Article(id=1320882682058355445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070166, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752422400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852572215, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852572215, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852572215, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852572215, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=259, endPage=267, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882683752854262, articleId=1320882682058355445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Impact of Seed Koji Fermentation on the Degree of Protein Degradation and the Enhancement of Antioxidant Activity in Corn Steep Liquor, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study utilized corn steep liquor (CSL), a byproduct of corn processing, as the raw material. Koji with high protease activity was employed to ferment and degrade CSL proteins, and fermentation conditions were optimized using response surface methodology to investigate the effect of fermentation on its antioxidant activity. The results showed that the optimal process parameters were: Koji addition (based on protease activity) of 28 U/mL, temperature of 53 ℃, fermentation time of 5 h, and pH of 5.7. Under these conditions, the soluble protein content in fermented CSL reached 137.83±2.07 mg/mL, representing an 8.81% increase compared to unfermented CSL. Fermentation promoted the hydrolysis of proteins in CSL and increased the content of small peptides, reduced the average particle size of CSL proteins, and significantly increased the absolute value of Zeta potential (P<0.05). After fermentation, the relative content of α-helix in the secondary structure of CSL proteins decreased by 4.59%, while β-sheet increased by 2.82%, and β-turn increased by 1.77%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the macromolecular proteins in CSL were degraded into fragments with folded and porous surface structures. At a concentration of 5 mg/mL, the DPPH radical scavenging rate of fermented CSL was 51.35%±2.06%, the ABTS+ radical scavenging rate was 92.23%±1.57%, and the FRAP value was 38.54±1.78 µmol/L, representing increases of 11.85%, 7.16%, and 21.77%, respectively, compared to the unfermented group. This study opens a new pathway for the high-value utilization of corn byproducts and the development of novel plant-based protein resources.

, authors=Handong LIU1, Caixia JIANG1, 2, Xiaolan LIU3, 4, *, Qingying ZHANG1, Juntong WANG1, 5, Xiqun ZHENG1, 5, *, authorsList=Handong LIU, Caixia JIANG, Xiaolan LIU, Qingying ZHANG, Juntong WANG, Xiqun ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaolan LIU, Xiqun ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882685778703111, articleId=1320882682058355445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=种曲发酵对玉米浆蛋白质降解程度和抗氧化活性提升的影响, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以玉米加工副产物玉米浆(Corn Steep Liquor,CSL)为原料,利用具有高蛋白酶活性的种曲发酵降解CSL蛋白质,响应面优化发酵条件,探究发酵对其抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为:种曲(按蛋白酶酶活计)添加量28 U/mL、温度53 ℃、发酵时间5 h、pH5.7,发酵CSL中可溶性蛋白含量为137.83±2.07 mg/mL,较未发酵CSL增加了8.81%。发酵促进了CSL中蛋白的水解和小肽含量提升,降低了CSL中蛋白质平均粒径,Zeta电位绝对值显著增加(P<0.05)。发酵后CSL蛋白质二级结构中α-螺旋相对含量降低了4.59%,β-折叠增加了2.82%,β-转角增加了1.77%。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示,CSL中的大分子蛋白质被降解成具有折叠和多孔表面结构的碎片。当浓度为5 mg/mL时,发酵后CSL的DPPH自由基清除率为51.35%±2.06%,ABTS+自由基清除率为92.23%±1.57%,FRAP值为38.54±1.78 µmol/L,较未发酵组分别提高了11.85%、7.16%和21.77%。本研究为玉米副产物的高值化利用开发新型植物基蛋白资源开辟了新路径。

, authors=刘瀚东1, 姜彩霞1, 2, 刘晓兰3, 4, *, 张庆颖1, 王俊彤1, 5, 郑喜群1, 5, *, authorsList=刘瀚东, 姜彩霞, 刘晓兰, 张庆颖, 王俊彤, 郑喜群, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘晓兰, 郑喜群, authorNote=

刘瀚东(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘晓兰(1962−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
郑喜群(1963−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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注:图中小写字母不同表示组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=l+p4XLDnc+RUH4FjFybstA==, figureFileBig=ksMyEoybNtSUO35ke8K6Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882692481200965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Response surface diagrams of the interaction factors, figureFileSmall=mNUi44yEZpFdkBrmALQ/rg==, figureFileBig=BPedVu0kMMkyKUy0sRpg8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882692556698438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=CN, label=图2, caption=相互作用的响应面图, figureFileSmall=mNUi44yEZpFdkBrmALQ/rg==, figureFileBig=BPedVu0kMMkyKUy0sRpg8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882692632195911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Degree of protein hydrolysis and content of small peptides, figureFileSmall=UrtpBaAGtWhgfzBrs3qMzA==, figureFileBig=wLUBuZvJXJZTdYXV+HfIwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882692720276296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=CN, label=图3, caption=蛋白质水解度和小肽含量

注:图中相同指标字母不同表示组间存在显著差异(P<0.05),图4、图8同。

, figureFileSmall=UrtpBaAGtWhgfzBrs3qMzA==, figureFileBig=wLUBuZvJXJZTdYXV+HfIwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882692795773769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Particle size distribution (A) and Zeta potential (B) of CSL before and after fermentation, figureFileSmall=Qsvy9BkT4a2ZYmMktLwuOw==, figureFileBig=zRvRwa4YeSPH9Ku7EG6XwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882692871271242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=CN, label=图4, caption=发酵前后CSL粒径分布(A)和Zeta电位(B), figureFileSmall=Qsvy9BkT4a2ZYmMktLwuOw==, figureFileBig=zRvRwa4YeSPH9Ku7EG6XwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882692971934539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=FTIR spectra of CSL before and after fermentation, figureFileSmall=i4mIqVpx5qGJpEsUf3SXqw==, figureFileBig=pygZPiKw6AQBTvsZFMrr9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882693060014924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=CN, label=图5, caption=发酵前后CSL傅里叶变换红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=i4mIqVpx5qGJpEsUf3SXqw==, figureFileBig=pygZPiKw6AQBTvsZFMrr9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882693127123789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=AmideⅠbands of CSL (A) and CSLP (B), figureFileSmall=PsgbPEYjH0YFJ5fRxC36LA==, figureFileBig=/nTFPqF0nvWpx99RzYrDNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882693215204174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=CN, label=图6, caption=CSL(A)和CSLP(B)酰胺Ⅰ带谱图, figureFileSmall=PsgbPEYjH0YFJ5fRxC36LA==, figureFileBig=/nTFPqF0nvWpx99RzYrDNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882693307478863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Microstructural changes of CSL before and after fermentation, figureFileSmall=bv+kCPN0Gb2rTFYkvI3g2w==, figureFileBig=1N9KRNRQQjHMdUE0L+eA/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882693387170640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=CN, label=图7, caption=发酵前后CSL的微观结构

注:(a)~(c)为发酵前CSL的SEM图像,放大倍数依次为20000×、5000×和1000×;(d)~(f)为发酵后CSLP的SEM图像,放大倍数依次为20000×、5000×和1000×。

, figureFileSmall=bv+kCPN0Gb2rTFYkvI3g2w==, figureFileBig=1N9KRNRQQjHMdUE0L+eA/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882693454279505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=DPPH· scavenging rate (A), ABTS+· scavenging rate (B) and FRAP activity (C) of CSL before and after fermentation, figureFileSmall=A9ffEo/cdLAsBdlGNoWWDw==, figureFileBig=iPJXGrd7Bv9dDhxthjUN5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882693538165586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=CN, label=图8, caption=发酵前后CSL的DPPH·清除率(A)、ABTS+·清除率(B)和FRAP活性(C)

注:图中小写字母不同表示组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

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Box-Behnken test factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A蛋白酶酶活添加量(U/mL)B 温度(℃)C 时间(h)D pH
−1255045.5
0275255.7
1295465.9
), ArticleFig(id=1320882693693354836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Box-Behnken试验因素及水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A蛋白酶酶活添加量(U/mL)B 温度(℃)C 时间(h)D pH
−1255045.5
0275255.7
1295465.9
), ArticleFig(id=1320882693781435221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Response surface experiment design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A:蛋白酶酶活
添加量
B:温度C:时间D:pH可溶性蛋白含量
(mg/mL)
10000137.41
2−111−1128.45
31−1−1−1123.87
40000137.04
50000137.13
60000137.62
71−11−1128.08
80−100134.03
9−1−111127.45
100000137.48
11−1000132.02
12−11−1−1125.64
13−1−1−1−1120.48
141−111131.37
15000−1134.12
161000136.56
1711−11127.91
181111129.97
190100136.87
20−1−11−1124.15
21−1−1−11124.34
220001135.46
231−1−11128.44
24−11−11124.46
25111−1131.54
26−1111126.63
270010135.88
2811−1−1128.65
2900−10132.24
), ArticleFig(id=1320882693861126998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A:蛋白酶酶活
添加量
B:温度C:时间D:pH可溶性蛋白含量
(mg/mL)
10000137.41
2−111−1128.45
31−1−1−1123.87
40000137.04
50000137.13
60000137.62
71−11−1128.08
80−100134.03
9−1−111127.45
100000137.48
11−1000132.02
12−11−1−1125.64
13−1−1−1−1120.48
141−111131.37
15000−1134.12
161000136.56
1711−11127.91
181111129.97
190100136.87
20−1−11−1124.15
21−1−1−11124.34
220001135.46
231−1−11128.44
24−11−11124.46
25111−1131.54
26−1111126.63
270010135.88
2811−1−1128.65
2900−10132.24
), ArticleFig(id=1320882693949207383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Variance analysis of regression model for soluble protein content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型763.331455.52574.72<0.0001***
A-酶活添加量59.66159.66628.86<0.0001***
B-温度17.82117.82187.84<0.0001***
C-时间41.98141.98442.53<0.0001***
D-pH6.7816.7871.50<0.0001***
AB0.375210.37523.950.0653
AC0.006810.00680.07170.7925
AD0.120810.12081.270.2770
BC0.995010.995010.490.0055**
BD25.83125.83272.29<0.0001***
CD0.684810.68487.220.0169*
A222.35122.35235.56<0.0001***
B28.1818.1886.23<0.0001***
C225.99125.99273.90<0.0001***
D215.39115.39162.18<0.0001***
残差1.42150.0949
失拟项1.18100.11832.460.1664
净误差0.240650.0481
总离差764.7529
), ArticleFig(id=1320882694037287768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

可溶性蛋白含量回归模型的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型763.331455.52574.72<0.0001***
A-酶活添加量59.66159.66628.86<0.0001***
B-温度17.82117.82187.84<0.0001***
C-时间41.98141.98442.53<0.0001***
D-pH6.7816.7871.50<0.0001***
AB0.375210.37523.950.0653
AC0.006810.00680.07170.7925
AD0.120810.12081.270.2770
BC0.995010.995010.490.0055**
BD25.83125.83272.29<0.0001***
CD0.684810.68487.220.0169*
A222.35122.35235.56<0.0001***
B28.1818.1886.23<0.0001***
C225.99125.99273.90<0.0001***
D215.39115.39162.18<0.0001***
残差1.42150.0949
失拟项1.18100.11832.460.1664
净误差0.240650.0481
总离差764.7529
), ArticleFig(id=1320882694116979545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Secondary structure contents of crude protein in CSL before and after fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目α-螺旋
相对含量(%)
β-折叠
相对含量(%)
β-转角
相对含量(%)
CSL45.09±0.04a27.99±0.03b26.92±0.03b
CSLP40.50±0.02b30.81±0.04a28.69±0.02a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882694184088410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882682058355445, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

发酵前后CSL中蛋白质的二级结构组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目α-螺旋
相对含量(%)
β-折叠
相对含量(%)
β-转角
相对含量(%)
CSL45.09±0.04a27.99±0.03b26.92±0.03b
CSLP40.50±0.02b30.81±0.04a28.69±0.02a
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种曲发酵对玉米浆蛋白质降解程度和抗氧化活性提升的影响
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刘瀚东 1 , 姜彩霞 1, 2 , 刘晓兰 3, 4, * , 张庆颖 1 , 王俊彤 1, 5 , 郑喜群 1, 5, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(15): 259-267
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (15) : 259 -267
种曲发酵对玉米浆蛋白质降解程度和抗氧化活性提升的影响
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刘瀚东1 , 姜彩霞1, 2, 刘晓兰3, 4, * , 张庆颖1, 王俊彤1, 5, 郑喜群1, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
  • 2黑龙江八一农垦大学国家杂粮工程技术研究中心,黑龙江大庆 163319
  • 3齐齐哈尔大学食品与生物工程学院,黑龙江齐齐哈尔 161006
  • 4黑龙江省玉米深加工理论与技术重点实验室,黑龙江齐齐哈尔 161006
  • 5粮食副产物加工与利用教育部工程研究中心,黑龙江大庆 163319
通讯作者:
刘晓兰(1962−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
郑喜群(1963−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘瀚东(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

Impact of Seed Koji Fermentation on the Degree of Protein Degradation and the Enhancement of Antioxidant Activity in Corn Steep Liquor
Handong LIU1 , Caixia JIANG1, 2, Xiaolan LIU3, 4, * , Qingying ZHANG1, Juntong WANG1, 5, Xiqun ZHENG1, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
  • 2National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,Daqing 163319, China
  • 3College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
  • 4Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Corn Deep Processing Theory and Technology, Qiqihar 161006, China
  • 5Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070166
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本研究以玉米加工副产物玉米浆(Corn Steep Liquor,CSL)为原料,利用具有高蛋白酶活性的种曲发酵降解CSL蛋白质,响应面优化发酵条件,探究发酵对其抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为:种曲(按蛋白酶酶活计)添加量28 U/mL、温度53 ℃、发酵时间5 h、pH5.7,发酵CSL中可溶性蛋白含量为137.83±2.07 mg/mL,较未发酵CSL增加了8.81%。发酵促进了CSL中蛋白的水解和小肽含量提升,降低了CSL中蛋白质平均粒径,Zeta电位绝对值显著增加(P<0.05)。发酵后CSL蛋白质二级结构中α-螺旋相对含量降低了4.59%,β-折叠增加了2.82%,β-转角增加了1.77%。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示,CSL中的大分子蛋白质被降解成具有折叠和多孔表面结构的碎片。当浓度为5 mg/mL时,发酵后CSL的DPPH自由基清除率为51.35%±2.06%,ABTS+自由基清除率为92.23%±1.57%,FRAP值为38.54±1.78 µmol/L,较未发酵组分别提高了11.85%、7.16%和21.77%。本研究为玉米副产物的高值化利用开发新型植物基蛋白资源开辟了新路径。

玉米浆蛋白  /  种曲发酵  /  蛋白降解  /  微观结构  /  抗氧化活性

This study utilized corn steep liquor (CSL), a byproduct of corn processing, as the raw material. Koji with high protease activity was employed to ferment and degrade CSL proteins, and fermentation conditions were optimized using response surface methodology to investigate the effect of fermentation on its antioxidant activity. The results showed that the optimal process parameters were: Koji addition (based on protease activity) of 28 U/mL, temperature of 53 ℃, fermentation time of 5 h, and pH of 5.7. Under these conditions, the soluble protein content in fermented CSL reached 137.83±2.07 mg/mL, representing an 8.81% increase compared to unfermented CSL. Fermentation promoted the hydrolysis of proteins in CSL and increased the content of small peptides, reduced the average particle size of CSL proteins, and significantly increased the absolute value of Zeta potential (P<0.05). After fermentation, the relative content of α-helix in the secondary structure of CSL proteins decreased by 4.59%, while β-sheet increased by 2.82%, and β-turn increased by 1.77%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the macromolecular proteins in CSL were degraded into fragments with folded and porous surface structures. At a concentration of 5 mg/mL, the DPPH radical scavenging rate of fermented CSL was 51.35%±2.06%, the ABTS+ radical scavenging rate was 92.23%±1.57%, and the FRAP value was 38.54±1.78 µmol/L, representing increases of 11.85%, 7.16%, and 21.77%, respectively, compared to the unfermented group. This study opens a new pathway for the high-value utilization of corn byproducts and the development of novel plant-based protein resources.

corn steep liquor proteins  /  seed koji fermentation  /  protein degradation  /  microstructure  /  antioxidant activity
刘瀚东, 姜彩霞, 刘晓兰, 张庆颖, 王俊彤, 郑喜群. 种曲发酵对玉米浆蛋白质降解程度和抗氧化活性提升的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 259 -267 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070166
Handong LIU, Caixia JIANG, Xiaolan LIU, Qingying ZHANG, Juntong WANG, Xiqun ZHENG. Impact of Seed Koji Fermentation on the Degree of Protein Degradation and the Enhancement of Antioxidant Activity in Corn Steep Liquor[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 259 -267 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070166
玉米作为全球主要的粮食作物,2024年全球玉米总产量约为12.18亿吨,我国玉米总产量占全球第二位,占比约为23%。近年来,玉米加工业稳步扩张,其中,玉米淀粉是全球玉米加工业中规模最大、增长最稳健的核心支柱产业。玉米浆(Corn Steep Liquor,CSL)是玉米湿法生产淀粉过程中形成的主要副产物之一[1]。美国农业部数据显示2024年全球CSL年产量超过1800万吨。CSL中含有大量的蛋白质、可溶性糖和硫化物,目前并没有得到有效利用,造成了大量的资源浪费,以及带来了环境污染问题[2]。因此,CSL中主要成分开发对玉米加工副产物的综合利用具有重要意义[3]。
研究发现,CSL中蛋白质占比高达46%(干基),主要由清蛋白和醇溶蛋白组成,目前多被用作动物高蛋白饲料[4]。例如,MOGHADAM等[5]利用CSL作为反刍动物日粮中蛋白质的低成本来源。近年来,相关研究进一步揭示了CSL蛋白具有促进植物生长和增强植物对非生物胁迫耐受性的潜力[6−7]。随着植物基蛋白需求的激增,CSL中蛋白的结构解析与功能优化已成为研究热点问题。与此同时,CSL凭借价格低廉、原料易获取的优势,以及富含氮源、碳源、维生素等营养成分的特性,在发酵领域已获得广泛应用。但现有研究多将其作为工业发酵的营养基质使用,且添加量有限,导致对CSL的整体需求量较低[8]。相比之下,以CSL自身为发酵底物的相关研究较少。这可能是由于CSL酸度较高,且含有过量的亚硫酸盐,大多数工厂难以对其进行充分开发利用。关注CSL中蛋白质功能性质提升,拓宽CSL利用新途径具有显著的现实意义。玉米浆蛋白质经降解(如酶解、发酵等方式)生成的小分子肽促进了其理化性质和功能特性的提高。例如,降解产生的抗氧化肽等可作为功能性食品基料;同时,降解后的蛋白质更易被畜禽、水产动物消化吸收,能有效提高饲料利用率。因此,聚焦CSL中蛋白质功能性质的提升,探索其发酵利用的新途径,对于推动CSL中蛋白资源的高效转化、提高其在食品与饲料领域的应用价值具有重要的现实意义。
大量文献已证实发酵会导致蛋白质二级结构发生改变,蛋白质分子更加松散。发酵能有效分解原料中具有抗性和难以消化利用的大分子蛋白,有利于改善原料特性和蛋白质的品质[9−11]。其可能的机制是将不易消化的蛋白聚合物降解为单体及其衍生物来提高蛋白的消化率[12]。同时,发酵也是一种利用天然物质生产或提取抗氧化活性化合物的有效技术[13]。更重要的是,与商品酶制剂相比,微生物分泌的酶系具有较高的经济效益。CSL自身复杂的体系导致大多数微生物难以生长繁殖,通过种曲固态发酵能够破解对菌种的适应性限制,解决直接发酵中微生物生长难、酶活不足的核心问题,更有利于酶的稳定积累,能为后续CSL中蛋白质水解提供充足的催化动力,保障水解效率。
米曲霉是一种常见的丝状真菌,属于曲霉属,不分泌毒素,具有抵抗力强、生长快、营养需求不高,但产酶活性高等特点,被广泛应用于食品、药品、化妆品、农业等领域[14]。蛋白酶活性是米曲霉最重要的特征[15]。米曲霉作为一种安全的发酵微生物,将其制成种曲发酵CSL,在发酵过程中分泌的内切蛋白酶和外切蛋白酶能够有效水解蛋白质肽链,产生小分子的肽段或氨基酸,实现低成本适度降低CSL中的大分子蛋白,增加可溶性蛋白含量,进而提升CSL中蛋白质的营养价值和利用率。本研究利用具有高蛋白酶活性的种曲发酵降解CSL蛋白质,并探究发酵对其抗氧化活性的影响,推动了玉米加工副产物的高值化利用,符合循环经济和绿色发展理念。
玉米浆 龙江阜丰生物科技有限公司提供(齐齐哈尔,中国),贮藏于4 ℃下备用;麸皮、豆粕 当地市场;Aspergillus oryzae YY-21 本团队自有专利菌种(菌种保藏编号CGMCC No.6381);牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、干酪素、L-酪蛋白、三氯乙酸、三氯化铁、2,4,6-三吡啶基三嗪(TPTZ)、福林酚乙液、乙酸钠 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;DPPH、ABTS 上海源叶生物科技股份有限公司。
UV5紫外可见分光光度计 梅特勒-托利多贸易(上海)有限公司;ZEN3700纳米粒度电位仪 马尔文帕纳科公司;FTIR傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 德国Bruker光谱公司;Hitachi-SU8010扫描电子显微镜 日本HITACHI公司。
米曲霉种曲的制备:取15 g麸皮和5 g豆粕依次加入三角瓶中,加3 mL玉米浆与17 mL水搅拌均匀,121 ℃灭菌20 min。将Aspergillus oryzae YY-21制成孢子悬浮液(2×107~3×107个/mL),取1 mL接种至三角瓶中,培养温度为30 ℃,培养时间42 h,期间每间隔4~5 h摇瓶一次。
种曲蛋白酶活力的测定:参照SB/T 10317-1999《蛋白酶活力测定法》中规定的方法。在40 ℃下每分钟水解酪蛋白产生1 µg酪氨酸定义为1个蛋白酶活力单位。按照公式(1)计算种曲蛋白酶活力。
$ \rm{种曲蛋白酶活力}(\mathrm{U}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{A}}{10}\times 4\times N $
式中:A表示样品测定OD值后查标准曲线得相当的酪氨酸微克数;4表示4 mL反应液取出1 mL测定(即4倍),N表示酶液稀释的倍数,10表示反应10 min。
单因素实验:当固定发酵温度为52 ℃、发酵时间为5 h、pH为5.7时,以蛋白酶酶活(湿基)为计量标准,设置种曲添加量梯度为23、25、27、29、31 U/mL,考察种曲添加量对可溶性蛋白含量的影响;固定种曲添加量为27 U/mL、发酵时间为5 h、pH为5.7,设置发酵温度梯度为48、50、52、54、56 ℃,探究温度对可溶性蛋白含量的影响;在种曲添加量27 U/mL、发酵温度52 ℃、pH5.7条件下,设置发酵时间梯度为3、4、5、6、7 h,分析发酵时长的作用效果;保持种曲添加量27 U/mL、发酵温度52 ℃、发酵时间5 h,设置发酵pH梯度为5.3、5.5、5.7、5.9、6.1,考察酸碱度对可溶性蛋白含量的影响。发酵水解后玉米浆记作CSLP。
响应面优化试验:基于发酵过程中可溶性蛋白含量的变化,采用Design expert 8.06软件,根据Box-Behnken试验设计评价不同因素之间的交互作用,以确定CSL发酵的最优条件,因素与水平设计见表1。
采用Folin-酚法,以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为标准蛋白,检测不同发酵条件CSL发酵物中可溶性蛋白含量。
根据WEI等[16]的方法,采用甲醛滴定法测定样品中的氨基氮含量,记作Can(g/100 mL试样);凯氏定氮法测定样品中总氮含量记作Ctn(g/100 mL试样)。二者比值即为蛋白水解度。
$ \rm DH({\text{%}})=\frac{{C}_{\text{an}}}{{C}_{\text{tn}}}\times 100 $
取液体试样5 mL加入5 mL 10%三氯乙酸溶液(TCA),静置30 min,经4000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液经适当稀释后利用Folin-酚法测定可溶性蛋白含量,即小肽含量。
将样品配制成1 mg/mL溶液,按照纳米粒度电位仪操作说明进行粒径分布和Zeta电位测定。
称取样品0.1~0.2 g,加入适量干燥溴化钾研磨后压片,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪在400~4000 cm−1内进行扫描。
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),在3.0 kV加速电压下拍摄发酵前后CSL形貌图像,放大倍数为20000×、5000×和1000×。
参照GUO等[17]的方法略有调整,样品浓度为5 mg/mL,抗坏血酸(VC)浓度为1 mg/mL作为对照。将1 mL待测溶液与2 mL DPPH溶液(0.2 mmol/L)混合反应30 min,5000 r/min离心10 min后取上清液,在517 nm处测定其吸光度。
$ \rm DPPH\cdot 清除率({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{DPPH}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{E}}}{{\text{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0表示无水乙醇和DPPH溶液的吸光度;ADPPH表示样品和DPPH溶液的吸光度;AE表示样品和无水乙醇的吸光度。
参照WU等[18]的方法略有调整,将2.9 mL ABTS+(3.8 g/L)与55 μL过硫酸钾(37.8 g/L)混合,反应12 h。加入0.1 mL浓度为5 mg/mL的样品,反应间隔5 min,在734 nm处测定吸光度。以抗坏血酸(VC)1 mg/mL作为对照。
$ \rm {ABT}{\text{S}}^+ \cdot 清除率({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{ABTS}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{E}}}{{\text{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0表示无水乙醇和ABTS溶液的吸光度;AABTS表示样品和ABTS溶液的吸光度;AE表示样品和无水乙醇的吸光度。
参照QIAO等[19]的方法略有调整,采用铁离子还原法测定样品中的FRAP指数。FRAP工作溶液:FeCl3(20 mmol/L)、TPTZ(10 mmol/L)和乙酸钠(300 mmol/L)以1:1:10的体积比混合,37 ℃下孵育10 min。样品浓度为5 mg/mL。取100 μL样品溶液与3 mL FRAP工作液混合,避光孵育20 min,593 nm处测定吸光度。使用不同浓度的FeSO4(0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0 mmol/L)绘制标准曲线。最佳拟合线方程:y=0.4848x+0.2472,R2值为0.9994。
数据处理和统计分析采用SPSS 27,采用方差分析(ANOVA)和独立样本T检验进行统计学差异检验,P<0.05表示差异显著。所有实验至少三次重复,结果表示为平均值±标准差(SD)。使用OriginPro 2025进行绘图。
从图1A可知,可溶性蛋白含量随着蛋白酶酶活添加量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势。当蛋白酶酶活添加量<27 U/mL时,体系中蛋白酶浓度是反应的限制因素,蛋白质水解效率随酶量增加而提升。继续增加蛋白酶浓度,体系中酶分子数量充足甚至过量,底物大分子蛋白被持续彻底水解为游离氨基酸、小分子肽类。其中,小分子水解产物稳定性差,易发生聚合、絮凝沉淀,或进一步被微生物利用消耗,最终使体系中可检测的可溶性蛋白含量降低。当蛋白酶酶活添加量为27 U/mL时,发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量达到最高,为132.65±2.25 mg/mL。
温度是决定微生物生理活性的关键参数,更是影响酶活性的关键因素。由图1B可知,当发酵温度<52 ℃时,随着发酵温度的升高发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05)。当发酵温度>52 ℃时,随着发酵温度的升高发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量略有降低。这可能是由于温度超过酶最适活性温度后,酶失活速率超过反应加速速率,导致水解总速率下降[20]。因此,单因素实验确定的最适发酵温度为52 ℃。
图1C展示了不同发酵时间对发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长,发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量的变化整体呈现先升高后降低的趋势。这可能是由于成熟种曲中已积累大量高活性胞外蛋白酶及肽酶,接入发酵液后可立即与CSL中蛋白接触,将紧密结构的大分子蛋白转化为可溶性肽段,驱动可溶性蛋白含量快速上升[21]。当发酵时间为5 h时,发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量最高,为133.08±1.12 mg/mL。发酵时间继续延长后,微生物分泌的蛋白酶持续降解可溶性蛋白,同时营养物质匮乏促使菌体自溶降解,最终造成发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量下降[22]。
酶催化活性的发挥依赖特定pH环境,因此发酵体系不同pH对玉米浆发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量具有一定的影响。当pH为5.7时,发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量出现峰值,进一步增加pH其含量反而降低(图1D)。可能是由于中性蛋白酶的最适pH多为5.5~6.5,当pH为5.7时恰好处于其活性峰值区间,且在此pH下酸性蛋白酶和辅助肽酶等仍具有一定的活性,因此pH为5.7时可能是多种关键酶活性的交集高效区[23]。
响应面优化试验结果见表2。结果表明发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量与自变量蛋白酶酶活添加量(A)、温度(B)、时间(C)、pH(D)的回归方程为:Y=137.28+1.82A+0.9950B+1.53C+0.6139D−0.1531AB+0.0206AC+0.0869AD−0.2494BC−1.27BD−0.2069CD−2.94A2−1.78B2−3.17C2−2.44D2。
为了考察回归模型的可用性及各因素之间的协同效果,对回归方程进行方差分析,可溶性蛋白含量回归模型的方差分析结果见表3。
结果表明回归方程模型P<0.0001呈极显著,模型失拟项P>0.05不显著,表明所建立模型的回归方程有较好的拟合性,可以作为预测发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量优化发酵工艺参数的模型。模型的决定系数R2>0.99,校正决定系数R2Adj>0.99,以上数据表明该模型的可靠性高。表3中A、B、C、D、BD、A2、B2、C2、D2的P值均<0.001,说明相关指标对可溶性蛋白含量影响呈极显著。BC的P<0.01呈高度显著变化。CD的P<0.05呈显著变化。各因素对可溶性蛋白含量影响的顺序依次为:A(蛋白酶酶活添加量)>C(时间)>B(温度)>D(pH)。
响应面可直观反映发酵因素对发酵液中可溶性蛋白含量的交互作用。通过方差分析可知BD对可溶性蛋白含量的影响交互作用极显著(P<0.001),BC交互作用高度显著(P<0.01),CD对可溶性蛋白含量的影响交互作用显著(P<0.05),其交互作用如图2所示。
通过回归模型预测,得到玉米浆发酵最优工艺条件参数:种曲蛋白酶酶活添加量27.584 U/mL、温度52.662 ℃、时间5.213 h、pH5.74。预测可溶性蛋白含量为137.845 mg/mL。考虑到实验的可操作性,对玉米浆发酵工艺参数进行修正,分别为种曲添加量(按蛋白酶酶活计)为28 U/mL、温度53 ℃、时间5 h、pH5.7。
通过对上述参数优化验证,发现实际可溶性蛋白含量为137.83±2.07 mg/mL,实际值与模型预测值之间的相对误差较小,二者契合度较好,说明回归模型拟合度高,且具有可操作性。与未发酵CSL相比可溶性蛋白含量增加了8.81%。
蛋白质水解后蛋白质的营养价值和功能特征会发生变化,蛋白质水解度(DH)是监测蛋白质水解程度的重要参数,与肽的生理活性密切相关[16]。CSL发酵前后蛋白质DH如图3所示,CSL中DH为22.70%±0.24%,这可能是由于玉米籽粒中天然存在多种内源蛋白酶,这些酶在玉米成熟、储存及制浆过程中仍可保持部分活性,直接催化蛋白质水解,导致未发酵CSL的DH较高[24]。另外,玉米加工制成CSL过程中使用亚硫酸溶液浸泡会诱导蛋白质的化学水解。与CSL相比,CSLP的DH高度显著增加(P<0.01),为31.02%±0.35%。这可能是由于发酵过程中分泌的酶引起的。
小肽被普遍认为比大分子蛋白质更容易吸收,且功能活性更强,也是提高CSL中蛋白质营养价值和利用率的重要途径[22]。实验结果表明发酵前后CSL中小肽含量显著增加(P<0.05),其中CSLP中小肽含量为125.33±2.01 mg/mL,与CSL相比增加了7.68%。这可能是由于米曲霉具有很强的分泌水解酶的能力,主要是淀粉酶和肽酶,以及优异的蛋白质分泌能力。研究发现,米曲霉比其他近亲物种具有更多的肽酶基因,且其肽酶基因会通过基因复制进化为多种同源酶[25]。因此,发酵后CSLP中小肽含量增加。
如图4所示,CSL和发酵后CSL(即CSLP)粒径分布呈单一峰型,说明体系较稳定。其中,CSL的中位径(D50)为1157 nm,CSLP的中位径为354.4 nm。这可能是由于发酵作用破坏了CSL中蛋白质有序和紧凑的结构,从而减少了平均粒径,并将其分解成更小的结构[26]。蛋白质水解物在很大程度上对食物最终的质地口感、感官品质及健康价值的提升发挥着重要作用[27]。另外,蛋白质水解前后的Zeta电位变化是反映其表面电荷状态及胶体稳定性差异的重要指标,可用于确定粒子间排斥或吸引的强度。由图4B可知,CSL和CSLP的Zeta电位分别为−2.96±0.10 mV和−4.53±0.25 mV。水解过程中肽键断裂,蛋白质分子被切割为小分子肽段,暴露更多内部带电基团,导致表面电荷密度增加,且小分子肽的分散性更好,减少了聚集体对电荷的屏蔽效应,因此蛋白质的分解增加了Zeta电位绝对值[28]。
傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术是研究蛋白质构象的有力工具,具有高分辨率、高灵敏度和高准确性,以及操作快速简单等特点[29]。如图5所示,发酵前后CSL的红外光谱显示出相似的峰位和形状,表明其化学成分差异较小。在3302 cm−1附近的宽峰表示O-H键拉伸振动,与CSL相比CSLP峰强度降低可能与发酵过程中部分O-H键发生断裂有关[26]。蛋白质的二级结构在1600~1700 cm−1波段与酰胺Ⅰ带重合,1650 cm−1附近出现的特征吸收峰可能是由于蛋白质羰基C-O基团的伸缩振动引起的,是研究蛋白质二级结构最有信息量的带[30]。1000~1200 cm−1范围内的特征峰通常被称为“糖”带,反映了糖分子和蛋白质之间的共价键结合。
红外光谱中酰胺Ⅰ带的定量分析能够通过解卷积和二阶导数光谱进行曲线拟合来实现,可以作为蛋白质结构分析的方法之一[31]。利用Peakfit软件用于酰胺Ⅰ带光谱的曲线拟合分析,如图6所示,发酵前后CSL的FTIR光谱对酰胺Ⅰ带表现出明显的曲线拟合光谱。β-折叠为1600~1640 cm−1,无规则卷曲为1641~1650 cm−1,α-螺旋为1651~1660 cm−1,β-转弯为1661~1700 cm−1[30]。CSLP中蛋白质二级结构的定量分析结果如表4所示,α-螺旋相对含量降低了4.59%,β-折叠相对含量增加了2.82%,β-转角相对含量增加了1.77%,表明CSLP中蛋白发生了重组(降解或聚集)。其中α-螺旋与β-折叠相对含量的比值由1.61降至1.31,以及α-螺旋含量的减少均可表明蛋白质消化率的增加[32−33]。另外,释放的肽段重新组装为β-折叠和β-转角,且因其结构紧凑、氢键密集,可能抵抗酶解,从而在发酵后富集。发酵诱导次级蛋白质组分变化并提高其质量的作用机制可能与微生物酶和内源性酶的激活有关[32]。另一方面,发酵前后CSL蛋白质二级结构中均不存在无规则卷曲,这可能是由于CSL中的蛋白质本身具有较高的有序结构,天然状态下无规则卷曲占比极低[34]。
利用扫描电子显微镜在1000×、5000×和20000×放大倍数下分析了发酵前后CSL的表面形貌。如图7所示,CSL呈现多孔状结构,相同放大倍数下发酵后CSLP的结构变得更加松散,呈现出更加破碎和不规则的蜂窝状结构。发酵改变了CSL的表面结构。另外,结合发酵前后CSL中蛋白质的二级结构可知,发酵后α-螺旋相对含量减少、β-折叠相对含量增加,β-折叠的刚性片状结构易通过氢键形成线性排列的纤维状聚集体,最终呈现光滑棒状[35]。实验结果说明种曲发酵过程中能够有效分解CSL中的蛋白质,这可能有利于提升发酵后CSL蛋白的消化特性和营养性能[36−37]。
发酵是一种从天然物质中生产或提取抗氧化活性化合物的有效技术。在蛋白质水解酶的作用下,特定的肽键发生水解,从而产生丰富的肽含量。肽和蛋白质水解物已经成为天然抗氧化剂的来源[13]。
由图8可知,当样品浓度为5 mg/mL时,CSLP的DPPH自由基清除率为51.35%±2.06%,ABTS+自由基清除率为92.23%±1.57%,FRAP活性为38.54±1.87 µmol/L。较CSL分别提高了11.85%、7.16%和21.77%。CSLP的抗氧化活性显著高于CSL(P<0.05),这可能是由于大分子蛋白质受到空间位阻的影响,不易与自由基结合,种曲发酵过程中CSL中大分子蛋白质的空间结构受到破坏,暴露出大量的酶切位点和带电基团,更易与自由基结合[38−39]。
本研究提出了一种利用米曲霉种曲发酵改性玉米浆蛋白质的新技术,实现低成本适度降低CSL中的大分子蛋白质,改性后CSLP中蛋白水解度达31.02±0.35%,与未发酵CSL相比,可溶性蛋白和小肽含量分别增加了8.81%和7.68%,蛋白质平均粒径减小,Zeta电位绝对值显著增加。蛋白质二级结构中α-螺旋相对含量降低了4.59%,β-折叠增加了2.82%,β-转角增加了1.77%。改性后玉米浆的抗氧化活性显著提高,营养价值得到提升。本研究为玉米浆中蛋白质作为植物源蛋白的开发利用奠定了基础,也为玉米加工副产物的综合应用提供了新思路。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070166
  • 接收时间:2025-07-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-14
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    1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
    2黑龙江八一农垦大学国家杂粮工程技术研究中心,黑龙江大庆 163319
    3齐齐哈尔大学食品与生物工程学院,黑龙江齐齐哈尔 161006
    4黑龙江省玉米深加工理论与技术重点实验室,黑龙江齐齐哈尔 161006
    5粮食副产物加工与利用教育部工程研究中心,黑龙江大庆 163319

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刘晓兰(1962−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
郑喜群(1963−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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