Article(id=1320880139056042725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070158, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752163200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851965917, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851965917, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851965917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851965917, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=248, endPage=258, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880139269952230, articleId=1320880139056042725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Deastringency Process for Compound Bacteria-Fermented Rosa roxburghii Juice and Analysis of Differences in Nutritional Components and Metabolites, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the deastringency process of Rosa roxburghii juice fermented with a composite starter culture of Acetobacter and Rhizopus arrhizus, as well as the associated changes in nutritional components and metabolite profiles. Using raw R. roxburghii juice as the raw material and tannin degradation rate as the response value, the fermentation process was optimized through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). Differences in nutritional composition and antioxidant activity before and after fermentation were analyzed, and untargeted LC-MS-based metabolomics was employed to examine metabolite variations. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: glucose addition of 2.00%, initial pH of 3.5 (raw juice), inoculation with 0.325% R. arrhizus and 5.00% Acetobacter, and mixed fermentation for 3 days. Under these conditions, the tannin degradation rate reached 65.54%±2.31%. Compared with raw juice, the fermented juice exhibited significantly decreased contents of reducing sugars, tannins, total phenolics, and L-ascorbic acid (P<0.05), while the contents of polysaccharides and flavonoids increased significantly (P<0.05); the antioxidant activity remained stable. A total of 1926 metabolites were identified, among which 664 were screened as key differential metabolites, including 148 upregulated and 516 downregulated metabolites. The upregulated shikimic acid and phenylpropanoid compounds were mainly flavonoids. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that toluene degradation, D-amino acid metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis pathways were significantly upregulated after fermentation. In the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, typical astringent compounds such as pinocembrin, cyanidin, and myricetin were annotated, and showed significantly downregulated trends, confirming that composite probiotic fermentation could effectively reduce the astringency and improve the taste of R. roxburghii juice. Meanwhile, the increase in flavonoids contributed to the maintenance of stable antioxidant activity. This study provides a scientific basis for the development of functional beverages from Rosa roxburghii.

, authors=Qinghua HUANG1, Jiaqi HUANG1, Lining WANG1, Biao HU1, Qingfu WANG1, *, Fuyong XU2, authorsList=Qinghua HUANG, Jiaqi HUANG, Lining WANG, Biao HU, Qingfu WANG, Fuyong XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingfu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880142847693561, articleId=1320880139056042725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=复合菌发酵刺梨原汁脱涩工艺优化及其营养成分和代谢物差异分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究醋酸菌-少根根霉复合发酵刺梨原汁脱涩工艺及发酵过程营养成分变化与代谢物差异,本文以刺梨原汁为原料,以单宁降解率为响应值,通过单因素及响应面试验优化其发酵工艺,分析发酵前后营养成分差异及抗氧化活性,采用基于LC-MS的非靶向代谢组学方法,分析发酵后代谢物的差异和变化。结果表明,最佳发酵工艺为葡萄糖添加量2.00%、初始pH3.5(原汁),接入少根根霉0.325%、醋酸菌5.00%、混合发酵3 d,在此条件下,单宁降解率为65.54%±2.31%。刺梨原汁经最优发酵工艺发酵后还原糖、单宁、总酚和L-抗坏血酸含量显著下降(P<0.05),而多糖和黄酮含量显著增加(P<0.05),抗氧化活性保持稳定。刺梨原汁发酵前后共鉴定到1926个代谢物,筛选出664种关键差异代谢物,其中148种上调,516种下调,莽草酸和苯丙素类上调物质主要以黄酮类为主。KEGG通路富集显示,甲苯降解、D氨基酸代谢、氨基酸的生物合成在发酵后显著上调。在类黄酮生物合成途径中注释到短叶松素、花青素和杨梅素等典型的涩味成分,呈显著下调趋势,证实复合益生菌发酵可显著降低刺梨汁涩味,改善口感,同时黄酮类成分的增加有利于抗氧化活性保持稳定,为刺梨功能性饮品开发提供了科学依据。

, authors=黄清铧1, 黄家埼1, 王丽宁1, 胡彪1, 王庆福1, *, 许付勇2, authorsList=黄清铧, 黄家埼, 王丽宁, 胡彪, 王庆福, 许付勇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王庆福, authorNote=

黄清铧(1988−),女,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:微生物发酵与农产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王庆福(1986−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=I2ZXQKWfkT4IH4NwRZE+5Q==, magXml=4VL5OYRRRvnP6pQNb3UKSw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lLKLgSddkGXIsTbYF/n52w==, pdfFileSize=2344460, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=QvelQBBAEz0qdVS7fmukow==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+N8UYbaL6zxYWEUVw8uPsw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880143376175874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=qinghuahuang88@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880143455867652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, authorId=1320880143376175874, language=EN, stringName=Qinghua HUANG, firstName=Qinghua, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences; Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center; Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-value Utilization; Collaborative Innovation Center for Research and Application of Functional Components from Medicinal and Edible Sources; Research and Development Center for Industrialization of Medicinal and Edible Yabai Essential Oil, Guangzhou 510316, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320880143522976517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, authorId=1320880143376175874, language=CN, stringName=黄清铧, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所,广东省植物纤维综合利用工程技术研究开发中心,广东省生物质高值化利用工程实验室,药食同源功效成分研发与应用协同创新中心,药食同源崖柏精油产业化研究工程中心,广东广州 510316, bio={"content":"

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Food Chemistry: X, 2023, 20: 100943., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880162086966147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Zibin, WU Xuehui, CHEN Pinjie, et al. Identification of tannin from Phyllanthus emblica and its mechanism of astringency caused by interaction with saliva protein in vitro[J]. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2025, 18(4): 4025−4034., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880162145686404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Chi, LIU Xinyue, MA Qing, et al. Design, synthesis, and antitumor activity of isoliquiritigenin amino acid ester derivatives[J]. 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Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2024, 47(4): 801−808., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880143099351802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880143107740411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, companyId=1320880143099351802, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences; Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center; Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-value Utilization; Collaborative Innovation Center for Research and Application of Functional Components from Medicinal and Edible Sources; Research and Development Center for Industrialization of Medicinal and Edible Yabai Essential Oil, Guangzhou 510316, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880143116129020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, companyId=1320880143099351802, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所,广东省植物纤维综合利用工程技术研究开发中心,广东省生物质高值化利用工程实验室,药食同源功效成分研发与应用协同创新中心,药食同源崖柏精油产业化研究工程中心,广东广州 510316)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880143187432190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880143204209407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, companyId=1320880143187432190, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Guiyuan Ecological Food Co., Ltd. of Guizhou Province, Qiannanzhou 551200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880143212598016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, companyId=1320880143187432190, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2贵州省贵源生态食品有限公司,贵州黔南州 551200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880147297850154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Results of single-factor experiment, figureFileSmall=G2IEiGMCA2ck7LN8QJfa8Q==, figureFileBig=QvelQBBAEz0qdVS7fmukow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880147583062827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=图1, caption=单因素实验结果

注:不同小写字母表示组内差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=G2IEiGMCA2ck7LN8QJfa8Q==, figureFileBig=QvelQBBAEz0qdVS7fmukow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880147817943855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Evaluation of antioxidant activity before and after fermentation, figureFileSmall=7PFEU45RVrxxM5hpZpIFxA==, figureFileBig=faCAcpd7AkJ1KrgBc+d11Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880148061213489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=图2, caption=发酵前后抗氧化活性评价, figureFileSmall=7PFEU45RVrxxM5hpZpIFxA==, figureFileBig=faCAcpd7AkJ1KrgBc+d11Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880148161876786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Donut plot of metabolite classification, figureFileSmall=VN6mATI6JkbUxQyrCXVvSQ==, figureFileBig=QLnPToHNTof1inOfdJ8G1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880148421923635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=图3, caption=代谢物分类环形图, figureFileSmall=VN6mATI6JkbUxQyrCXVvSQ==, figureFileBig=QLnPToHNTof1inOfdJ8G1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880148518392628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Score scatter plot of PCA model for group, figureFileSmall=shA9XA/1iPtZKXAxeA/jqQ==, figureFileBig=dBSFjU0rl4QfuyQp7s7yXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880148577112885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PCA模型得分散点图, figureFileSmall=shA9XA/1iPtZKXAxeA/jqQ==, figureFileBig=dBSFjU0rl4QfuyQp7s7yXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880148849742646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Volcano plot of differential metabolite screening, figureFileSmall=as51fLhYQqgdH1U1abRTog==, figureFileBig=tHk1KxapfjPtM+VAbnjWyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880148908462903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=图5, caption=差异代谢物筛选火山图, figureFileSmall=as51fLhYQqgdH1U1abRTog==, figureFileBig=tHk1KxapfjPtM+VAbnjWyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880148979766072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=KEGG classification of differential metabolites, figureFileSmall=9SQJQtQ3RQzSACf804nNyA==, figureFileBig=+vnHN7tnA4f3dL7SyddMGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880149046874937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=图6, caption=差异代谢物KEGG分类, figureFileSmall=9SQJQtQ3RQzSACf804nNyA==, figureFileBig=+vnHN7tnA4f3dL7SyddMGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880149101400890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=KEGG enrichment of differential metabolites, figureFileSmall=w6CTr/v9JVoiv9Awp1DANw==, figureFileBig=EyTyHyUsG6+cxyDgEdvR9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880149353059131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=图7, caption=差异代谢物KEGG富集, figureFileSmall=w6CTr/v9JVoiv9Awp1DANw==, figureFileBig=EyTyHyUsG6+cxyDgEdvR9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880149436945212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Differential abundance score plot, figureFileSmall=u/IU5Qmto9KMcMXKD3K01A==, figureFileBig=yie+xZn5TZ2PWSLzOEVGOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880149676020541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=图8, caption=差异丰度得分图

注:***表示选取极其显著差异(P<0.001)的代谢物质进行差异丰度分析。

, figureFileSmall=u/IU5Qmto9KMcMXKD3K01A==, figureFileBig=yie+xZn5TZ2PWSLzOEVGOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880149764100926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=KEGG pathway diagram, figureFileSmall=WSmRlO6+kTNU1oEB/G5ryA==, figureFileBig=mT1QqtNDONPy0agURld2aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880150099645247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=图9, caption=KEGG通路图

注:亮红/亮蓝色标记的是差异代谢物。

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Factors and levels of response surface experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A少根根霉接种量(%)B醋酸菌接种量(%)C发酵时间(d)
−10.233
00.344
10.455
), ArticleFig(id=1320880151647343425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验的因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A少根根霉接种量(%)B醋酸菌接种量(%)C发酵时间(d)
−10.233
00.344
10.455
), ArticleFig(id=1320880151773172546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Box-Behnken experimental design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABC单宁降解率(%)
1−10149.58
200052.98
3−11049.55
410−159.19
50−1154.11
600056.49
7−10−150.48
800052.12
900056.65
1001−165.06
111−1049.15
1211050.31
13−1−1043.21
140−1−160.55
1500054.75
1601155.81
1710146.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320880151831892803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Box-Behnken试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号ABC单宁降解率(%)
1−10149.58
200052.98
3−11049.55
410−159.19
50−1154.11
600056.49
7−10−150.48
800052.12
900056.65
1001−165.06
111−1049.15
1211050.31
13−1−1043.21
140−1−160.55
1500054.75
1601155.81
1710146.36
), ArticleFig(id=1320880152138076996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型452.22950.2520.170.0003**
A18.62118.627.480.0291*
B23.5123.59.430.0180*
C108.221108.2243.450.0003**
AB6.6916.692.690.1453
AC35.63135.6314.310.0069**
BC1.9711.970.79260.4029
A2207.081207.0883.14<0.0001**
B20.924110.92410.3710.5617
C261.29161.2924.610.0016**
残差17.4372.49−−
失拟项0.877330.29240.07060.9726
纯误差16.5644.14−−
总和469.6516−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320880152200991557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值
模型452.22950.2520.170.0003**
A18.62118.627.480.0291*
B23.5123.59.430.0180*
C108.221108.2243.450.0003**
AB6.6916.692.690.1453
AC35.63135.6314.310.0069**
BC1.9711.970.79260.4029
A2207.081207.0883.14<0.0001**
B20.924110.92410.3710.5617
C261.29161.2924.610.0016**
残差17.4372.49−−
失拟项0.877330.29240.07060.9726
纯误差16.5644.14−−
总和469.6516−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1320880152268100422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes in nutritional components before and after fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分(g/L)发酵前发酵后
多糖0.62±0.090.96±0.08**
还原糖45.83±1.32**31.09±4.88
单宁6.20±0.22**1.95±0.12
总酚12.91±1.38**7.94±0.35
L-抗坏血酸18.86±1.75**7.58±0.70
黄酮1.05±0.161.78±0.09**
), ArticleFig(id=1320880152360375111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

发酵前后营养成分变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分(g/L)发酵前发酵后
多糖0.62±0.090.96±0.08**
还原糖45.83±1.32**31.09±4.88
单宁6.20±0.22**1.95±0.12
总酚12.91±1.38**7.94±0.35
L-抗坏血酸18.86±1.75**7.58±0.70
黄酮1.05±0.161.78±0.09**
), ArticleFig(id=1320880152414901064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Differentially metabolized substances before and after fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别差异代谢物
总数量
显著上调代谢物显著下调代谢物
数量主要物质名称数量主要物质名称
莽草酸和
苯丙素类
21931羟基酪醇、3-甲基儿茶酚、沙棘苷、7-乙酰氧基香豆素、西瑞香素、狐衣酸、7-甲氧基黄烷醇、泡桐素、杨梅素糖苷、异甘草素、新北美圣草苷、珊瑚菜素188原花青素C1、原花青素B2、鞣花酸、没食子酸、绿原酸甲酯、橙皮苷、云香内脂、儿茶素7-O-芹菜呋喃糖苷、儿茶素7-阿拉伯糖、芒果苷元、芦丁、白蔹素a
萜类化合物13622依普利酮、通关藤皂苷H、细叶远志皂苷、胡黄连苷III、柴胡皂苷B2、黄楝素C114甘草次酸、贝萼皂苷元、皂皮酸、淫羊藿次苷 C1、毛冬青皂苷元A、黄夹次甙乙、羟基积雪草酸、苜蓿酸、樟脑、琥珀酸
其他10915地衣酚、3-丁炔酸、4甲基儿茶酚、间甲酚、姜酮94乙醛酸、二苯甲酰硫胺素、5-氨基-4-咪唑-N-琥珀酰氨甲酰核糖核苷酸
脂肪酸672216-羟基十六烷酸、2-羟基-3-甲基丁酸、2-羟基十八烷酸、2-羟基-4-甲硫基丁酸、2-酮戊二酸、柠康酸、衣康酸、植物鞘氨醇45辛酸乙酯、4-乙基辛酸、十一酸、癸酸、丙戊酸、马来酸、乳酸丁酯、12 -羟基茉莉酸硫酸酯
生物碱类5327脱硫生物素、1-甲基吡咯烷、消旋肾上腺素、吲哚3-乳酸、左旋异肾上腺素、核黄素、去甲变肾上腺素、哌唑嗪、帕米格雷、1,3-二甲基尿酸、雷西莫特26烟酰胺、替米沙坦、利波腺苷、嘌呤、7-甲基黄嘌呤、吡啶酰胺、1-甲基黄嘌呤、长春新碱、阿帕泛
聚酮类287间苯三酚、麦芽酚、曲酸、原金丝桃素、大黄素甲醚21抗坏血酸、苯乙酮糖苷、芦荟宁、间苯三酚葡萄糖苷、金丝桃素、斑点酸
氨基酸及短肽3227L-脯氨酰-L-苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、脯氨酰苯丙氨酸11精氨酸、谷氨酸、亚氨基二乙酸、L-高丝氨酸、L-精氨琥珀酸、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺
碳水化合物203葡萄糖酸、棉子糖、乳糖醛酸17β-D-吡喃果糖、腺苷ニ磷酸核糖、甘油醛、二羟丙酮、黄嘌呤核苷-5'-单磷酸、半乳糖、山梨糖、甘露糖、木糖
), ArticleFig(id=1320880152502981449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880139056042725, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

发酵前后差异代谢物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别差异代谢物
总数量
显著上调代谢物显著下调代谢物
数量主要物质名称数量主要物质名称
莽草酸和
苯丙素类
21931羟基酪醇、3-甲基儿茶酚、沙棘苷、7-乙酰氧基香豆素、西瑞香素、狐衣酸、7-甲氧基黄烷醇、泡桐素、杨梅素糖苷、异甘草素、新北美圣草苷、珊瑚菜素188原花青素C1、原花青素B2、鞣花酸、没食子酸、绿原酸甲酯、橙皮苷、云香内脂、儿茶素7-O-芹菜呋喃糖苷、儿茶素7-阿拉伯糖、芒果苷元、芦丁、白蔹素a
萜类化合物13622依普利酮、通关藤皂苷H、细叶远志皂苷、胡黄连苷III、柴胡皂苷B2、黄楝素C114甘草次酸、贝萼皂苷元、皂皮酸、淫羊藿次苷 C1、毛冬青皂苷元A、黄夹次甙乙、羟基积雪草酸、苜蓿酸、樟脑、琥珀酸
其他10915地衣酚、3-丁炔酸、4甲基儿茶酚、间甲酚、姜酮94乙醛酸、二苯甲酰硫胺素、5-氨基-4-咪唑-N-琥珀酰氨甲酰核糖核苷酸
脂肪酸672216-羟基十六烷酸、2-羟基-3-甲基丁酸、2-羟基十八烷酸、2-羟基-4-甲硫基丁酸、2-酮戊二酸、柠康酸、衣康酸、植物鞘氨醇45辛酸乙酯、4-乙基辛酸、十一酸、癸酸、丙戊酸、马来酸、乳酸丁酯、12 -羟基茉莉酸硫酸酯
生物碱类5327脱硫生物素、1-甲基吡咯烷、消旋肾上腺素、吲哚3-乳酸、左旋异肾上腺素、核黄素、去甲变肾上腺素、哌唑嗪、帕米格雷、1,3-二甲基尿酸、雷西莫特26烟酰胺、替米沙坦、利波腺苷、嘌呤、7-甲基黄嘌呤、吡啶酰胺、1-甲基黄嘌呤、长春新碱、阿帕泛
聚酮类287间苯三酚、麦芽酚、曲酸、原金丝桃素、大黄素甲醚21抗坏血酸、苯乙酮糖苷、芦荟宁、间苯三酚葡萄糖苷、金丝桃素、斑点酸
氨基酸及短肽3227L-脯氨酰-L-苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、脯氨酰苯丙氨酸11精氨酸、谷氨酸、亚氨基二乙酸、L-高丝氨酸、L-精氨琥珀酸、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺
碳水化合物203葡萄糖酸、棉子糖、乳糖醛酸17β-D-吡喃果糖、腺苷ニ磷酸核糖、甘油醛、二羟丙酮、黄嘌呤核苷-5'-单磷酸、半乳糖、山梨糖、甘露糖、木糖
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复合菌发酵刺梨原汁脱涩工艺优化及其营养成分和代谢物差异分析
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黄清铧 1 , 黄家埼 1 , 王丽宁 1 , 胡彪 1 , 王庆福 1, * , 许付勇 2
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(15): 248-258
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (15) : 248 -258
复合菌发酵刺梨原汁脱涩工艺优化及其营养成分和代谢物差异分析
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黄清铧1 , 黄家埼1, 王丽宁1, 胡彪1, 王庆福1, * , 许付勇2
作者信息
  • 1广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所,广东省植物纤维综合利用工程技术研究开发中心,广东省生物质高值化利用工程实验室,药食同源功效成分研发与应用协同创新中心,药食同源崖柏精油产业化研究工程中心,广东广州 510316
  • 2贵州省贵源生态食品有限公司,贵州黔南州 551200
通讯作者:
王庆福(1986−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

黄清铧(1988−),女,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:微生物发酵与农产品加工,E-mail:

Optimization of Deastringency Process for Compound Bacteria-Fermented Rosa roxburghii Juice and Analysis of Differences in Nutritional Components and Metabolites
Qinghua HUANG1 , Jiaqi HUANG1, Lining WANG1, Biao HU1, Qingfu WANG1, * , Fuyong XU2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences; Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center; Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-value Utilization; Collaborative Innovation Center for Research and Application of Functional Components from Medicinal and Edible Sources; Research and Development Center for Industrialization of Medicinal and Edible Yabai Essential Oil, Guangzhou 510316, China
  • 2Guiyuan Ecological Food Co., Ltd. of Guizhou Province, Qiannanzhou 551200, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070158
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为探究醋酸菌-少根根霉复合发酵刺梨原汁脱涩工艺及发酵过程营养成分变化与代谢物差异,本文以刺梨原汁为原料,以单宁降解率为响应值,通过单因素及响应面试验优化其发酵工艺,分析发酵前后营养成分差异及抗氧化活性,采用基于LC-MS的非靶向代谢组学方法,分析发酵后代谢物的差异和变化。结果表明,最佳发酵工艺为葡萄糖添加量2.00%、初始pH3.5(原汁),接入少根根霉0.325%、醋酸菌5.00%、混合发酵3 d,在此条件下,单宁降解率为65.54%±2.31%。刺梨原汁经最优发酵工艺发酵后还原糖、单宁、总酚和L-抗坏血酸含量显著下降(P<0.05),而多糖和黄酮含量显著增加(P<0.05),抗氧化活性保持稳定。刺梨原汁发酵前后共鉴定到1926个代谢物,筛选出664种关键差异代谢物,其中148种上调,516种下调,莽草酸和苯丙素类上调物质主要以黄酮类为主。KEGG通路富集显示,甲苯降解、D氨基酸代谢、氨基酸的生物合成在发酵后显著上调。在类黄酮生物合成途径中注释到短叶松素、花青素和杨梅素等典型的涩味成分,呈显著下调趋势,证实复合益生菌发酵可显著降低刺梨汁涩味,改善口感,同时黄酮类成分的增加有利于抗氧化活性保持稳定,为刺梨功能性饮品开发提供了科学依据。

刺梨  /  复合菌  /  发酵工艺  /  营养成分  /  非靶向代谢组学

This study aimed to investigate the deastringency process of Rosa roxburghii juice fermented with a composite starter culture of Acetobacter and Rhizopus arrhizus, as well as the associated changes in nutritional components and metabolite profiles. Using raw R. roxburghii juice as the raw material and tannin degradation rate as the response value, the fermentation process was optimized through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). Differences in nutritional composition and antioxidant activity before and after fermentation were analyzed, and untargeted LC-MS-based metabolomics was employed to examine metabolite variations. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: glucose addition of 2.00%, initial pH of 3.5 (raw juice), inoculation with 0.325% R. arrhizus and 5.00% Acetobacter, and mixed fermentation for 3 days. Under these conditions, the tannin degradation rate reached 65.54%±2.31%. Compared with raw juice, the fermented juice exhibited significantly decreased contents of reducing sugars, tannins, total phenolics, and L-ascorbic acid (P<0.05), while the contents of polysaccharides and flavonoids increased significantly (P<0.05); the antioxidant activity remained stable. A total of 1926 metabolites were identified, among which 664 were screened as key differential metabolites, including 148 upregulated and 516 downregulated metabolites. The upregulated shikimic acid and phenylpropanoid compounds were mainly flavonoids. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that toluene degradation, D-amino acid metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis pathways were significantly upregulated after fermentation. In the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, typical astringent compounds such as pinocembrin, cyanidin, and myricetin were annotated, and showed significantly downregulated trends, confirming that composite probiotic fermentation could effectively reduce the astringency and improve the taste of R. roxburghii juice. Meanwhile, the increase in flavonoids contributed to the maintenance of stable antioxidant activity. This study provides a scientific basis for the development of functional beverages from Rosa roxburghii.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt.  /  complex microorganisms  /  fermentation process  /  nutritional ingredient  /  non-targeted metabolomics
黄清铧, 黄家埼, 王丽宁, 胡彪, 王庆福, 许付勇. 复合菌发酵刺梨原汁脱涩工艺优化及其营养成分和代谢物差异分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 248 -258 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070158
Qinghua HUANG, Jiaqi HUANG, Lining WANG, Biao HU, Qingfu WANG, Fuyong XU. Optimization of Deastringency Process for Compound Bacteria-Fermented Rosa roxburghii Juice and Analysis of Differences in Nutritional Components and Metabolites[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 248 -258 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070158
刺梨(Rosa roxburghii Tratt.)是蔷薇科蔷薇属刺梨的果实,作为我国西南地区特有的药食两用植物资源,主要分布于我国贵州、四川、云南等地,贵州刺梨资源尤为丰富,已成为贵州省重点发展的药食同源经济作物[1]。刺梨果实含有极高的维生素C含量,此外还富含黄酮类化合物、多糖、酚酸、三萜类、超氧化物歧化酶以及多种微量元素等活性成分[2],具有调节机体免疫[3]、抗氧化[4]、延缓衰老[5]、抗动脉粥样硬化[6]、缓解肺损伤[7]、抗肿瘤等功能[8]。近年来,随着健康生活方式的普及以及人们对大健康理念的重视,刺梨发酵产品及相关的研究报道越来越多,主要集中在菌种筛选、发酵工艺优化以及发酵产物成分分析与功效评价等方面。发酵工艺的优化是提升产品品质的关键,研究报道表明,通过发酵可显著改变刺梨的理化特性和生物活性,包括活性成分转化[9−10]、抗氧化活性提升[11]、风味物质重组[12]以及功能特性拓展[13]等方面。
单宁是一类具有收敛性、有苦涩味的植物多酚。刺梨鲜果含有高浓度单宁类物质,导致其压榨原汁具有强烈的苦涩味,极大地限制了刺梨果汁的应用。传统脱涩方法主要包括物理法、化学法和生物酶法。但这些方法存在有效成分损失、处理时间长、易残留且微生物风险高等局限性,不适用于大规模生产。生物发酵脱涩是另一重要研究方向,生物发酵脱涩技术通过微生物及其酶系的高效、特异性作用,不仅能有效去除果汁的涩味,还能保留甚至提升其营养功能和风味,同时兼具环境友好的特性。有研究表明,采用米曲霉、酵母菌和乳酸菌复合发酵可有效降低刺梨汁单宁含量40%~60%[14]。魏涛涛等[15]研究乳酸菌发酵前后刺梨汁品质变化得出,干酪乳杆菌对刺梨单宁降解率达到40%以上,发酵后保留了刺梨汁的主要营养成分,并增加了刺梨汁的果香,对改善刺梨汁风味起到了积极作用。本文课题组前期在刺梨汁自然发酵中分离到一株能够在刺梨原汁低pH条件下快速生长,并降低刺梨原汁中单宁含量的少根根霉CLF001[16]。通过发酵后刺梨汁的感官评价,筛选乳酸菌、酵母菌、醋酸菌、红曲霉、根霉等10余种微生物,筛选到对刺梨脱涩效果较优的微生物组合,用其发酵3 d,即可显著提升多糖和黄酮等含量,降低单宁的含量,使得发酵刺梨原汁涩味不明显,研究发现该复合菌中醋酸菌与少根根霉为脱涩的主要贡献菌株[17]。由于不同菌种在刺梨发酵过程中物质转化途径与调控机制不同,特别是多糖降解与重构、黄酮苷生物转化、风味物质形成等关键过程的分子机制仍不清楚。因此,本研究以醋酸菌与少根根霉为出发菌株,以刺梨汁中主要涩味成分(单宁)降解率为响应值优化醋酸菌-少根根霉复合菌发酵刺梨原汁降解单宁工艺,通过非靶向代谢组学对刺梨发酵产物进行代谢物分析,挖掘差异代谢物及相关重要通路,明确发酵过程中代谢物的变化规律,为刺梨发酵产品开发与应用提供理论支撑。
刺梨原汁 源自贵龙5号有籽刺梨,可溶性固形物8%,碳水化合物7.0 g/100 mL,pH3.5,由贵州省贵源生态食品有限公司提供;醋酸菌(ATCC 23768)、少根根霉CLF001 本实验室保藏;MRS肉汤、MRS琼脂、马铃薯葡萄糖水、PDA等培养基 青岛海博生物技术有限公司;醋酸菌培养基 葡萄糖8 g、酵母粉10 g、碳酸钙5 g、琼脂15~20 g、水1000 mL,pH5.5,0.1 MPa灭菌20 min;醋酸菌液体增殖培养基 葡萄糖10 g,酵母粉10 g,pH5.5,水1000 mL灭菌后加入酒精(食用级)40 mL;没食子酸、葡萄糖、芦丁、L-抗坏血酸 标准品,纯度≥99%,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;其他分析试剂均为国产AR级。
GZBG-D1小型组合式全温振荡培养箱 象尚昱科(上海)实验仪器有限公司;CR22N立式低温高速离心机 天美仪拓实验室设备(上海)有限公司;UV-1750紫外可见分光光度计 日本岛津公司;U445超低温冰箱 西班牙Telstar公司;3-30KS低温离心机 德国Sigma公司;Vanquish超高效液相色谱仪、OrbitrapEx-ploris 120质谱仪 德国赛默飞世尔科技。
取刺梨汁100 mL于250 mL三角瓶中,pH自然,分别添加2%的葡萄糖、葡萄糖:蔗糖(2:1)、葡萄糖:蔗糖(1:1)、葡萄糖:蔗糖(1:2)、蔗糖,同时接入醋酸菌3%,少根根霉0.2%,于30 ℃,150 r/min条件下,振荡培养4 d,以发酵后单宁降解率为评价指标,考察葡萄糖与蔗糖比例对刺梨汁单宁降解率的影响。
取刺梨汁100 mL于250 mL三角瓶中,添加2%的葡萄糖,因pH过低对微生物生长不利,因此取原汁pH3.5为最低组别,用氢氧化钠分别调节pH为4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0;同时接入醋酸菌3%,少根根霉0.2%,于30 ℃,150 r/min条件下,振荡培养4 d,以发酵后单宁降解率为评价指标,考察pH对刺梨汁单宁降解率的影响。
取刺梨汁100 mL于250 mL三角瓶中,pH自然,分别添加1%、2%、3%、4%、5%的葡萄糖;同时接入醋酸菌3%,少根根霉0.2%,于30 ℃,150 r/min条件下,振荡培养4 d,以发酵后单宁降解率为评价指标,考察葡萄糖添加量对刺梨汁单宁降解率的影响。
取刺梨汁100 mL于250 mL三角瓶中,pH自然,添加2%的葡萄糖,分别接入0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%的少根根霉和3%的醋酸菌;于30 ℃,150 r/min条件下,振荡培养4 d,以发酵后单宁降解率为评价指标,考察少根根霉接种量对刺梨汁单宁降解率的影响。
取刺梨汁100 mL于250 mL三角瓶中,pH自然,添加2%的葡萄糖,分别接入2%、3%、4%、5%、6%的醋酸菌和0.3%的少根根霉;于30 ℃,150 r/min条件下,振荡培养4 d,以发酵后单宁降解率为评价指标,考察醋酸菌接种量对刺梨汁单宁降解率的影响。
取刺梨汁100 mL于250 mL三角瓶中,pH自然,添加2%的葡萄糖,接入4%的醋酸菌和0.3%的少根根霉;于30 ℃,150 r/min条件下,分别振荡培养2、3、4、5、6 d,以发酵后单宁降解率为评价指标,考察发酵时间对刺梨汁单宁降解率的影响。
在单因素实验的基础上,选取少根根霉接种量(A)、醋酸菌接种量(B)和发酵时间(C)为自变量,以单宁降解率(Y)为响应值,设计3因素3水平响应面试验,使用Design-Expert13.0软件进行试验的优化设计,响应面试验因素与水平见表1。
样品处理:发酵后样品经8000 r/min离心5 min后保留上清液,取发酵前后刺梨汁各1 mL,加入2 mL无水乙醇,超声提取5 min,8000 r/min离心5 min,备用。单宁含量测定:参照NY/T 1600-2008《水果、蔬菜及其制品中单宁含量的测定分光光度法》[18],每组3个重复。以没食子酸浓度为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线:y=0.0105x+0.0083,R2=0.9982。
样品处理:发酵后样品经8000 r/min离心5 min后保留上清液,取发酵前后刺梨汁各1 mL,加入4倍体积无水乙醇,充分混匀后于4 ℃静置过夜,8000 r/min离心5 min,所得沉淀用80%乙醇清洗3次,加入5.0 mL水溶解,即为多糖待测液。多糖含量测定:参照团体标准T/GZCX 019-2022《刺梨及其制品中多糖含量的测定》[19],每组3个重复。以葡萄糖浓度为横坐标,吸光度值为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线为y=5.2494x+0.0552,R2=0.9945。
样品处理:发酵后样品经8000 r/min离心5 min后保留上清液,取发酵前后刺梨汁各1 mL与1 mL无水乙醇混合,超声处理30 min后,8000 r/min离心5 min,收集上清液备用。总酚含量测定:参照T/GZCX 020-2022《刺梨及其制品中总酚含量的测定》[20],每组3个重复。以没食子酸浓度为横坐标,吸光度值为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线:y=0.015x+0.0337,R2=0.9989。
样品处理:发酵后样品经8000 r/min离心5 min后保留上清液,取发酵前后刺梨汁各1.0 mL,加入2.0 mL无水乙醇,超声处理30 min后,8000 r/min离心5 min,收集上清液备用。总黄酮含量测定:参照T/GZCX 018-2022《刺梨及其制品中总黄酮含量的测定》[21],每组3个重复。以芦丁浓度为横坐标,吸光度值为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线:y=5.7801x+0.1029,R2=0.999。
参考GB 5009.86-2016《食品中抗坏血酸的测定 第三法 2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法》[22]。标定:取1.0 mL浓度为1 mg/mL的L(+)-抗坏血酸标准溶液,加入10 mL 20 g/L偏磷酸溶液摇匀,用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定至粉红色,保持15 s不褪色,同时做空白组。计算2,6-二氯靛酚的滴定度$ \mathrm{T} $=0.0793。测定:取发酵前后刺梨汁1 mL于50 mL锥形瓶中,加蒸馏水稀释10倍后,加入10 mL偏磷酸溶液,用标定过的2,6-二氯靛酚溶液滴定,直至溶液呈粉红色15 s不褪色为止,同时做空白组。根据公式(1)计算L-抗坏血酸含量(X):
$ \mathrm{X}(\mathrm{mg}/\text{mL})=\frac{(\mathrm{V}-{\mathrm{V}}_{0})\times \mathrm{T}}{\mathrm{m}} $
式中:V为滴定试样消耗2,6-二氯靛酚溶液的体积(mL);V0为滴定空白消耗2,6-二氯靛酚溶液的体积(mL);T为2,6-二氯靛酚的滴定度(mg/mL);m为试样的量(mL)。
采用DNS法测定还原糖含量。取发酵前后样品经8000 r/min,离心5 min,取稀释至合适倍数的样品0.5 mL加0.5 mL DNS试剂,沸水浴5 min,取出冷却,加蒸馏水补足至5 mL,于540 nm处测吸光度,每组3个重复。标准曲线通过葡萄糖制得,同时做试剂空白,540 nm处测定吸光度,以葡萄糖浓度为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线:y=1.9215x−0.0288,R2=0.9966。
参考 GB/T 39100-2020《多肽抗氧化性测定 DPPH和ABTS法》[23]并作修改。
准确称取19.716 mg DPPH,用无水乙醇定容100 mL容量瓶中,得到浓度为1 mmol/L的DPPH溶液。在3.0 mL DPPH溶液中加入1.0 mL稀释400倍后的发酵前后刺梨汁,室温避光反应30 min,测定波长517 nm处的吸光度Ai。以等体积无水乙醇代替DPPH溶液测定样品本底吸光度Aj,以等体积蒸馏水代替刺梨汁样品溶液测定空白对照吸光度A0,根据公式(2)计算DPPH自由基清除率(P):
$ \mathrm{P}({\text{%}})=\left( 1-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{i}}-{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{j}}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}\right) \times 100 $
以L-抗坏血酸为阳性对照,以L-抗坏血酸质量浓度为横坐标,DPPH自由基清除率为纵坐标,绘制曲线为:y=642.03x−35.557,R2=0.9996。
准确称取200 mg ABTS和34.4 mg过硫酸钾溶于水定容至50 mL,摇匀,室温避光放置24 h后,作为ABTS母液。取适量母液,用95%乙醇稀释至吸光值在0.70±0.02左右(波长734 nm),作为ABTS测定液。在3.0 mL ABTS测定溶液中,加入稀释2000倍的发酵前后刺梨汁1.0 mL,室温避光反应5 min,测定734 nm波长处的吸光度Ai,以等体积蒸馏水代替ABTS工作液测定样品本底吸光度Aj,以等体积蒸馏水代替刺梨汁样品溶液测定空白对照吸光度A0,根据公式(3)计算ABTS+自由基清除率(P):
$ \rm {P}({\text{%}})=\left( 1-\frac{{A}_{i}-{A}_{j}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
以L-抗坏血酸为阳性对照,以L-抗坏血酸质量浓度为横坐标,ABTS+自由基清除率为纵坐标,绘制曲线为:y=5736x−0.1618,R2=0.9985。
采用液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)法。使用Vanquish超高效液相色谱仪,通过Phenomenex Kinetex C18 (2.1 mm×50 mm,2.6 μm)液相色谱柱对目标化合物进行色谱分离。液相色谱A相为水相,含0.01%乙酸,B相为异丙醇:乙腈(1:1,v/v),梯度洗脱(0~0.25 min,95%B;0.25~3.5 min,95%~65%B;3.5~4.0 min,65%~40%B;4.0~4.5 min,40%B;4.5~4.55 min,40%~95%B;4.55~6 min,95%B)。样品盘温度:4 ℃,进样体积:2 μL。Orbitrap Exploris 120质谱仪能够在控制软件(Xcalibur,版本:4.4,Thermo)控制下进行一级、二级质谱数据采集。详细参数如下:鞘气流量:50 Arb,辅助气流量:15 Arb,离子传输管温度:320 ℃,全质谱分辨率:60000,MS/MS分辨率:15000,碰撞能量:SNCE 20/30/40,喷雾电压:3.8 kV(positive)或−3.4 kV(negative),扫描范围70~1500。
实验重复三次,采用平均值±标准差表示。利用SPSS19.0软件对数据进行方差分析和相关性分析等。组间差异采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)检验,进行Tukey多重比较检验;*P<0.05和**P<0.01分别为差异显著和差异极显著。质谱原始数据经ProteoWizard软件(V3.0.24054)转成mzXML格式后,使用R包进行代谢物鉴定和可视化分析。
不同发酵条件对果蔬单宁的降解效果不同[15,24]。单因素实验结果显示,不同葡萄糖与蔗糖比例(图1A)对刺梨汁单宁降解率的影响不同,添加葡萄糖发酵,单宁降解率最高为37.11%±3.19%,添加葡萄糖与蔗糖对单宁降解率有显著影响(P<0.05),但是以葡萄糖为主的组别间没有显著性差异,因此选葡萄糖进行后续实验。pH对刺梨汁单宁降解率的影响见图1B,结果显示随着pH增加,单宁降解率呈下降趋势,刺梨原汁发酵单宁降解率最高,为41.74%±2.73%,低pH条件并非微生物的最优生长与产酶条件,但是单宁降解率却最优,这可能是由于酸性条件下H+有利于C-C连接键发生断裂,促使单宁降解[25]。葡萄糖作为优质的碳源,添加量过高或过低都显著影响微生物对单宁的降解效果[26]。图1C显示随着葡萄糖添加量的升高,单宁降解率呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,葡萄糖添加量为2%时降解率最高为54.36%±1.85%,但其与添加量1%和3%的组别没有显著性差异。因此,葡萄糖不作为显著影响因素,后续实验选择葡萄糖添加量为2%进行。少根根霉接种量对刺梨汁单宁降解率的影响如图1D所示,随着少根根霉接种量的升高,单宁降解率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,当接种量为0.3%时,降解率最高为52.58%±2.16%,显著优于其他组别(P<0.05)。醋酸菌接种量对刺梨汁单宁降解率的影响如图1E所示,结果显示,随着醋酸菌接种量的升高,单宁降解率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,当接种量为4%时,降解率最高达53.44%,降解率高于接种量5%的组别,但两者没有显著性差异,醋酸菌和少根根霉具有协同作用,接种量过低或者过高都会影响复合菌生长与代谢,另外考虑接种量增加必然导致成本提升,因此,选醋酸菌接种量为4%为最适接种量。图1F结果显示,随着发酵时间的延长,单宁降解率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,当发酵时间为3 d时,降解率最高,达60.42%±4.27%,发酵时间过短不利于单宁的降解,发酵时间过长后期多酚、黄酮等含量增加会导致苦味上升,影响口感[27]。
为了进一步优化混菌发酵降解刺梨原汁中单宁的工艺,在单因素实验结果的基础上,采用Box-Behnken进行三因素三水平试验设计,并以单宁降解率为响应值进行响应面试验设计。试验设计与结果见表2,方差分析结果见表3。
以少根根霉接种量(A)、醋酸菌接种量(B)、发酵时间(C)为自变量,以单宁降解率(Y)为响应值,采用Design-Expert 13.0软件对表2试验结果进行多元二次回归拟合,得到二次多元回归方程为:Y=54.56+1.53A+1.71B−3.68C−1.29AB−2.98AC−0.7025BC−7.01A2+0.4685B2+3.82C2。由表3可知,回归方程P值=0.0003,模型极显著(P<0.01),说明模型拟合效果好;失拟项P值=0.9726,不显著(P>0.05),表明试验误差较小;模型的决定系数R2=0.9629,校正决定系数R2=0.9152,说明该模型中91.52%的试验数据可以用该模型进行分析,试验误差较小,故用该模型进行分析合理。
方差分析结果见表3。通过比对F值可知,3个因素对刺梨单宁降解率的影响顺序为发酵时间(C)>醋酸菌接种量(B)>少根根霉接种量(A)。一次项C,交互项AC,二次项A2、C2对结果影响极显著(P<0.01);一次项A、B对结果影响显著(P<0.05);交互项AB、BC,二次项B2对结果影响不显著。响应与因素间存在显著二次关系而交互作用较弱时,只要满足调整R2>0.85,预测R2与调整R2差值<0.2,失拟检验P>0.05,该响应面模型仍是可靠的[28],因此本模型可行。优化后最佳发酵工艺为:少根根霉接种量0.323%、醋酸菌接种量为5%、发酵时间为3 d,在此条件下可获得发酵刺梨原汁单宁降解能力的最高预测值为65.347%。对最佳发酵工艺条件进行调整,少根根霉接种量为0.325%、醋酸菌接种量为5.00%、发酵时间为3 d、葡萄糖添加量为2%、初始pH3.5(原汁)。根据调整后的最优发酵工艺参数进行验证实验,结果得出单宁降解率为65.54%±2.31%。此结果与响应面分析得到的最高预测值基本一致,验证了优化后发酵条件的可靠性。
刺梨原汁经最优发酵工艺发酵后营养成分变化显著(表4)。其中还原糖、单宁、总酚和L-抗坏血酸含量分别下降了32.16%、68.55%、38.50%和59.81%。多糖和黄酮含量分别提升54.84%和69.52%。刺梨发酵过程活性成分的变化与发酵菌种、发酵工艺、刺梨原料类型等有关。醋酸菌在发酵过程产生大量细菌纤维素,因其巨大的比表面积和纳米纤维网络以及纤维表面大量羟基,可通过物理吸附或化学键合的方式结合溶液中的单宁等酚类物质,通过离心去除菌体时,被吸附的酚类也随之被除去,导致上清液中测得的可溶性总酚减少[29]。另外,根霉菌株能够产生漆酶,能够催化多种酚类和芳香胺化合物的氧化,破坏酚类的结构,导致发酵液中酚类物质降低[30],这与本文总酚、黄酮和单宁等成分变化结果一致。
抗氧化活性评价以L-抗坏血酸作为阳性对照,DPPH自由基清除效果评价得出,发酵前原汁的抗氧化活性相当于36.76±1.30 mg/mL L-抗坏血酸的抗氧化效果,发酵后样品相当于35.86±0.87 mg/mL L-抗坏血酸的抗氧化效果(图2A),ABTS+自由基清除效果显示,发酵前原汁的抗氧化活性相当于31.09±1.75 mg/mL L-抗坏血酸的抗氧化效果,发酵后样品相当于30.10±1.54 mg/mL的L-抗坏血酸的抗氧化效果(图2B)。实验结果可见发酵后抗氧化活性略有降低,但没有显著性影响,仍然保持较高的抗氧化效果。L-抗坏血酸、多酚和黄酮等活性物质是刺梨原汁强抗氧化活性的关键成分,原汁中L-抗坏血酸含量为18.86±1.75 mg/mL,约占总抗氧化活性的50%。在高温或者氧气存在情况下,L-抗坏血酸极易被氧化[31],发酵后L-抗坏血酸含量降低60%左右,但是抗氧化活性却并未明显降低,这可能是由于发酵后多糖、黄酮等成分含量显著提升,保留了较高的抗氧化活性,可弥补L-抗坏血酸在加工过程中被氧化导致抗氧化活性降低的缺陷。
在原汁和发酵样品中一共检测到了1926个代谢物,主要分布在以下8类中(图3):氨基酸及短肽、聚酮类、莽草酸和苯丙酸类、生物碱类、碳水化合物、萜类化合物、脂肪酸及其他。其中莽草酸和苯丙素类占比最大(32.19%),包含异黄酮类、氧杂蒽酮、香豆素类、木脂素、黄酮类、酚酸、二苯基庚烷类、苯乙烯吡嘀酮、苯乙醇类和苯丙素等物质,营养成分中的黄酮和总酚属于该类物质。其次为萜类化合物(20.61%)、其他(18.54%)和脂肪酸(10.28%)。原汁和发酵样品的PCA得分如图4所示,从PCA得分图的结果可以看出,样本全部处于95%置信区间内,两个样本对应的代谢产物明显分离,说明刺梨原汁发酵前后代谢物有一定的差异。两个主要成分(PC1和PC2)分别解释了总方差54.1%和13.2%的变异。
火山图中每个点代表一个代谢物。图5中纵坐标表示P值,P值越大,代表代谢产物在2个样品之间的表达差异越显著,横坐标表示差异倍数值,其绝对值越大,表示代谢产物在2个样品中的差异倍数越大。显著上调的代谢物以红色表示,显著下调的代谢物以蓝色表示,非显著差异的代谢物为灰色。采用VIP>1和P<0.05筛选得到664种关键差异代谢物,其中148个代谢物在发酵后显著上调,516个显著下调。在差异代谢物中,莽草酸和苯丙酸类代谢物占最大比例(32.98%),其次是萜类化合物(20.48%),说明复合菌发酵显著改变了刺梨原汁中的成分组成。上调物质中差异最显著的物质(红色最高点)为大黄素甲醚(聚酮类),对多种细菌和人体宫颈癌细胞生长抑制作用较强[32]。其次为Epithienamycin E(氨基酸及短肽)属于碳青霉烯类抗生素的天然化合物,最初是从微生物发酵液中分离得到的[33]。排名第三的为10-羟基喜树碱(生物碱类),属于拓扑异构酶Ⅰ抑制剂类抗肿瘤药物,具有显著的抗肿瘤活性[34]。其他显著差异物质情况见表5,莽草酸和苯丙素类、萜类化合物、脂肪酸、聚酮类、碳水化合物以及其他类物质成分以下调为主。特别是莽草酸和苯丙素类下调数量最多,占该类物质总数的85%以上,其中包括原花青素C1、原花青素B2、鞣花酸、儿茶酚类等单宁类主要成分,进一步证实复合菌发酵过程可有效降解单宁等苦涩味成分。上调物质主要以黄酮类为主,与营养成分中发酵后黄酮含量提高一致。其中异甘草素、杨梅素糖苷、新北美圣草苷、7-甲氧基黄烷醇等均具有较强的抗氧化活性,进一步发酵后抗氧化活性保持稳定可能是黄酮含量增加所致。氨基酸及短肽物质上调数量占比最多,主要以苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等必需氨基酸或功能氨基酸上调为主。
KEGG通路注释的结果进行分类,一共注释到221条代谢通路,显著富集前15条通路如图6显示,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的代谢和精氨酸生物合成属于氨基酸代谢;代谢通路、氨基酸的生物合成、不同环境中的微生物代谢和碳代谢4条通路属于全局和概述图谱;咖啡因代谢、ABC转运蛋白、癌症中的中心碳代谢、蛋白质的消化与吸收、D-氨基酸代谢、氨基酸酰基-tRNA生物合成、甲苯降解、GABA能突触和酒精依赖通路对应各自的通路分类。代谢通路富集分析筛选代谢通路中显著富集的KEGG通路,筛选了富集显著性前15的通路结果如图7所示。圆点的大小表示该通路中富集到的差异代谢物数量,颜色表示P值的大小,P值越小,颜色越偏红富集程度越显著。对比原汁和发酵样品发现,富集最显著的依次为:癌症中的中心碳代谢、代谢通路、ABC转运蛋白、蛋白质消化与吸收和氨基酸的生物合成。富集差异代谢物数量最多的通路依次为:代谢通路、不同环境中的微生物代谢、ABC转运蛋白、氨基酸的生物合成和癌症中的中心碳代谢,进一步分析代谢物在富集代谢通路中的调节情况,计算各个代谢通路的差异丰度得分,结果如图8所示,与原汁相比差异代谢物表达上调趋势从大到小依次为甲苯降解、D氨基酸代谢、氨基酸的生物合成以及ABC转运蛋白;下调趋势从大到小依次为精氨酸生物合成、咖啡因代谢、碳代谢、酒精依赖通路、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的代谢、不同环境中微生物代谢、代谢通路以及蛋白质消化与吸收。
结合P值与刺梨功能活性物质特征,差异物代谢通路显著富集第17条为类黄酮生物合成途径。如图9所示,该通路一共注释到18个代谢物,参与类黄酮生物合成代谢通路的有7个差异代谢物,分别是Hesperetin 7-O-neohesperidoside、柚皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、短叶松素、花青素、杨梅素、樱花素和异甘草素。发酵后除了异甘草素上调外,其他6个差异物质均显著下调,其中短叶松素、花青素和杨梅素是典型的涩味成分,这些涩味成分主要通过唾液黏蛋白形成沉淀,增加口腔摩擦系数诱发涩感[35−38]。涩味成分显著下调证实复合益生菌发酵可显著降低刺梨汁涩味,改善口感。异甘草素具有极强的抗氧化活性,能有效抑制宫颈癌和前列腺癌细胞增殖,具备作为抗癌新药的潜力,其代谢合成途径为苯丙氨酸经苯丙氨酸解氨酶催化脱氨生成肉桂酸,肉桂酸经肉桂酸-4-羟化酶催化形成香豆酸,再经羟化和活化生成关键前体物香豆酰辅酶A,香豆酰辅酶A与3分子丙二酰辅酶A在查尔酮合酶催化合成柚皮素查尔酮,经查尔酮还原酶还原成异甘草素[39−40],苯丙氨酸显著上调保证异甘草素合成代谢具有丰富的前体物质。
通过优化醋酸菌-少根根霉复合发酵刺梨原汁脱涩工艺,确定最优工艺为:刺梨原汁中添加2.00%葡萄糖、初始pH3.5(原汁),少根根霉接种量0.325%、醋酸菌接种量5.00%、混合发酵3 d,在此条件下,单宁降解率为65.54%±2.31%。此条件下发酵后刺梨汁中单宁和L-抗坏血酸含量下降了50%以上,但是抗氧化活性没有显著性降低,发酵后多糖、黄酮的含量显著提升。
刺梨原汁发酵前后共鉴定到1926种代谢物,筛选出664种关键差异代谢物,其中148种上调、516种下调。莽草酸和苯丙素途径中,异甘草素、杨梅素糖苷、新北美圣草苷等具有较强的抗氧化活性的关键活性成分显著上调,有效弥补了因L-抗坏血酸和总酚含量下降引起的抗氧化能力降低。KEGG分析显示,类黄酮生物合成途径中,短叶松素、花青素和杨梅素等典型涩味成分显著下调,证实复合菌发酵能有效降低刺梨汁涩味,改善口感。该途径中还发现具有抗癌潜力的异甘草素被显著上调富集,提示发酵可能增强刺梨汁的功能活性。
在后续研究中,可结合代谢组学和转录组学等方法,深入探究复合菌发酵刺梨涩味改善机制,挖掘发酵产物抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗感染等方面代谢产物,开展异甘草素等刺梨功效成分生物合成机制研究,为刺梨功能强化与高值利用提供理论与应用基础。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070158
  • 接收时间:2025-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-11
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    1广东省科学院生物与医学工程研究所,广东省植物纤维综合利用工程技术研究开发中心,广东省生物质高值化利用工程实验室,药食同源功效成分研发与应用协同创新中心,药食同源崖柏精油产业化研究工程中心,广东广州 510316
    2贵州省贵源生态食品有限公司,贵州黔南州 551200

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王庆福(1986−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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