Article(id=1320880288482312344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070157, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752422400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852001543, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852001543, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852001543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852001543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=129, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880288654278809, articleId=1320880288482312344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Shrimp Powder from Macrobrachium rosenbergii Cultured in Saline-alkali Water on the Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Senbei, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study used Macrobrachium rosenbergii shrimp sourced from salt-alkaline water (BS group) in Cangzhou, Hebei Province, as raw materials. After steamed, freeze-dried, and pulverized, shrimp powder-enriched Senbei (a type of Japanese rice cracker) was prepared. Senbei containing freshwater-cultured Macrobrachium rosenbergii (FS group) and those without shrimp powder (BC group) were served as the control samples. The basic nutritional components, texture characteristics, color parameters, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, water distribution, heavy metal content, sensory characteristics, and volatile flavor compounds of the three groups were systematically determined. The results showed that the protein content of the BS group (20.12%) was significantly higher than that of the FS group (17.62%) and the BC group (8.47%) (P<0.05). The addition of shrimp powder significantly lowered the L* value of Senbei, increased the a*, b*and ΔE values, at the same time, this treatment made color deeper. Hardness, crispness, and chewiness were significantly enhanced compared to those of the BC group. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) indicated that bound water was the primary water form in the samples,while the incorporation of shrimp powder led to decreased water mobility. FTIR analysis showed that the proportion of α-helix and β-folded structure increased in the BS group, which indicated that the addition of shrimp powder contributed to the formation of a more stable internal structure. ICP-MS analysis confirmed that the levels of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Sn, and Cr in all three groups met national food safety standards. The BS group received the highest sensory scores, with better color compared to the BC group. The aroma and taste scores were significantly higher than those of the FS and BC groups, showing the best overall acceptability. In terms of flavor characteristics, based on HS-GC-IMS technology, 40 volatile compounds were identified, and the OPLS-DA model revealed differences in the volatile components among the different sample groups. Thirteen key differential markers were screened by VIP analysis. This study provides a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of salt-alkaline water aquatic products and the development of flavor-functional foods.

, authors=Richeng YU1, Peng GE1, Zhupeng ZHANG1, Yang ZHAO1, Jiaxuan LI1, Wenxiu WANG1, Qianyun MA1, Min WANG2, *, Jianfeng SUN1, *, authorsList=Richeng YU, Peng GE, Zhupeng ZHANG, Yang ZHAO, Jiaxuan LI, Wenxiu WANG, Qianyun MA, Min WANG, Jianfeng SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Min WANG, Jianfeng SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880290482995372, articleId=1320880288482312344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=盐碱水罗氏沼虾虾粉对仙贝品质特性及风味特征的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以河北省沧州市盐碱水养殖罗氏沼虾(BS组)为原料,经蒸制、冻干及粉碎处理后,制备虾粉添加型仙贝,以添加淡水养殖罗氏沼虾虾粉的仙贝(FS组)和未添加虾粉仙贝(BC组)为对照组,系统测定三组样品基本营养成分、质构特性、色差参数、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、水分分布、重金属含量、感官特性及挥发性风味物质。结果表明:BS组蛋白质(20.12%)显著高于FS组(17.62%)及BC组(8.47%)(P<0.05)。虾粉添加显著降低仙贝L*值,提升a*、b*及ΔE值,色泽加深;硬度、脆度及咀嚼性较BC组显著增强;低场核磁共振显示仙贝中结合水为主要水分形态,添加虾粉后水分流动性降低。FTIR分析表明BS组α-螺旋与β-折叠结构比例增加,表明虾粉添加有助于形成更稳定的内部结构。ICP-MS检测确认三组样品中Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Sn、Cr含量均符合国家食品安全限值。BS组感官评分最高,其色泽优于BC组,气味与滋味评分显著高于FS组与BC组,整体接受度最佳。在风味特征方面,基于HS-GC-IMS技术鉴定40种挥发性物质,OPLS-DA模型结果表明,不同仙贝样品挥发性组分存在一定差异,VIP值分析进一步筛选出13种对组间差异贡献较大的挥发性物质。本研究为盐碱水水产品高值化利用及风味功能性食品的开发提供了理论依据。

, authors=于日成1, 葛鹏1, 张主鹏1, 赵扬1, 李佳轩1, 王文秀1, 马倩云1, 王敏2, *, 孙剑锋1, *, authorsList=于日成, 葛鹏, 张主鹏, 赵扬, 李佳轩, 王文秀, 马倩云, 王敏, 孙剑锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王敏, 孙剑锋, authorNote=

于日成(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:海洋生物资源加工与利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王敏(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
孙剑锋(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬资源加工与利用、海洋资源加工与利用,E-mail:。
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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2025, 46(17): 47−55., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880292320100525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880292328489134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, companyId=1320880292320100525, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880292341072047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, companyId=1320880292320100525, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880292408180912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880292420763825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, companyId=1320880292408180912, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Life Sciences, Hengshui University, Hengshui 053000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880292433346738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, companyId=1320880292408180912, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2衡水学院生命科学学院,河北衡水 053000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880296975778027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Different Senbei product picture, figureFileSmall=x0zJEu8WWTV8dZAmFso4mQ==, figureFileBig=dH9ncnb5HuQpp7CGUIx+uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297051275500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同仙贝产品图, figureFileSmall=x0zJEu8WWTV8dZAmFso4mQ==, figureFileBig=dH9ncnb5HuQpp7CGUIx+uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297248407789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=L*, a*, b* and ΔE of surface and internal powders of different Senbei, figureFileSmall=nQ43gRtysi/RIofd59mRNg==, figureFileBig=SzODHhwUSXuUQwb4ptKGiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297323905262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同仙贝表面与内部磨粉后的L*、a*、b*与ΔE, figureFileSmall=nQ43gRtysi/RIofd59mRNg==, figureFileBig=SzODHhwUSXuUQwb4ptKGiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297407791343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=FTIR spectroscopy (A) and secondary structure content distribution (B) of different Senbei, figureFileSmall=fa4tgkqlx5/oQwBOpFn84A==, figureFileBig=zrWIB0+rpJeODbmzE/iXBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297470705904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同仙贝的傅里叶红外光谱图(A)及二级结构含量分布图(B)

注:不同小写字母表示不同样品的相同二级结构占比之间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=fa4tgkqlx5/oQwBOpFn84A==, figureFileBig=zrWIB0+rpJeODbmzE/iXBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297537814769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of different Senbei, figureFileSmall=qzvuaxDKjDcDze/RcEiXXQ==, figureFileBig=RQNo1znirHYrySwnxIHjPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297604923634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同仙贝低场核磁共振波谱, figureFileSmall=qzvuaxDKjDcDze/RcEiXXQ==, figureFileBig=RQNo1znirHYrySwnxIHjPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297667838195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Radar chart of sensory evaluation of different Senbei, figureFileSmall=G3FuFW/wtd/1pj4hUN3ciA==, figureFileBig=UtSzAcFHNuqB4lSRhMrx5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297730752756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同仙贝感官评价雷达图, figureFileSmall=G3FuFW/wtd/1pj4hUN3ciA==, figureFileBig=UtSzAcFHNuqB4lSRhMrx5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297814638837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Fingerprint of volatile organic compounds in different Senbei, figureFileSmall=t1jA4qmZhugsDXfGMxjeSA==, figureFileBig=PAZkQ1G+KbSp0M2XfMFMwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297877553398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同仙贝挥发性有机化合物的指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=t1jA4qmZhugsDXfGMxjeSA==, figureFileBig=PAZkQ1G+KbSp0M2XfMFMwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880297940467959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=OPLS-DA of volatile organic compounds in different Senbei, figureFileSmall=oIITuZxGFbCPnKNIqxwmeg==, figureFileBig=vz/JHfkBUIdZZvZUg3F2+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880298011771128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同仙贝挥发性物质的OPLS-DA, figureFileSmall=oIITuZxGFbCPnKNIqxwmeg==, figureFileBig=vz/JHfkBUIdZZvZUg3F2+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880298091462905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Permutation test of OPLS-DA of volatile organic compounds in different Senbei, figureFileSmall=0z4eGzyucNc40tzTMWrsuw==, figureFileBig=IPIkEUtd6Qc4SUj6z/5Djg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880298154377466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同仙贝挥发性物质OPLS-DA 置换检验, figureFileSmall=0z4eGzyucNc40tzTMWrsuw==, figureFileBig=IPIkEUtd6Qc4SUj6z/5Djg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880298221486331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=VIP of volatile organic compounds in different Senbei, figureFileSmall=4cqa1asx3ng3hPsbj3Ht/Q==, figureFileBig=dqvUDdtAGDgmrmhHmHaubQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880298284400892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同仙贝挥发性物质VIP值, figureFileSmall=4cqa1asx3ng3hPsbj3Ht/Q==, figureFileBig=dqvUDdtAGDgmrmhHmHaubQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880298351509757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Criteria for sensory evaluation of Senbei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评定指标评定标准分值(分)
气味(20分)有浓郁的烘烤香气,具有明显的虾味14~20
有淡淡的烘烤香气,略带海鲜味7~13
无烘烤香气,虾味不明显,或有明显海鲜腐臭味0~6
色泽(20分)表面呈焦黄色,色泽均匀,有光泽感14~20
表面色泽比较均匀,光泽感差,有少量焦糊7~13
表面色泽不均匀,颜色灰暗不均匀,表面过焦或过浅0~6
口感(20分)口感酥脆,无颗粒感,不粘牙14~20
整体口感较为酥脆,基本不粘牙7~13
口感过硬或松软,难以咀嚼,粘牙严重0~6
滋味(20分)咸甜适宜,鲜味突出14~20
咸甜程度较高或较低,鲜味一般7~13
异味突出,无鲜味0~6
外观形态(20分)外形完整,无龟裂,大小均匀14~20
外形较完整,有少许龟裂,大小基本均匀7~13
表面龟裂严重,大小均一性差0~6
), ArticleFig(id=1320880298418618622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仙贝感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评定指标评定标准分值(分)
气味(20分)有浓郁的烘烤香气,具有明显的虾味14~20
有淡淡的烘烤香气,略带海鲜味7~13
无烘烤香气,虾味不明显,或有明显海鲜腐臭味0~6
色泽(20分)表面呈焦黄色,色泽均匀,有光泽感14~20
表面色泽比较均匀,光泽感差,有少量焦糊7~13
表面色泽不均匀,颜色灰暗不均匀,表面过焦或过浅0~6
口感(20分)口感酥脆,无颗粒感,不粘牙14~20
整体口感较为酥脆,基本不粘牙7~13
口感过硬或松软,难以咀嚼,粘牙严重0~6
滋味(20分)咸甜适宜,鲜味突出14~20
咸甜程度较高或较低,鲜味一般7~13
异味突出,无鲜味0~6
外观形态(20分)外形完整,无龟裂,大小均匀14~20
外形较完整,有少许龟裂,大小基本均匀7~13
表面龟裂严重,大小均一性差0~6
), ArticleFig(id=1320880298506699007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic nutritional components of different Senbei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品水分含量(g/100 g)蛋白质含量(g/100 g)脂肪含量(g/100 g)
BC3.99±0.81a8.47±0.11c1.38±0.45b
FS4.47±0.36a17.62±0.05b2.71±0.81a
BS4.77±0.53a20.12±0.21a2.66±0.75a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880298573807872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同仙贝基本营养成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品水分含量(g/100 g)蛋白质含量(g/100 g)脂肪含量(g/100 g)
BC3.99±0.81a8.47±0.11c1.38±0.45b
FS4.47±0.36a17.62±0.05b2.71±0.81a
BS4.77±0.53a20.12±0.21a2.66±0.75a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880298649305345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Hardness, brittleness, and chewiness of different Senbei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N)脆度(N)咀嚼性(mJ)
BC34.61±2.99b18.70±1.85b6.96±0.76c
FS41.51±2.79a22.73±1.50a9.30±0.60b
BS42.20±2.38a23.94±2.09a11.10±1.21a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880298712219906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同仙贝的硬度、脆度及咀嚼性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N)脆度(N)咀嚼性(mJ)
BC34.61±2.99b18.70±1.85b6.96±0.76c
FS41.51±2.79a22.73±1.50a9.30±0.60b
BS42.20±2.38a23.94±2.09a11.10±1.21a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880298783523075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Content of heavy metal elements in different Senbei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测元素BC(mg/kg)FS(mg/kg)BS(mg/kg)国家标准(mg/kg)
PbND0.068±0.0200.054±0.0040.500
CdND0.012±0.0120.011±0.0012.000
HgND0.003±0.0010.002±0.0010.500
AsND0.418±0.0030.353±0.0070.500
SnND0.023±0.0020.010±0.00450.000
CrND0.316±0.0050.133±0.0052.000
), ArticleFig(id=1320880298854826244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同仙贝中重金属元素的含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测元素BC(mg/kg)FS(mg/kg)BS(mg/kg)国家标准(mg/kg)
PbND0.068±0.0200.054±0.0040.500
CdND0.012±0.0120.011±0.0012.000
HgND0.003±0.0010.002±0.0010.500
AsND0.418±0.0030.353±0.0070.500
SnND0.023±0.0020.010±0.00450.000
CrND0.316±0.0050.133±0.0052.000
), ArticleFig(id=1320880298942906629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Sensory evaluation results of different Senbei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品气味色泽口感滋味外观形态综合评分
BS16.50±1.04a17.72±1.13a17.56±1.34a18.22±1.26a15.94±1.11a85.94±2.41a
FS12.83±2.01b16.33±1.46b17.78±0.94a15.78±1.59b15.94±1.35a78.67±2.57b
BC11.11±1.75c16.61±0.70b16.28±1.02b12.50±1.20c15.06±1.26a71.56±3.01c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880299018404102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同仙贝感官评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品气味色泽口感滋味外观形态综合评分
BS16.50±1.04a17.72±1.13a17.56±1.34a18.22±1.26a15.94±1.11a85.94±2.41a
FS12.83±2.01b16.33±1.46b17.78±0.94a15.78±1.59b15.94±1.35a78.67±2.57b
BC11.11±1.75c16.61±0.70b16.28±1.02b12.50±1.20c15.06±1.26a71.56±3.01c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880299114873095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Volatile organic compounds in different Senbei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类序号英文名称中文名称CAS号保留时间
(s)
峰体积(a.u.)风味描述
BCFSBS
醇类
(6)
12-Phenylethanol2-苯基乙醇C60128834.15378.50100.1595.84玫瑰花香,甜香
2(Z)-3-Octen-1-ol(Z)-3-辛烯-1-醇C20125842613.084642.42137.32131.81青草味
32-Ethyl-1-hexanol2-乙基-1-己醇C104767573.547393.93112.2870.61微弱果香
41-Heptanol1-庚醇C629334420.6951928.95200.8895.00柑橘、草木
52-Butanol2-丁醇C78922201.046833.81210.0558.04酒香
62-Pentanol2-戊醇C6032297159.636219.3843.6418.82青草味
醛类(8)7(E)-2-Nonenal(E)-2-壬烯醛C18829566836.8453212.931195.73889.83黄瓜、脂肪、青草味
82-Octenal(E)(E)-2-辛烯醛C25488701001.633969.89468.62225.18青草味
9Safranal藏花醛C1162671000.4341747.901111.991057.35香草味、甜味
101-Ethyl-2-formylpyrrole1-乙基-2-吡咯甲醛C2167148633.31624.16235.17164.94焦糖香、烘焙咖啡味
11(E)-2-Pentenal(E)-2-戊烯醛C6032297201.0461014.79833.4693.96青苹果味
122-Methylbutanal2-甲基丁醛C96173182.223565.06310.38143.48可可味、焦糖香
133-Methylbutanal3-甲基丁醛C590863159.6361320.96693.29420.73可可味、杏仁味
14Isobutanal异丁醛C78842113.728567.15468.02465.71果香
羧酸类
(6)
15Hexanoic acid己酸C142621553.8741479.43693.34235.15腐臭黄油味
16Nexanoic acid壬酸C4312996492.609122.901137.87123.69脂肪
173-Methyl valeric acid3-甲基戊酸C109217403.248209.745566.83136.69奶酪味
182-Methylbutanoic acid2-甲基丁酸C108645306.701168.581045.11509.42酸甜味
19Butanoic acid丁酸C107926229.3041042.393872.313457.64苹果味
20Propanoic acid丙酸C79094181.80546.12663.93357.18腐臭味
酯类
(10)
21Methyl octanoate辛酸甲酯C111115838.193164.24588.03353.48橙香
22Butyl hexanoate己酸丁酯C626824803.82790.17284.58407.55水果味
23Pentyl butanoate丁酸戊酯C540181620.08592.88348.83396.99香蕉
24Isopentyl Isovalerate异戊酸异戊酯C659701618.91864.44335.61307.29香蕉甜香
25Butyl butyrate丁酸丁酯C930687396.13290.67185.11264.59甜果香
26Formic acid hexyl ester甲酸己酯C590012349.011372.891324.202449.97青苹果味
27Butyl propanoate丙酸丁酯C541582336.207125.861177.761814.68甜果香
28Butanoic acid 3-methylethyl ester丁酸异丁酯C589388237.67161.54672.57847.00奶油香
29Butanoic acid 1-methylethyl ester丁酸异丙酯C108101208.15782.19382.59560.60甜果香
30Methyl 2-methylpropanoate2-甲基丙酸甲酯C547637178.87789.90129.02256.33草莓香
酮类
(7)
311-Octen-3-one1-辛烯-3-酮C22122367511.76864.31211.89529.11蘑菇味
323-Methyl-2(5H)-furanone3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮C105431408.14115.46672.252006.58焦糖香
332-Cyclohexen-1-one2-环己烯-1-酮C111706399.245323.24327.56618.46樟脑味
343-Hexanone3-己酮C638119297.67177.22107.40506.84青草味
35Methyl isobutyl ketone甲基异丁基酮C1576870220.70633.8168.16245.78−
364-Methyl-2-pentanone4-甲基-2-戊酮C108101178.45955.57288.541029.92果香
373-Hydroxy-2-butanone3-羟基-2-丁酮C513860162.452161.99386.001770.86奶油香
呋喃类(2)382-Acetylfuran2-乙酰基呋喃C1192627723.64173.94221.46863.91焦糖、坚果烘焙香味
395-Methyl-2-acetylfuran5-甲基-2-乙酰基呋喃C1193799557.80992.66246.00397.10咖啡味
噻唑类(1)402,4-Dimethylthiazole2,4-二甲基噻唑C116530308.928154.77514.471276.71坚果香
), ArticleFig(id=1320880299261673736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880288482312344, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同仙贝中的挥发性有机物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类序号英文名称中文名称CAS号保留时间
(s)
峰体积(a.u.)风味描述
BCFSBS
醇类
(6)
12-Phenylethanol2-苯基乙醇C60128834.15378.50100.1595.84玫瑰花香,甜香
2(Z)-3-Octen-1-ol(Z)-3-辛烯-1-醇C20125842613.084642.42137.32131.81青草味
32-Ethyl-1-hexanol2-乙基-1-己醇C104767573.547393.93112.2870.61微弱果香
41-Heptanol1-庚醇C629334420.6951928.95200.8895.00柑橘、草木
52-Butanol2-丁醇C78922201.046833.81210.0558.04酒香
62-Pentanol2-戊醇C6032297159.636219.3843.6418.82青草味
醛类(8)7(E)-2-Nonenal(E)-2-壬烯醛C18829566836.8453212.931195.73889.83黄瓜、脂肪、青草味
82-Octenal(E)(E)-2-辛烯醛C25488701001.633969.89468.62225.18青草味
9Safranal藏花醛C1162671000.4341747.901111.991057.35香草味、甜味
101-Ethyl-2-formylpyrrole1-乙基-2-吡咯甲醛C2167148633.31624.16235.17164.94焦糖香、烘焙咖啡味
11(E)-2-Pentenal(E)-2-戊烯醛C6032297201.0461014.79833.4693.96青苹果味
122-Methylbutanal2-甲基丁醛C96173182.223565.06310.38143.48可可味、焦糖香
133-Methylbutanal3-甲基丁醛C590863159.6361320.96693.29420.73可可味、杏仁味
14Isobutanal异丁醛C78842113.728567.15468.02465.71果香
羧酸类
(6)
15Hexanoic acid己酸C142621553.8741479.43693.34235.15腐臭黄油味
16Nexanoic acid壬酸C4312996492.609122.901137.87123.69脂肪
173-Methyl valeric acid3-甲基戊酸C109217403.248209.745566.83136.69奶酪味
182-Methylbutanoic acid2-甲基丁酸C108645306.701168.581045.11509.42酸甜味
19Butanoic acid丁酸C107926229.3041042.393872.313457.64苹果味
20Propanoic acid丙酸C79094181.80546.12663.93357.18腐臭味
酯类
(10)
21Methyl octanoate辛酸甲酯C111115838.193164.24588.03353.48橙香
22Butyl hexanoate己酸丁酯C626824803.82790.17284.58407.55水果味
23Pentyl butanoate丁酸戊酯C540181620.08592.88348.83396.99香蕉
24Isopentyl Isovalerate异戊酸异戊酯C659701618.91864.44335.61307.29香蕉甜香
25Butyl butyrate丁酸丁酯C930687396.13290.67185.11264.59甜果香
26Formic acid hexyl ester甲酸己酯C590012349.011372.891324.202449.97青苹果味
27Butyl propanoate丙酸丁酯C541582336.207125.861177.761814.68甜果香
28Butanoic acid 3-methylethyl ester丁酸异丁酯C589388237.67161.54672.57847.00奶油香
29Butanoic acid 1-methylethyl ester丁酸异丙酯C108101208.15782.19382.59560.60甜果香
30Methyl 2-methylpropanoate2-甲基丙酸甲酯C547637178.87789.90129.02256.33草莓香
酮类
(7)
311-Octen-3-one1-辛烯-3-酮C22122367511.76864.31211.89529.11蘑菇味
323-Methyl-2(5H)-furanone3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮C105431408.14115.46672.252006.58焦糖香
332-Cyclohexen-1-one2-环己烯-1-酮C111706399.245323.24327.56618.46樟脑味
343-Hexanone3-己酮C638119297.67177.22107.40506.84青草味
35Methyl isobutyl ketone甲基异丁基酮C1576870220.70633.8168.16245.78−
364-Methyl-2-pentanone4-甲基-2-戊酮C108101178.45955.57288.541029.92果香
373-Hydroxy-2-butanone3-羟基-2-丁酮C513860162.452161.99386.001770.86奶油香
呋喃类(2)382-Acetylfuran2-乙酰基呋喃C1192627723.64173.94221.46863.91焦糖、坚果烘焙香味
395-Methyl-2-acetylfuran5-甲基-2-乙酰基呋喃C1193799557.80992.66246.00397.10咖啡味
噻唑类(1)402,4-Dimethylthiazole2,4-二甲基噻唑C116530308.928154.77514.471276.71坚果香
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盐碱水罗氏沼虾虾粉对仙贝品质特性及风味特征的影响
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于日成 1 , 葛鹏 1 , 张主鹏 1 , 赵扬 1 , 李佳轩 1 , 王文秀 1 , 马倩云 1 , 王敏 2, * , 孙剑锋 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(15): 129-139
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (15) : 129 -139
盐碱水罗氏沼虾虾粉对仙贝品质特性及风味特征的影响
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于日成1 , 葛鹏1, 张主鹏1, 赵扬1, 李佳轩1, 王文秀1, 马倩云1, 王敏2, * , 孙剑锋1, *
作者信息
  • 1河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071000
  • 2衡水学院生命科学学院,河北衡水 053000
通讯作者:
王敏(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
孙剑锋(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬资源加工与利用、海洋资源加工与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

于日成(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:海洋生物资源加工与利用,E-mail:

Effect of Shrimp Powder from Macrobrachium rosenbergii Cultured in Saline-alkali Water on the Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Senbei
Richeng YU1 , Peng GE1, Zhupeng ZHANG1, Yang ZHAO1, Jiaxuan LI1, Wenxiu WANG1, Qianyun MA1, Min WANG2, * , Jianfeng SUN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
  • 2College of Life Sciences, Hengshui University, Hengshui 053000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070157
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本研究以河北省沧州市盐碱水养殖罗氏沼虾(BS组)为原料,经蒸制、冻干及粉碎处理后,制备虾粉添加型仙贝,以添加淡水养殖罗氏沼虾虾粉的仙贝(FS组)和未添加虾粉仙贝(BC组)为对照组,系统测定三组样品基本营养成分、质构特性、色差参数、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、水分分布、重金属含量、感官特性及挥发性风味物质。结果表明:BS组蛋白质(20.12%)显著高于FS组(17.62%)及BC组(8.47%)(P<0.05)。虾粉添加显著降低仙贝L*值,提升a*、b*及ΔE值,色泽加深;硬度、脆度及咀嚼性较BC组显著增强;低场核磁共振显示仙贝中结合水为主要水分形态,添加虾粉后水分流动性降低。FTIR分析表明BS组α-螺旋与β-折叠结构比例增加,表明虾粉添加有助于形成更稳定的内部结构。ICP-MS检测确认三组样品中Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Sn、Cr含量均符合国家食品安全限值。BS组感官评分最高,其色泽优于BC组,气味与滋味评分显著高于FS组与BC组,整体接受度最佳。在风味特征方面,基于HS-GC-IMS技术鉴定40种挥发性物质,OPLS-DA模型结果表明,不同仙贝样品挥发性组分存在一定差异,VIP值分析进一步筛选出13种对组间差异贡献较大的挥发性物质。本研究为盐碱水水产品高值化利用及风味功能性食品的开发提供了理论依据。

盐碱水罗氏沼虾  /  仙贝  /  品质特性  /  风味特征  /  HS-GC-IMS

This study used Macrobrachium rosenbergii shrimp sourced from salt-alkaline water (BS group) in Cangzhou, Hebei Province, as raw materials. After steamed, freeze-dried, and pulverized, shrimp powder-enriched Senbei (a type of Japanese rice cracker) was prepared. Senbei containing freshwater-cultured Macrobrachium rosenbergii (FS group) and those without shrimp powder (BC group) were served as the control samples. The basic nutritional components, texture characteristics, color parameters, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, water distribution, heavy metal content, sensory characteristics, and volatile flavor compounds of the three groups were systematically determined. The results showed that the protein content of the BS group (20.12%) was significantly higher than that of the FS group (17.62%) and the BC group (8.47%) (P<0.05). The addition of shrimp powder significantly lowered the L* value of Senbei, increased the a*, b*and ΔE values, at the same time, this treatment made color deeper. Hardness, crispness, and chewiness were significantly enhanced compared to those of the BC group. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) indicated that bound water was the primary water form in the samples,while the incorporation of shrimp powder led to decreased water mobility. FTIR analysis showed that the proportion of α-helix and β-folded structure increased in the BS group, which indicated that the addition of shrimp powder contributed to the formation of a more stable internal structure. ICP-MS analysis confirmed that the levels of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Sn, and Cr in all three groups met national food safety standards. The BS group received the highest sensory scores, with better color compared to the BC group. The aroma and taste scores were significantly higher than those of the FS and BC groups, showing the best overall acceptability. In terms of flavor characteristics, based on HS-GC-IMS technology, 40 volatile compounds were identified, and the OPLS-DA model revealed differences in the volatile components among the different sample groups. Thirteen key differential markers were screened by VIP analysis. This study provides a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of salt-alkaline water aquatic products and the development of flavor-functional foods.

Macrobrachium rosenbergii cultured in saline-alkali water  /  Senbei  /  quality characteristics  /  flavor characteristics  /  HS-GC-IMS
于日成, 葛鹏, 张主鹏, 赵扬, 李佳轩, 王文秀, 马倩云, 王敏, 孙剑锋. 盐碱水罗氏沼虾虾粉对仙贝品质特性及风味特征的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 129 -139 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070157
Richeng YU, Peng GE, Zhupeng ZHANG, Yang ZHAO, Jiaxuan LI, Wenxiu WANG, Qianyun MA, Min WANG, Jianfeng SUN. Effect of Shrimp Powder from Macrobrachium rosenbergii Cultured in Saline-alkali Water on the Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Senbei[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 129 -139 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070157
仙贝(Senbei)作为日式传统焙烤膨化米制食品,以其酥脆口感和独特风味深受消费者喜爱。然而,传统仙贝的营养成分以碳水化合物为主,蛋白质及微量元素含量偏低,风味则依赖于盐和酱油粉等调味成分,存在高盐、高热量、营养单一等局限[1]。随着消费者健康意识的提升,低盐、低热量和多样化的食品需求日益增加,传统仙贝的配方和营养成分亟需进行创新,以适应新的市场趋势[2]。为此,通过创新原料,特别是引入富含优质蛋白和风味前体的原料,在保持仙贝口感的同时提升其营养价值,并赋予产品独特的风味,成为了焙烤食品创新的关键路径[3]。
盐碱地和咸水湖泊等特殊水环境蕴藏着丰富的水产资源,其中盐碱水罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)因其耐盐碱性强、生长迅速、味道鲜美,正逐渐成为盐碱资源综合利用的潜力品种[4−5]。罗氏沼虾不仅富含优质蛋白质、微量元素和鲜味氨基酸,其氨基化合物和还原糖类在加热过程中产生的美拉德反应赋予制品更复杂的香气与风味层次[6]。已有研究表明,鱼、虾等水产蛋白的添加能有效改善面包、曲奇等焙烤类食品的质构和风味[7−9],但将盐碱水罗氏沼虾作为原料添加至传统米制焙烤食品中的研究较为匮乏,特别是在盐碱水虾粉对仙贝营养与风味影响机制方面,仍缺乏系统深入的研究。
针对上述问题,本研究选用河北省沧州市盐碱水养殖的罗氏沼虾为原料,制备虾粉添加型仙贝,系统解析盐碱水罗氏沼虾虾粉添加对仙贝品质特性和风味特征的影响规律,并将其与淡水罗氏沼虾虾粉添加型仙贝和未添加虾粉仙贝进行对比,全面评估盐碱水罗氏沼虾虾粉在仙贝中的应用效果。该研究旨在为盐碱水水产资源的高值化开发和焙烤食品功能性提升提供理论依据,同时为食品产业的健康化升级提供方法参考。
盐碱水罗氏沼虾 捕捞于河北省沧州市海兴县,捕捞后使用双层保温垫的保温箱进行冰鲜混装运输到实验室处理;淡水罗氏沼虾 采购于河北省保定市河北农大科技市场;糯米粉 食用级,泰国出行米粉厂有限公司;东北寒地大米 中粮国际有限公司;盐 食用级,中盐京津冀盐业有限责任公司;白砂糖 食用级,中粮福临门食品营销有限公司广州分公司;石油醚 分析纯,福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司;溴化钾(色谱纯)、过氧化氢(分析纯) 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司;硝酸 色谱纯,默克化工技术(上海)有限公司;砷、铅、镉等27种元素混合标准储备液(10 mg/L) 美国安捷伦科技有限公司。
Scientz-100F冷冻干燥机 沈阳航天新阳速冻设备制造有限公司;RS-FS1406液氮低温研磨仪 合肥荣事达电子电器集团有限公司;K1100全自动凯氏定氮仪、SH520全自动消解仪、S403废气吸收系统 济南海能集团股份有限公司;TMS-Pro质构仪 美国FTC公司;CR-400色差计 日本KONICA MINOLTA公司; NMI20-060H-I低场核磁共振仪 苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司;IS20傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;TK 24赶酸器、TANK微波消解仪 上海新仪微波化学科技有限公司;Nexlon 1000 G电感耦合等离子体质谱仪 美国珀金埃尔默公司;Flavour Spec顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用仪 德国GAS公司;海氏C40L烤箱 浙江海氏实业集团有限公司;BS214 D max分析天平 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司。
根据前期对于仙贝制备流程的研究,得到仙贝的制备流程如下:原辅料预处理→粉料预混→面团调制→模具成型→汽蒸熟制→冷却→干燥→烘烤→冷却→包装。
根据前期对不同粉料配比及配方参数的优化结果,确定虾粉添加型仙贝的最佳制备配方如下:糯米粉40 g、水40 g、冻干虾粉10.5 g、大米粉5 g、糖2 g、盐0.5 g。其中,BS组和FS组的冻干虾粉分别采用盐碱水罗氏沼虾和淡水罗氏沼虾制备;以不添加虾粉的仙贝为对照(BC)组,其配方为糯米粉40 g、水37.5 g、大米粉5 g、糖2 g、盐0.5 g。
用冷水清洗鲜虾,去除表面泥土,之后放入蒸锅,待水开后上锅蒸7 min左右至成熟变色,立即放入冷水中迅速降温,对虾进行去头、去壳、冻干操作,得到冻干罗氏沼虾虾仁。采取短时多次粉碎,得到冻干虾粉,装入食品袋密封包装,于−80 ℃冷冻备用。
将糯米粉、大米粉和冻干虾粉加入搅拌,混合均匀,取少量40 ℃左右的温水溶解白砂糖,将温热的糖水加入到混合均匀的粉中,并加入剩余温水,搅拌均匀,边加水边和面,揉至面团光滑不粘手。
使用切面器将大面团分成若干小段,擀压成3 mm的面饼薄片,用仙贝形状的模具(63 mm×43 mm)将面饼切割成仙贝形状。
将切割好的面饼放于蒸锅上,汽蒸20 min后,迅速置于凉水中,冷却至中心温度40 ℃左右取出,沥干水分。
将冷却后的面饼薄片置于烤箱中,75 ℃热风干燥6 h,烤干面饼。将烤干后的面饼使用烤网夹固定,设置烤箱上火温度220 ℃,下火200 ℃,烤箱预热至200 ℃后,烤制4 min。之后置于室温冷却10 min后,将仙贝进行真空包装。
水分含量:根据GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》的烘箱法测定[10];蛋白质含量:根据GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》中凯氏定氮法测定[11];脂肪含量:根据GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》中索氏抽提法测定[12]。
参考胡悦等[13]方法并稍作修改,对仙贝的硬度、脆度、咀嚼性进行测定。质构仪采用P50探头,探头测试前下降速度1.00 mm/s,测试后回升速度10.00 mm/s,形变量50%,触发力0.05 N。随机选取同批次10个仙贝进行测试,取平均值。
为减少仙贝烤焙过程中温度不均匀对色度测试结果的影响,将制备的仙贝芯部研磨成粉末后,使用保鲜膜紧密包裹后进行测试,并在仙贝表面选取平整处进行测定,同时研究仙贝内部与外部色泽。测定结果表示为L*(亮度值)、a*(红度)、b*(黄度),每组样品重复6次,测定前用白板矫正数值,并根据公式(1)计算总色差ΔE[14]:
$ {\Delta }E=\sqrt{{{{({\Delta }L}^{*}})}^{2}+{{{({\Delta }a}^{*}})}^{2}+{{{({\Delta }b}^{*}})}^{2}} $
式中,ΔL*、Δa*和Δb*为样品和对照组之间L*、a*和b*的差值。
仙贝进行磨粉处理,过100目筛得到仙贝粉末,按照1:100(w/w)的比例与溴化钾混合,置于研钵中研磨混合均匀后进行压片处理,之后使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪进行红外光谱扫描,扫描范围为400~4000 cm−1,扫描分辨率为4 cm−1,扫描次数为32次。
水分分布测试方法参考Wang等[15]方法,并进行一定修改。使用保鲜膜包裹仙贝,置于25 mm核磁管内,使用低场核磁共振仪进行水分分布的测定,采用Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)脉冲序列对仙贝的横向弛豫时间T2进行测定。具体测定参数设置为:主频21 MHz,采样频率100 kHz,等待时间为5000 ms,回波时间为0.2 ms,模拟增益为20 dB,回波个数8000,累加次数16。
参考曾海英等[16]方法测定食品中的重金属。将研磨好的样品在烘箱中于105 ℃烘干,称取0.1 g(精确到0.0001 g)样品于聚四氟乙烯的微波消解罐中,加入少量蒸馏水使样品湿润,分别加入5 mL HNO3,静置1 h,然后加入1 mL H2O2,混匀后盖好消解盖,密封好后装入微波消解仪中按消解程序进行消解。消解好的样品放到赶酸仪上进行赶酸处理,待液体剩黄豆大小用蒸馏水定容至50 mL,定容后的样品过0.22 μm的滤膜得到待测液,用ICP-MS检测数据,仪器条件:射频功率1550 W,等离子体流量15 L/min,雾化器流量1.0 L/min,载气流量1.05 L/min,碰撞气流量4.0 mL/min,采样深度8.0 mm,扫描方式为跳峰,重复采集次数3次,溶液稳定时间45 s,调谐参数灵敏度:9Be>5000,114In>80000,238U>6000,氧化物CeO/Ce<2.5%,双电荷Ce2+/Ce<3。根据公式(2)计算元素含量:
$ \rm 元素含量(mg/kg\;干重)=\frac{CV}{W} $
式中,C:溶液中元素的浓度,μg/L;V:提取体积,L;W:样本质量,g。
感官评价试验采用定量描述感官分析方法,对仙贝进行感官评定。感官评分标准参考 GB/T 20980-2021《饼干质量通则》[17]中关于饼干的感官要求并进行一定修改。选取18名食品科学与工程类专业的学生完成,其中男女各9名,年龄在23~26岁,参与感官评价实验的人员在实验前均接受了专业的感官评价训练。在进行感官评价时,将不同仙贝放入随机编号的盘中,并让评价员在指定的食品区域完成评分,具体评分细则如表1所示。
据Pu等[18]检测挥发性风味物质的方法并进行一定修改。分别称取2 g预先研磨的BS、FS、BC仙贝粉末置于20 mL顶空瓶底部,加盖密封。60 ℃孵育20 min后进样,GC-IMS实验主要参数为:FS-SE-54-CB-1石英毛细管柱,柱温60 ℃,进样体积200 μL,载气为高纯度氮气(99%),检测器温度为45 ℃,注射针温度65 ℃,孵育转速为500 r/min,载气流速为初始2 mL/min,保持2 min;2~10 min内线性升高至10 mL/min;10~20 min内线性升高至100 mL/min,然后保持10 min。挥发性化合物的识别引用是基于保留指数(RI)确定的,通过仪器内置的NIST数据库和IMS数据库比对进行推测性鉴定,保留匹配相似度高于80%的化合物用于后续分析。由于本研究未使用内标物进行定量矫正,样品中挥发性化合物的相对含量以峰体积表示,用于对比不同样品间的相对差异[19−20]。
每组实验平行3次,部分指标采取3次以上平行。采用SPSS 27软件进行数据处理和显著性分析,P<0.05表示具有显著差异。利用Origin 2024软件作图,利用GC-IMS配套的分析插件Gallery Plot插件对仙贝的挥发性成分指纹图谱进行分析处理,使用SIMCA 14.1进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)。
通过对仙贝的相关指标进行检测,发现冻干虾粉的添加对仙贝的营养成分方面有着一定改善,结果如表2所示。由表可知,三种仙贝水分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。与BC组相比,添加虾粉样品的脂肪含量显著改变(P<0.05),但含量增加较小,表明虾肉中脂质含量较低。在蛋白质含量方面,三组样品间存在显著差异(P<0.05),与BC组(8.47%)相比,添加虾粉的FS组和BS组蛋白质含量分别提高至17.62%和20.12%,其中,BS组蛋白质含量高于20%,根据GB 28050-2011《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品营养标签通则》[21]规定,BS组可归为高蛋白食品,推测这与盐碱水环境下离子调节作用及渗透压适应机制增强有关,从而提高了肌肉组织中蛋白质与氨基酸的合成与积累,导致盐碱水罗氏沼虾虾肉中蛋白质含量较高[22]。
通过对仙贝的全质构特性进行测定,选择硬度、脆度、咀嚼性三个指标进行综合分析,结果如表3所示。添加冻干虾粉的FS组和BS组在硬度、脆度、咀嚼性上均与未添加冻干虾粉的BC组有着显著差异(P<0.05)。其中,BS组的仙贝硬度、脆度、咀嚼性最大,分别达到了42.20 N、23.94 N、11.10 mJ,整体相较于BC组更硬。这可能是由于在仙贝烘烤时,高蛋白虾粉的引入导致虾粉里的蛋白质在高温条件下与糯米粉、大米粉相互作用,使仙贝内部密度增加,产品品质改变[23]。由于仙贝的实际口感并不是质构指标的数值越高越好,硬度、脆度的增大会导致食用仙贝时使用更大的力,因此,实际的消费者接受度应该结合后续感官评价分析结果进行分析。
色泽作为消费者喜好程度的首要影响因素,影响着消费者对于仙贝的接受程度。通过前期直观观察发现,添加冻干虾粉对于仙贝色泽的形成有着一定的影响,仙贝成品如图1所示,添加虾粉的仙贝表面偏向于棕褐色。为了更加准确地了解不同仙贝的色差,使用色差计测定仙贝表面以及仙贝芯研磨后仙贝粉的L*、a*、b*并计算出总色差ΔE,结果如图2所示。其中,L*表示该产品的黑白亮度,a*表示红绿度,b*表示黄蓝度。
如图2A所示,与BC组相对比,无论是仙贝表面还是粉末,冻干虾粉的混合致使样品整体L*值出现显著下降(P<0.05),这一现象的成因,除了与虾在煮熟后所具有的虾红素颜色有着密切关联外,还与高温烘焙过程中所发生的美拉德反应密不可分,冻干虾粉提供了丰富的蛋白质及氨基酸,在高温条件下,其与仙贝中的糖分相互作用,有利于焙烤过程中美拉德反应以及焦糖化反应的进行[24],导致样品表面颜色变暗。
如图2B所示,添加虾粉的仙贝表面及芯部粉末a*值均增大,这与虾中虾红素的颜色相关。BS组表面a*值与其他两组具有显著差异(P<0.05),推测这与盐碱水虾的生长有较大关系,合理浓度的盐碱胁迫,促使虾体内产生了更多的虾红素[25],使得盐碱水虾在熟制后表现出更多的红色物质。如图2C所示,b*值增长趋势与a*值相似,FS组、BS组黄度值显著高于BC组(P<0.05),这也与美拉德反应产生的物质增多相关,使产品色泽更趋于深色。
当ΔE>3时,认为样品之间的色差可以通过肉眼分辨。如图2D所示,FS组和BS组的外部及粉末的ΔE相较于BC组有显著差异(P<0.05),且差值大于3,这与图1展现的结果一致。但由于仙贝表面并不光滑,同一样品ΔE数值偏离较大,因此,仅通过数据分析,表明FS组和BS组的ΔE并没有显著差异(P>0.05),不能通过肉眼进行辨别。
通过FTIR测得不同仙贝在400~4000 cm−1处的红外透过率,可以分析不同仙贝的内部结构。由图3A可知,添加不同冻干虾粉后的仙贝的图谱中,未出现新的吸收峰或特征峰消失,表明虾粉未改变仙贝中特定基团的性质。其中,在3000~3800 cm−1范围内均有一个较强烈的吸收峰,此处与O-H的拉伸振动和变形振动相关,BS组与FS组相较于BS组O-H处的吸收峰出现在波数更低的位置,表明虾粉的加入使得仙贝体系内的氢键作用更强[26],得出虾粉与糯米粉分子之间主要通过氢键作用相互结合。2900 cm−1处的吸收峰与体系中CH3和CH2基团的C-H拉伸振动相关[13],800~1200 cm−1范围内反映粉质的有序结构,图3中1023 cm−1处代表粉质的无定型结构[27]。
仙贝中蛋白质的二级结构变化可以通过酰胺Ⅰ带(1600~1700 cm−1)峰强度及峰位置的变化来进行模拟计算[28],通过OMNIC软件对红外光谱中的酰胺Ⅰ带进行去卷积积分,并通过Peakfit软件计算二级结构的比例。其中,1600~1640、1640~1650、1650~1660、1660~1700 cm−1的波段分别属于β-折叠、无规卷曲、α-螺旋、β-转角四种结构,各结构分布情况如图3B所示。具体来说,与BC组相比,FS组和BS组的β-转角比例显著降低(P<0.05),β-折叠比例显著增加(P<0.05)。此外,相较于BC组(27.19%),α-螺旋的比例在FS组(30.21%)和BS组(30.91%)中显著升高(P<0.05),显示出蛋白质结构的有序性增强。与此相对,BS组的无规卷曲(21.15%)占比显著低于BC组(23.87%)和FS组(23.12%)(P<0.05)。根据Liu等[29]在菊粉对于面团中蛋白质组分结构影响的研究中发现,α-螺旋、β-折叠比例的增加,代表着面筋网络结构的有序性和稳定性在增强,有利于提升面团的弹性,这与仙贝在制备过程中面团的质感改变情况相似。
利用低场核磁共振技术得到了仙贝的水分分布反演曲线,结果如图4,通过测量横向弛豫时间T2,研究仙贝中水分的分布情况,根据T2的不同,将水分具体划分为3个部分:T21(0.01~10 ms)代表结合水,主要与淀粉、蛋白质这些大分子紧密结合的水;T22(10~100 ms)代表固定水,指的是淀粉颗粒表面或者面筋链上的水分;T23(100~10000 ms)代表自由水,指的是面团中自由度较大的水分[30−31]。由图可以看出,T22峰比例最大,占仙贝总信号的90%左右,表明仙贝中的水分主要是固定水。添加虾粉的FS组和BS组相较于BC组,自由水和固定水比例小幅度减少,而结合水比例略有增加,表明添加虾粉降低了仙贝中的水分流动性,推测是添加的蛋白质与淀粉形成了网络结构,限制了仙贝中淀粉-蛋白质网络内外的水分流动[32]。根据Smarzyński等[33]研究发现,蟋蟀粉的添加使得饼干中水分分布趋向于低流动性,横向弛豫时间缩短,与产品的质地改善直接相关,结合本研究结果推测,仙贝中相似的水分迁移变化可能与仙贝的感官特性相关,但该关系仍需进行进一步的深入验证。
由于对盐碱水罗氏沼虾的应用研究还存在空白,因此,出于对仙贝产品的安全性考虑,对三种仙贝中具有代表性的重金属元素含量进行检测,包括Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Sn、Cr六种元素,各样本中重金属元素含量结果如表4所示。根据GB 2762-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》[34]中规定的各元素在食品中所允许的最大含量水平,表明添加不同来源的虾粉的仙贝中,Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Sn、Cr六种重金属元素含量均为合格,且BS组中各重金属元素含量较FS组低,推测这与虾的生活环境相关,盐碱水养殖罗氏沼虾的生存环境自大海中引水,水的流动性较强,不易发生重金属元素的积累。As的含量较高,FS和BS中分别含有0.418、0.353 mg/kg,但仍低于国家标准所要求的最高水平,表明该工艺制备的仙贝不具有被重金属污染的风险。
为探究BS组与其他样品的感官风味之间的差异性,本文对三种仙贝的气味、色泽、口感、滋味、外观形态五个方面进行了评分,不同仙贝各项具体得分表及感官评分雷达图如表5与图5所示。
BS、FS、BC在综合评分上有着显著差异(P<0.05),BS组得分最高,FS组次之,可见,仙贝中冻干虾粉的加入对于仙贝整体的感官接受度有着明显的改善。盐碱水罗氏沼虾的添加,使得仙贝的气味和滋味有着明显的改善,与FS组有着显著的差异(P<0.05),这可能是由于两种虾的生活环境不同,淡水虾往往在底泥中觅食,容易产生青草味、金属味[35],使得受试者普遍感受到了腥味的存在[36],而盐碱水虾以小虾、浮游生物为食,鲜味突出。此外,BS组在色泽方面与其他两组有着显著差异(P<0.05),色泽的形成与美拉德反应相关,较多蛋白质的引入会促使更多美拉德反应产物的产生,导致烘焙后的色泽不同[37],这与色泽的测试结果相一致。添加高蛋白原料的烘焙产品往往会出现粉质感、质地偏硬的情况,然而,在口感评分中BS组的口感高于BC组,口感上更加酥脆,表明仙贝的质构特性改变在合理的范围内,并没有出现产品口感过硬的情况,且几乎未产生粘牙的现象。这可能是由于本试验选择在较低温度的情况下混合粉料,避免了面团的过度糊化,这与卡沃夫斯基等[38]在低于蛋白质变性温度的温度下将蛋白质和纤维进行水合并通过蒸煮软化纤维的操作相似,改善了仙贝的口感特性,避免了蛋白物质的添加导致仙贝组织结构粉质化的问题。
为解析不同制备材料的仙贝的香气成分,利用顶空-气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用仪(HS-GC-IMS)对样品中的挥发性化合物进行检测,结果如表6所示,三种仙贝共分离鉴定出40种挥发性化合物,包括醇类6种、酮类7种、醛类8种、酯类10种、羧酸类6种、呋喃衍生物2种、噻唑衍生物1种。
为进一步直观分析仙贝的挥发性风味成分差异,运用Gallery Plot插件生成仙贝的挥发性物质指纹图谱,如图6所示。
指纹图谱的每一行代表一个测试样品中的挥发性物质的信号,每列代表同种挥发性物质在不同样品中的信号(红色信号越强,表明该物质含量相对越高)。将3种样品对比发现,不同仙贝的香气成分存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。
如图中所选的A区域,BC组中特征性较强的物质包括2-乙酰基呋喃、1-辛烯-3-酮、甲酸己酯、丁酸异丁酯、丁酸异丙酯、(E)-2-壬烯醛、5-甲基-2-乙酰基呋喃、3-甲基戊酸、辛酸甲酯、甲基异丁基酮、(E)-2-辛烯醛。其中,2-乙酰基呋喃、5-甲基-2-乙酰基呋喃为呋喃类化合物,带有烘焙的香气,为烘焙仙贝提供了焦香味[39]。焦糖化反应是糖类在高温下分解并产生香气化合物的过程,呋喃类化合物通常在焦糖化过程中形成醛类和酯类物质,如(E)-2-辛烯醛等,为仙贝提供了清香的气味,丁酸异丙酯、丁酸异丁酯等酯类化合物风味描述表现为奶油香、甜果香,为仙贝提供了香甜的风味,这符合烘焙仙贝的香气成分[18]。
如图中所选B区域,FS组中特征性较强的物质包括壬酸、2-甲基丁醛、丁酸戊酯、丁酸、(E)-2-戊烯醛、异戊酸异戊酯、4-甲基-2-戊酮,而3-甲基戊酸、辛酸甲酯、(E)-2-辛烯醛等物质的含量减少,且呋喃类化合物相对含量和种类减少,如2-乙酰基呋喃、5-甲基-2-乙酰基呋喃未检测出,新产生的3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮相对含量降低,导致淡水罗氏沼虾仙贝焙烤香气减少,缺少了烘焙的气味。此外,还产生了新的物质,如异戊酸异戊酯、2-甲基丁醛、丁酸戊酯、丁酸、(E)-2-戊烯醛等化合物,2-甲基丁醛等醛类化合物的产生与虾在干制过程中产生的挥发性物质相关,在干制过程中由异亮氨酸通过Strecker降解产生[40],稀释后表现为可可味和焦香味,少量的该物质可以弥补仙贝的香气,但丁酸、丁酸戊酯、(E)-2-戊烯醛、的产生为仙贝带来了一些腐臭味,但并未检测出硫化物、胺类等腐臭物质,这与感官评价中对于气味的描述一致。
如图中所选C区域,BS组中特征性较强的物质包括2-乙基-1-己醇、丙酸丁酯、藏花醛、2,4-二甲基噻唑、(Z)-3-辛烯-1-醇、丁酸丁酯、2-苯乙醇、3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、2-甲基丙酸甲酯、2-丁醇、己酸丁酯、2-环己烯-1-酮、1-庚醇、3-甲基丁醛、2-戊醇、异丁醛、1-乙基-2-吡咯甲醛,虽然BS组和FS组都只是添加了冻干虾粉,但BS组和FS组所检测出的挥发性成分在种类和含量上都有着较大差异,推测这与盐碱水罗氏沼虾的生活环境有关,导致盐碱水罗氏沼虾风味改变[41]。BS组共有四种“烘烤香”物质,分别是2,4-二甲基噻唑、3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、3-甲基丁醛、1-乙基-2-吡咯甲醛,其中,3-甲基丁醛与2-甲基丁醛相似,均呈现烘焙、可可的香气[42],1-乙基-2-吡咯甲醛、3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮产生于美拉德反应,少量即能表现出焦香味[43]。BS组还含有6种醇类,醇类是脂质氧化产生的次级产物,主要来源于多不饱和脂肪酸的氧化降解,大多会给仙贝带来清香味[44],与酯类所带来的风味有相似的作用。酮类物质的产生,如3-己酮、2-环己烯-1-酮,来源于脂类物质的降解反应或者氨基酸的降解反应[45],大多表现出清香味。
综上所述,虽然在BS组中也有丙酸的产生,带有一定的腐臭味,但醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类、杂环类化合物的共同作用,协同作用,相互调和,给BS组带来了独特的鲜美风味。
正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)模型是一种有监督的模式识别多变量统计方法,可用于分析样本组间差异,并区分与代谢变化相关的潜在代谢物[46]。为进一步分析不同仙贝挥发性成分之间的差异,以上述40种挥发性物质的峰体积作为自变量矩阵X,以不同仙贝样品分组作为分类响应变量Y,使用OPLS-DA模型对不同仙贝样品进行分析。模型参数显示,R2X=0.958,R2Y=0.997,Q2=0.985,R2和Q2大于0.5,表明模型拟合结果可接受。由图7可知,BC、FS和BS组样品在得分图中呈现一定聚集趋势,但组间存在部分重叠。其中,BC组样品主要分布于PC1负向区域,FS组样品主要偏向PC2负向区域,BS组样品则多分布于PC2正向区域。该结果表明,添加冻干虾粉后仙贝挥发性成分组成发生一定变化,且盐碱水罗氏沼虾仙贝与淡水罗氏沼虾仙贝之间也存在一定差异。
为了展示模型的稳健性,采用200次置换检验的交叉验证,结果如图8所示,Q2回归线与纵轴的相交点小于0(Q2=−0.704),说明模型不存在过拟合,模型验证有效,因此认为该结果可用于盐碱水罗氏沼虾仙贝的鉴别分析,且香气成分有明显区别。
经过模型验证后得到变量重要性投影(VIP)值,当VIP值>1时被认为可以用来解释影响力强度和衡量能力,如图9所示,VIP值>1的挥发性物质有丁酸戊酯、2-甲基丁酸、丁酸、4-甲基-2-戊酮、异戊酸异戊酯、2-戊醇、己酸丁酯、2-丁醇、3-甲基丁醛、2-苯乙醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮、1-庚醇、3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮,共13种物质,表明这些挥发性化合物可以区分3种不同的仙贝。
本研究系统探讨了盐碱水罗氏沼虾虾粉对仙贝品质特性及风味形成的影响。结果表明,盐碱水罗氏沼虾冻干虾粉的添加不仅改善了仙贝的营养组成,使其具有更高的蛋白质含量,同时显著改变了产品的质构与口感。蛋白质二级结构分析显示,α-螺旋和β-折叠比例的增加以及无规卷曲比例的减少表明内部结构更稳定,这与质地特性的变化有着较强的关联。重金属检测结果表明,盐碱水罗氏沼虾制品在食品安全范围内具有良好的应用前景。GC-IMS与感官分析结果进一步揭示,盐碱水罗氏沼虾冻干虾粉的合理添加丰富了仙贝的挥发性风味成分,在一定程度上改善仙贝的整体风味特征和感官品质。结合OPLS-DA和VIP分析,丁酸戊酯、2-甲基丁酸、丁酸、4-甲基-2-戊酮、异戊酸异戊酯、2-戊醇、己酸丁酯、2-丁醇、3-甲基丁醛、2-苯乙醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮、1-庚醇、3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮可能是区分三种仙贝样品的重要差异性风味物质。综上,盐碱水罗氏沼虾冻干虾粉的应用对改善仙贝风味品质具有一定潜力,可为盐碱水罗氏沼虾资源的高值化利用提供参考。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070157
  • 接收时间:2025-07-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-14
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    1河北农业大学食品科技学院,河北保定 071000
    2衡水学院生命科学学院,河北衡水 053000

通讯作者:

王敏(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
孙剑锋(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬资源加工与利用、海洋资源加工与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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