Article(id=1320880231003574800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070113, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752076800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851987838, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851987838, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851987838, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851987838, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=118, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880231200707089, articleId=1320880231003574800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Structure-activity Relationship between the Structures and Antitumor Activities of Pectin and Its Degradation Products, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To compare the structural characteristics and antitumor activities of pectin (PC) and its degradation products, and to analyze their structure-activity relationships. Methods: Pectin was degraded using pectate lyase, rhamnogalacturonase, and hydrogen peroxide. The structures of pectin and its degradation products were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their in vitro antitumor activities were evaluated using MTT assay, live/dead cell staining, flow cytometry, wound-healing, and cellular uptake experiments. The relationship between structural parameters and biological activity was analyzed by partial least squares (PLS) regression. Results: Three degradation products were obtained rhamnogalacturonase product (RE), pectate lyase product (PL), and hydrogen peroxide product (HPX). Compared with native pectin, all three shared the basic pectic structure but exhibited distinct molecular weight distributions, ranked as PC (530.49 kDa)>RE (381.65 kDa)>HPX (27.14 kDa)>PL (main peak 3.80 kDa). The particle size followed the order: PC (651.48 nm)>RE (612.44 nm)>PL (225.18 nm)>HPX (159.04 nm). Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that pectin and its degradation products mainly consisted of galacturonic acid (GalA) and galactose (Gal), but with markedly different molar ratios. Comparative analysis of their antitumor activities showed that PL and HPX exhibited significantly stronger inhibitory effects on tumor cell proliferation than PC, while displaying negligible cytotoxicity toward normal cells. Both PL and HPX induced apoptosis and cell death more effectively and suppressed tumor cell migration. Cellular uptake experiments demonstrated that the degradation products exerted a synergistic effect when combined with doxorubicin (DOX), outperforming DOX alone or in combination with native pectin. PLS analysis indicated that GalA content, molecular weight, and particle size were highly correlated with antitumor activity. Conclusion: PL and HPX exhibited superior antitumor activity compared with native pectin. Their key structural features lower molecular weight, smaller particle size, and higher GalA content jointly contributed to the remarkable enhancement in bioactivity.

, authors=Shiying ZHAO1, 2, Xinwen GENG1, 2, Jianfeng GAN1, Lijuan LIU1, Yayun WU1, Ya ZHAO1, Ruizhi ZHAO1, 3, *, authorsList=Shiying ZHAO, Xinwen GENG, Jianfeng GAN, Lijuan LIU, Yayun WU, Ya ZHAO, Ruizhi ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ruizhi ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880234887500326, articleId=1320880231003574800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=果胶及其降解产物的结构与抗肿瘤活性构效关系研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:比较果胶(PC)及其不同降解产物的结构特征和抗肿瘤活性以分析其构效关系。方法:采用果胶裂解酶、鼠李糖苷酶和过氧化氢降解果胶,通过紫外可见光谱、红外光谱、高效液相色谱等对果胶及其降解产物的结构进行表征,并通过噻唑蓝(MTT)法、活死细胞染色、流式细胞术、细胞划痕及摄取实验评价其体外抗肿瘤活性,综合结构参数和抗肿瘤活性采用偏最小二乘法(Partial Least Squares,PLS)分析其构效关系。结果:降解得到鼠李糖苷酶产物(RE)、果胶裂解酶产物(PL)和过氧化氢产物(HPX),将其与果胶的结构特征比较可知:这三种产物均具有果胶的基本结构,但分子量分布差异较大,大小排序为PC(530.49 kDa)>RE(381.65 kDa)>HPX(27.14 kDa)>PL(主峰3.80 kDa);粒径的大小排序为:PC(651.48 nm)>RE(612.44 nm)>PL(225.18 nm)>HPX(159.04 nm);单糖组成分析表明果胶及其降解产物主要由半乳糖醛酸(GalA)和半乳糖(Gal)构成,但摩尔比存在显著差异。对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行比较可知:与PC相比,PL和HPX表现出更显著的抗肿瘤活性,对不同肿瘤细胞增殖具有一定抑制作用,同时对正常细胞无明显毒性,并且能更有效地诱导细胞死亡与凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞迁移;细胞摄取实验表明降解产物与阿霉素(Doxorubicin,DOX)联用表现出协同作用,其效果优于阿霉素单用或与果胶联用。构效关系表明GalA、分子量、粒径与抗肿瘤活性具有较强的相关性。结论:PL和HPX的抗肿瘤活性优于果胶,其关键结构特征表现为较低的分子量、较小的粒径及较高的GalA含量,这些因素共同导致了其活性的显著增强。

, authors=赵诗颖1, 2, 耿欣雯1, 2, 甘剑峰1, 刘丽娟1, 吴亚运1, 赵亚1, 赵瑞芝1, 3, *, authorsList=赵诗颖, 耿欣雯, 甘剑峰, 刘丽娟, 吴亚运, 赵亚, 赵瑞芝, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵瑞芝, authorNote=

赵诗颖(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:中药新剂型及其相关技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
赵瑞芝(1968−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:药物新剂型及技术,E-mail:。
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Journal of Chongqing Medical University, 2025, 50(3): 303−310., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320880250003772088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DU Shuangning, WANG Yangguang, TAO Wenyang, et al. Differential effects of enzymatically modified Ougan (Citrus suavissima Hort. ex Tanaka) peel pectins extracted with different methods on inhibiting the proliferation of Hela cells[J]. 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注:标准品编号1~7分别为Man、Rha、GlcA、GalA、Glc、Gal、Ara。

, figureFileSmall=Lu/gF0xIMorT23Bq2eR/bg==, figureFileBig=XQWHvcLzNGO27lbXD/+Ukg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880240092631652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Particle size distribution diagram of pectin and its degradation products, figureFileSmall=pHnfI1Ux/kc/c0PeCQeDHw==, figureFileBig=U3hzd4Ym3SjNPYWKwW9l9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880240151351909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=CN, label=图3, caption=果胶及降解产物的粒径分布图, figureFileSmall=pHnfI1Ux/kc/c0PeCQeDHw==, figureFileBig=U3hzd4Ym3SjNPYWKwW9l9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880240222655078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different concentrations of pectin and its degradation products on the survival rates of LO2 and HK2 cells, figureFileSmall=vivT5X5HjvnpNcu1B4w8Rg==, figureFileBig=uNHiGi55kod0ggniDRSFtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880240289763943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同浓度果胶及降解产物对LO2和HK2细胞存活率的影响

注:与0 μg/mL组相比,不同小写字母表示相同组分不同质量浓度差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=vivT5X5HjvnpNcu1B4w8Rg==, figureFileBig=uNHiGi55kod0ggniDRSFtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880240356872808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Inhibitory effects of pectin and its degradation products on the proliferation of Huh-7 cells (A), A549 cells (B), and MCF-7 (C) cells, figureFileSmall=H+kg00QUJBBlXh7n1SWKKg==, figureFileBig=NLum9KdJMya2usFDwdwIFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880240428175977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=CN, label=图5, caption=果胶及降解产物对Huh-7细胞(A)、A549细胞(B)、MCF-7细胞(C)增殖抑制的影响

注:不同字母表示相同质量浓度不同组分差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=H+kg00QUJBBlXh7n1SWKKg==, figureFileBig=NLum9KdJMya2usFDwdwIFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880240524644970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Pectin and its degradation products on Huh-7 live/dead cell staining images, figureFileSmall=etGFHfehN5pgAMltZW/JcA==, figureFileBig=d4xqIuEEMo2Rk1nwiX9SRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880240591753835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=CN, label=图6, caption=果胶及降解产物对Huh-7细胞活死染色图, figureFileSmall=etGFHfehN5pgAMltZW/JcA==, figureFileBig=d4xqIuEEMo2Rk1nwiX9SRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880240663057004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of pectin and its degradation products on apoptosis of Huh-7 cells, figureFileSmall=4J+CFtEu1PzehKivc+C7eg==, figureFileBig=bDTgny/DLZ5/AvE3RqIh/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880240746943085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=CN, label=图7, caption=果胶及降解产物对Huh-7细胞凋亡的影响

注:不同字母表示不同组分差异显著(P<0.05),图8~图9同。

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Relative molecular weights and yields of pectin and its degradation products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称峰编号保留时间 (min)分子量(kDa)得率(%)
PC115.119530.49±1.7a
RE115.386381.65±0.8b92.4±1.09
PL115.271241.56±1.2c30.2±3.74
219.0083.80±0.9e
HPX117.46027.14±2.4d56.9±2.01
), ArticleFig(id=1320880241338339957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

果胶及降解产物的相对分子量和得率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称峰编号保留时间 (min)分子量(kDa)得率(%)
PC115.119530.49±1.7a
RE115.386381.65±0.8b92.4±1.09
PL115.271241.56±1.2c30.2±3.74
219.0083.80±0.9e
HPX117.46027.14±2.4d56.9±2.01
), ArticleFig(id=1320880241422226038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Molar percentage composition of monosaccharides in pectin and its degradation products (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称ManRhaGalAGlcGalAra
PC0.32±0.08c5.85±0.25a39.62±1.6c14.60±0.83a35.48±0.16b4.13±0.09a
RE9.24±0.10a2.76±0.18c30.94±1.8d13.31±0.64b40.13±0.08a3.61±0.11b
PL1.08±0.04b4.44±0.27b42.63±1.2b11.90±0.71c36.64±0.19b3.31±0.14b
HPX0.12±0.01c2.09±0.39c50.03±1.1a10.29±0.55d34.91±0.11b2.56±0.10c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880241493529207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

果胶及降解产物的单糖组成摩尔百分比(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称ManRhaGalAGlcGalAra
PC0.32±0.08c5.85±0.25a39.62±1.6c14.60±0.83a35.48±0.16b4.13±0.09a
RE9.24±0.10a2.76±0.18c30.94±1.8d13.31±0.64b40.13±0.08a3.61±0.11b
PL1.08±0.04b4.44±0.27b42.63±1.2b11.90±0.71c36.64±0.19b3.31±0.14b
HPX0.12±0.01c2.09±0.39c50.03±1.1a10.29±0.55d34.91±0.11b2.56±0.10c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880243141890680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Average particle size and potential of pectin and its degradation products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称平均粒径(nm)电位(mV)
PC651.48±7.64a−43.80±0.99b
RE612.44±4.69b−54.41±0.58a
PL225.18±0.49c−35.65±1.95c
HPX159.04±1.28d−26.17±0.48d
), ArticleFig(id=1320880243213193849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

果胶及降解产物的平均粒径和电位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称平均粒径(nm)电位(mV)
PC651.48±7.64a−43.80±0.99b
RE612.44±4.69b−54.41±0.58a
PL225.18±0.49c−35.65±1.95c
HPX159.04±1.28d−26.17±0.48d
), ArticleFig(id=1320880243292885626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fuzzy function values of tumor-attacking activity of pectin and its degradation products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品浓度(μg/mL)PCPLREHPX
250000
500.20220.26730.07010.3078
1000.38400.53850.26760.5488
2000.61130.77290.45570.7123
4001.00001.00001.00001.0000
平均值0.43950.51570.35870.5138
排序3142
), ArticleFig(id=1320880243359994491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880231003574800, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

果胶及降解产物抗肿瘤活性隶属函数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品浓度(μg/mL)PCPLREHPX
250000
500.20220.26730.07010.3078
1000.38400.53850.26760.5488
2000.61130.77290.45570.7123
4001.00001.00001.00001.0000
平均值0.43950.51570.35870.5138
排序3142
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果胶及其降解产物的结构与抗肿瘤活性构效关系研究
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赵诗颖 1, 2 , 耿欣雯 1, 2 , 甘剑峰 1 , 刘丽娟 1 , 吴亚运 1 , 赵亚 1 , 赵瑞芝 1, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(15): 118-128
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (15) : 118 -128
果胶及其降解产物的结构与抗肿瘤活性构效关系研究
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赵诗颖1, 2 , 耿欣雯1, 2, 甘剑峰1, 刘丽娟1, 吴亚运1, 赵亚1, 赵瑞芝1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1广州中医药大学第二临床医学院,广东广州 510006
  • 2中医药广东省实验室—横琴实验室,广东珠海 519000
  • 3广东省中医症候临床研究重点实验室,广东广州 510006
通讯作者:
赵瑞芝(1968−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:药物新剂型及技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵诗颖(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:中药新剂型及其相关技术,E-mail:

Structure-activity Relationship between the Structures and Antitumor Activities of Pectin and Its Degradation Products
Shiying ZHAO1, 2 , Xinwen GENG1, 2, Jianfeng GAN1, Lijuan LIU1, Yayun WU1, Ya ZHAO1, Ruizhi ZHAO1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chinese Medicine-Hengqin Laboratory, Zhuhai 519000, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510006, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070113
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目的:比较果胶(PC)及其不同降解产物的结构特征和抗肿瘤活性以分析其构效关系。方法:采用果胶裂解酶、鼠李糖苷酶和过氧化氢降解果胶,通过紫外可见光谱、红外光谱、高效液相色谱等对果胶及其降解产物的结构进行表征,并通过噻唑蓝(MTT)法、活死细胞染色、流式细胞术、细胞划痕及摄取实验评价其体外抗肿瘤活性,综合结构参数和抗肿瘤活性采用偏最小二乘法(Partial Least Squares,PLS)分析其构效关系。结果:降解得到鼠李糖苷酶产物(RE)、果胶裂解酶产物(PL)和过氧化氢产物(HPX),将其与果胶的结构特征比较可知:这三种产物均具有果胶的基本结构,但分子量分布差异较大,大小排序为PC(530.49 kDa)>RE(381.65 kDa)>HPX(27.14 kDa)>PL(主峰3.80 kDa);粒径的大小排序为:PC(651.48 nm)>RE(612.44 nm)>PL(225.18 nm)>HPX(159.04 nm);单糖组成分析表明果胶及其降解产物主要由半乳糖醛酸(GalA)和半乳糖(Gal)构成,但摩尔比存在显著差异。对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行比较可知:与PC相比,PL和HPX表现出更显著的抗肿瘤活性,对不同肿瘤细胞增殖具有一定抑制作用,同时对正常细胞无明显毒性,并且能更有效地诱导细胞死亡与凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞迁移;细胞摄取实验表明降解产物与阿霉素(Doxorubicin,DOX)联用表现出协同作用,其效果优于阿霉素单用或与果胶联用。构效关系表明GalA、分子量、粒径与抗肿瘤活性具有较强的相关性。结论:PL和HPX的抗肿瘤活性优于果胶,其关键结构特征表现为较低的分子量、较小的粒径及较高的GalA含量,这些因素共同导致了其活性的显著增强。

果胶  /  降解  /  抗肿瘤  /  结构表征  /  构效关系

Objective: To compare the structural characteristics and antitumor activities of pectin (PC) and its degradation products, and to analyze their structure-activity relationships. Methods: Pectin was degraded using pectate lyase, rhamnogalacturonase, and hydrogen peroxide. The structures of pectin and its degradation products were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their in vitro antitumor activities were evaluated using MTT assay, live/dead cell staining, flow cytometry, wound-healing, and cellular uptake experiments. The relationship between structural parameters and biological activity was analyzed by partial least squares (PLS) regression. Results: Three degradation products were obtained rhamnogalacturonase product (RE), pectate lyase product (PL), and hydrogen peroxide product (HPX). Compared with native pectin, all three shared the basic pectic structure but exhibited distinct molecular weight distributions, ranked as PC (530.49 kDa)>RE (381.65 kDa)>HPX (27.14 kDa)>PL (main peak 3.80 kDa). The particle size followed the order: PC (651.48 nm)>RE (612.44 nm)>PL (225.18 nm)>HPX (159.04 nm). Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that pectin and its degradation products mainly consisted of galacturonic acid (GalA) and galactose (Gal), but with markedly different molar ratios. Comparative analysis of their antitumor activities showed that PL and HPX exhibited significantly stronger inhibitory effects on tumor cell proliferation than PC, while displaying negligible cytotoxicity toward normal cells. Both PL and HPX induced apoptosis and cell death more effectively and suppressed tumor cell migration. Cellular uptake experiments demonstrated that the degradation products exerted a synergistic effect when combined with doxorubicin (DOX), outperforming DOX alone or in combination with native pectin. PLS analysis indicated that GalA content, molecular weight, and particle size were highly correlated with antitumor activity. Conclusion: PL and HPX exhibited superior antitumor activity compared with native pectin. Their key structural features lower molecular weight, smaller particle size, and higher GalA content jointly contributed to the remarkable enhancement in bioactivity.

pectin  /  degradation  /  antitumor activity  /  structural characterization  /  structure-activity relationship
赵诗颖, 耿欣雯, 甘剑峰, 刘丽娟, 吴亚运, 赵亚, 赵瑞芝. 果胶及其降解产物的结构与抗肿瘤活性构效关系研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 118 -128 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070113
Shiying ZHAO, Xinwen GENG, Jianfeng GAN, Lijuan LIU, Yayun WU, Ya ZHAO, Ruizhi ZHAO. Structure-activity Relationship between the Structures and Antitumor Activities of Pectin and Its Degradation Products[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 118 -128 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070113
恶性肿瘤是严重威胁人类生命健康的重大疾病,其高发病率与死亡率已成为全球范围内亟待解决的公共卫生问题[1]。目前,化疗与放疗仍是临床上治疗恶性肿瘤的主要手段,然而多数化疗药物在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时,往往会对正常组织造成严重的毒副作用,且长期使用易引发肿瘤细胞耐药性,导致治疗效果受限[2]。因此,开发高效、低毒的新型抗肿瘤药物或功能辅料已成为当今研究的热点。
近年来,天然来源的活性成分因其毒副作用小、来源广泛等优势而备受关注。果胶是一种广泛存在于高等植物壁中的酸性杂多糖[3],具有多种生物活性[4],如抗肿瘤[5]、抗氧化[6]、调节免疫[7]和降血糖[8]等,在医药、食品及生物化工等领域的研究与应用日益深入[9]。研究表明,果胶可通过诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制细胞迁移以及增强化疗药物敏感性等多种机制发挥抗肿瘤作用[10],且对正常细胞毒性较低,展现出良好的开发潜力[11]。然而,天然果胶分子量较大,结构复杂,导致其溶解性和生物利用度偏低,限制了其在功能食品和药物开发中的应用[12]。研究发现,通过降解改性可调控果胶的结构与理化性质,改善溶解性,进而显著提升其抗肿瘤活性。例如,Wu等[13]采用酶法降解果胶,使其半乳糖醛酸含量提升37.4%,分子量从140 kDa 降低到7.6 kDa,对肝癌 HepG2 细胞生长有显著抑制作用。尽管降解处理可以增强果胶的抗肿瘤活性,但其发挥活性的结构及作用机制尚不明确。
因此,本研究对果胶及其降解产物的结构特征和抗肿瘤活性进行比较,探讨其结构与抗肿瘤活性的构效关系,阐明果胶发挥抗肿瘤活性的关键结构特征,为开发高效、低毒的功能辅料提供理论依据。
果胶(Galacturonic acid>74.0%) SIGMA公司;果胶裂解酶(≥600 U/mL)、鼠李糖苷酶(≥40 kU/g) 夏盛(北京)生物科技开发有限公司;过氧化氢溶液、L-抗坏血酸、三氟乙酸 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;DMEM培养基、RPMI1640培养基、PBS磷酸盐缓冲液、胎牛血清 美国Gibco公司;噻唑蓝(纯度≥98%) MP生物医疗公司;Calcein/PI细胞活性与细胞毒性检测试剂盒、4%多聚甲醛固定液 上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;DAPI染料 美国Thermofisher公司;盐酸多柔比星 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;Huh-7人肝癌细胞、A549人肺癌细胞、MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞、LO2人正常肝细胞、HK2人肾皮质近曲小管上皮细胞 中国科学院武汉大学典型培养物保藏中心。
Infinite M1000Pro酶标仪 瑞士Tecan公司;傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国PerkinElmer公司;U-2910紫外可见分光光度计 日本日立公司;1260高效液相色谱仪、Novo Quanteon流式细胞分析仪 美国Agilent公司;WCI-180 CO2孵箱 北京维根技术有限公司;IC-10004 细胞计数仪 上海睿钰生物科技有限公司;Nanobrook 90Plus PALS粒径电位测定仪 美国布鲁克海文公司;全自动倒置荧光显微分析系统 日本Nikon公司。
分别称取1.00 g果胶至两个锥形瓶中,各加入150 mL乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液,振摇,取1 mL果胶裂解酶和鼠李糖苷酶加入反应体系,封口放入50 ℃、转速180 r/min的恒温摇床反应16 h。然后放置在100 ℃水浴锅中10 min终止反应,冷却到室温后过滤,冻干,用MWCO 3000 Da的透析袋透析48 h,再次冻干得果胶裂解酶产物(PL)和鼠李糖苷酶产物(RE)。参考Al-Wraikat等[14]的方法,称取1.00 g果胶至锥形瓶中,加入100 mL超纯水,室温下磁力搅拌,加入6%过氧化氢溶液1.25 mL与L-抗坏血酸0.88 g(摩尔比为1:1)反应2 h,然后用80% v/v乙醇醇沉24 h,5000 r/min离心15 min后取沉淀冻干,同法透析48 h,冻干得过氧化氢产物(HPX)。称重后计算得率,得率W(%)的计算公式为:
$ \text{W}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{1}}{{\text{m}}_{2}}\times 100 $
式中:m1为降解产物质量,mg;m2为果胶质量,mg。
将果胶样品配制成1 mg/mL的溶液,以波长范围200~600 nm于紫外可见分光光度计进行扫描[15]。
准确称取1 mg果胶样品,轻点于傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的硒化锌晶体表面按压后进行扫描[16],波数范围为4000~500 cm−1。
采用高效液相凝胶色谱法测定分子量[17]。称取3755、1190、820、500、220、95、60、35、4、1 kDa的葡聚糖分子量对照品4 mg,用pH6.8的磷酸盐缓冲液配成1 mg/mL的溶液,经0.22 μm水系滤膜过滤。准确称取4 mg果胶样品配制成1 mg/mL的溶液,同法测定。色谱条件:流动相为磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8);RID检测器温度35 ℃;色谱柱为TSKgel GMPWXL (7.8 mm I.D.×30 cm,13 μm),柱温25 ℃;流速0.4 mL/min,进样量10 μL。
完全酸水解后采用PMP柱前衍生化法测定单糖组成[18]。将10 mg果胶样品溶于5 mL 2 mol/L的三氟乙酸,在氮气保护条件下115 ℃水解6 h。除去三氟乙酸,纯水复溶,加入200 μL 0.3 mol/L NaOH溶液,再加入200 μL 0.5 mol/L PMP甲醇溶液,70 ℃反应100 min后加入200 μL 0.3 mol/L HCl终止反应。加入三氯甲烷萃取4次,取水层过0.22 μm水系滤膜,上机检测。色谱条件:流动相为83%乙腈与17% pH6.85磷酸盐缓冲液;采用配备DAD检测器的Agilent 1260高效液相仪分析,检测波长为254 nm;色谱柱为Waters SunFire C18柱(3.0 mm×250 mm,5 μm),柱温30 ℃;流速1.0 mL/min,进样量10 μL。
将果胶样品用超纯水溶解配制成2 mg/mL溶液,过0.8 μm的水系滤膜,使用Zeta电位粒径分析仪测定其粒径和电位[19]。
将Huh-7、MCF-7细胞培养于含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基中,A549细胞培养于含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基中,置于5%CO2 的37 ℃恒温细胞培养箱中培养。
考察果胶及降解产物对人正常肝细胞LO2和人肾皮质近曲小管上皮细胞HK2的安全性。取对数生长期的LO2细胞和HK2细胞分别以5×103个/孔接种于96孔板,孵育24 h,待细胞贴壁后,吸弃孔内培养基,向每孔分别加入100 μL不同浓度梯度(400、200、100、50、25 μg/mL)的样品溶液,孵育48 h后避光加入20 μL的MTT溶液,对照组加入100 μL培养基,空白组为不接种细胞。继续孵育4 h后吸弃孔板内溶液,每孔加入150 μL的DMSO,振荡10 min,测定各孔在490 nm波长处的吸光度。细胞存活率V(%)的计算公式为:
$ \text{V}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{1}-{\text{A}}_{0}}{{\text{A}}_{2}-{\text{A}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A0 为空白组(不接种细胞)吸光度;A1 为给药组吸光度;A2为对照组(培养基替换样品)吸光度。
采用MTT法测定果胶及其降解产物对不同癌细胞增殖的抑制作用[20]。取对数生长期的Huh-7细胞、A549细胞、MCF-7细胞,计数后分别以5×103个/孔,每孔100 μL接种于96孔板中,孵育24 h,待细胞贴壁后,吸弃孔内培养基,向每孔分别加入100 μL不同浓度梯度(400、200、100、50、25 μg/mL)的样品溶液,对照组加入100 μL培养基,空白组为不接种细胞。孵育48 h后避光加入20 μL的MTT溶液,继续孵育4 h后吸弃孔板内溶液,每孔加入150 μL的DMSO,振荡10 min,测定各孔在490 nm波长处的吸光度。细胞抑制率R(%)的计算公式为:
$ \text{R}(\text{%})=\left(1-\frac{{\text{A}}_{1}-{\text{A}}_{0}}{{\text{A}}_{2}-{\text{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0为空白组吸光度;A1为给药组吸光度;A2为对照组吸光度。
取对数生长期的Huh-7细胞以2×104个/孔接种于24孔板,待细胞贴壁后给药,继续培养48 h后吸弃孔内培养基,用Calcein/PI细胞活性与细胞毒性检测试剂盒染色1 h后在倒置荧光显微镜下拍照观察。
取对数生长期的Huh-7细胞以2×105个/孔接种于6孔板,待细胞贴壁后给药,给药48 h后消化离心收集细胞,用PBS洗涤细胞两次,弃上清,用500 μL的1×Binding Buffer缓冲液重悬细胞,加入5 μL的annexin-V FITC和10 μL的PI,室温避光孵育5 min后上机检测。
取对数生长期的Huh-7细胞分组给药,干预24 h后,将细胞接种于含划痕插件的24孔板中,每孔100 μL,密度为6×104个/孔,培养6 h后弃去上清和插件,每孔加800 μL培养基培养,分别在显微镜拍照记录0、24 h的细胞生长情况。使用Image J软件分析0、24 h的划痕面积,并计算划痕愈合率。划痕愈合率S(%)的计算公式为:
$ \text{S}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{S}}_{0}-{\text{S}}_{1}}{{\text{S}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:S0 为0 h划痕面积;S1 为24 h划痕面积。
取对数生长期的Huh-7细胞以5×104个/孔接种于24孔板,待细胞贴壁后分组给药,分别为空白对照组(NC)、阿霉素组(DOX)、果胶及降解产物联用DOX组,样品浓度为400 μg/mL,DOX的浓度为 200 μg/mL,给药干预1 h后,弃去上清,用PBS润洗3次,并用4%多聚甲醛固定30 min,固定结束后弃去多聚甲醛,PBS润洗3次,加入DAPI染色20 min,再用PBS润洗3次,然后用荧光显微镜拍照记录。
采用simca14.1软件分析果胶及降解产物的结构与抗肿瘤活性的构效关系。
实验数据以平均值±标准差形式表示。采用Origin2024和Graphpad Prism10.1.2软件绘制图表,利用SPSS27.0软件进行数据统计学处理,以P<0.05表示差异显著。
如表1所示,RE产物得率最高,可达92.4%,表明该法产生的<3 kDa的小分子产物较少;PL产物得率较低,仅在30%左右,提示其降解产生的小分子产物较多;分子量>3 kDa的产物得率为RE>HPX>PL。
如图1A所示,果胶在260~280 nm 处有较强吸收,PL和HPX产物也呈现相似特征,表明含有蛋白质或核酸类物质,RE产物在此波段无吸收说明不含有此类成分[21]。PL产物在235 nm处的特征吸收峰,提示其通过β-消除反应成功裂解果胶中的α-1,4糖苷键,生成含有不饱和键的产物[22]。
如图1B所示,果胶及其降解产物均表现出典型的多糖红外吸收特征[23],具体而言,在3660~2990 cm−1处由分子间或分子内氢键导致强而宽的吸收带;2940 cm−1处有来自甲基、亚甲基的C-H伸缩振动峰;1740 cm−1和1610 cm−1处分别具有C=O的伸缩振动峰,前者可能来自糖醛酸酯化的羰基,后者可能来自糖醛酸游离羧基上的C=O;1480~1180 cm−1处来自甲基、亚甲基等基团;1100 cm−1和1015 cm−1两处有明显的糖醛酸特征峰;此外,在890 cm−1和840 cm−1两处分别代表所测样品中存在β-苷键与α-苷键[24]。结果表明,经过不同方式降解果胶,果胶的基本结构与官能团得以保留,说明降解过程未导致果胶的基本结构发生显著变化。
如图2A所示,果胶的分子量主要集中于530.49 kDa,不同降解方法均可降低果胶的分子量,但降低程度不同,其中RE产物主要集中于381.65 kDa;PL产物主要集中于241.56 kDa和3.80 kDa;HPX产物主要集中于27.14 kDa。保留时间在20.808 min后的峰为溶剂峰。果胶呈现单一对称的色谱峰,分子量分布广泛。PL主峰对应的相对分子量为3.80 kDa,峰宽较宽,表明果胶裂解酶能够显著降低果胶的分子量。HPX在所有呈现出单一色谱峰的方法中,分子量分布最窄,梁婉玲[25]和陶璐[26]提出,分子量分布宽度变窄,可能是因为反应过程在趋于剧烈时,分子主链断裂速率加快,逐渐形成链长接近的分子,且醇沉过程对生成沉淀的分子量范围具有一定的选择性,使其他分子量的产物在该过程中流失。RE分子量有所降低,但分子量仍然呈现较宽的分布。分子量测定表明三种方法都有效地降低了果胶的分子量,其中PL法降低程度最高,其次是HPX方法、RE方法。
通过与单糖标准品的保留时间比较分析果胶及降解产物单糖组成。如图2B和表2所示,果胶及产物都含有甘露糖(Man)、鼠李糖(Rha)、半乳糖醛酸(GalA)、葡萄糖(Glc)、半乳糖(Gal)、阿拉伯糖(Ara)等单糖成分,但所占比例不同,这与Ma等[27]的研究结果基本一致。果胶以GalA和Gal为主,符合典型果胶的多糖结构;RE产物的GlaA比Gal含量低,表明RE富含RG-I区域,中性糖比例升高;PL产物单糖比例与原始果胶接近,降解选择性较低,可能保留较多原始结构;HPX产物GalA占比最高,但中性糖比例下降,说明过氧化氢可能通过自由基反应非特异性降解果胶,优先氧化中性糖侧链改变果胶的结构和组成[28]。
如表3和图3所示,果胶及降解产物的粒径分布范围为157~659 nm,降解产物的粒径均小于果胶;它们的表面电位均为负值,果胶和RE、PL产物的电位绝对值大于30 mV,说明其水溶液粒径体系较稳定。
如图4所示,果胶及其降解产物干预后,LO2细胞和HK2细胞在0~400 μg/mL的浓度范围内的存活率均在80%以上,表明在该条件下未表现出明显的毒性作用。
如图5所示,在25~400 μg/mL的质量浓度范围内,果胶及其降解产物对三种癌细胞均表现出不同程度的抑制作用,且呈浓度依赖性。与原果胶相比,PL和HPX在各浓度下均表现出更强的抑制效果。其中,PL的抑制率提高约15%~20%;PL和HPX对A549细胞的抑制效果相近,抑制率提升约16%;HPX产物对Huh-7细胞的抑制效果最为显著,抑制率较原果胶上升约26%~31%;而RE对三种癌细胞均未表现出明显抑制作用,推测可能因其分子量或粒径较大,难以有效进入细胞发挥作用所致。鉴于果胶及降解产物对Huh-7细胞的抑制率提升最为显著,且在400 μg/mL时抑制效果最佳,故后续实验选择该条件进行。
为全面评价果胶及其降解产物的抗肿瘤活性,运用隶属函数值法,综合对三种癌细胞的抑制作用进行整合分析,用隶属函数平均值对抗肿瘤活性进行综合评价[29]。如表4所示,基于隶属函数平均值的抗肿瘤活性顺序为:PL>HPX>PC>RE。
Calcein-AM/PI双染实验通过钙黄绿素(Calcein-AM)与碘化丙啶(PI)分别对活细胞与死细胞进行特异性标记,其中活细胞呈现绿色荧光,死细胞则显示红色荧光[30]。结果如图6所示,与果胶处理组相比,经PL和HPX处理的细胞中红色荧光强度显著增强,而绿色荧光比例相应减少,表明这两种降解产物能更有效地诱导Huh-7细胞死亡。该结果与前述MTT实验结果一致,进一步证实了果胶降解产物的抗肿瘤活性显著优于果胶,其中PL与HPX的效果尤为突出。
细胞凋亡是一种由基因精确调控的程序性死亡过程,对维持机体稳态具有重要作用,也是许多抗肿瘤药物发挥作用的关键机制[31]。为探究果胶及其降解产物对Huh-7细胞凋亡的影响,本研究采用流式细胞术进行检测,结果如图7所示,对照组细胞总凋亡率(早凋率+晚凋率)为3.28%,而经果胶处理后细胞总凋亡率上升至7.77%,较对照组增加4.49%;而RE、PL和HPX处理组的总凋亡率分别为8.02%、9.52%和11.85%,显著高于对照组和果胶处理组(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,果胶及其降解产物中,PL与HPX能够更有效地诱导Huh-7细胞发生凋亡,提示二者抑制癌细胞增殖的作用可能与其激活凋亡通路密切相关。
肿瘤细胞迁移是恶性肿瘤侵袭与转移过程中的关键步骤,指肿瘤细胞脱离原发肿瘤,通过细胞外基质,侵入血管或淋巴管,从而扩散到身体其他部位形成新肿瘤的能力[32]。划痕愈合实验结果如图8所示,药物干预24 h后,对照组细胞划痕愈合率达到50.79%,而经PC、RE、PL、HPX处理的细胞愈合率分别下降至37.10%、24.78%、23.90%、17.90%,其中HPX对细胞迁移的抑制效果最为显著。do Prado等[33]研究表明,不同分子量的改性柑橘果胶(MCP)具有不同的抗肿瘤活性,其中分子量为10~3 kDa、富含HG结构的MCP10/3对HCT116和PC3细胞迁移的抑制作用均强于分子量大于30 kDa的MCP及30~10 kDa的MCP30/10。本研究结果与其相似,即低分子量的HPX抑制迁移效果最佳,可能与其较低的分子量及富集的HG结构有关。
DOX是一种广泛应用于临床的蒽环类广谱抗肿瘤药物[34],它通过干扰DNA复制与修复过程抑制肿瘤生长,然而严重的毒副作用限制其临床应用。本研究将果胶及其降解产物与DOX联用考察对Huh-7细胞摄取DOX的影响,实验结果如图9所示,DOX自身呈现红色荧光,与PL和HPX联用后,Huh-7细胞对DOX的摄取量显著高于单用DOX组,荧光强度明显增强。该现象可能是由于带负电的果胶降解产物PL、HPX与带正电的DOX通过静电相互作用,在水中自组装形成稳定的纳米级复合物[35],与游离DOX主要依赖被动扩散进入细胞不同,此类复合物可能通过网格蛋白介导的内吞作用等主动转运途径被细胞摄取[36],该途径不仅提升了单位时间内的药物摄入量,还有可能规避细胞膜上如P-糖蛋白等药物外排泵的作用,从而减少DOX被泵出细胞,实现其在胞内的高效蓄积。此外,游离DOX在水溶液中溶解度低、稳定性差,也导致其细胞摄取受限和荧光强度较弱;而PL与HPX因其分子量较低、粒径较小,更易促进DOX在细胞内的渗透与累积[37]。
本研究中PL和HPX可能与DOX形成自组装纳米微粒,增强药物对肿瘤细胞的穿透能力,并通过主动摄取与抑制外排的协同作用,实现DOX在胞内的高效蓄积,从而为增强其抗肿瘤效果提供了可能。
为探究果胶及其降解产物结构和活性的内在关联,以单糖组成(Rha、GalA、Ara、Man、Glc、Gal)、分子量、粒径为自变量,以基于隶属函数值的抗肿瘤活性综合评价结果为因变量,采用simca14.1软件建立PLS回归模型[38]。其中隶属函数值越大,表明抗肿瘤活性越强。分析结果如图10A所示,在单糖组成中,Rha、GalA、Ara和抗肿瘤活性呈正相关,而Man、Glc、Gal以及分子量、粒径则与抗肿瘤活性呈负相关。进一步通过变量投影重要性(VIP)分析评估各自变量对因变量的贡献程度,如图10B所示,GalA、分子量、粒径和Man的VIP值>1,表明这些结构参数是影响抗肿瘤活性的关键因素。综合相关系数和VIP值两项指标可知:在一定范围内,较高的GalA含量、较低的分子量及较小的粒径共同对提升果胶的抗肿瘤活性具有积极作用。
对所构建的PLS模型进行检验,交叉检验结果显示,所建模型的R2为98.2%,Q2为93.5%,表明所建模型的拟合程度及预测能力较好[39]。此外,经过200次置换检验,R2与Q2的回归线斜率均为正值,且Q2回归线的截距为负值(−0.52),表明所建模型未出现过度拟合,预测能力较好[40]。
果胶的抗肿瘤活性近年来备受关注,已有多种果胶及降解改性产物被证实具有较强的抗肿瘤潜力,但目前关于果胶结构特征与抗肿瘤活性的构效关系研究较少,其发挥活性的核心结构基础尚未完全明确。基于此,本研究通过降解果胶制备出三种性质和结构差异显著的降解产物,系统比较了其结构特征与抗肿瘤活性,并与已有研究进行对比,揭示影响果胶发挥抗肿瘤活性的关键结构因素。与多数研究结论一致,本研究中三种降解方法均有效降低了果胶分子量,且所有降解产物均保留多糖基本结构。Wu等[41]报道的酶解产物EP-1中GalA与Gal含量分别为49.80%与19.13%,而本研究结果与其相似,HPX的GalA含量达50.03%,Gal含量为34.91%,提示HPX可能为富含HG结构域的果胶,与EP-1同为低分子量组分,但侧链结构与单糖比例存在差异。PL与文献报道的果胶裂解酶产物MPLE有相似之处[42],即分子量与粒径均显著降低,然而关键结构单元上存在本质差异,MPLE因HG区的深度降解,其GalA纯度高达92.01%,更趋近于线性分子,而PL作为RG-Ⅰ 型果胶,其结构复杂性更高,且降解产生的不饱和半乳糖醛酸末端可能赋予其独特的生物活性。RE则完整保留了天然果胶的高分子量与复杂分支结构,是一种典型的高分子量RG-Ⅰ 型果胶。Cao等[24]制备的柑橘果胶MCP10具有丰富的鼠李糖半乳糖-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ)骨架,展现出较强的生物活性,而本研究中同为RG-Ⅰ 型果胶的RE却表现出较弱的抗肿瘤活性,可能归因于其较大的分子量及粒径,产生了显著的空间位阻效应,限制了生物活性的发挥。
结构差异决定果胶及其降解产物在抗肿瘤活性上的不同表现,而深刻理解其构效关系是揭示其发挥抗肿瘤作用机制的核心。半乳凝集素-3(galectin-3)是一种肿瘤相关蛋白,在多种肿瘤组织中高度表达,与肿瘤恶性程度和转移浸润程度相关,并作为促进肿瘤部位淋巴细胞转移的有效调节因子[43]。已有研究证明果胶可与galectin-3相互作用,降低galectin-3水平,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖、黏附、侵袭以及肿瘤血管生成[44]。研究表明,果胶降解产物表现出不同的galectin-3结合能力,特别是富含GalA和低分子量的片段能够特异性识别并结合肿瘤细胞表面的关键蛋白,从而干扰促进肿瘤生长和存活的信号通路,增强抗肿瘤活性[33]。本研究与此结果一致,分子量和粒径较低、GalA含量较高的PL和HPX能显著抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和迁移,表现出更好的抗肿瘤效果,活死细胞染色实验从细胞形态学层面进一步验证了上述结果。此外流式细胞术分析结果表示,PL和HPX处理的Huh-7细胞凋亡率相比果胶显著升高,HPX可能由于其分子量较低,更容易被肿瘤细胞结合,从而表现出较强的活性[45];PL产物可能是由于降解导致其末端含有不饱和键的寡聚半乳糖醛酸造成,研究表明这类不饱和寡聚半乳糖醛酸能够作为凋亡信号的直接激活剂,它们可能直接作用于线粒体膜,导致膜电位崩溃,释放细胞色素C,从而激活Caspase-9和Caspase-3,诱发内源性凋亡[46]。果胶降解产物PL和HPX不仅能直接抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移并诱导其凋亡,还能作为一种有效的化疗增敏物质,显著提升对化疗药物DOX的摄取。Zhao等[47]研究发现,分子量为2.94×106 Da,粒径为178.20±2.82 nm的HG型果胶多糖可自组装成纳米颗粒,明显增加药物的溶解度,促进细胞摄取。这也可能是HG型果胶HPX促进DOX被摄取的原因之一。研究表明,多糖还可能是通过抑制外排型转运蛋白MRP1、MRP2、BCRP表达,促进Huh-7细胞摄入OXA,提高胞内有效浓度来实现增效作用[48]。这表明分子量较低、粒径较小的HG型果胶多糖有可能通过此途径促进肿瘤细胞摄取药物,这一发现为开发协同增效化疗药物以克服肿瘤耐药性提供了新的思路。
果胶的抗肿瘤活性与分子量,粒径,单糖组成等密切相关,根据构效关系可知GalA、分子量、粒径对抗肿瘤活性影响较大。Du等[49]酶解果胶得到EMP1和EMP2,与EMP相比,EMP 2具有较高的GalA含量和HG结构域比例,较低的DE值和分子量,它们均能有效抑制HeLa肿瘤细胞的生长并促进其凋亡,但EMP2的抑制作用更强,这与本文研究结果一致。因此得出结论:在一定范围内,分子量较低、粒径较小以及GalA含量较高的果胶具有更强的抗肿瘤活性,即高GalA含量通过与关键靶标Galectin-3的高亲和力结合,构成了其抗肿瘤活性的结构基础;而低分子量和小粒径则确保了这些活性片段能够高效递送至作用位点,二者协同,共同决定了果胶降解产物最终的抗肿瘤效果。尽管本研究在体外实验中揭示了果胶及降解产物发挥抗肿瘤活性的作用及初步的构效关系,但仍存在一定局限性,降解条件仅为初步探索,未进行系统优化;作用机制探究缺乏动物模型验证及具体通路分析。未来研究需聚焦果胶高级结构与活性的深层关联,结合动物实验深入解析作用机制,推动果胶在抗肿瘤药物载体及功能性食品领域的转化应用,为肿瘤防治提供新策略。
综上,本研究通过降解得到三种性质和结构不同的果胶产物,对其结构特征和抗肿瘤活性进行比较分析,初步阐明果胶发挥抗肿瘤活性的构效关系,即分子量较低、粒径较小以及GalA含量较高的果胶具有更强的抗肿瘤活性,为果胶的定向降解改性提供了理论依据,也为其作为高效低毒抗肿瘤功能辅料的开发奠定了理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070113
  • 接收时间:2025-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-10
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    1广州中医药大学第二临床医学院,广东广州 510006
    2中医药广东省实验室—横琴实验室,广东珠海 519000
    3广东省中医症候临床研究重点实验室,广东广州 510006

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赵瑞芝(1968−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:药物新剂型及技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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