Article(id=1320166166073561701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070083, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751904000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681741493, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681741493, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681741493, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681741493, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=400, endPage=409, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166166866285158, articleId=1320166166073561701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Lipid Changes in Barley Flour During Storage Based on Lipidomics Research, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To investigate lipid changes during the storage of barley flour, the oxidative patterns of lipids and lipase activity, and their interactions, thereby elucidating the reaction mechanisms underlying oxidative deterioration. Methods: Oxidative stability was evaluated by measuring fatty acid content, lipase activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) value in barley flour stored for 28 days under high-temperature/high-humidity (HH), normal-temperature/normal-humidity (NN), and low-temperature/low-humidity (LL) conditions. Lipid composition changes were monitored using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS) to monitor lipid composition changes. Results: Under LL and NN conditions, changes in fatty acid value, lipase activity, and malondialdehyde value were relatively slow; After 28 days of storage under HH conditions, the fatty acid value increased from 91.08±1.33 mg/100 g to 136.26±2.62 mg/100 g, lipase activity rose from 41.04±0.58 mg/g to 47.91±0.61 mg/g, and malondialdehyde value increased from 45.41±2.10 nmol/g to 79.97±1.37 nmol/g. Lipidomics analysis identified 234 lipid molecules across 23 subclasses, including 176 significantly altered lipids. Correlation analysis revealed positive correlations between lipase activity and sterol lipids (STs), fatty acids (FAs), and glycerolipids (GLs). Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) indicated that barley lipids under HH conditions underwent significant changes with prolonged storage. Among these, triglycerides (TG) and diglycerides (DG) exhibited the highest susceptibility to oxidation and could serve as biomarkers distinguishing fresh barley from oxidized barley. Conclusion: Significant differences exist in barley flour lipids before and after storage. Enhancing storage stability by reducing lipase activity provides a theoretical basis for establishing barley shelf-life standards.

, authors=Min XU1, Zhixiang YAN1, Yu WAN1, Liang ZOU1, 2, Yichen HU1, *, authorsList=Min XU, Zhixiang YAN, Yu WAN, Liang ZOU, Yichen HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yichen HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166170846679669, articleId=1320166166073561701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于脂质组学研究青稞粉在贮藏过程中的脂质变化, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:探究青稞粉贮藏期间的脂质变化,脂质与脂肪酶活性的氧化规律及其相互作用,阐明其氧化劣变的反应机理。方法:通过测定在高温高湿(high-temperature/high-humidity,HH)、常温常湿(normal-temperature/normal-humidity,NN)、低温低湿(low-temperature/low-humidity,LL)贮藏28 d青稞粉的脂肪酸含量、脂肪酶活性及丙二醛值来评价其氧化稳定性,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法(ultra-performanceliquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS)监测脂质组成变化。结果:在LL和NN条件下,脂肪酸值、脂肪酶活性及丙二醛值的变化较为缓慢;在HH条件下贮藏28 d,脂肪酸值从91.08±1.33 mg/100 g升高至136.26±2.62 mg/100 g,脂肪酶活性从41.04±0.58 mg/g升高至47.91±0.61 mg/g,丙二醛值从45.41±2.10 nmol/g升高至79.97±1.37 nmol/g。通过脂质组学技术共鉴定出234种脂质的23个亚类,其中包括176种具有显著差异的脂质分子。通过相关性分析,发现脂肪酶活性与甾醇脂类STs、脂肪酰类FAs、甘油脂类GLs存在正相关。主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)表明,HH条件下的青稞脂质随储存时间延长发生显著变化,其中甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)和甘油二酯(diglycerides,DG)最易氧化,可作为区分新鲜青稞与氧化青稞的标志物。结论:贮藏前后的青稞粉脂质存在明显差异,可以通过降低脂肪酶活性来提高青稞的贮藏稳定性,为制定青稞保质期提供了理论依据。

, authors=徐敏1, 颜志祥1, 万羽1, 邹亮1, 2, 胡一晨1, *, authorsList=徐敏, 颜志祥, 万羽, 邹亮, 胡一晨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡一晨, authorNote=

徐敏(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
胡一晨(1987−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品功能营养因子评价与分析,E-mail:。
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注:所有样品与0 d之间的显著性差异以*P<0.05,**P<0.01表示;在相同贮藏时间,不同贮藏条件下样品之间的显著差异(P<0.05)分别以不同大写英文字母表示;在相同贮藏条件,不同贮藏时间下样品之间的显著差异(P<0.05)分别以不同小写字母表示。

, figureFileSmall=GuGZdkgOzmF914GtG3g/Bg==, figureFileBig=4sr3eVMi1oSNw+hM3bTr5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166175217144482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Base peak chromatogram of sample in 0 day in positive ion mode (A) and negative ion mode (B), figureFileSmall=gMa1bC1EJ55hJ7aPFoQlGA==, figureFileBig=L5F0YPNiBclEQOZ7gMc/hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166175280059043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=CN, label=图2, caption=贮藏0 d样品在正离子模式(A)和负离子模式(B)下的基峰色谱图, figureFileSmall=gMa1bC1EJ55hJ7aPFoQlGA==, figureFileBig=L5F0YPNiBclEQOZ7gMc/hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166175351362212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Lipid subclasses identified in barley flour, figureFileSmall=Aab7iXhWS5GepHc1z/Nzjw==, figureFileBig=HhxQ+Hl0TJXtQHb/v+wD8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166175426859685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=CN, label=图3, caption=青稞粉中已鉴定的脂质亚类, figureFileSmall=Aab7iXhWS5GepHc1z/Nzjw==, figureFileBig=HhxQ+Hl0TJXtQHb/v+wD8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166175498162854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in lipids in barley flour during storage, figureFileSmall=O93QgY1wcdvCtghP9DDT9w==, figureFileBig=2A7OhSBuaNSubX/z/WDeHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166175582048935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=CN, label=图4, caption=贮藏期间青稞粉中脂质的变化

注:A.贮藏期间青稞粉中脂质类别的变化;B.贮藏期间青稞粉中脂质亚类的变化。

, figureFileSmall=O93QgY1wcdvCtghP9DDT9w==, figureFileBig=2A7OhSBuaNSubX/z/WDeHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166175644963496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Correlation analysis between lipid and lipase activity, figureFileSmall=QfDFYoF/uuBXmXf4/tc8vw==, figureFileBig=GgIshVTLlRZkbZFzofZnzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166177305907881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=CN, label=图5, caption=脂质与脂肪酶活性的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=QfDFYoF/uuBXmXf4/tc8vw==, figureFileBig=GgIshVTLlRZkbZFzofZnzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166177393988266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Multivariate statistical analysis of barley flour during storage, figureFileSmall=ITEmqZJdPiC+iGW9kkDHTw==, figureFileBig=uiUuuhkzIwlJJ42F7pP/Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166177461097131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=CN, label=图6, caption=贮藏期间青稞粉的多元统计分析

注:A. 脂质种类的 PCA 评分图;B. OPLS-DA 评分图;C. OPLS-DA验证图;D. OPLS-DA加载图。

, figureFileSmall=ITEmqZJdPiC+iGW9kkDHTw==, figureFileBig=uiUuuhkzIwlJJ42F7pP/Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166177532400300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Volcano plots of lipid profiles of processed and untreated barley flour samples, figureFileSmall=+zPOC+IAPDKmirRiwfcr1Q==, figureFileBig=8+Pmn2aPyWof1TvZGPI5ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166177603703469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166166073561701, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同条件处理的青稞粉脂质与原始样品比较的火山图

注:A为0 d与HH14;B为0 d与HH28;C为0 d与NN14;D为0 d与NN28;E为0 d与LL14;F为0 d与LL28。

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基于脂质组学研究青稞粉在贮藏过程中的脂质变化
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徐敏 1 , 颜志祥 1 , 万羽 1 , 邹亮 1, 2 , 胡一晨 1, *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(14): 400-409
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (14) : 400 -409
基于脂质组学研究青稞粉在贮藏过程中的脂质变化
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徐敏1 , 颜志祥1, 万羽1, 邹亮1, 2, 胡一晨1, *
作者信息
  • 1成都大学食品与生物工程学院,农业农村部杂粮加工重点实验室,四川成都 610106
  • 2成都农业科技职业学院,四川成都 611130
通讯作者:
胡一晨(1987−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品功能营养因子评价与分析,E-mail:。
作者简介:

徐敏(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Lipid Changes in Barley Flour During Storage Based on Lipidomics Research
Min XU1 , Zhixiang YAN1, Yu WAN1, Liang ZOU1, 2, Yichen HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Food and BiologicalEngineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
  • 2Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu 611130, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070083
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目的:探究青稞粉贮藏期间的脂质变化,脂质与脂肪酶活性的氧化规律及其相互作用,阐明其氧化劣变的反应机理。方法:通过测定在高温高湿(high-temperature/high-humidity,HH)、常温常湿(normal-temperature/normal-humidity,NN)、低温低湿(low-temperature/low-humidity,LL)贮藏28 d青稞粉的脂肪酸含量、脂肪酶活性及丙二醛值来评价其氧化稳定性,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法(ultra-performanceliquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS)监测脂质组成变化。结果:在LL和NN条件下,脂肪酸值、脂肪酶活性及丙二醛值的变化较为缓慢;在HH条件下贮藏28 d,脂肪酸值从91.08±1.33 mg/100 g升高至136.26±2.62 mg/100 g,脂肪酶活性从41.04±0.58 mg/g升高至47.91±0.61 mg/g,丙二醛值从45.41±2.10 nmol/g升高至79.97±1.37 nmol/g。通过脂质组学技术共鉴定出234种脂质的23个亚类,其中包括176种具有显著差异的脂质分子。通过相关性分析,发现脂肪酶活性与甾醇脂类STs、脂肪酰类FAs、甘油脂类GLs存在正相关。主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)表明,HH条件下的青稞脂质随储存时间延长发生显著变化,其中甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)和甘油二酯(diglycerides,DG)最易氧化,可作为区分新鲜青稞与氧化青稞的标志物。结论:贮藏前后的青稞粉脂质存在明显差异,可以通过降低脂肪酶活性来提高青稞的贮藏稳定性,为制定青稞保质期提供了理论依据。

青稞粉  /  脂肪酶  /  贮藏氧化  /  脂质组学  /  超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道离子阱联用质谱

Objective: To investigate lipid changes during the storage of barley flour, the oxidative patterns of lipids and lipase activity, and their interactions, thereby elucidating the reaction mechanisms underlying oxidative deterioration. Methods: Oxidative stability was evaluated by measuring fatty acid content, lipase activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) value in barley flour stored for 28 days under high-temperature/high-humidity (HH), normal-temperature/normal-humidity (NN), and low-temperature/low-humidity (LL) conditions. Lipid composition changes were monitored using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS) to monitor lipid composition changes. Results: Under LL and NN conditions, changes in fatty acid value, lipase activity, and malondialdehyde value were relatively slow; After 28 days of storage under HH conditions, the fatty acid value increased from 91.08±1.33 mg/100 g to 136.26±2.62 mg/100 g, lipase activity rose from 41.04±0.58 mg/g to 47.91±0.61 mg/g, and malondialdehyde value increased from 45.41±2.10 nmol/g to 79.97±1.37 nmol/g. Lipidomics analysis identified 234 lipid molecules across 23 subclasses, including 176 significantly altered lipids. Correlation analysis revealed positive correlations between lipase activity and sterol lipids (STs), fatty acids (FAs), and glycerolipids (GLs). Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) indicated that barley lipids under HH conditions underwent significant changes with prolonged storage. Among these, triglycerides (TG) and diglycerides (DG) exhibited the highest susceptibility to oxidation and could serve as biomarkers distinguishing fresh barley from oxidized barley. Conclusion: Significant differences exist in barley flour lipids before and after storage. Enhancing storage stability by reducing lipase activity provides a theoretical basis for establishing barley shelf-life standards.

barley flour  /  lipase  /  storage oxidation  /  lipidomics  /  ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-exactive mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS)
徐敏, 颜志祥, 万羽, 邹亮, 胡一晨. 基于脂质组学研究青稞粉在贮藏过程中的脂质变化. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 400 -409 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070083
Min XU, Zhixiang YAN, Yu WAN, Liang ZOU, Yichen HU. Lipid Changes in Barley Flour During Storage Based on Lipidomics Research[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 400 -409 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070083
青稞(Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudumhook. f)在分类学上属于禾本科小麦属,是寒冷和高海拔地区的主要谷类作物。依据种类可细分为有壳大麦、无壳大麦,以及高原大麦。青稞具有高蛋白、高纤维、高维生素和低脂肪、低糖的特点,符合现代“三高两低”的饮食结构需求[1]。与其他谷类作物相比,青稞含有更多的蛋白质和不饱和脂肪酸,如亚油酸、亚麻酸和油酸[2−3]。青稞中的粗脂质含量约为1.18%~3.09%,平均为2.13%,低于玉米、高粱和燕麦。据报道,青稞富含不饱和脂肪酸,具有多种有益健康的生理功能,如抗炎、降低胆固醇及预防心血管疾病等,有助于降低慢性病和代谢性疾病的风险[4]。此外,其麸皮中的主要脂肪酸能作为混合型抑制剂作用于α-葡萄糖苷酶,表现出降血糖效果,具备开发为α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的潜力[5]。此外,青稞富含的其他营养成分如β-葡聚糖、阿拉伯木聚糖和多酚发挥了抗菌、抗氧化和抗肿瘤的能力[6]。青稞的这些营养特性高度契合现代人的膳食需求,随着生活水平的不断提高,它作为一种健康食品原料正日益受到重视和推广[7]。
然而,青稞产后损失严重,陈化是造成其品质降低的主要原因。粮食在贮藏过程中,随着贮藏时间的增加和贮藏条件的变化,谷物的陈化程度不同,脂类也有不同程度的水解。温度与湿度是调控脂肪酶活性与脂质氧化过程的两个最关键环境因子。李尤好等[8]的研究指出,高温会直接增强脂肪酶活性并加速氧化反应;而石彬等[9]的发现进一步揭示,高温和高湿度均会加速薏仁米不饱和脂肪酸的水解酸败,而高湿环境在高温基础上的介入,会通过促进不饱和脂肪酸的水解,为氧化提供更多底物,从而共同加速并加剧整体的酸败进程。脂类比淀粉和蛋白质更容易引起谷物的陈化变质,导致谷物食用品质的下降,因而谷物脂类与贮藏关系的研究一直受到学者的关注[10]。扎桑等[4]通过脂质组学比较了7个青稞品种贮藏前后的脂质变化,发现脂质组成基本相似(均含174种脂质,以甘油三酯、磷脂酰胆碱、脂肪酸为主),但贮藏后脂质变化幅度略有不同:脂肪酸含量普遍上升,甘油三酯、双半乳糖甘油二酯等下降。然而,多品种混合分析无法解析青稞的脂质降解途径,因此,深入研究同一品种青稞贮藏后的脂质变化十分有必要。
在粮食贮藏中,脂类变化是衡量陈化程度的重要指标,其酸败主要通过酶促水解、酶促氧化及非酶氧化三种途径发生[11]。脂肪酶催化的脂质水解常启动谷物脂质的氧化劣变过程,产生游离脂肪酸。这些游离脂肪酸可进一步氧化,形成多种初级和次级氧化产物。该过程不仅导致谷物风味劣变和色泽异常,还会破坏类胡萝卜素、植物甾醇、多不饱和脂肪酸等亲脂性活性成分[12],进而降低谷物及其制品的感官品质、营养价值和经济效益[13]。同时,脂肪过氧化还可能产生过氧化物和有害的醛酮,这不仅可能导致产品质量下降,还可能给人类健康带来潜在风险。
青稞中富含的脂肪酸对人体健康大有益处,但基于脂质组学对青稞脂质的研究却十分有限。基于此,本研究旨在评估青稞粉的储存稳定性,并全面了解其脂质组成及储存期间脂质组分的变化。本研究制备了三种不同储存条件下的青稞粉样品:LL(低温低湿条件)、NN(常温常湿条件)和HH(高温高湿条件)。首先,通过脂肪酸含量、脂肪酶活性、丙二醛值来评估氧化稳定性。其次,利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS)技术鉴定青稞的脂质组成,并实时追踪贮藏过程中脂质的动态变化与脂肪酶活性的关联。最后,通过多元统计分析探究青稞粉在贮藏过程中的脂质差异,为延缓青稞品质劣变提供理论依据。
新鲜青稞种子(CDU 63) 收获季节采摘于成都大学简阳实验基地(30°19′11.9′′N,104°33′15.31′′E)。收集的样品经脱壳,清洗和40 ℃低温烘干后,研磨成粉末并通过50目筛以备后期贮藏实验;丙二醛(MDA)试剂盒(A003-3-1) 南京建成生物工程研究所;乙腈(ACN)、甲醇(MeOH) 色谱纯,均购自成都科龙化学试剂有限公司;异丙醇(IPA)、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、乙酸铵(>99.0%) 色谱纯,购自上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司;所有内标物(货号:330731-1EA) 包括三酰甘油(d7-TG-15:0/18:1,55 µg·mL−1)、二酰甘油(d7-DG-15:0/18:1,12 µg·mL−1)、磷脂酰胆碱(d7-PC-15:0/18:1,160 µg·mL−1)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(d7-PE-15: 0/18:1,5 µg·mL−1)、磷脂酰丝氨酸(d7-PS-15:0/18:1,8 µg·mL−1)、磷脂酰肌醇(d7-PI-15:0/18:1,8 µg·mL−1)、胆固醇酯(CE-18:1,350 µg·mL−1)、鞘磷脂(d9-SM-d18:1/18:0,30 µg·mL−1)、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(d7-Lyso PE-18:1,0. 5 µg·mL−1)、溶血磷脂酰胆碱(d7-Lyso PC-18:1,25 µg·mL−1),阿凡提极地脂质公司(美国)。混合内标物在−20 ℃下保存,直至进一步使用;其他所用试剂均为国产分析纯。
BGZ-140热风干燥箱 上海博迅医疗生物仪器股份有限公司;H2050R离心机 湘潭湘仪仪器有限公司;Biotek Synergy HTX酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;SB-800DTD超声波清洗机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;CPA225D型电子分析天平 德国赛多利斯;DZKW-S-4电热恒温水浴锅 北京市永光明医疗仪器有限公司;UPHW-IV-90T超纯水机 四川优普超纯科技有限公司;RE-52AA旋转蒸发器 上海亚荣生化仪器厂;Q Exactive Focus 组合型 Orbitrap高分辨液质联用仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司。
将青稞粉装入三个无色透明的聚乙烯袋中,分别在低温低湿(LL,5±2 ℃,相对湿度50%±2%)、常温常湿(NN,25±2 ℃,相对湿度65%±2%)和高温高湿(HH,40±2 ℃,相对湿度80%±2%)三个培养箱中贮藏28 d。然后,每隔7 d收集一次氧化青稞粉样品(0、LL7、LL14、LL21、LL28、NN7、NN14、NN21、NN28、HH7、HH14、HH21、HH28),并将其装入无色透明的聚乙烯袋中,置于−80 ℃冰箱直至进一步分析。
脂肪酸值和脂肪酶活性测定分别按照GB/T 15684-2015《谷物碾磨制品 脂肪酸值的测定》和GB/T 5523-2008《粮油检验 粮食、油料的脂肪酶活动度的测定》进行测定;丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的测定参照丙二醛试剂盒的方法测定。
在50 mL离心管中加入2.0 g青稞粉和25 mL MeOH/MTBE(1:3,v/v),涡旋1 min。混匀后在4 ℃下超声20 min,再以5000 r/min的转速离心20 min,然后收集上清液于25 ℃下真空浓缩得到脂质提取物。用CHCl3/MeOH(1:1,v/v)配制含2%混合标准液的脂质内标液,再将提取的脂质重悬于5 mL的脂质内标液,然后在4 ℃下以10000 r/min的转速离心10 min,取上清液过0.22 µm的有机滤膜[14]。
为了实时监测系统的稳定性和评估数据质量,将等量的样品混合,制备质量控制样品(QC样品),质控样品每9个样品注入一次。
使用UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS分析青稞粉的脂质组成。色谱分离采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱(2.1×50 mm,1.8 µm)。流动相A为H2O/MeOH/ACN混合溶剂(1:1:1,v/v/v),流动相B为含有5 mmol/L乙酸铵的IPA/ACN混合溶剂(5:1,v/v)。液相梯度设置为:0~0.5 min,20% B;0.5~1.5 min,20%~40% B;1.5~3 min,40%~60% B;3~16 min,60%~95% B;16~16.1 min,回到20% B;在20% B下保持7 min。色谱柱温度为35 ℃。进样量为2 µL,流速为0.3 mL·min−1[15]。
扫描模式为Full MS/dd-MS2,Full MS分辨率为70000,dd-MS2分辨率为17500,在正、负离子模式下进行。质谱条件如下:喷雾电压3.5 kV,鞘层气体流速35 Arb,辅助气体流速10 Arb,干燥气体温度350 ℃,毛细管温度320 ℃,质量范围m/z 200~1200,碰撞能量分别为10、30和50 eV[16]。
采用以下化合物定性分析方法对青稞脂质成分进行定性分析。使用精确质量测量(<5 ppm)、MS/MS片段、LC保留时间和化合物数据库查询来鉴定脂质。在LipidSearchTM软件、MS-DAIL软件和LIPIDMAPS中的多个数据库中查询脂质。
化合物的定量分析使用Xcalibur 4.1分析UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS原始数据。Compound DiscoverTM 3.1用于根据保留时间和m/z检测和挑选化合物峰。然后将质谱中各信号的峰面积与内标物峰面积进行比较,从而确定各成分的相对定量信息[17]。
每个实验的结果均以平均值±标准差(SD)表示,每个实验一式三份。在SPSS 22.0中使用双尾t检验和方差分析来检验脂肪酶活性、FA和MDA值的统计学意义。当P<0.05时,结果具有统计学意义。多变量分析包括主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA),均由SIMCA 14.1(Umetrics,Umea,Sweden)进行帕累托缩放处理后进行。
长期以来,脂质氧化被视为食品脂质变质的关键途径。在青稞制粉过程中,机械力破坏细胞结构,使内源脂质酶(如脂氧合酶、脂肪酶)与脂质底物接触,引发级联氧化反应,包括不饱和脂肪酸的自由基链式氧化和挥发性醛酮产物的积累。该过程导致必需脂肪酸降解、脂溶性维生素损失及氧化酸败,不仅降低产品营养品质,其促氧化产物还会加剧贮藏期间脂质水解与氧化稳定性下降。因此,通过测定贮藏过程中的FA值、脂肪酶活性和MDA值来评估青稞粉的贮藏稳定性。其中,FA值通常用于测量脂质水解程度,脂肪酶是脂质水解过程中的关键酶,MDA值用于测量青稞粉的氧化程度。
在贮藏过程中,青稞中的脂肪会被脂肪酶水解为脂肪酸,导致脂肪酸增加。因此,脂肪酸值是评价脂质水解酸败程度的重要指标之一,同时脂肪酸值的增加对后续的脂质氧化也有重要影响[18]。如图1(A)所示,LL、NN和HH条件下贮藏7 d的青稞粉脂肪酸值并没有显著性差异,而贮藏28 d后,与LL和NN条件相比,HH条件下的青稞粉的脂肪酸含量从91.08±1.33 mg/100 g显著增加至132.26±2.26 mg/100 g(P<0.05)。具体而言,LL和NN条件下的脂肪酸值分别比HH条件下低28.09%和19.56%。该结果说明青稞粉在贮藏过程中发生水解反应,生成游离脂肪酸,同时也反映出低温贮藏环境有助于延缓青稞中脂肪的水解速率。
作为催化三酰甘油水解产生二酰甘油、单酰甘油、游离脂肪酸和甘油的关键酶,脂肪酶活性与青稞质量下降密切相关[19]。图1(B)揭示了不同贮藏条件对脂肪酶活性的影响:尽管所有条件下酶活均随贮藏时间显著上升(表明脂质持续水解),但变化速率差异显著。相比于贮藏初期(0 d),HH组在第14 d酶活已显著高于初始水平(P<0.01),NN组亦于第14 d显著上升(P<0.05),而LL组直至第21 d才出现显著变化(P<0.05)。贮藏至28 d,HH组的酶活从41.04±0.58 mg/g显著升高至47.91±0.61 mg/g。
初级氧化产物氢过氧化物分解产生醛、醇、酸、酮等次级氧化产物,导致异味产生。其中,稳定且丰度高的次级终产物丙二醛是表征脂质过氧化状态的核心标志物[20]。图1(C)所示MDA含量反映了青稞贮藏期间的脂质氧化程度。贮藏前14 d,LL与NN组MDA值维持较低水平,表明初始氧化酸败程度较轻。但HH组在第14 d时MDA从45.41±2.10 nmol/ g急剧升高至72.36±1.71 nmol/ g,显著高于同期LL、NN组(P<0.05)。贮藏至28 d,LL组MDA含量(66.67±1.73 nmol/g)仍显著低于HH组(79.97±1.37 nmol/g)(P<0.05),证实高温环境显著促进青稞粉中MDA的积累。
基于前期研究结果,7 d采样间隔所揭示的脂质变化趋势差异有限,且考虑到实验成本效益,本研究将采样间隔定为14 d。随后,采用UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS在ESI+和ESI−模式下对LL、NN、HH条件下贮藏0 d、14 d、28 d的青稞粉样品进行三次扫描,贮藏0 d样品的色谱图如图2所示。在青稞粉样品中发现了234种脂质:在负离子模式下发现94种,在正离子模式下发现140种。通过LIPID MAPS可将青稞中的脂质分为五大类,包括脂肪酰类(FAs)、甘油脂类(GLs)、甘油磷脂类(GPs)、鞘氨醇脂类(SPs)和甾醇脂类(STs)[21]。此外,这五大类又可进一步分为23个亚类,如图3所示。青稞脂质中含量最丰富的亚类为甘油三酯(TG,83种),其次为二甘油酯(DG,29种)和脂肪酰基(FA,25种),表明其脂质组成具有高度多样性与复杂性。离子化模式分析显示:除TG([M+NH4]+)、DG([M+NH4]+)、心磷脂CL([M-2H]2−)、氧化磷脂酰胆碱OxPC([M+CH3COO]−)、神经酰胺Cer_NS([M+Na]+)及硫苷脂SHex([M+CH3COO]−)采用特定加合形式外,其余脂质均在[M+H]+或[M-H]−模式电离。
本研究采用同位素内标法进行脂质相对定量分析。通过累加单个脂质分子含量,计算并比较青稞粉中各大类及亚类脂质的总量。不同贮藏时期脂质含量的动态变化趋势,则通过热图(图4A、图4B)直观呈现。青稞中含量最高的脂质大类是GLs和GPs,其次是FAs、SPs和STs。在贮藏期间,FAs含量整体呈上升趋势,GLs先上升后下降,GPs呈下降趋势,SPs在NN和HH条件下总体呈下降趋势,STs呈上升趋势。青稞贮藏期间的脂质水解高度依赖于脂肪酶和磷脂酶,而GPs由于含有更多的不饱和键更容易被氧化[22],所以GLs和GPs向FAs转化。
未氧化和氧化的青稞样品中各类脂质的含量存在明显差异。在HH条件下,FAs和GLs的含量均显著性增加(P<0.05),GPs的含量显著性降低(P<0.05)。在HH条件下贮藏28 d,脂质代谢物含量发生了显著变化(P<0.05)。这是因为青稞粉中的脂质持续参与了相应的代谢反应。此外,氧化过程随着青稞粉中抗氧化成分的降解而加剧。自由基和氢过氧化物等具有高氧化能力的脂质氧化产物也加快了氧化[23]。
TG在脂肪酶的作用下水解为FA和甘油,然后释放出DG或MG,并继续水解[24]。TG和DG都处于先上升后下降的趋势。青稞在去壳和碾磨等预处理过程中,从受损细胞膜渗出的TG会与胚乳层和胚芽组织中先前处于休眠状态但活性很高的脂肪酶接触而发生水解[25]。根据结果,在青稞中发现了83种TG。在LL条件下,青稞中的TG含量呈现波动性变化,其含量的降低归因于脂肪酶的水解作用,而含量的回升,可能是由于甘油磷酸酰基转移酶(TAG/GL合成的限速酶)的作用[26]。然而,在NN和HH条件下,青稞粉中的TG含量分别从24075.31±1265.90 nmol/g降至15778.02±514.68和15644.84±423.46 nmol/g。上述结果表明,HH条件下脂肪酶活性较高,从而加速了TG的水解。水解产生的脂肪酸会被进一步氧化,产生有异味的物质,并降低青稞的营养价值。DG是生物体内主要的脂质亚类之一,是多种细胞活动的第二信使,还参与了PC、PE和PS等磷脂的生物合成[27]。本研究在青稞中检测到29种DG。结果表明,在NN条件和HH条件下,青稞粉中DG的含量先升高后降低。在本研究中,贮藏第14 d后,TG和DG的含量呈下降趋势,Huo等[28]同样发现贮藏9个月的燕麦粉与新鲜燕麦粉相比较TG和DG的含量同样也呈下降趋势,该研究的整体趋势与文献报道中相同。
GPs的亚类在维持细胞平衡中起着关键作用,是细胞膜的主要结构成分。贮藏期间的脂质水解高度依赖于脂肪酶和磷脂酶[23]。在HH条件下,PC、PE和PG的丰度明显降低,这可能与青稞中的磷脂酶A有关。磷脂酶A由磷脂酶A1和磷脂酶A2组成,它们水解各自的酰基链,生成FA和溶血磷脂LPL[29]。谷物中游离脂肪酸含量的变化也常被用作谷物贮藏质量的指标之一,游离脂肪酸含量与贮藏时间的结合可以有效地判断贮藏种子的质量[30]。总之,这些发现表明,青稞的脂质组成和含量会受到贮藏条件的极大影响。
神经酰胺和六糖基甘油三酯是鞘磷脂和糖鞘磷脂的组成部分,在调节细胞分化、增殖、凋亡、衰老等生命活动中发挥着重要作用[31]。这些分子是构成细胞膜脂质双分子层的重要结构化合物。特别是,神经酰胺参与了线粒体介导的细胞凋亡。研究结果表明,在HH条件下贮藏期间,HexCer的含量明显下降,这表明贮藏条件对青稞中HexCer的降解有关键影响。Cer的降解可能会导致线粒体功能障碍和细胞凋亡,从而影响青稞的贮藏质量。
青稞在贮藏过程中脂肪酶活性与不同大类与亚类脂质含量之间的关系如图5所示。研究结果表明,脂肪酶活性与STs(R=0.98)存在显著的正相关(P<0.05),也与FAs、GLs存在正相关。不过,与GPs和SPs存在负相关。酶活性越高,越能快速消耗底物(甾醇和脂肪酸),推动反应向酯化方向进行。然而,脂肪酶活性与GPs呈现显著的负相关(P<0.05),主要是与PC呈负相关。脂肪酶可催化PC分子的甘油酯键水解,PC作为两性分子可形成胶束或脂双层,为脂肪酶提供活化界面,加速自身水解。脂肪酶活性与GLs整体呈正相关,但其与TG存在显著的负相关(P<0.05),脂肪酶直接水解甘油三酯,生成FA和甘油,从而降低TG水平;WANG等[32]发现脂肪酶活性与TG和DG均呈负相关,而该研究DG与脂肪酶活性呈正相关,很可能是在当前设定的有限贮藏时间内,系统尚未完成从DG净积累向DG净消耗阶段过渡所导致的动力学现象。张明[33]的研究表明了在贮藏过程中,米糠中脂肪酶活性逐渐升高,而DG的含量先增加后降低,本研究结果与之一致。在LL、NN和HH条件下,GLs都呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而温湿度越高,其幅度也越大。同时,结果发现青稞中的不同脂质之间存在着显著的相关性。例如STs和FAs存在显著的正相关。Doblado-Maldonado等[34]还发现,脂肪酶活性对谷物品质恶化至关重要。它不仅通过脂肪酶作用影响脂质水解酸败,还影响随后的脂肪酸降解和氧化。
为了进一步探索青稞粉的贮藏问题,对大量脂质组学数据进行了多元统计分析,并将数据可视化。通过对无监督模式识别进行了PCA分析,以初步了解组间总体代谢差异和组内样本差异。图6A显示了总体样本的PCA分数图,结果显示不同贮藏阶段的所有样品都是分离的,样品间差异很大。贮藏的样品与0 d明显分离,并且在后期贮藏阶段(14 d和28 d)向PC2方向发生进一步的变化。这些再次证实了贮藏条件的恶劣会导致青稞脂质改变。然后,根据PCA结果,构建OPLS-DA模型以进一步区分组间差异(图6B)。OPLS-DA是一种监督模型,与PCA不同,它使用偏最小二乘回归来建立表达、数量和样本类别之间的关系模型[35]。OPLS-DA进一步验证了PCA结果,表明在不同贮藏阶段收集的样品之间存在差异。因此,通过OPLS-DA进一步分析了不同氧化阶段青稞粉脂质代谢的差异,与PCA相比,OPLS-DA能更有效地解析数据的变化。OPLS-DA评分图显示了青稞粉的加速氧化过程。OPLS-DA评分图显示了青稞氧化过程中脂质组成的差异。在HH条件下,未氧化样品和其他样品之间有明显的差异,但在LL和NN条件下,14 d和28 d氧化的样品之间差异较小。
本次分析中的自变量拟合指数(R2X)为0.992、因变量拟合指数(R2Y)为0.992,模型预测指数(Q2)为0.972,R2和Q2超过0.5表示模型拟合结果可接受。此外,模型的稳健性和可预测性也得到了200次置换检验结果的支持(图6C),Q2的截距预计低于0.00,说明OPLS-DA模型是可靠的、可预测的,并且没有过拟合,模型验证有效。VIP>1的有37种脂质。结果证实,在HH条件下贮藏的青稞其脂质组学特征发生了显著变化。同时,OPLS-DA的载荷图(图6D)显示,TG和DG类脂质是鉴别青稞粉的最重要变量,可用于区分新鲜青稞粉和氧化青稞粉。青稞的脂质含量在贮藏过程中会发生变化,这可能会对其营养成分和功能价值产生不利影响。
使用火山图可视化两组脂质种类相对含量的统计学显着差异。通过对七组脂质组成数据进行成对比较而获得的火山图如图7所示。每个点代表一个脂质分子,绿点代表下调的脂质,红点代表上调的脂质,灰点代表差异不显著的脂质。水平值和垂直值越大,所选脂质的变化就越显著。此外,使用P值和FC值筛选出青稞在贮藏过程中发生显著变化的脂质[36]。当FC≥2或FC≤0.5时,脂质种类被认定为具有差异性的脂质,去除相同的脂质分子后,在贮藏过程中的青稞鉴定出176个差异性脂质。
由图7可知,HH28上调的有52种,下调的有30种;HH14上调的有62种,下调的有42种;NN28上调的有33种,下调的有8种;NN14上调的有31种,下调的有24种;LL28上调的有31种,下调的有5种;LL14上调的有1种,下调的有101种。在LL14条件下上调的脂质只有FA 18:1一种脂质,而TG(18:1/18:1/18:2)、TG(20:0/18:3/18:3)等脂质显著(P<0.05)下调。TG是天然油脂或脂肪的主要成分,通过脂质水解产生,进一步水解转化为DG、MG和甘油,并伴有脂肪酸的释放。因此本研究推断,少量脂质在14 d内开始水解。而HH28条件下上调的脂质总共有52种,DG(16:0/18:1)、FA 16:1;O、TG(18:3/18:3/19:1)、Cer 36:2;O2|Cer 21:2;O2/15:0、LPC 18:1、LPC 18:2显著上调(P<0.05),PC 36:5、TG(18:3/20:2/22:2)、PC 32:0|PC 16:0/16:0、PG 34:1|PG 16:0/18:1显著下调(P<0.05)。溶血磷脂是磷脂代谢的中间产物,是重要的细胞膜成分,介于磷脂合成并帮助蛋白质嵌入细胞膜,由于磷脂降解或酶水解,LPC等溶血甘油磷脂磷脂上调,PC、PG下调[37]。随着贮藏时间和温湿度的增加,差异表达分析中显著上调的脂质数量显著增加(P<0.05)。火山图显示,log2(Fold Change)>1且-log10(P-value)超过显著性阈值的脂质点数随贮藏时间和温湿度呈正相关趋势,表明脂质氧化或降解过程在高温高湿的条件下更容易累积。
贮藏条件与时间显著影响青稞粉的脂质稳定性:低温低湿(LL)环境可有效抑制脂肪酶活性、游离脂肪酸(FA)与丙二醛(MDA)的积累,并延缓甘油酯(GLs)和甘油磷脂(GPs)的水解。相反,NN组贮藏14 d及HH组贮藏28 d后,脂肪酶活性、FA与MDA值显著上升(P<0.05),表明脂质酸败已发生。本研究中对比清晰说明,低温低湿(LL)贮藏能有效抑制脂肪酶活性,延缓脂肪水解;而较高的温湿度(HH和NN)则会诱导酶活增加,加速水解进程并推动后续氧化。贮藏期间 MDA 水平的增加,进一步证实了不饱和脂肪酸的脂质过氧化反应,表明氧化是影响青稞脂质贮藏变化的关键因素之一。
脂质组学分析揭示新发现:共鉴定出23个亚类234种脂质,较既往研究(174种)新增60种。DG作为一种中间脂质,参与合成单半乳糖基二酰基甘油(MGDG),二乳糖基二酰基甘油(DGDG)和磺基喹诺糖基-二酰基甘油(SQDG),这些都是植物膜结构的基本组成部分,这些代谢物的改变与DG含量的波动有关[38]。DG的积累可能是由于TG的降解,而作为TG合成的前体,DG水平降低可能反映了增加贮藏时间加速了DG向TG的代谢转化或促进脂滴成熟[39]。相关性分析证实脂肪酶活性是脂质代谢的关键调控因子(r>0.8),提示通过抑制该酶活性可提升贮藏稳定性。脂肪酶通过活性中心的氨基酸残基(如丝氨酸、组氨酸和天冬氨酸组成的“催化三联体”)与STs和FAs结合,形成过渡态复合物,降低反应活化能。活性越高的脂肪酶,单位时间内催化形成的STs越多[40]。多元统计表明,所有贮藏条件均导致脂质含量动态变化(部分升高或降低),其中高温高湿(HH)环境对脂质组成的扰动最显著,加速氧化变质进程。上述结果为青稞产品保质期设定提供理论依据,首次系统阐明其脂质组成及贮藏期动态变化规律,深化了对青稞氧化机制的理解,有助于今后进一步研究青稞,促进青稞及其相关产品的开发和应用。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070083
  • 接收时间:2025-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-08
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    1成都大学食品与生物工程学院,农业农村部杂粮加工重点实验室,四川成都 610106
    2成都农业科技职业学院,四川成都 611130

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胡一晨(1987−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品功能营养因子评价与分析,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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