0462682.95±273.22c5497.55±110.26a2094.93±32.84d3240.63±85.97b
酮类3-羟基-2-丁酮D513-86-0690.4193.8731.3297728.35±13.2b13.57±1.34b74.58±8.03a57.23±15.87a
2,3-戊二酮D600-14-6622.8165.411.2916346.70±2.43c328.81±32.40b559.77±81.35a455.27±68.38a
2,3-戊二酮M600-14-6745.5237.3261.30441117.54±3.69c633.46±23.03b910.95±85.98a771.16±241.19ab
2,3-戊二酮T600-14-6631.2168.6781.2079559.04±10.13b201.81±7.25a72.74±4.63b198.63±20.47a
甲基异丁基酮D108-10-1747.9239.4381.1767362.89±5.69c85.01±4.27c159.37±12.24b197.94±38.44a
3-羟基-2-丁酮M513-86-0720216.1141.3335863.11±8.71b60.79±14.22b667.48±114.63a528.55±133.57a
甲基异丁基酮M108-10-1689.8193.4431.182551034.46±41.67c1099.56±18.34c5507.76±93.34a3642.98±71.30b
3-甲基-2-戊酮565-61-7764.4254.3931.468935.42±3.62b39.38±8.91b31.58±4.78b284.39±80.25a
3-戊酮M96-22-0670184.4831.358177.89±3.12c174.81±61.75b76.62±5.23c354.58±25.62a
2-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮3188-00-9746.8238.4451.415855.64±1.24a5.70±0.20a8.24±1.47a11.7±5.80a
3-戊酮D96-22-01050.4668.5441.3461816.26±2.11b22.59±7.59b17.81±6.27b225.84±46.68a
萜烯类月桂烯T123-35-3946.4480.8451.22171128.74±51.49a59.77±16.54b117.47±10.70a139.63±21.90a
β-蒎烯M127-91-31044.1657.3511.2965968.65±14.07b1392.04±108.38a59.96±8.27b381.96±442.71b
月桂烯M123-35-3987.8559.7871.638752.40±4.39b1021.77±27.10a46.66±4.04b455.53±519.75b
β-蒎烯D127-91-3938.1466.371.2222714.26±1.37b303.28±15.44a13.54±3.01b82.19±116.58b
β-蒎烯T127-91-3930.9454.2051.2155260.92±23.22b215.86±33.31b36.42±2.37b660.55±197.11a
月桂烯D123-35-3999.7583.0341.2217734.98±4.97b34.51±3.77b33.25±1.88b193.2±120.96a
松油烯99-86-51038.3647.171.2187639.76±6.36b376.92±168.09a36.02±5.77b189.77±87.47b
吡嗪类2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪M13360-64-01017.6611.9191.66878313.79±24.11a266.22±16.07ab176.45±37.47c228.38±41.14bc
2-乙基-3-甲基吡嗪13360-64-0972.5529.141.16701226.63±49.19a84.45±16.58b67.13±3.7b63.69±4.48b
2-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪D13360-64-01069.9704.811.217521.73±1.41b142.31±19.73a26.62±4.14b113.66±70.91a
2,3-二乙基吡嗪M15707-24-11111.2787.9571.2260570.86±6.64c1561.29±44.31a59.84±6.85c590.77±460.24b
2,3-二乙基吡嗪D15707-24-11042.7654.7761.2239181.75±2.92d176.33±2.62b124.95±19.91c265.30±3.07a
2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪D13360-64-01043.9656.9831.66639134.93±21.02c268.25±24.52a138.55±15.82c214.12±78.44ab
2-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪M13360-64-01043.5656.2471.73693107.21±20.68c218.21±21.52a106.05±16.36c195.95±104.23ab
醚类甲基叔丁基醚M1634-04-4735.4228.7241.12782389.49±83.48d1705.43±94.61a619.92±2.63c1144.08±42.81b
甲基叔丁基醚D1634-04-4666.1182.8131.13094223.04±75.28c1111.71±66.21a211.70±27.63c336.97±32.93b
乙二醇二甲醚110-71-4605.5158.9381.10931400.55±120.10b1339.98±253.79a1340.97±27.75a1107.30±38.25a
其它丁酸107-92-6782.9272.2711.1733550.04±22.56b39.96±1.97b50.72±4.36b85.44±19.01a
三乙胺121-44-8706.5205.6611.2167811.16±0.45d25.40±1.20c37.41±5.35b48.87±3.78a
2-乙基呋喃3208-16-0656.2178.6951.049325472.87±524.83b6603.41±69.62a5043.53±129.30b4225.85±140.54c
2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环M3390-12-3689.1192.9311.25456241.38±28.16d533.49±32.89c1273.23±46.68b1788.34±82.34a
2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环D3390-12-3703.4203.3361.12118242.76±31.97b865.87±77.36a307.85±21.31b306.28±31.24b
), ArticleFig(id=1320166913838268634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

虾酱中挥发性化合物的鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类挥发性化合物名称CAS号保留指数保留时间(s)离子迁移时间(ms)峰体积
CK-0CL-0CK-3CL-3
酯类丙烯酸丁酯D141-32-2941.6472.3991.69482217.21±116.88a73.25±20.04b68.94±8.00b92.05±12.52b
丁酸丙酯105-66-8943.8476.2861.265972199.72±1012.04a684.37±97.68b598.24±90.14b1047.48±33.71b
L(-)-乳酸乙酯687-47-8793.6282.3761.52783206.90±88.49a137.85±20.51a122.24±25.95a162.13±33.14a
乙酸甲酯79-20-9582150.5421.189556.05±6.57b106.38±2.00b84.88±61.39b363.04±51.74a
乙酸丙酯M108-21-4758.2248.6941.4848921.76±1.87b35.75±8.78b23.34±7.69b155.81±87.79a
丙烯酸丁酯M141-32-2941.6472.3991.68482128.10±3.25c130.46±23.09c476.88±20.73b856.37±44.40a
乳酸乙酯97-64-3768.5258.3041.1503371.85±2.91c146.38±10.28b160.83±4.20b461.3±64.61a
戊酸丁酯591-68-41051.4670.431.4018148.18±1.97b63.59±12.92b58.74±10.17b180.88±38.15a
甲酸异戊酯110-45-2768.9258.6821.2800569.97±8.47b86.93±9.49b85.28±20.36b327.25±62.29a
乙酸乙酯141-78-6808.1296.5811.1009819.82±3.71c35.82±2.36b31.25±1.22b47.46±4.89a
乙酸丙酯D108-21-4758.2248.6941.4848918.00±1.50b27.52±8.32b21.59±4.66b110.61±62.28a
醇类2-甲基丙醇D78-92-2612161.3661.17164381.38±32.69bc687.92±15.38a349.02±51.64c458.54±65.82b
1-戊醇M71-41-0809.3297.7991.25458178.96±43.84b177.19±11.62b154.54±11.13b248.02±23.56a
2-己醇626-93-7999.8583.1941.2813439.47±9.52b135.81±42.24a28.06±2.03b52.66±31.96b
3-甲基-1-丁醇123-51-3752.9243.8431.2456859.70±4.24c212.99±24.21b81.41±27.26c351.35±41.06a
3-丁烯-1-醇627-27-0764.9254.8821.4290820.72±3.62b20.78±2.95b23.53±2.63b73.36±24.42a
丙硫醇107-03-9641.6172.7821.3591578.11±3.22b73.71±2.64b103.52±5.05b263.47±31.41a
1-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-41010.7600.6491.7176777.18±3.82b65.89±2.20b59.18±8.24b120.54±39.95a
1-戊醇D71-41-0775.2264.7051.2516145.18±37.21c72.25±3.36d433.52±25.87a336.02±46.46b
2-甲基丙醇M78-92-2606.7159.4061.366298.75±0.02b8.38±0.81b13.12±3.02b37.58±22.48a
2-丙醇67-63-0530.7133.7321.0837968.18±11.90ab48.40±27.18ab35.09±33.83b129.80±69.76a
醛类洋茉莉醛丙二醇缩醛61683-99-6797.6286.2871.2582288.55±97.18a117.41±5.80b207.82±33.45ab290.83±68.49a
3-甲基-2-丁烯醛M107-86-8760.9251.111.0966572.09±9.07c129.74±8.89c508.96±60.95a236.48±77.64b
3-甲基-2-丁烯醛D107-86-8809.5298.021.356936.74±15.44bc20.12±0.59c63.57±1.81ab82.40±29.01a
2-甲基丁醛96-17-3694.7196.9751.3943209.51±14.97c240.18±21.09c6869.65±54.18b7264.23±290.21a
2-甲基戊醛123-15-9720.8216.7461.2265184.07±8.27c108.68±12.62c166.92±18.44b262.75±27.64a
丙醛123-38-6730.6224.6571.0462682.95±273.22c5497.55±110.26a2094.93±32.84d3240.63±85.97b
酮类3-羟基-2-丁酮D513-86-0690.4193.8731.3297728.35±13.2b13.57±1.34b74.58±8.03a57.23±15.87a
2,3-戊二酮D600-14-6622.8165.411.2916346.70±2.43c328.81±32.40b559.77±81.35a455.27±68.38a
2,3-戊二酮M600-14-6745.5237.3261.30441117.54±3.69c633.46±23.03b910.95±85.98a771.16±241.19ab
2,3-戊二酮T600-14-6631.2168.6781.2079559.04±10.13b201.81±7.25a72.74±4.63b198.63±20.47a
甲基异丁基酮D108-10-1747.9239.4381.1767362.89±5.69c85.01±4.27c159.37±12.24b197.94±38.44a
3-羟基-2-丁酮M513-86-0720216.1141.3335863.11±8.71b60.79±14.22b667.48±114.63a528.55±133.57a
甲基异丁基酮M108-10-1689.8193.4431.182551034.46±41.67c1099.56±18.34c5507.76±93.34a3642.98±71.30b
3-甲基-2-戊酮565-61-7764.4254.3931.468935.42±3.62b39.38±8.91b31.58±4.78b284.39±80.25a
3-戊酮M96-22-0670184.4831.358177.89±3.12c174.81±61.75b76.62±5.23c354.58±25.62a
2-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮3188-00-9746.8238.4451.415855.64±1.24a5.70±0.20a8.24±1.47a11.7±5.80a
3-戊酮D96-22-01050.4668.5441.3461816.26±2.11b22.59±7.59b17.81±6.27b225.84±46.68a
萜烯类月桂烯T123-35-3946.4480.8451.22171128.74±51.49a59.77±16.54b117.47±10.70a139.63±21.90a
β-蒎烯M127-91-31044.1657.3511.2965968.65±14.07b1392.04±108.38a59.96±8.27b381.96±442.71b
月桂烯M123-35-3987.8559.7871.638752.40±4.39b1021.77±27.10a46.66±4.04b455.53±519.75b
β-蒎烯D127-91-3938.1466.371.2222714.26±1.37b303.28±15.44a13.54±3.01b82.19±116.58b
β-蒎烯T127-91-3930.9454.2051.2155260.92±23.22b215.86±33.31b36.42±2.37b660.55±197.11a
月桂烯D123-35-3999.7583.0341.2217734.98±4.97b34.51±3.77b33.25±1.88b193.2±120.96a
松油烯99-86-51038.3647.171.2187639.76±6.36b376.92±168.09a36.02±5.77b189.77±87.47b
吡嗪类2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪M13360-64-01017.6611.9191.66878313.79±24.11a266.22±16.07ab176.45±37.47c228.38±41.14bc
2-乙基-3-甲基吡嗪13360-64-0972.5529.141.16701226.63±49.19a84.45±16.58b67.13±3.7b63.69±4.48b
2-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪D13360-64-01069.9704.811.217521.73±1.41b142.31±19.73a26.62±4.14b113.66±70.91a
2,3-二乙基吡嗪M15707-24-11111.2787.9571.2260570.86±6.64c1561.29±44.31a59.84±6.85c590.77±460.24b
2,3-二乙基吡嗪D15707-24-11042.7654.7761.2239181.75±2.92d176.33±2.62b124.95±19.91c265.30±3.07a
2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪D13360-64-01043.9656.9831.66639134.93±21.02c268.25±24.52a138.55±15.82c214.12±78.44ab
2-乙基-3,5-二甲基吡嗪M13360-64-01043.5656.2471.73693107.21±20.68c218.21±21.52a106.05±16.36c195.95±104.23ab
醚类甲基叔丁基醚M1634-04-4735.4228.7241.12782389.49±83.48d1705.43±94.61a619.92±2.63c1144.08±42.81b
甲基叔丁基醚D1634-04-4666.1182.8131.13094223.04±75.28c1111.71±66.21a211.70±27.63c336.97±32.93b
乙二醇二甲醚110-71-4605.5158.9381.10931400.55±120.10b1339.98±253.79a1340.97±27.75a1107.30±38.25a
其它丁酸107-92-6782.9272.2711.1733550.04±22.56b39.96±1.97b50.72±4.36b85.44±19.01a
三乙胺121-44-8706.5205.6611.2167811.16±0.45d25.40±1.20c37.41±5.35b48.87±3.78a
2-乙基呋喃3208-16-0656.2178.6951.049325472.87±524.83b6603.41±69.62a5043.53±129.30b4225.85±140.54c
2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环M3390-12-3689.1192.9311.25456241.38±28.16d533.49±32.89c1273.23±46.68b1788.34±82.34a
2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环D3390-12-3703.4203.3361.12118242.76±31.97b865.87±77.36a307.85±21.31b306.28±31.24b
), ArticleFig(id=1320166913947320539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of α diversity of bacterial community in shrimp paste during fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品SobsACEChao1ShannonSimpson覆盖率(%)
CK-0218±19.92b219.11±20.88b218.62±20.46b2.85±0.05c0.17±0.02a>99
CK-1213.67±20.03b215.47±21.48b214.55±20.95b2.94±0.05c0.14±0.01a>99
CK-3226±11.53b227.91±11.57ab227.85±11.99b2.93±0.06c0.17±0.01a>99
CL-0318.33±18.5a322.36±18.4a320.93±17.81a3.57±0.06a0.08±0b>99
CL-1261.33±62.32b262.4±63.91a261.96±63.31b3.66±0.07a0.07±0.02b>99
CL-3263±15.52b263.46±15.59ab263.18±15.54b3.23±0.21b0.16±0.04a>99
), ArticleFig(id=1320166914043789532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166687673008864, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

虾酱中细菌群落的α多样性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品SobsACEChao1ShannonSimpson覆盖率(%)
CK-0218±19.92b219.11±20.88b218.62±20.46b2.85±0.05c0.17±0.02a>99
CK-1213.67±20.03b215.47±21.48b214.55±20.95b2.94±0.05c0.14±0.01a>99
CK-3226±11.53b227.91±11.57ab227.85±11.99b2.93±0.06c0.17±0.01a>99
CL-0318.33±18.5a322.36±18.4a320.93±17.81a3.57±0.06a0.08±0b>99
CL-1261.33±62.32b262.4±63.91a261.96±63.31b3.66±0.07a0.07±0.02b>99
CL-3263±15.52b263.46±15.59ab263.18±15.54b3.23±0.21b0.16±0.04a>99
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辣椒对虾酱中挥发性化合物和细菌群落的影响
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寇子楠 1 , 孙梦姚 1 , 陈智慧 2 , 王晓宁 3 , 刘杨柳 1 , 孙纪录 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(11): 236-248
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (11) : 236 -248
辣椒对虾酱中挥发性化合物和细菌群落的影响
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寇子楠1 , 孙梦姚1, 陈智慧2, 王晓宁3, 刘杨柳1, 孙纪录1, *
作者信息
  • 1河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071001
  • 2云南省曲靖农业学校生物技术学部,云南曲靖 655000
  • 3邯郸市水产技术推广站,河北邯郸 056000
通讯作者:
孙纪录(1972−)(ORCID:0000−0001−5930−3389),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

寇子楠(2002−)(ORCID:0009−0009−5030−4225),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

Effects of Chili on Volatile Compounds and Bacterial Community in Shrimp Paste
Zinan KOU1 , Mengyao SUN1, Zhihui CHEN2, Xiaoning WANG3, Yangliu LIU1, Jilu SUN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
  • 2Department of Biotechnology, Qujing Agricultural School of Yunnan, Qujing 655000, China
  • 3Handan Aquatic Technology Promotion Station, Handan 056000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070172
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为探究辣椒对虾酱中挥发性化合物和细菌群落组成结构的影响,本研究将辣椒应用到虾酱发酵中并与未添加辣椒发酵的虾酱进行比较,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术测定挥发性化合物,利用高通量测序技术解析细菌群落的门、属水平组成及多样性变化,并通过Spearson相关性分析确立优势菌属与关键挥发性风味化合物的相关性。结果表明,辣椒的加入使虾酱发酵过程中丙二醛含量升高,发酵结束后两组虾酱风味差异较小且均具良好可接受性。辣椒的加入在虾酱中引入了2-乙基呋喃、β-蒎烯M、甲基叔丁基醚D、2,3-二乙基吡嗪M和丙醛等挥发性风味化合物。随着发酵进行,辣椒虾酱中2,3-戊二酮、2-甲基丁醛等风味化合物积累,甲基叔丁基醚、β-蒎烯等具有一定刺激性气味物质减少,风味更趋柔和。在门水平上,辣椒的加入在虾酱中提升了蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)与芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)的相对丰度,降低了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的相对丰度。在属水平上,辣椒的加入在虾酱中引入了大洋芽孢杆菌属(Oceanobacillus),增加了norank_o_Chloroplast的相对丰度,降低了沃雷氏菌属(Olleya)与黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)的相对丰度。Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae作为两组虾酱共有的核心优势菌属,与2-乙基呋喃等辣椒中特征挥发性化合物含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),同时与丙烯酸丁酯M等虾酱发酵中生成的主要挥发性风味化合物呈正相关,是驱动风味形成的关键微生物。本研究结果为新型风味复合辣椒虾酱的开发提供了理论支撑。

虾酱  /  辣椒  /  挥发性化合物  /  细菌多样性  /  气相色谱-离子迁移谱

In order to investigate the effects of chili peppers on volatile compounds and bacterial community composition in shrimp paste, this study applied chili peppers to the fermentation of shrimp paste and compared it with the fermented shrimp paste without chili peppers, determined volatile compounds by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and analyzed the phylum- and genus-level compositions of the bacterial community and the changes in diversity by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Besides, this study established the correlation between dominant genera and key volatile flavor compounds by Spearson correlation analysis (SCA). The results showed that the addition of chili peppers increased the malondialdehyde content of shrimp paste during the fermentation process, and the flavor differences between the two groups of shrimp paste at the end of fermentation were small and acceptable. The addition of chili peppers introduced volatile flavor compounds such as 2-ethylfuran, β-pinene M, methyl tert-butyl ether D, 2,3-diethylpyrazine M, and propionaldehyde into the shrimp paste. As fermentation proceeded, flavor compounds such as 2,3-pentanedione and 2-methylbutyraldehyde accumulated in the chili shrimp paste, and methyl tert-butyl ether, β-pinene, and other substances with some irritating odors decreased, resulting in a softer flavor. At the phylum level, the addition of chilli peppers increased the relative abundance of Cyanobacteriota and Bacillota and decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota in shrimp paste. At the genus level, the addition of chilli peppers introduced Oceanobacillus to the shrimp paste, increased the relative abundance of norank_o_Chloroplast, and decreased the relative abundance of Olleya and Flavobacterium. Candidatus_Bacilloplasma, unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae, as the core dominant genera shared by the two groups of shrimp paste, were significantly negatively correlated with the content of characteristic volatile compounds in chili peppers, such as 2-ethylfuran, and were also positively correlated with the major volatile flavor compounds generated in shrimp paste fermentation, such as butyl acrylate M, which were a key microorganism driving the formation of flavor. The results of this study provide theoretical support for the development of novel flavor composite chili peppers shrimp paste.

shrimp paste  /  papper  /  volatile compounds  /  bacterial diversity  /  gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry
寇子楠, 孙梦姚, 陈智慧, 王晓宁, 刘杨柳, 孙纪录. 辣椒对虾酱中挥发性化合物和细菌群落的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 236 -248 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070172
Zinan KOU, Mengyao SUN, Zhihui CHEN, Xiaoning WANG, Yangliu LIU, Jilu SUN. Effects of Chili on Volatile Compounds and Bacterial Community in Shrimp Paste[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 236 -248 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070172
虾酱是一种传统的水产发酵调味品,通常以毛虾、糠虾、磷虾等小型虾类或虾头为主要原料,经加盐发酵等工序制成,主产于中国沿海地区及东南亚[1],富含蛋白质、脂肪酸、虾青素等营养和功能性物质,具有独特的鲜香风味[2]。我国虾酱年产量约40000吨,是全球最大的虾酱生产国[3]。虾酱通常在高盐条件下经自然发酵而成,其风味物质主要来源于蛋白质与脂类在微生物及酶系共同作用下的水解与氧化。虾肉中的脂肪水解产生的游离脂肪酸,进一步通过β-氧化、脱羧、脱氢等反应,生成醛、酮、醇、酯等挥发性化合物。同时,脂肪氧化过程中产生的过氧化物及其分解产物,还能与蛋白质降解产物发生反应,进一步促进风味物质的形成,提升虾酱风味的复杂性和饱满度[4]。
辣椒作为一种重要调味品,富含VC、VE、类胡萝卜素(如辣椒红素、叶黄素)、黄酮类化合物以及辣椒素类物质,这些成分具有抗氧化、抗炎、抑菌等多种生理活性[5]。早在公元前7000年,辣椒就在世界范围内被用作调味品和药物[6]。辣椒素是辣椒中的主要辛辣成分,它具有多重功效,包括杀菌[7−8]、降血压[9]、减肥[10]、抗糖尿病[11]、抗癌[12−13]等。此外,辣椒也含有丰富的挥发性风味物质,通常包括酯类、醇类、酮类等[14]。辣椒广泛参与许多天然发酵食品的生产。在发酵过程中,辣椒中的这些物质可以在微生物和酶的作用下发生复杂的转化,生成新的风味物质。发酵辣椒气味中贡献较大的是酯类和烃类化合物,其次是醛类、酮类、酸类和醇类等物质[15]。
目前,辣椒已广泛应用于泡椒、剁椒、鲊辣椒、辣椒酱、豆瓣酱等发酵产品[16]。传统虾酱以咸鲜风味为主,风味层次相对单一,越来越难以满足消费者对饮食风味多样化的追求。目前,市场上已经出现了一些辣味虾酱产品。但是,这些辣味虾酱产品通常是以传统虾酱为主要原料,添加辣椒或辣味添加剂等辅料或添加剂,经过搅拌、炒制或灭菌等工序,制成的复合调味品,属于再制虾酱。而以虾为主要原料、辣椒为辅料,直接进行发酵而生产的自然发酵辣味虾酱还未见报道。如前所述,传统虾酱是以毛虾等小型虾为主要原料加盐发酵而成。但是,这些作为虾酱原料的小型虾完全依赖于捕捞,没有人工养殖,因而产量非常有限,而且捕捞季节固定,对虾酱的工业化生产造成极大的制约。南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)早已在中国实现规模化养殖,目前已占到我国对虾总产量的80%以上,年产量已达160万吨以上。南美白对虾壳薄体肥,味道鲜美,营养丰富。但是,南美白对虾由于产量增长迅速,叠加国际市场冲击,已出现价格下跌、增产不增收的态势,亟需扩大加工业,从而推动南美白对虾产业的可持续发展。近年来,南美白对虾作为原料,已逐渐用于新型高档虾酱的商品化生产。
因此,本研究拟以南美白对虾为主要原料,在虾酱发酵中加入辣椒,探索辣椒的加入对虾酱发酵的影响,使用GC-IMS与高通量测序技术,并结合主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘判别分析、Spearson相关性分析等化学计量学方法,重点揭示辣椒对虾酱中挥发性化合物与细菌多样性的影响,以期为研发新型风味自然发酵虾酱产品提供理论支撑。
新鲜南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) 河北农大科技市场;精制盐(未加碘) 山东肥城精制盐厂有限公司;辣椒粉(朝天椒) 山东美亿天食品有限公司;硼酸 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;乙酰丙酮 分析纯,成都艾科达化学试剂有限公司;溴甲酚绿指示剂 天津光复精细化工研究所;三氯乙酸(分析纯)、甲醛(分析纯)、甲基红指示剂 福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司;AxyPrep DNA凝胶回收试剂盒 美国Axygen Biosciences公司;E.Z.N.A.®Soil DNA Kit试剂盒 美国OMEGA公司。
S2-A808绞肉机 九阳股份有限公司;1000 mL玻璃发酵罐 淄博博山盛杰玻璃制品有限公司;SPM-50智能生化培养箱 宁波江南仪器厂;H-4数显恒温水浴锅 金坛区良友仪器有限公司;7820A GC仪 安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司;FlavourSpec®风味分析仪 德国G.A.S公司;Multiskan Spectrum全波长酶标仪 赛默飞世尔科技(上海)有限公司;TGL-16MC低温冷冻离心机 长沙湘锐离心机有限公司;QuantiFluor™-ST蓝色荧光定量系统 美国Promega公司;ABI GeneAmp® 9700型聚合酶链式反应(polymerasechain reaction,PCR)仪 美国Bio-Rad公司。
选取新鲜的南美白对虾,去掉头(前端三分之一)和尾,用水洗净,加入18% NaCl(w:w)和4%辣椒粉[17−19](辣椒粉添加量是参照相关文献,并通过预实验而定),用绞肉机搅碎后,放入发酵罐(每罐800 g),在37 ℃下进行发酵。对照组不加辣椒粉,命名为CK组,实验组命名为CL组。发酵期间,每周取一次样,进行理化指标氨基酸态氮(amino acid nitrogen,AAN)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)和总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)的跟踪测定。在中华人民共和国水产行业标准《虾酱》(SC/T 3602-2016)中,氨基酸态氮是衡量虾酱中蛋白质水解程度的唯一指标,因而也可以判断产品的发酵终点。根据AAN测定结果所显示的变化趋势,发酵第3周之后,CK与CL两组虾酱中AAN含量基本趋于平稳(P>0.05),因此,基本可以确定第3周为发酵终点。取发酵第0、1、3周的CK组虾酱样品(分别命名为CK-0、CK-1、CK-3)与CL组虾酱样品(分别命名为CL-0、CL-1、CL-3),进行细菌多样性分析。取发酵第0、3周的CK组虾酱(CK-0、CK-3)与CL组虾酱(CL-0、CL-3)进行挥发性化合物分析;对第4周发酵结束的辣椒虾酱与对照虾酱进行感官评定。
根据GB 5009.235-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸态氮的测定》中的比色法进行测定[20]。
根据GB 5009.181-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中丙二醛的测定》[21]中的分光光度法进行测定。
根据GB 5009.228-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》[22]中的半微量定氮法进行测定。
参照王炳华等[23]方法并稍作修改,由20名经标准化统一培训的感官评价人员,对发酵结束的虾酱进行感官评定,评定标准见表1。
参考杨兵兵等[24]的方法,利用GC-IMS技术进行挥发性化合物检测:取虾酱样品1 g,加入20 mL顶空瓶中备用。
进样条件:样品孵化温度40 ℃,孵化时间20 min,孵化转速500 r/min,采用自动顶空进样单元的方式,进样体积200 μL,进样针温度85 ℃。
GC条件:MXT-5色谱柱(15 m×0.53 mm,1 μm);柱温为60 ℃;运行时间为30 min;载气为N2(≥99.99%);不分流模式进样。
IMS条件:温度为45 ℃;漂移气为N2(≥99.99%);漂移气流速150 mL/min。
根据不同虾酱样品中挥发性化合物的保留时间和离子迁移时间,采用GC-IMS配套的VOCal软件内置NIST数据库和IMS数据库对挥发性化合物进行定性分析;每组样品重复测定三次,采用平均值±标准差表示各化合物的峰体积,对挥发性化合物进行定量分析。
按照E.Z.N.A.®Soil DNA Kit试剂盒说明书进行DNA提取,使用338F(5’-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3’)和806R(5’-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3’)在V3-V4可变区进行PCR扩增。扩增程序与反应体系参考Yang等[25]的方法。扩增程序设定为:95 ℃预变性3 min;随后进行30个循环,每个循环包括95 ℃变性30 s、55 ℃退火30 s、72 ℃延伸45 s;最后于72 ℃延伸10 min,采用AxyPrep DNA凝胶回收试剂盒纯化PCR产物,采用QuantiFluor™-ST蓝色荧光定量系统对产物进行定量,扩增样品送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行Illumina MiSeq测序,在其生信平台上进行测序数据分析。
所有理化指标测定、挥发性化合物测定和细菌多样性分析实验均重复3次,结果数据用平均值±标准差($\overline{\rm X} $±S)表示。使用SPSS Statistics 2024软件对虾酱中挥发性化合物与细菌多样性进行差异显著性分析。使用Origin 2024软件处理理化指标数据并绘制折线图、感官评定雷达图与挥发性化合物堆积柱状图。采用Gallery Plot插件绘制挥发性化合物的指纹图谱;采用SIMCA14.1对挥发性化合物进行主成分分析(PCA)与正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA),并应用Origin 2024软件绘制柱状图与聚类热图。利用R语言对细菌测序结果进行α多样性分析和β多样性分析,并绘制相关性热图和优势门、属的堆叠柱状图。使用美吉生物云平台对优势菌属与关键挥发性风味化合物进行Spearson相关性分析,并绘制相关性热图。
虾酱发酵是一个复杂的过程,分析虾酱发酵过程中主要理化指标的变化,可以用来判断其品质以及发酵程度。AAN常用作衡量蛋白质水解程度,AAN含量越高,标志着蛋白质分解生成的氨基酸越多,虾酱滋味越鲜美[26],同时AAN值也能判断虾酱的发酵终点[23]。MDA常作为判断发酵产品脂质氧化程度的指标。TVB-N值常作为评价发酵食品腐败的理化指标[27]。在持续4周的发酵期间,每周取样1次,跟踪测定AAN、MDA和TVB-N。感官评价可以对虾酱品质直接表征,对发酵第4周的CK与CL两组虾酱样品从颜色、气味、滋味、组织形态和综合评分5个方面进行感官评价。虾酱理化指标的动态变化和感官评价结果如图1所示。
由图1A可见,两组虾酱中AAN含量在发酵第0~2周均呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),对照虾酱中AAN含量在第3~4周呈缓慢上升趋势,但是差异不显著(P>0.05);而辣椒虾酱中ANN含量在发酵2周后趋于稳定。因此,基本可以确定,在该发酵条件下,第3周结束,即可作为虾酱的发酵终点。由图1B可见,在整个发酵过程中,辣椒虾酱和对照虾酱的MDA含量呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),0~3周辣椒虾酱的MDA含量均高于对照虾酱,并在第三周达到较高值(2.97 mg/kg)。这可能与辣椒粉中含有一定量的不饱和脂质有关,在发酵过程中发生氧化反应,从而导致MDA含量升高[27]。由图1C可见,在发酵过程中,两组虾酱TVB-N值均呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),但在发酵第4周两组虾酱的TVB-N差异较小,且整个发酵过程中两组产品TVB-N值均远低于安全限量标准(450 mg/100 g)[28]。如图1D所示,辣椒虾酱整体可接受性均高于对照虾酱,其中,在组织形态方面二者差距最大,对照虾酱黏稠度较低,而辣椒虾酱黏稠度适中,且二者在风味方面差异较小,表明发酵结束时,二者整体风味相似且具有良好可接受性。
根据理化指标的变化趋势(图1)及更直观地展示辣椒的加入对虾酱中挥发性化合物的影响,选取GC-IMS测定CK-0、CL-0、CK-3和CL-3虾酱样品的数据进行分析。虾酱中挥发性化合物的指纹图谱如图2所示。
A区域是辣椒虾酱发酵起始时挥发性化合物处于较高水平区域,表明辣椒的加入在虾酱中引入了更多萜烯类、吡嗪类和醚类物质。萜烯类和吡嗪类属于辣椒自身的特征挥发性化合物[14]。B区域是辣椒虾酱发酵后挥发性化合物相对水平显著上升的区域。在发酵第3周,相较于对照虾酱,辣椒虾酱中酯类含量显著上升,2-甲基戊醛、2-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮等物质水平也显著升高。该变化不仅反映了发酵过程中普遍发生的蛋白质降解、脂质氧化及酯化反应,还可能与辣椒中所含的不饱和脂肪酸、氨基酸及其衍生物在微生物酶系作用下转化密切相关[29]。各类挥发性化合物的含量如图3所示。
醛类是辣椒虾酱与对照虾酱中挥发性化合物的主要成分,其次为酮类和酯类。在发酵第0周,与对照组(CK-0)相比,辣椒组(CL-0)即显示出较高的挥发性物质总量,且醚类、吡嗪类、萜烯类及醛类等物质峰体积显著增加,表明辣椒的加入丰富了虾酱的风味组成。相较于第0周,发酵第3周的辣椒组与对照组虾酱中酮类和醛类物质含量均呈上升趋势,其中辣椒组在3周时挥发性化合物总量及醛类、酯类等化合物含量仍高于对照组,说明辣椒在提高虾酱风味丰富度方面发挥了持续作用。
利用GC-IMS,在辣椒虾酱与对照虾酱中共鉴定出60种挥发性物质,其中包括11种酯类、11种酮类、10种醇类、7种萜烯类化合物、6种醛类、7种吡嗪类、3种醚类、5种其它挥发性有机物;采用平均值±标准差计算各化合物的峰体积,用峰体积结果表示各化合物的含量,采用 SPSS 开展统计学检验,仅对同一行数据进行差异分析,未开展同列数据的组间比较;同一行数据标注不同上标字母代表差异显著,统计标注结果如表2所示。
由表2可知,在未发酵的对照虾酱(CK-0)中,丁酸丙酯和丙烯酸丁酯D含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),表明这些物质是虾肉本身的特征性风味成分。相较于0周的对照虾酱(CK-0),0周辣椒虾酱(CL-0)中含量显著升高的挥发性化合物有β-蒎烯M、月桂烯M和2,3-二乙基吡嗪M(P<0.05),表明这些物质为辣椒中的主要挥发性化合物[14]。
对照虾酱发酵3周后(CK-3),相较于CK-0,2,3-戊二酮(M、D)、2-甲基丁醛和甲基异丁基酮M含量显著增加(P<0.05),表明它们是虾酱发酵过程中产生的主要挥发性化合物[30];而丁酸丙酯和丙烯酸丁酯D显著降低(P<0.05),这可能是由于在未发酵时虾酱中的酯类物质含量通常较高,随着发酵进行,虾酱中微生物将酯类物质分解,导致其含量降低。
辣椒虾酱发酵3周后(CL-3),相较于CL-0,丙烯酸丁酯M、乳酸乙酯、3-戊酮和2-甲基丁醛含量显著增加(P<0.05),表明这些物质的增加可能来源于辣椒的发酵;而β-蒎烯M、月桂烯M和2,3-二乙基吡嗪M含量显著降低(P<0.05)。这可能是由于发酵过程中微生物活动可能消耗萜烯类化合物作为碳源[31]或改变其结构,进而影响其含量。吡嗪类含量下降可能是由于发酵过程中,某些优势微生物可以优先利用体系中的氨基酸与糖类作为碳源和氮源,导致美拉德反应底物浓度下降,进而影响吡嗪类化合物的含量[30]。
利用主成分分析(PCA)对虾酱中的挥发性化合物进行分析,结果如图4所示。
PC1(47.8%)和PC2(29.4%)总方差贡献率为77.2%,可有效反映不同虾酱中挥发性化合物的差异。发酵0周的对照虾酱(CK-0)与其他样品距离较远,表明其与其他三组虾酱样品之间的挥发性化合物组成差异较大。CL-0、CK-3与CL-3三组样品之间各自聚类且相互分离,说明辣椒的加入与发酵均可改变虾酱中挥发性化合物特征。同时CL-0与CL-3样品之间距离较远,表明随发酵进行,辣椒发酵对虾酱中挥发性化合物有较大影响。
对虾酱中的挥发性化合物峰体积进行OPLS-DA分析,结果如图5所示。
对挥发性化合物峰体积进行OPLS-DA分析,其中R2X=0.939,R2Y=0.929,Q2=0.774,R2和Q2值均接近于1,说明所构建的模型准确性较高。从图5A可以看出,CK与CL两组虾酱中挥发性化合物存在显著差异,该结果与PCA结果一致。对OPLS-DA模型进行200次置换模拟,结果如图5B所示,其中Q2回归线与x轴交叉,表明模型预测能力可靠,可清晰区分样品间差异[32]。
根据OPLS-DA模型中的变量投影重要性值(VIP),筛选虾酱中对整体风味贡献度较高的挥发性化合物;为了更直观看出各组虾酱中挥发性风味化合物的区别,根据峰体积绘制聚类热图对其进行分析。结果分别如图6A、图6B所示。
由图6A可见,共筛选出15种主要的挥发性风味化合物(VIP>1,P<0.05),包括萜烯类3种(β-蒎烯M、β-蒎烯D、月桂烯M),醚类3种(甲基叔丁基醚M、甲基叔丁基醚D、乙二醇二甲醚),醛类2种(丙醛、2-甲基丁醛),酮类2种(甲基异丁基酮M、2,3-戊二酮M),酯类2种(丁酸丙酯,丙烯酸丁酯M),吡嗪类1种(2,3-二乙基吡嗪M),其它类2种(2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环M、2-乙基呋喃)。
由图6B可见,发酵起始时,对照虾酱CK-0中丁酸丙酯含量显著高于其他组。酯类物质通常在虾肉中含量较高,在发酵后含量降低[30]。辣椒虾酱CL-0中2-乙基呋喃、月桂烯M、甲基叔丁基醚M、β-蒎烯M、甲基叔丁基醚D、2,3-二乙基吡嗪M和丙醛含量显著高于对照虾酱CK-0,表明这些化合物可能主要是由添加的辣椒引入。
发酵第3周,对照虾酱CK-3中2,3-戊二酮M、乙二醇二甲醚、丙烯酸丁酯M、2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环M、甲基异丁基酮M和2-甲基丁醛的含量比CK-0显著提高,表明这些化合物可能主要是在发酵中生成的。2,3-戊二酮是发酵虾酱中常见的挥发性风味化合物[24]。乙二醇二甲醚被鉴定为凤尾虾的特征挥发性化合物[33]。辣椒虾酱CL-3中β-蒎烯D、2,3-戊二酮M、丙烯酸丁酯M、2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环M和2-甲基丁醛的含量比CL-0显著提高,表明这些化合物可能主要是在发酵中生成的。2-甲基丁醛具有苦杏仁香味,是虾酱中常见的挥发性风味物质。2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环M属于烷烃类化合物,烷烃类化合物在发酵水产品中较为常见,但其阈值通常较高,对风味整体影响不大[30]。另一方面,辣椒虾酱CL-3中,2-乙基呋喃、月桂烯M、甲基叔丁基醚M、β-蒎烯M、甲基叔丁基醚D、2,3-二乙基吡嗪M和丙醛的含量,相较于CL-0,均有不同程度的下降,其中,2-乙基呋喃、β-蒎烯M、月桂烯M、甲基叔丁基醚D、2,3-二乙基吡嗪M和丙醛含量下降显著,表明添加辣椒引入的这些挥发性风味化合物,在发酵中含量会逐渐下降。其中,呋喃类化合物气味阈值极低,对整体风味贡献较大[34],甲基叔丁基醚具有类似于汽油的味道,而β-蒎烯M具有类似松油味和香辛料的味道[35],在浓度较高时具有一定刺激性气味。因此,随着发酵进行,辣椒虾酱的整体风味逐渐柔和。
Sobs指数是指样本中实际观测到的物种数,数值越高,说明该样本中检测到的物种种类越多。ACE指数的数值越大,表示该样本中物种越丰富,各物种分配越均匀。Chao1指数越大代表样本中物种越多[36]。Simpson指数和Shannon指数用于表征物种多样性,Shannon指数越大,表示微生物群落多样性越高,Simpson指数与之相反[19]。分析结果如表3所示。
由表3可见,发酵第0、1、3周的辣椒虾酱中,Sobs、ACE、Chao1指数均高于对应的对照虾酱,表明辣椒的加入明显提升了虾酱中的物种丰富度。组内分析显示,对照虾酱的这三项指数在发酵过程中变化不大。辣椒组在发酵初期(CL-0)物种丰富度较高,随着发酵进行(CL-1、CL-3),虽较对照组仍处于较高水平,但整体呈下降趋势。这表明辣椒的加入在发酵初期促进了新菌群的引入,但随着优势菌群逐渐建立,物种丰富度有所降低。从Simpson指数和Shannon指数可以看出,发酵各周的辣椒虾酱的物种多样性显著高于对照虾酱(P<0.05)。组内分析发现,随发酵进行,对照虾酱组的这两项指数变化无显著差异(P>0.05),而辣椒虾酱组的Shannon指数在第三周显著下降(P<0.05),Simpson指数则显著上升(P<0.05),这可能是由于随发酵进行,辣椒虾酱中优势菌群形成,物种数量减少,导致多样性下降。各样品中,覆盖率均大于0.99,表明测序结果足以反映所有样品组物种丰富度与多样性。
β多样性可以反映不同样品中微生物群落分布的差异程度,分析结果如图7所示。
三组辣椒虾酱和三组对照虾酱距离较远,表明在发酵过程中辣椒虾酱和对照虾酱的细菌群落组成存在一定差异。同一组内,发酵初始对照虾酱与辣椒虾酱(CK-0和CL-0)与中后期(CK-1、CK-3、CL-1、CL-3)距离较远,而中后期样品间距离较近,表明随着发酵进行,辣椒虾酱与对照虾酱中的细菌群落差异均逐渐缩小。
对虾酱样品在门水平上的细菌群落组成进行分析,结果如图8所示。
由图8A可见,芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)与放线菌门(Actinomycetota)是辣椒虾酱与对照虾酱中的共同优势菌门。其中,拟杆菌门、假单胞菌门和放线菌门也是南美白对虾中的主要优势菌门[37],表明虾酱发酵过程中的优势菌群主要来源于原料虾自身的微生物。在发酵起始,相较于对照虾酱(CK-0),辣椒虾酱(CL-0)蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)与芽孢杆菌门相对丰度显著较高,而拟杆菌门相对丰度显著较低。这可能是由于辣椒的加入引入了更多细菌种类,导致拟杆菌门相对丰度呈现下降趋势。在发酵1周和3周,芽孢杆菌门、假单胞菌门和放线菌门依然是辣椒虾酱和对照虾酱中的优势菌门,而拟杆菌门相对丰度在对照虾酱中显著降低,在辣椒虾酱中已不是优势菌群。其原因一可能是拟杆菌门不适应于虾酱的发酵环境,二是可能辣椒素对拟杆菌门的细菌有抑制作用[38]。综上,辣椒的加入对虾酱中的细菌群落结构具有显著影响。
由图8B可见,辣椒虾酱与对照虾酱在门水平上细菌群落组成较为相似。相较于对照虾酱,辣椒虾酱中蓝细菌门的相对丰度显著提高。这表明蓝细菌门可能主要源于辣椒,该结果与其他研究结果一致[39]。
对虾酱样品在属水平上的细菌群落组成进行分析,结果如图9所示。
由图9A可见,在对照虾酱中,相对丰度较高的细菌属依次是Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、沃雷氏菌属(Olleya)、unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae、unclassified_f_Kineosporiaceace和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)。在辣椒虾酱中,相对丰度较高的细菌属依次是Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、沃雷氏菌属、norank_o_Chloroplast、unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae和大洋芽孢杆菌属(Oceanobacillus)。
由图9B可见,在发酵起始时,与对照虾酱CK-0相比,辣椒虾酱CL-0中新增了大洋芽孢杆菌属,norank_o_Chloroplast相对丰度升高,而沃雷氏菌属相对丰度降低。norank_o_Chloroplast属于未分类的叶绿体目,被认为是一些食品如沙棘[40]、酸菜[41]发酵初期的优势菌属。该属在辣椒虾酱中的出现可能是由于辣椒的加入而引入。大洋芽孢杆菌属在传统发酵产品中较为常见[42]。沃雷氏菌属主要分布于海洋环境中,其相对丰度降低可能是由于辣椒加入引入了更多种类微生物。
在发酵第3周,在对照虾酱CK-3中,Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae、unclassified_f_Kineosporiaceace相对丰度高于CK-0(图9A),而黄杆菌属与沃雷氏菌属相对丰度极低几乎消失。Candidatus_Bacilloplasma已在中华绒螯蟹、红螯螯虾、龙虾和斑节对虾等多种甲壳动物肠道中发现[43];黄杆菌属主要分布在淡水湖泊和土壤环境中,主要依靠分解有机物存活[44]。在辣椒虾酱中,与CL-0相比,CL-3中Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、大洋芽孢杆菌属、unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae相对丰度升高,norank_o_Chloroplast、沃雷氏菌属与黄杆菌属相对丰度下降,其中,沃雷氏菌属在1周内即大幅减少至近乎消失,而对照虾酱中沃雷氏菌属直至3周才逐渐消失。这可能是由于辣椒中的辣椒素具有破坏细菌细胞膜的能力,而沃雷氏菌属与黄杆菌属作为革兰氏阴性菌,其细胞膜结构可能更易被辣椒素破坏。
利用VIP值分别筛选对照虾酱与辣椒虾酱中对整体风味贡献度较高的挥发性化合物(VIP值>1),对照虾酱与辣椒虾酱中分别筛选出11种和13种。两种虾酱中,优势菌属与主要挥发性风味化合物的相关性聚类热图如图10A、图10B所示。
在对照虾酱中,2,3-戊二酮M、乙二醇二甲醚、丙烯酸丁酯M、2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环M、甲基异丁基酮M和2-甲基丁醛是在发酵过程中产生的主要风味物质(图6B)。由图10A可知,在对照虾酱中,unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae与2,3-戊二酮M含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)与乙二醇二甲醚含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、假红杆菌属(Pseudorhodobacter)与丙烯酸丁酯M含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae与2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环M含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。假红杆菌属、norank_f_Mycoplasmataceae与2-甲基丁醛含量分别呈高度显著正相关(P<0.001)与极显著正相关(P<0.01)。unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae属于假单胞菌门[45],多数假单胞菌门微生物已被证实携带酯酶、醛脱氢酶等关键代谢酶基因,能够分解虾肉中的脂肪和蛋白质,释放出短链脂肪酸和氨基酸,并通过β-氧化及Strecker降解等反应途径,促进芳香酯、醛、酮等典型发酵风味物质的形成。假红杆菌属属于红杆菌科,而红杆菌科在水生生物肠道中较为常见,可参与复杂的碳水化合物降解、好氧反硝化等生化反应[46]。假红杆菌属可能通过参与碳水化合物降解或氮代谢过程,间接调控醛类、酮类、酯类等风味物质的生成。Candidatus_Bacilloplasma可以促进醛类、酮类、酯类等风味物质生成。综上,对照虾酱中,与主要挥发性化合物生成有关的细菌主要是unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae、Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、分枝杆菌属、norank_f_Mycoplasmataceae和假红杆菌属。
在辣椒虾酱中,2-乙基呋喃、2,3-二乙基吡嗪M、丙醛、β-蒎烯M、月桂烯M与甲基叔丁基醚M这些由于辣椒添加而引入的挥发性化合物在发酵过程中含量显著下降(图6B)。由图10B可知,Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae与2-乙基呋喃、2,3-二乙基吡嗪M含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae与丙醛含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。Oceanobacillus与甲基叔丁基醚M含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、Roseateles与β-蒎烯M呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。Li等[46]研究发现鞘氨醇单胞菌属在葡萄酒发酵过程中与多种微生物存在协同作用,降解有机物产生小分子物质从而影响葡萄酒风味。综上,降解辣椒中主要挥发性化合物的细菌主要是Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae、Oceanobacillus、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和Roseateles。
另一方面,β-蒎烯D、丙烯酸丁酯M、2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环M、2-甲基丁醛和甲基异丁基酮M是辣椒虾酱在发酵过程中产生的主要挥发性化合物(图6B)。由图10B可知,Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae与2-甲基丁醛、2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环M、β-蒎烯D含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。Candidatus_Bacilloplasma与甲基异丁基酮M含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae与丙烯酸丁酯M含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上,辣椒虾酱中,与主要挥发性化合物生成有关的细菌主要是Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae。
辣椒的添加对虾酱中挥发性化合物的组成及细菌群落结构产生了显著影响。辣椒虾酱的整体可接受性高于对照虾酱,二者在风味方面差异较小,组织形态差距较大(对照虾酱黏稠度较低,辣椒虾酱黏稠度适中)。发酵过程中,辣椒虾酱的MDA含量在0~3周均高于对照虾酱,且呈上升趋势。辣椒的加入引入了2-乙基呋喃、β-蒎烯M、甲基叔丁基醚D、2,3-二乙基吡嗪M和丙醛等辣椒中主要的挥发性化合物,在一定程度上丰富了虾酱的风味层次,且随发酵进行,辣椒虾酱中2,3-戊二酮等虾酱特征化合物积累,甲基叔丁基醚等具有刺激性气味物质减少,虾酱风味趋于柔和协调。辣椒虾酱和对照虾酱在门水平上细菌组成相似,辣椒的加入提升了蓝细菌门相对丰度,而拟杆菌门相对丰度显著下降。在属水平上,Candidatus_Bacilloplasma为两组虾酱的共同优势菌群,辣椒的加入引入了大洋芽孢杆菌属,同时norank_o_Chloroplast相对丰度上升,增加了细菌多样性。Candidatus_Bacilloplasma、unclassified_f_Paracoccaceae等与对照虾酱中主要挥发性化合物2,3-戊二酮、2-甲基丁醛、丙烯酸丁酯M等化合物呈正相关,与辣椒虾酱中2-乙基呋喃、2,3-二乙基吡嗪M等辣椒中挥发性化合物呈极显著负相关,与辣椒虾酱中2-甲基丁醛、2,4-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环M、β-蒎烯D等主要挥发性化合物呈正相关。综上所述,辣椒的添加不仅丰富了虾酱的风味层次,也显著影响了其细菌群落结构。本研究为新型风味自然发酵虾酱的开发提供了理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070172
  • 接收时间:2025-07-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-14
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    1河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071001
    2云南省曲靖农业学校生物技术学部,云南曲靖 655000
    3邯郸市水产技术推广站,河北邯郸 056000

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孙纪录(1972−)(ORCID:0000−0001−5930−3389),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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