Article(id=1320883769301648203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752076800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852831434, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852831434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852831434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852831434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=134, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883769498780492, articleId=1320883769301648203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Isolation and Identification of New Umami Peptides from Dianzhong Cattle and Its Molecular Mechanism of Action with T1R1/T1R3 Receptors, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the umami peptides and umami mechanism of yellow beef in central Yunnan, ultrafiltration technology combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify the peptides in the water extract of yellow cattle meat from central Yunnan. Based on virtual screening, the characteristic umami peptides of central Yunnan yellow beef were identified, and their theoretical taste characteristics were predicted. Molecular docking was used to reveal the binding mechanism between umami peptides and the receptors T1R1/T1R3. The sensory evaluation showed that the water extract of beef with a molecular weight <1 kDa had the best umami taste. A total of 2609 peptides were identified using LC-MS/MS, and 124 potential umami peptides were obtained by virtual prediction. Four characteristic umami peptides (LRDW, DVF, APKIPEGE, and GVWD) with high umami activity, safety, and non-toxicity were selected based on the analysis of umami-active fragments and their physical and chemical properties. The molecular weight ranged from 379.17 to 839.44 Da. Molecular docking showed that the four umami peptides mainly bind to the T1R3 receptor by activating the key amino acid residues His145, Glu148, Ala302, and His278, with hydrogen bonding being the key force involved, followed by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the structure-activity relationship and efficient screening of umami peptides, and also provides a theoretical basis for the in-depth development of local beef umami peptides.

, authors=Zhenzhu LI, Changqing MU, Wentao ZHENG, Yuzhu WANG, Aixiang HUANG*, authorsList=Zhenzhu LI, Changqing MU, Wentao ZHENG, Yuzhu WANG, Aixiang HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aixiang HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883771092616029, articleId=1320883769301648203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=滇中黄牛新型鲜味肽的分离鉴定及与T1R1/T1R3受体的分子作用机制研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究滇中黄牛肉中的鲜味肽及呈鲜机理,本文通过超滤技术结合液相色谱-串联质谱(Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)对滇中黄牛肉水提物中的肽段进行鉴定;基于虚拟筛选挖掘滇中黄牛肉的特征鲜味肽,并预测肽段的理论呈味特征;利用分子对接技术揭示鲜味肽与受体T1R1/T1R3的结合机制。感官评价结果表明,分子量<1 kDa的牛肉水提物组分鲜味最好,基于LC-MS/MS共鉴定得到2609条多肽,通过虚拟预测得到124条潜在鲜味肽,结合鲜味活性片段和理化性质分析挑选了4条鲜味活性高、安全无毒的特征鲜味肽(LRDW、DVF、APKIPEGE、GVWD),分子量为379.17~839.44 Da;分子对接表明4条鲜味肽主要通过激活关键氨基酸残基His145、Glu148、Ala302和His278与T1R3受体稳定结合,涉及的关键作用力是氢键,其次是静电和疏水相互作用。本研究为完善鲜味肽的构效关系及高效筛选提供理论基础,也为地方牛肉鲜味肽的深度开发提供理论依据。

, authors=李珍珠, 沐长青, 郑文涛, 王玉珠, 黄艾祥*, authorsList=李珍珠, 沐长青, 郑文涛, 王玉珠, 黄艾祥, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄艾祥, authorNote=

李珍珠(2002−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
黄艾祥(1963−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食物新资源开发与乳品科学,E-mail:。
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Food Chemistry, 2022, 383: 132455., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883771440743262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883771449131871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, companyId=1320883771440743262, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883771457520480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, companyId=1320883771440743262, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883773487563652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sensory score radar chart and difference significance, figureFileSmall=+/T4YUxD2aPWs16nt5ljQg==, figureFileBig=jMrylqTHFmYYniMamyVVSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883773563061125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=CN, label=图1, caption=感官评分雷达图及差异显著性

注:不同字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=+/T4YUxD2aPWs16nt5ljQg==, figureFileBig=jMrylqTHFmYYniMamyVVSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883773835690886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Ion chromatograms identified by LC-MS/MS, figureFileSmall=gWy6GgtC8+oeT1heGuRPxw==, figureFileBig=yXtbYtwStCOjA453X5w3GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883773906994055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=CN, label=图2, caption=LC-MS/MS鉴定的离子色谱图, figureFileSmall=gWy6GgtC8+oeT1heGuRPxw==, figureFileBig=yXtbYtwStCOjA453X5w3GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883773965714312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Results of the peptide spectrum, figureFileSmall=6saotvRTGFxi3c7IZ/9FFA==, figureFileBig=nqkqQLhLiFJRvu7ohSCxMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883774020240265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=CN, label=图3, caption=肽谱结果

注:图A为肽的长度;图B为肽的分子量;图C为肽的峰强度。

, figureFileSmall=6saotvRTGFxi3c7IZ/9FFA==, figureFileBig=nqkqQLhLiFJRvu7ohSCxMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883774112514954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Frequency of amino acids in peptides, figureFileSmall=sQXSpjMPGfN0PovgMe5xUA==, figureFileBig=QTXPqGGr1XMO/rOb6ppuyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883774179623819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=CN, label=图4, caption=肽段中氨基酸出现次数, figureFileSmall=sQXSpjMPGfN0PovgMe5xUA==, figureFileBig=QTXPqGGr1XMO/rOb6ppuyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883774250926988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Main protein source and peptide chain length of 124 potential umami peptides, figureFileSmall=Rtcc/YDhlGS1hX1Rr/0krQ==, figureFileBig=1yvTwGJ1ZYG26L0VLSy+kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883774318035853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=CN, label=图5, caption=124条潜在鲜味肽的主要蛋白来源与肽链长度

注:图A为主要蛋白来源;图B为肽链长度。

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Sensory evaluation criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
味道强度无味极轻微轻微略带味道轻度味道中等味道较强味道强烈味道极强味道极强烈味道
得分(分)12345678910
), ArticleFig(id=1320883774863295381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
味道强度无味极轻微轻微略带味道轻度味道中等味道较强味道强烈味道极强味道极强烈味道
得分(分)12345678910
), ArticleFig(id=1320883774934598550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Tools and websites used in this paper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工具网址参考文献
PeptideRankerhttp://distilldeep.ucd.ie/PeptideRanker/[19]
UMPred-FRLhttps://pmlabstack.pythonanywhere.com/UMPred-FRL[20]
Umami-YYDShttp://www.tastepeptides-meta.com/Umami_YYDS[21]
BIOPEP-UWMhttps://biochemia.uwm.edu.pl/biopep-uwm/[22]
ToxinPredhttps://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/toxinpred/index.html[23]
Innovagen toolhttp://www.innovagen.com/proteomics-tools[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883775014290327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本文所使用工具及网址

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工具网址参考文献
PeptideRankerhttp://distilldeep.ucd.ie/PeptideRanker/[19]
UMPred-FRLhttps://pmlabstack.pythonanywhere.com/UMPred-FRL[20]
Umami-YYDShttp://www.tastepeptides-meta.com/Umami_YYDS[21]
BIOPEP-UWMhttps://biochemia.uwm.edu.pl/biopep-uwm/[22]
ToxinPredhttps://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/toxinpred/index.html[23]
Innovagen toolhttp://www.innovagen.com/proteomics-tools[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883775093982104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of the screening of potential umami petides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列鉴定得分毒性水溶性鲜味活性肽段长度分子量(Da)
LRDW43.988NonGood25%4588.30
DVF49.069NonGood33%3379.17
APKIPEGE97.093NonGood38%8839.44
GVWD55.36NonGood25%4475.21
YPLDFARTR149.82NonGood11%91137.59
TSF53.53NonPoorNon3353.16
DTLSRMLFG122.18NonGood11%91038.51
LRSPL63.58NonGoodNon5584.36
LPSRL43.63NonGoodNon5584.36
WSNVLRGM97.07NonPoorNon8961.48
WHNDNKSF98.63NonGood13%81046.46
HALNDMTSI154.01NonPoor11%91000.46
ALNDHFVKL111.82NonGood11%91055.57
), ArticleFig(id=1320883775165285273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

潜在鲜味肽虚拟筛选结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列鉴定得分毒性水溶性鲜味活性肽段长度分子量(Da)
LRDW43.988NonGood25%4588.30
DVF49.069NonGood33%3379.17
APKIPEGE97.093NonGood38%8839.44
GVWD55.36NonGood25%4475.21
YPLDFARTR149.82NonGood11%91137.59
TSF53.53NonPoorNon3353.16
DTLSRMLFG122.18NonGood11%91038.51
LRSPL63.58NonGoodNon5584.36
LPSRL43.63NonGoodNon5584.36
WSNVLRGM97.07NonPoorNon8961.48
WHNDNKSF98.63NonGood13%81046.46
HALNDMTSI154.01NonPoor11%91000.46
ALNDHFVKL111.82NonGood11%91055.57
), ArticleFig(id=1320883775257559962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Flavoring activity prediction and amino acid analysis results of umami peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽段序列氨基酸残基数(个)呈味活性片段预测
涩味苦味苦味抑制咸味酸味甜味甜味抑制鲜味鲜味增强
LRDW4−0.750.350.250.25−−0.25−
DVF3−1.33−0.330.670.33−0.33−
APKIPEGE80.1310.13−0.380.63−0.380.13
GVWD4−0.75−0.250.250.5−0.25−
), ArticleFig(id=1320883775341446043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

鲜味肽的呈味活性预测及氨基酸分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽段序列氨基酸残基数(个)呈味活性片段预测
涩味苦味苦味抑制咸味酸味甜味甜味抑制鲜味鲜味增强
LRDW4−0.750.350.250.25−−0.25−
DVF3−1.33−0.330.670.33−0.33−
APKIPEGE80.1310.13−0.380.63−0.380.13
GVWD4−0.75−0.250.250.5−0.25−
), ArticleFig(id=1320883775416943516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Docking energy of characteristic umami peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
鲜味肽对接能量(kcal/mol)
LRDW−8.99
GVWD−8.47
DVF−7.47
APKIPEGE−8.59
), ArticleFig(id=1320883775488246685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

特征鲜味肽对接能量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
鲜味肽对接能量(kcal/mol)
LRDW−8.99
GVWD−8.47
DVF−7.47
APKIPEGE−8.59
), ArticleFig(id=1320883775555355550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Binding sites between umami peptides and umami receptor T1R1/T1R3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结合位点LRDWGVWDDVFAPKIPEGE
Asn68++
Gln389+++++
His145++++++++++
Tyr218++
Ser146++++
Ser147++++
Ser170++
Ser104++
Ser276+++
Gly168+
Glu148++++++++
Ala302+++++++
Val277+
Pro42+
Glu45+
Met171+
Glu301+
Asp216+++++
His278+++
Leu245++
Glu217+
), ArticleFig(id=1320883775660213151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883769301648203, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

鲜味肽与鲜味受体T1R1/T1R3结合位点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结合位点LRDWGVWDDVFAPKIPEGE
Asn68++
Gln389+++++
His145++++++++++
Tyr218++
Ser146++++
Ser147++++
Ser170++
Ser104++
Ser276+++
Gly168+
Glu148++++++++
Ala302+++++++
Val277+
Pro42+
Glu45+
Met171+
Glu301+
Asp216+++++
His278+++
Leu245++
Glu217+
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滇中黄牛新型鲜味肽的分离鉴定及与T1R1/T1R3受体的分子作用机制研究
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李珍珠 , 沐长青 , 郑文涛 , 王玉珠 , 黄艾祥 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(13): 134-144
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (13) : 134 -144
滇中黄牛新型鲜味肽的分离鉴定及与T1R1/T1R3受体的分子作用机制研究
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李珍珠 , 沐长青, 郑文涛, 王玉珠, 黄艾祥*
作者信息
  • 云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650500
通讯作者:
黄艾祥(1963−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食物新资源开发与乳品科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李珍珠(2002−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Isolation and Identification of New Umami Peptides from Dianzhong Cattle and Its Molecular Mechanism of Action with T1R1/T1R3 Receptors
Zhenzhu LI , Changqing MU, Wentao ZHENG, Yuzhu WANG, Aixiang HUANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070106
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为研究滇中黄牛肉中的鲜味肽及呈鲜机理,本文通过超滤技术结合液相色谱-串联质谱(Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)对滇中黄牛肉水提物中的肽段进行鉴定;基于虚拟筛选挖掘滇中黄牛肉的特征鲜味肽,并预测肽段的理论呈味特征;利用分子对接技术揭示鲜味肽与受体T1R1/T1R3的结合机制。感官评价结果表明,分子量<1 kDa的牛肉水提物组分鲜味最好,基于LC-MS/MS共鉴定得到2609条多肽,通过虚拟预测得到124条潜在鲜味肽,结合鲜味活性片段和理化性质分析挑选了4条鲜味活性高、安全无毒的特征鲜味肽(LRDW、DVF、APKIPEGE、GVWD),分子量为379.17~839.44 Da;分子对接表明4条鲜味肽主要通过激活关键氨基酸残基His145、Glu148、Ala302和His278与T1R3受体稳定结合,涉及的关键作用力是氢键,其次是静电和疏水相互作用。本研究为完善鲜味肽的构效关系及高效筛选提供理论基础,也为地方牛肉鲜味肽的深度开发提供理论依据。

滇中黄牛肉  /  鲜味肽  /  虚拟筛选  /  分子对接  /  分子机制

To study the umami peptides and umami mechanism of yellow beef in central Yunnan, ultrafiltration technology combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify the peptides in the water extract of yellow cattle meat from central Yunnan. Based on virtual screening, the characteristic umami peptides of central Yunnan yellow beef were identified, and their theoretical taste characteristics were predicted. Molecular docking was used to reveal the binding mechanism between umami peptides and the receptors T1R1/T1R3. The sensory evaluation showed that the water extract of beef with a molecular weight <1 kDa had the best umami taste. A total of 2609 peptides were identified using LC-MS/MS, and 124 potential umami peptides were obtained by virtual prediction. Four characteristic umami peptides (LRDW, DVF, APKIPEGE, and GVWD) with high umami activity, safety, and non-toxicity were selected based on the analysis of umami-active fragments and their physical and chemical properties. The molecular weight ranged from 379.17 to 839.44 Da. Molecular docking showed that the four umami peptides mainly bind to the T1R3 receptor by activating the key amino acid residues His145, Glu148, Ala302, and His278, with hydrogen bonding being the key force involved, followed by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the structure-activity relationship and efficient screening of umami peptides, and also provides a theoretical basis for the in-depth development of local beef umami peptides.

Dianzhong cattle meat  /  umami peptides  /  virtual screening  /  molecular docking  /  molecular mechanism
李珍珠, 沐长青, 郑文涛, 王玉珠, 黄艾祥. 滇中黄牛新型鲜味肽的分离鉴定及与T1R1/T1R3受体的分子作用机制研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 134 -144 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070106
Zhenzhu LI, Changqing MU, Wentao ZHENG, Yuzhu WANG, Aixiang HUANG. Isolation and Identification of New Umami Peptides from Dianzhong Cattle and Its Molecular Mechanism of Action with T1R1/T1R3 Receptors[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 134 -144 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070106
滇中黄牛具有适应性和抗逆性强、肉质风味好等地方特色,具有肌肉蛋白质含量高,脂肪酸和胆固醇含量低的特点,作为云南本地黄牛典型代表,肉质鲜美,深受消费者的喜爱[1]。鲜味作为五种基本味觉之一,是评价食品风味品质的重要参考标准。鲜味主要由小分子鲜味物质(如游离氨基酸、肽及核苷酸等)通过刺激舌上皮细胞表面的鲜味受体(如T1R1/T1R3)引发神经信号传导,进而产生的一种呈现食物醇厚感、饱满度及风味协同提升的复杂感官特征[2]。其中鲜味肽因天然来源,使其在低盐调味品等领域正逐步替代传统鲜味剂,成为食品工业升级的重要突破口。截至目前,研究人员已经报道了近200种不同来源的鲜味肽,如鱼类[3]、肉类[4]、菌类[5]、发酵食品[6]等。就牛肉而言,1978年Yamasaki等[7]就从木瓜蛋白酶水解牛肉液中分离出Lys-Gly-Asp-Glu-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ala鲜味肽,最近的研究从炒牛肉[8]、酶解牛肉[9]中发现了鲜味肽。但至今,与其他蛋白质来源的鲜味肽相比,从牛肉中挖掘到的鲜味肽种类仍十分有限[10]。
传统鲜味肽的分离鉴定需经过液相色谱法、离子色谱法进行分离纯化,操作复杂,耗时长,成本高,难以实现鲜味肽的高通量筛选[11]。近年来,随着计算机科学与生物信息学的深度交叉融合,新型鲜味肽的研究在分子机制与应用开发上取得了突破性进展。其中基于机器学习的预测模型如UMPred-FRL、Umami-YYDS和Umami-MRNN已被开发用于高通量筛选鲜味肽。Gu等[12]以Cheddar干酪为研究对象,采用肽组学和生物信息学,筛选出6种潜在的鲜味肽(LEEL、EKNRLNFLK、DERF、NAVPITPTLNFLK、NMAINPSKENL、GKEKVNELSK)。Mao等[13]将肽组学与机器学习预测模型(Umami-MRNN、UMPred和Umami_YYDS)相结合,从成熟豆腐中共鉴定出637种鲜味肽,并通过分子对接最终确定了5种新型鲜味肽(DFEGDV、GRGPTVTDP、NDDRDSYNL、RVPAGTTY和SDNFEY)。Han等[14]使用宏基因组学、机器学习、实验验证和分子对接从发酵谷物中鉴定了三种候选鲜味肽(EFFSNYGTRV、EFFSNYDTRL和GCWGRGRLCQW),目前已证明了机器学习预测方法用于挖掘鲜味肽的可靠性。此外,为了提高鲜味肽的应用前景,肽的安全性预评估、良好的溶解性和稳定性是其后续应用的必要条件,可以被视为筛选鲜味肽候选物的标准之一。
目前,关于滇中黄牛肉中的鲜味肽组成及呈鲜机制尚不明确。因此,本研究以云南滇中黄牛肉作为研究对象,通过超滤结合感官评价对牛肉水提物进行分离制备粗肽,然后基于LC-MS/MS技术分离鉴定牛肉水提物中的肽谱结构,并利用机器学习和生物信息学筛选出潜在的鲜味肽,最后通过分子对接技术初步揭示鲜味肽与T1R1/T1R3受体的互作机制。本研究为完善滇中黄牛的特征风味体系以及深入研究鲜味肽呈味机制奠定基础,也为云南高原地方牛鲜味肽挖掘及呈味产品开发提供新的理论依据。
滇中黄牛 选取自然放牧、发育正常、27月龄的滇中地区饲养的草饲黄牛。每头牛取背最长肌肉500 g,取6个平行样品,低温排酸后冷冻到−20 ℃后运送到实验室保存待用;谷氨酸钠 食品级,莲花健康产业集团股份有限公司;蔗糖 食品级,广西来宾东塘凤凰有限公司;氯化钠 食品级,重庆川东化工有限公司;柠檬酸 食品级,天津市瑞金特化学品有限公司;奎宁 食品级,陕西海益斯生物科技有限公司;定性滤纸(中速) 杭州特种纸业有限公司;水系微孔过滤膜(0.45 μm) 天津市津腾实验设备有限公司;超滤膜(3、1 kDa) 上海摩速科学器材有限公司;甲酸 分析纯,上海麦克林深化科技股份有限公司;乙腈 分析纯,天津市凯通化学试剂有限公司;超纯水 食品级,杭州娃哈哈集团有限公司。
HH-8数显恒温水浴锅 国华(常州)仪器制造有限公司;XFD-D肉切式匀浆机 奥豪斯仪器有限公司;HYP-308电动搅拌器 上海纤检仪器有限公司;H3-18K高速离心机 湖南可成仪器设备有限公司;C21-SK2101电磁炉 美的电器有限公司;UFSC40001超滤杯、IT-09C10磁力搅拌器 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;DW-HC388-80超低温冰箱 澳柯玛股份有限公司;FD-1A-50冷冻干燥机 上海比朗仪器制造有限公司;Zorbax 300SB-C18肽层析柱 美国特拉华州威尔明顿安捷伦科技公司;Q Exactive HF-X液相色谱-质谱联用仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司。
参考Zhang等[15]的方法稍作修改,取100 g新鲜滇中黄牛肉(去筋膜、脂肪)绞碎,加入300 mL超纯水,采用直接加热的方式在85 ℃对混合物进行加热3 h,静置冷却至室温后离心(4 ℃,8000 r/min,15 min),使用定性滤纸过滤上清液,再使用0.45 μm水系微孔过滤膜抽滤,沉淀物加200 mL超纯水按上述步骤重复提取1次,合并2次上清液储存于4 ℃备用。
参考杨敏等[16]的方法稍作修改,选用3000 Da和1000 Da的超滤膜对牛肉水提物在4 ℃进行超滤分离(UF):首先将水提物通过3000 Da的超滤膜,分离出的滤液再用1000 Da的超滤膜进行分离,得到三个不同分子量组分A(MW>3000 Da)、B(1000 Da≤MW≤3000 Da)、C(MW<1000 Da)。冷冻干燥后冻存于−80 ℃冰箱用于后续的感官和实验研究。
感官评价的方法及标准:参照高丙宏[17]的方法,将1.2.2中超滤冻干的三个组分A、B、C配制成浓度为5 mg/mL的溶液,采用评分法对不同分子量的滇中黄牛肉水提物进行感官评定。感官评定小组由10人组成(5男5女),年龄在20~23岁。小组成员经过感官培训,且不吸烟、无味觉和嗅觉功能障碍,可以准确识别酸、甜、苦、咸、鲜五种基本味道。感官评价在感官评价室内进行,室内温度为24±1 ℃。
5种基本味觉酸、甜、苦、咸、鲜对应的标品分别为0.8 mg/mL柠檬酸溶液、10 mg/mL蔗糖溶液、2.5 mg/mL奎宁溶液、3.5 mg/mL氯化钠、3.5 mg/mL味精溶液,其中标准品(ST)的感官评分为5分,感官评分标准如表1所示。
参照Wang等[18]的方法,样品上机前通过超滤、脱盐后进行质谱检测。其中色谱分离条件如下:液相所用的A液为0.1%甲酸水溶液,B液为0.1%甲酸乙腈水溶液(乙腈为84%)。液相色谱柱(0.15 mm×150 mm,RP-C18,Column Technology Inc.)以95%的A液进行平衡,样品由自动进样器上样到Zorbax 300SB-C18肽层析柱,洗脱梯度:0~50 min,B液线性梯度为4%~50%;50~54 min,B液线性梯度为50%~100%;54~60 min,B液维持在100%。质谱条件:分析时长:60 min;检测方式:正离子。多肽和多肽的碎片的质量电荷比按照下列方法采集:每次全扫描(full scan)后采集10个碎片图谱(MS2 scan)。最后用软件MaxQuant 1.5.5.1检索相应的数据库,得到蛋白质鉴定及定量分析结果。分析过程中允许的最大漏切位点数量设置为2,查库所使用的数据库为uniprotkb_Bos_taurus_59265_2024_08_06,一级离子质量容差为20 ppm,二级离子质量容差为0.1 Da,且可信蛋白质的筛选标准FDR≤0.01。
首先对LC-MS/MS鉴定得到的多肽进行MaxQuant软件分析,选取得分>20的多肽用PeptideRanker工具进一步筛选候选肽(评分>0.5),然后基于鲜味预测器UMPred-FRL、Umami-YYDS进行鲜味预测,只有同时满足PeptideRanker得分>0.5、UMPred-FRL鲜味预测值>0.5和Umami-YYDS鲜味预测值>0.9的肽段才被认定为潜在鲜味肽,进一步利用BIOPEP-UWM、ToxinPred和Innovagen tool对潜在鲜味肽的鲜味活性、致毒性和水溶性进行分析,BIOPEP-UWM软件主要用于预测肽的呈味活性片段,从理论水平上分析肽的呈味特性,同时利用该数据库判断肽的新颖性。只有肽段同时具有较好的鲜味活性、良好的水溶性、无毒且鲜味活性较强的潜在鲜味肽才被认定为本次研究所得的特征鲜味肽。所使用工具对应的网址如表2所示。
鲜味受体的氨基酸序列T1R1(Q7RTX1)和T1R3(Q7RTXO)通过检索UniProtKB数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/)获得;同源建模工作采用AlphaFold server完成(https://alphafoldserver.com/),使用PyMOL 2.5.截断蛋白的跨膜结构域,输出取T1R1/T1R3复合物[24]。而后采用Maestro 13.0中的蛋白准备模块(Protein Preparation Wizard)对上述下载获得的蛋白进行优化,包括将共晶复合物以及目标分子和蛋白的复合物体系分别采用protein-preparation workflow模块精细准备,包括添加氢原子、创建二硫键、使用prime添加缺失的侧链以及环、优化氢键网络,并在pH7.4下计算氨基酸残基的pka及其质子化状态,以及在OPLS4力场进行全局优化,消除蛋白间的冲突,使之结构合理。完成优化的结构进行ramachandran plot质量评估。
使用ChemDraw(19.0)和 Chem 3D(19.0)软件优化三种本地牛肉中的11条特征鲜味肽的2D结构。短肽的3D结构采用PyMOL 2.5.4构建,并在MMFF94力场下进行能量最小化。
参照Wang等[25]的方法,采用AutoDock Vina 1.1.2软件[26]进行分子对接工作,在对接开始之前,使用PyMol 2.5.4对受体蛋白进行处理,包括去除水分子、盐离子以及小分子。随后设置对接盒子,使之包裹整个蛋白结构。此外,使用ADFRsuite 1.0将所有处理好后的小分子以及受体蛋白转换为AutoDock Vina 1.1.2对接必需的pdbqt格式[27]。对接时,全局搜索的详尽度设为32,其余参数保持默认设置。输出的打分最高的对接构象被认为是结合构象,最后使用PyMol 2.5.4以及Discovery Studio Visualizer对对接结果进行可视化分析。
所有实验均重复三次,使用Microsoft Excel 2010和SPSS 26.0软件处理数据,利用SPSS 26.0软件计算平均数和误差值,结合邓肯法进行显著性分析(P<0.05),使用Origin 2024软件进行绘图。
经过10名评定人员进行感官评定,评定得分如图1所示。随着分子量逐渐变小,三种样品的鲜味都比较明显,其中超滤组分C的鲜味值最高,且与组分A具有显著差异(P<0.05),说明低分子量的组分可能具有更好的鲜味强度,同时粗肽组分还具有复杂的风味特征,如酸味、咸味等,这与之前的研究结果相似[28]。之前的研究表明鲜味肽的分子量通常小于3000 Da,其中500~1000 Da范围内的肽被认为能提供最浓郁的鲜味[29]。因此,本研究选择分子量低于1000 Da的组分进行后续的质谱鉴定,挖掘潜在的鲜味肽。
采用LC-MS/MS技术对滇中黄牛肉水提物分子量<1000 Da的组分进行了质谱鉴定。如图2所示,总离子流图(TIC)分别展示了小分子肽段的色谱分离情况,其中横轴为保留时间(min),纵轴为离子峰强度(a.u.)。基于UniProt Bos Taurus数据库比对,从分子量小于1000 Da的组分中鉴定出2609条可信肽段。与Yang等[30]利用Nano-HPLC-MS/MS从牛骨汤中鉴定的1112条肽相比,本研究从牛肉中鉴定出更多的肽段,说明相比牛骨产生的蛋白肽,牛肉中蛋白肽更为丰富,但这也可能是样品的处理方式、鉴定条件带来的差异。此外,将鉴定的所有肽段进行MaxQuant软件分析,即测试的质谱数据和数据库中的数据越吻合得分越高,鉴定结果越可靠,肽的可信度越高[31]。本研究以肽评分>20为标准筛选目标肽,在滇中黄牛肉水提物中共鉴定出2423个可信度评分>20分的肽段,这些肽被保留用于后续的筛选分析。
如图3A所示,从肽段长度来看,在2423条肽段中共有1067条肽的肽段长度≤10个氨基酸,占所鉴定肽段总数的44%,其次为11~15个氨基酸组成的肽约占所鉴定肽段总数的31%,而超过15个氨基酸的肽约占总鉴定肽的25%。说明本次研究中牛肉产生的蛋白肽主要由10个氨基酸以下的短肽组成。之前的研究表明,相比于长肽,短肽具有更好的鲜味特性[32]。因此,后续的研究将重点关注短肽的呈味特性研究。
肽段的分子量大小也会影响肽的呈味特性,目前所报道的鲜味肽分子量一般为300~1500 Da[33]。如图3B所示,分子量≤1500 Da的肽段有1513条,占比62.4%,超过所鉴定肽的一半,而分子量超过2000 Da的肽仅占11.5%。依据之前的研究表明,鲜味肽的分子量范围一般低于1500 Da,且由3~9个氨基酸组成[34]。进一步说明低分子量肽是牛肉蛋白肽的主要组成部分,与上述的研究结果相似。此外,本研究分析了不同分子量下肽段的峰强度占比,其峰强度越高,肽在样品中的含量越高,对粗肽的风味特征具有更大影响,结果如图3C所示,随着分子量的增加,肽段的峰强度逐渐减小,说明更低分子量的肽在质谱峰中具有更高的强度,其中分子量≤1500 Da的肽峰强度占比超过60%,说明这些肽段是牛肉主要产生的蛋白肽。
上述的研究指出牛肉中产生的蛋白肽主要为分子量小于1500 Da的短肽,近年的研究指出除了肽的分子量和长度外,氨基酸的组成也是影响短肽呈味特性的主要因素[16]。因此,本研究统计了所有肽段中氨基酸出现的次数,由图4可知,氨基酸出现次数最多的是亮氨酸(Leu)、丙氨酸(Ala)、赖氨酸(Lys)和甘氨酸(Gly),分别出现了2759、2021、2107和2123次,是这些蛋白肽中重要的氨基酸组成。同时鲜味氨基酸谷氨酸(Glu)和天冬氨酸(Asp)的出现次数分别是1563次和1259次,也具有较高的出现频率。此外,从氨基酸的亲水性和疏水性来看,亲水性氨基酸(半胱氨酸(Cys)、天冬氨酸(Asp)、谷氨酸(Glu)、组氨酸(His)、赖氨酸(Lys)、天冬酰胺(Asn)、谷氨酰胺(Gln)、精氨酸(Arg)、丝氨酸(Ser)、苏氨酸(Thr)、和酪氨酸(Tyr)),疏水性氨基酸(丙氨酸(Ala)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)、甘氨酸(Gly)、异亮氨酸(Iso)、亮氨酸(Leu)、甲硫氨酸(Met)、脯氨酸(Pro)、缬氨酸(Val)和色氨酸(Try))出现的次数分别为12217次和14047次,疏水氨基酸出现的次数明显比亲水氨基酸出现次数多,先前的研究表明它们与受体形成的疏水相互作用可以增强肽的鲜味[35]。说明疏水性氨基酸在肽段的呈味特性中也发挥着重要作用。
为挖掘滇中黄牛肉中潜在的鲜味肽,本研究基于PeptideRanker的评分预测、UMPred-FRL和Umami-YYDS数据库对2423条肽段进行虚拟筛选。PeptideRanker的评分预测一般与肽段的活性呈现出正相关,即评分预测值越高,此肽段的活性就越强,同时在本研究中只有UMPred-FRL数据库得分>0.5和Umami-YYDS数据库分析得分>0.9的肽才被认为具有潜在的鲜味活性[36]。本研究发现在2423条肽段中,同时满足上述条件的肽有124条,通过Uniprot比对了124条潜在鲜味肽的蛋白,结果如图5A所示,图左侧表示肽段来源的蛋白名称,图右侧表示蛋白质产生的肽段数量。124条潜在鲜味肽主要来源于ADP/ATP translocase 1、GAPDH、Myoglobin、Actin, alpha skeletal muscle、LIM domain binding 3、ATPase inhibitor, mitochondrial等56种蛋白质降解产生,其中来自ADP/ATP translocase 1蛋白质的肽段数量最多,共10条,其次,来自肌酸激酶、Beta-enolase、Actin, alpha skeletal muscle、Myosin heavy chain 1也是产生鲜味肽的重要来源。
此外,本研究为进一步挖掘滇中黄牛肉中的特征鲜味肽,对124条肽段的长度分布进行了统计分析,结果如图5B所示,124条潜在鲜味肽主要分布为中长链鲜味肽,这可能是因为中长链鲜味肽氨基酸组成丰富,而本研究使用的机器学习预测模型主要是基于肽的一级结构序列信息进行识别,丰富的氨基酸组成更容易被预测到。但根据之前的研究表明,相比于长链鲜味肽,短肽具有更好的鲜味强度,且目前报道的鲜味肽大部分都少于10个氨基酸残基[36]。在本研究中,氨基酸个数小于10个氨基酸的肽段有18条,综合肽段C端和N端氨基酸组成以及峰面积强度,推测其中13条肽可能具有更好的鲜味强度,因此被选择进一步研究。
良好的水溶性和安全性对拓宽肽的应用至关重要。本研究利用ToxinPred和Innovagentool软件对13条潜在鲜味肽进行毒性和水溶性分析。结果如表3所示,ToxinPred分析显示13条鲜味肽均无毒性,Innovagentool分析发现肽TSF、WSNVLRGM和HALNDMTSI的水溶性较差,考虑鲜味肽在未来的加工应用前景,水溶性差的鲜味肽在接下来的分析中被排除。此外,BIOPEP-UWM数据库可以预测鲜味肽的鲜味活性片段出现频率,进而推测肽段的鲜味活性,如表3所示,在13条肽中有4条肽不含有鲜味活性片段,这说明机器学习判别模型的复杂性,需要整合多种数据库联合分析,才能保证鲜味肽筛选的准确性。如Nugraha等[37]通过整合BIOPEP-UWM、PeptideRanker和HADDOCK 2.4等生物信息学工具,从遮目鱼蛋白中预测到9种肽具ACE抑制活性、3种肽具DPP-IV抑制活性。Yu等[38]在鸡枞汤中鉴定出了24种肽,根据BIOPEP-UWM和Umami-MRNN数据库预测筛选出其中具有鲜味的12种肽。因此,在本研究中,不含有鲜味活性片段的肽在接下来的研究中同样被排除。根据鲜味活性片段的出现频率越高,鲜味活性越高[39]。本研究最终选择肽LRDW、DVF、APKIPEGE和GVWD进一步分析其风味特征及与T1R1/T1R3受体的分子作用机理。
如表3所示,4条鲜味肽的分子量范围为379.17~839.44 Da,均<1000 Da,与之前的研究结果相似,表明低分子量的肽段鲜味潜力更好[40]。其次,4条肽的质谱鉴定得分均>40分,具有较高的可靠性,且通过BIOPEP-UWM数据库并未检测到相似肽段,说明这四条肽是本研究发现的新型鲜味肽。
为了从理论上分析鲜味肽的氨基酸组成与风味特性之间的关系,本研究基于BIOPEP-UWM数据库分析了4条肽的风味特征。由表4可知,4条肽段都含有一定的鲜味活性片段,其中肽APKIPEGE的鲜味活性片段最高,为38%。4条鲜味肽中鲜味活性片段出现最多的氨基酸是谷氨酸(Glu)和天冬氨酸(Asp),这两种氨基酸在多肽的呈鲜方面具有重要影响[41]。同时,鲜味肽的鲜味特征还与其他呈味氨基酸有关(如苦味、甜味和咸味)[42],如甜味氨基酸对鲜味肽的呈鲜具有协同作用[43],肽APKIPEGE和GVWD具有较高的甜味活性片段,推测其可能具有更好的鲜味特性。此外,每条肽段都显示出较高的苦味,Jia等[23]的研究指出苦味氨基酸对鲜味肽的组成同样具有重要作用,而肽的酸味通常与鲜味也存在关联,酸味肽中含有的酸性氨基酸(Glu、Asp)普遍存在于鲜味肽中[44−45]。同时具有咸味的肽被证明可以提供甜、鲜味和浓厚感等味道[46]。先前的研究表明含有鲜味氨基酸的肽不一定具有鲜味,而不含有鲜味氨基酸的肽同样具有鲜味[16],因此,不能仅凭活性片段直接确定肽段的味觉活性,在后续的研究中需要对潜在肽段进行合成验证,探究其味觉特征。
目前,同源建模已经成为鲜味肽与鲜味受体T1R1/T1R3结合机制分析过程中必不可少的一个重要工具。如图6A所示,左侧的亚基是鲜味受体T1R1的部分,结合域的空腔体积较小,右侧的亚基是鲜味受体T1R3的部分,结合域空腔体积较大,鲜味受体的两个亚基通过铰链的方式相连,连接受体的细胞外区域是“捕蝇域”(VFTD)。该空腔是小分子鲜味肽与鲜味受体结合的主要区域。一般采用拉式图谱评价鲜味受体同源建模的可靠性,如图6B所示,99.9%的氨基酸残基在合理范围内,其中最佳范围为93.2%,可接受范围为6.7%。根据90%的关键性评价原则,本研究建立的鲜味肽受体模型是可靠的。
鲜味肽与鲜味受体T1R1/T1R3对接姿势如图7所示。从对接结果看,筛选得到的鲜味肽LRDW、DVF、APKIPEGE、GVWD与鲜味肽受体T1R1/T1R3结合时,都可以嵌入鲜味受体的T1R3亚基。出现这一现象的原因可能是鲜味受体T1R3亚基部分的结合域空腔体积较大,而T1R1亚基的结合域空腔体积较小,所需要的对接能量较大。有研究表明,T1R1-VFD具有狭窄的结合腔,而T1R3-VFD具有开放结构域,可以与鲜味肽更好地结合[47−48],因此,肽链主要嵌入亚基TIR3与受体稳定结合。
对接能量是量化分子间相互作用强度的关键指标,通过对鲜味肽对接能量进行分析,可以明确鲜味肽与鲜味受体T1R1/T1R3的结合稳定性,4条特征鲜味肽的对接能量如表5所示。
从表5可以看出,4条特征鲜味肽LRDW、GVWD、DVF、APKIPEGE的对接能量分别是−8.99、−8.47、−7.47、−8.59 kcal/mol。其中LRDW的对接能量最小,其次是APKIPEGE,DVF的对接能量最大。之前的研究表明对接能量越低,说明鲜味肽与鲜味受体T1R1/T1R3的对接形成的复合物越稳定。因此,鲜味肽LRDW与鲜味肽受体T1R1/T1R3对接的复合物最稳定,推测其鲜味强度可能最好。从所得结果分析可以看出,较长的肽链可能与鲜味肽受体T1R1/T1R3的对接形成复合物更稳定,即较长的肽链更容易与鲜味肽受体T1R1/T1R3结合,此研究结果与何颖等[49]一致。与Jia等[23]对武定鸡鲜味肽KE-4和LR-4的两种鲜味肽的结合能相比,本研究中的LRDW、GVWD、APKIPEGE三条鲜味肽的结合能更低,说明这三条鲜味肽与鲜味受体T1R1/T1R3结合得更稳定,推测其可能具有更好的鲜味特性。
如图8所示,图中深绿色虚线表示氢键作用、橙色和浅绿色虚线表示静电相互作用、浅紫色虚线表示疏水相互作用。
4条鲜味肽与鲜味受体T1R1/T1R3的相互作用力及作用位点如图8所示,鲜味肽与鲜味受体的T1R3亚基部分存在着三种相互作用力:氢键、疏水相互作用和静电作用,其中氢键的作用次数最多,是肽与鲜味受体稳定结合的关键驱动力,其次是疏水相互作用和静电相互作用。Yang等[50]的分子对接结果表明范德华力、静电作用、氢键和疏水相互作用是肽与受体稳定结合的作用力。Yang等[51]的研究表明鲜味肽和鲜味受体之间的主要相互作用力是氢键和疏水相互作用,与本研究结果相似。对于短肽链来说,肽链的C端和N端与受体形成的稳定作用在鲜味的产生中发挥着关键作用。鲜味肽LRDW的N端L通过Tyr218与T1R3亚基形成疏水相互作用,通过Gly168与T1R3形成一个氢键,C端的芳香族氨基酸W通过Val277和Pro42与亚基T1R3形成两个疏水相互作用;肽GVWD与亚基T1R3产生的相互作用最多的是氢键,其次是静电相互作用,其中N端的G和C端的D通过Gln389、Ser170、Ala302、Glu301残基与亚基T1R3形成氢键作用,肽段中的W通过Met171、Glu148与受体形成静电相互作用;肽DVF的N端D通过Ser276、His145与受体产生氢键,C端的F与受体主要形成静电相互作用和氢键,肽段中V通过Ala302和Tyr218与受体形成两个疏水相互作用;肽APKIPEGE中N端的A通过Leu245与亚基T1R3形成1个疏水相互作用,通过Arg180与亚基形成1个氢键,C端的E主要与亚基T1R3形成氢键,静电和疏水相互作用主要产生在肽段中的K和I。综上所述,短肽中的氨基酸组成对肽与受体稳定结合促进鲜味形成十分重要,且肽段中特定位置的氨基酸残基与受体形成的相互作用力对鲜味的形成具有促进作用。
如表6所示,鲜味肽LRDW与鲜味受体T1R3亚基结合的位点有His145、Glu148、Ala302、Gln389等,其中最关键的作用位点是His145;鲜味肽GVWD与鲜味受体T1R3亚基结合的位点有Gln389、His145、Ser170、Glu148等,其中最关键的作用位点是His145;鲜味肽DVF与鲜味受体T1R3亚基结合的位点有Ser147、Glu148、Asp216等,其中最关键的作用位点是Glu148;鲜味肽APKIPEGE与鲜味受体T1R3亚基结合的位点有His278、Leu245、Ser276、His145等,其中最关键的作用位点是His278。Yang等[50]研究的分子对接结果表明,5个多肽与T1R1/T1R3受体的4个关键氨基酸残基Glu217、Glu148、Asp216和His145结合。Liang等[52]的分子对接结果表明,关键结合位点对对接结果至关重要,如T1R1的His71、Ser107和Glu301,以及T1R3的Asp216、Ser104、His145和Ala302。综上所述,本研究中的四条鲜味肽与亚基T1R3稳定结合的关键位点是His145、Glu148、Ala302和His278,其中His145、Glu148和Ala302是已经被报道鲜味肽与受体结合的重要位点[50−51],而位点His278为本研究新发现的结合位点,对肽与受体间结合具有重要作用。
本研究从云南本地滇中黄牛肉中鉴定出鲜味肽,并融合机器学习虚拟预测和分子对接技术从滇中黄牛肉的水提物中挖掘了4条鲜味活性高、安全无毒的特征鲜味肽(LRDW、DVF、APKIPEGE和GVWD),4条特征鲜味肽主要通过氨基酸残基His145、Glu148、Ala302和His278嵌入亚基T1R3与受体稳定结合,其中氢键、静电和疏水相互作用是驱动这种结合的主要作用力。本研究初步揭示了滇中黄牛肉中鲜味肽的组成及呈鲜机理,为完善云南滇中黄牛肉风味体系提供理论基础,也为食源性鲜味肽的构效关系研究和运用虚拟筛选技术提供理论依据,后续需进一步对本研究挖掘的鲜味肽进行合成验证,深度解析其呈味特性及增鲜增咸作用,为食品减盐增鲜提供新策略。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070106
  • 接收时间:2025-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-10
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    云南农业大学食品科学技术学院,云南昆明 650500

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黄艾祥(1963−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食物新资源开发与乳品科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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