Article(id=1320881398085431707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751904000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852266093, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852266093, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852266093, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852266093, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=515, endPage=524, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881398337089948, articleId=1320881398085431707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Application and Challenges of Bioactive Ingredients in Food Intelligent Indication Films, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With economic development and social progress, consumers are paying more and more attention to food safety and quality. Traditional packaging techniques are difficult to monitor food quality in real time. Therefore, intelligent packaging technologies represented by freshness indicator films have emerged. Bioactive compounds, due to their degradability, antioxidant properties and biosafety, have become the core materials for constructing green and intelligent indicator films. This article systematically reviews the application and challenges of bioactive substances in food intelligent indicator films. It is found that nanocellulose has high loading and response characteristics, along with the dual advantages of preserving the bioactivity of encapsulated substances and providing favorable loading performance for lipophilic compounds. Chemical modification can endow cellulose derivative substrates with excellent water or organic solubility, making them easy to form films. Polysaccharide materials can not only provide structural support and load platforms, but also achieve intelligent responses by responding to environmental stimuli. Protein-based degradable materials can be used to prepare hydrophilic or hydrophobic property indicator films and applied in various foods. Flavonoids, phenols and quinone pigments in natural indicators can achieve the effect of preservation and monitoring through color changes in different pH environments by being compounded with other materials. Real-time monitoring of the freshness of meat, seafood, fruits, vegetables and dairy products can be achieved by utilizing the color reaction between different spoilage and deterioration signals and indicator films. Future research should focus on developing high-performance carriers and more stable indicators to expand the application scenarios of intelligent indicator films, thereby achieving purer, more efficient and stable green packaging applications.

, authors=Yanan ZANG1, 2, Debao WANG2, Cancan LUO1, Ji LUO1, *, authorsList=Yanan ZANG, Debao WANG, Cancan LUO, Ji LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ji LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881400954335649, articleId=1320881398085431707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=生物活性物质在食品智能指示膜中的应用与挑战, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着经济发展和社会进步,消费者越来越注重食品安全品质,传统包装技术难以实时监测食品品质,因此,以新鲜度指示膜为代表的智能包装技术应运而生。生物活性物质因具备可降解、抗氧化及生物安全性的特性,成为构建绿色智能指示膜的核心材料。本文系统综述了生物活性物质在食品智能指示膜中的应用与挑战,发现纳米纤维素具有高负载与响应特性,兼具保护负载物质活性和良好的脂溶性物质负载特性;化学修饰可赋予纤维素衍生物基材优质的水溶性或有机物溶解性,使其易于成膜;多糖类材料不仅可提供结构支撑和负载平台也能通过响应环境刺激实现智能响应;蛋白质类可降解材料可制备亲水或疏水特性指示膜,应用在不同食品中。天然指示剂中黄酮、酚、醌类色素可通过与其他材料复配,在不同pH环境下通过颜色变化实现保鲜-监测功效。利用肉类、海鲜、果蔬及乳制品不同腐败变质信号与指示膜间的显色反应,可实现对它们新鲜度的实时监测。未来需进一步开发高性能载体及更稳定的指示剂,以推动智能指示膜向更多应用场景延伸,进而实现更纯净、高效、稳定的绿色包装应用。

, authors=臧亚楠1, 2, 王德宝2, 罗灿灿1, 罗辑1, *, authorsList=臧亚楠, 王德宝, 罗灿灿, 罗辑, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=罗辑, authorNote=

臧亚楠(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工与品质控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
罗辑(1987−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:畜产品加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Csp2jVioJvNKYFZx27E7/w==, magXml=LpW3fz8w5k6Uz8MkbT8v/g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=l0Lkj53AeX5Pgc6ffJDqQQ==, pdfFileSize=1784588, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=6MYmh482OHTvxe1yDjAh/w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=8K9KYOl3vaaJv0LvP6ZdCw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320881724205154511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881398085431707, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=16831921@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320881724289040594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881398085431707, authorId=1320881724205154511, language=EN, stringName=Yanan ZANG, firstName=Yanan, middleName=null, lastName=ZANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241001, China
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Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2022, 31:  100808., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881738113466698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881398085431707, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩婷婷, 孙冲, 王道营, 等. 可视化智能包装在食品新鲜度监测中的应用研究进展[J]. 肉类研究, 2021, 35(12): 46−53. [HAN Tingting, SUN Chong, WANG Daoying, et al. Research progress on the application of visualized intelligent packaging in food freshness monitoring[J]. Meat Research, 2021, 35(12): 46−53.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881738226712907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881398085431707, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=88, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN Tingting, SUN Chong, WANG Daoying, et al. Research progress on the application of visualized intelligent packaging in food freshness monitoring[J]. 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注:(a) pH响应机制;(b) 氧化还原响应机制;(c) 酶促响应机制;(d) 气体识别响应机制。

, figureFileSmall=e2sua8LaAEQz5FK/IlJudQ==, figureFileBig=fruA+v0ZbK06T0sCTF8RAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881728080691441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881398085431707, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Application examples of smart indicator films in meat, seafood, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类对象核心腐败指标指示剂基材颜色变化参考
文献
肉类牛肉pH、TVB-N、总活菌数、TBARS复合花青素微胶卡拉胶/CMC复合膜粉红→灰紫→绿[14]
鸡肉TVB-N、微生物总数花青素BNC/PVA多层膜粉红→深蓝[35]
猪肉TVB-N、pH蓝莓花青素/Fe2+螯合物明胶/柠檬酸/壳聚糖交联膜玫瑰红→深红→紫→蓝[24]
猪肉TVB-N火龙果皮甜菜红素
/紫薯花青素
卡拉胶/甘油复合膜红→紫红→蓝紫→蓝绿→黄绿[50]
猪肉TVB-N、pH紫草素纤维素滤纸鲜红→暗红[53]
水产品虾TVB-N、pH紫薯花青素PVA/riclin复合膜紫红→紫→蓝绿[36]
巴沙鱼TVB-N、pH姜黄素细菌纤维素复合Pickering乳液黄→深黄[11]
金枪鱼TVB-N、pH姜黄素与茜素玉米醇溶蛋白/明胶黄→红[43]
三文鱼胺类花青素果胶/羧甲基壳聚糖红→灰紫[61]
虾TVB-N姜黄素赖氨酸改性海藻酸钠/木质素磺酸复合膜黄→浅棕→深棕[42]
虾TVB-N甜菜红素玉米直链淀粉砖红→黄[49]
果蔬草莓醛类气体花青素/姜黄素复合物PVA/可溶性淀粉/PGE复合膜蓝→粉[37]
猕猴桃pH/氨茜素/姜黄素复合物PVA/CMC复合膜深紫→红棕→黄[41]
蓝莓CO2/乙烯酰基化蓝莓花青素/茜素复合物海藻酸钠/明胶/甘油水凝胶紫→橙[29]
乳制品巴氏杀菌乳CO2浓度变化蓝莓花青素PVA/大豆分离蛋白复合基质棕→红[31]
牛奶pH花青素壳聚糖/纤维素滤纸紫→无色[66]
), ArticleFig(id=1320881728181354738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881398085431707, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肉类、水产品、果蔬及乳制品中智能指示膜的应用实例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类对象核心腐败指标指示剂基材颜色变化参考
文献
肉类牛肉pH、TVB-N、总活菌数、TBARS复合花青素微胶卡拉胶/CMC复合膜粉红→灰紫→绿[14]
鸡肉TVB-N、微生物总数花青素BNC/PVA多层膜粉红→深蓝[35]
猪肉TVB-N、pH蓝莓花青素/Fe2+螯合物明胶/柠檬酸/壳聚糖交联膜玫瑰红→深红→紫→蓝[24]
猪肉TVB-N火龙果皮甜菜红素
/紫薯花青素
卡拉胶/甘油复合膜红→紫红→蓝紫→蓝绿→黄绿[50]
猪肉TVB-N、pH紫草素纤维素滤纸鲜红→暗红[53]
水产品虾TVB-N、pH紫薯花青素PVA/riclin复合膜紫红→紫→蓝绿[36]
巴沙鱼TVB-N、pH姜黄素细菌纤维素复合Pickering乳液黄→深黄[11]
金枪鱼TVB-N、pH姜黄素与茜素玉米醇溶蛋白/明胶黄→红[43]
三文鱼胺类花青素果胶/羧甲基壳聚糖红→灰紫[61]
虾TVB-N姜黄素赖氨酸改性海藻酸钠/木质素磺酸复合膜黄→浅棕→深棕[42]
虾TVB-N甜菜红素玉米直链淀粉砖红→黄[49]
果蔬草莓醛类气体花青素/姜黄素复合物PVA/可溶性淀粉/PGE复合膜蓝→粉[37]
猕猴桃pH/氨茜素/姜黄素复合物PVA/CMC复合膜深紫→红棕→黄[41]
蓝莓CO2/乙烯酰基化蓝莓花青素/茜素复合物海藻酸钠/明胶/甘油水凝胶紫→橙[29]
乳制品巴氏杀菌乳CO2浓度变化蓝莓花青素PVA/大豆分离蛋白复合基质棕→红[31]
牛奶pH花青素壳聚糖/纤维素滤纸紫→无色[66]
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生物活性物质在食品智能指示膜中的应用与挑战
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臧亚楠 1, 2 , 王德宝 2 , 罗灿灿 1 , 罗辑 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(16): 515-524
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (16) : 515 -524
生物活性物质在食品智能指示膜中的应用与挑战
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臧亚楠1, 2 , 王德宝2, 罗灿灿1, 罗辑1, *
作者信息
  • 1安徽师范大学生命科学学院,安徽芜湖 241001
  • 2中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,北京 100193
通讯作者:
罗辑(1987−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:畜产品加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

臧亚楠(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工与品质控制,E-mail:

Application and Challenges of Bioactive Ingredients in Food Intelligent Indication Films
Yanan ZANG1, 2 , Debao WANG2, Cancan LUO1, Ji LUO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241001, China
  • 2Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070057
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随着经济发展和社会进步,消费者越来越注重食品安全品质,传统包装技术难以实时监测食品品质,因此,以新鲜度指示膜为代表的智能包装技术应运而生。生物活性物质因具备可降解、抗氧化及生物安全性的特性,成为构建绿色智能指示膜的核心材料。本文系统综述了生物活性物质在食品智能指示膜中的应用与挑战,发现纳米纤维素具有高负载与响应特性,兼具保护负载物质活性和良好的脂溶性物质负载特性;化学修饰可赋予纤维素衍生物基材优质的水溶性或有机物溶解性,使其易于成膜;多糖类材料不仅可提供结构支撑和负载平台也能通过响应环境刺激实现智能响应;蛋白质类可降解材料可制备亲水或疏水特性指示膜,应用在不同食品中。天然指示剂中黄酮、酚、醌类色素可通过与其他材料复配,在不同pH环境下通过颜色变化实现保鲜-监测功效。利用肉类、海鲜、果蔬及乳制品不同腐败变质信号与指示膜间的显色反应,可实现对它们新鲜度的实时监测。未来需进一步开发高性能载体及更稳定的指示剂,以推动智能指示膜向更多应用场景延伸,进而实现更纯净、高效、稳定的绿色包装应用。

生物活性物质  /  食品智能指示膜  /  载体基质  /  指示剂  /  响应机制

With economic development and social progress, consumers are paying more and more attention to food safety and quality. Traditional packaging techniques are difficult to monitor food quality in real time. Therefore, intelligent packaging technologies represented by freshness indicator films have emerged. Bioactive compounds, due to their degradability, antioxidant properties and biosafety, have become the core materials for constructing green and intelligent indicator films. This article systematically reviews the application and challenges of bioactive substances in food intelligent indicator films. It is found that nanocellulose has high loading and response characteristics, along with the dual advantages of preserving the bioactivity of encapsulated substances and providing favorable loading performance for lipophilic compounds. Chemical modification can endow cellulose derivative substrates with excellent water or organic solubility, making them easy to form films. Polysaccharide materials can not only provide structural support and load platforms, but also achieve intelligent responses by responding to environmental stimuli. Protein-based degradable materials can be used to prepare hydrophilic or hydrophobic property indicator films and applied in various foods. Flavonoids, phenols and quinone pigments in natural indicators can achieve the effect of preservation and monitoring through color changes in different pH environments by being compounded with other materials. Real-time monitoring of the freshness of meat, seafood, fruits, vegetables and dairy products can be achieved by utilizing the color reaction between different spoilage and deterioration signals and indicator films. Future research should focus on developing high-performance carriers and more stable indicators to expand the application scenarios of intelligent indicator films, thereby achieving purer, more efficient and stable green packaging applications.

bioactive ingredients  /  food intelligent indication film  /  carrier matrix  /  indicator  /  response mechanism
臧亚楠, 王德宝, 罗灿灿, 罗辑. 生物活性物质在食品智能指示膜中的应用与挑战. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 515 -524 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070057
Yanan ZANG, Debao WANG, Cancan LUO, Ji LUO. Application and Challenges of Bioactive Ingredients in Food Intelligent Indication Films[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 515 -524 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070057
随着我国经济发展和生活水平的提升,食品安全品质问题日益受到社会关注。在日常食品消费中,由食品腐败变质引发的健康危害,是一类普遍存在的食品安全问题。肉类、水产等易腐败食品,常因微生物污染或氧化作用发生变质。这不仅导致食物浪费,更可能引发食源性疾病,对生命健康构成威胁,带来巨大的经济损失与安全风险[1]。因此,开发能够有效保障食品品质、减少食物浪费的食品包装技术显得尤为重要。
传统食品包装虽能在一定程度上延缓食品腐败变质,但却无法对包装内食品的品质变化进行实时监测。目前,消费者主要依赖感官检测方式或查看保质期标签来判定食品是否可食用,但这些方法具有明显的滞后性与不确定性,难以精准反映食品的实时新鲜度。新鲜度指示包装作为一种融合阻隔功能与新型智能检测性能的智能包装,通过实时响应食品腐败产生的环境信号(如pH、挥发物质、温度变化),并以颜色变化等可视化方式直观指示食品新鲜度,为消费者提供了更便捷的服务[2−3]。
当前的智能指示膜可依据材料来源分为两类,一类以化学合成材料为基础构建而成;另一类则以生物活性物质(包括蛋白质、多糖、植物色素等)为基础构建。其中,生物活性物质不仅自身可降解、生物相容性好,其固有的抗氧化性还能协同保障食品安全;而化学合成材料存在可能对人体有害的安全隐患、降解能力差及功能稳定性不足等问题。因此,随着绿色消费理念的普及,开发生物活性物质作为智能指示膜的核心材料并最大程度减少化学添加剂的使用,成为绿色智能包装的必然路径[4]。本文旨在系统分析生物活性物质在智能指示膜可视化检测中的性能表现、显色机理、应用前景及面临的挑战,为未来开发更纯净、高效、稳定的绿色包装技术提供理论参考。
合适的载体基质和指示剂是食品智能指示膜的关键成分。相较于化学合成物质,生物活性物质因其绿色、安全、功能多样等优势,在智能指示膜中拥有更多发展空间。本节将介绍用于构建智能指示膜的天然载体基质材料,以及常用的天然指示剂。
纤维素(Cellulose)作为自然界最丰富的多糖之一,因其优异的可降解性、生物相容性、可再生性以及独特的物理化学性质(如高结晶度、强机械性能、易于功能化),在食品智能指示膜领域占据着核心地位,常被作为一类特殊的、具有代表性的多糖基材单独研究。
纤维素基材料包括纤维素及其纳米形态的衍生物,凭借其优异的天然特性和可设计性,已成为构建智能新鲜度指示膜载体基质系统的关键材料[4]。作为指示膜的核心功能组件之一,纤维素基载体不仅为指示剂、生物活性响应单元以及辅助功能物质提供了不可或缺的结构支撑和负载平台,还显著影响着最终薄膜的关键物理性能(如机械强度、透明度、阻隔性)[5]与功能性质(如指示响应的灵敏度、稳定性和特异性)[6],解决了高效负载、均匀分散及响应促进等核心问题,奠定了高性能智能指示膜的物理与功能基础。
纳米纤维素基材指具有纳米尺寸及结构特征的纤维素材料,主要包括纤维素纳米纤丝(Cellulose Nanofibrils,CNF)、纤维素纳米晶体(Cellulose Nanocrystals,CNC)和细菌纳米纤维素(Bacterial Nanocellulose,BNC)[7]。纳米纤维素基材的纳米级纤维界面可提供丰富的羟基锚定位点,实现功能组分的高效负载与均匀分散;同时,网络孔隙可包埋脂溶性物质并调控释放;成膜后的高透明度确保颜色变化可直观检测[8−9]。
基于上述纳米纤维素基材的优异特性,研究者们将其用于新鲜度指示膜的制备,并取得了良好效果。Wang等[10]利用CNF负载姜黄素制得复合膜,该膜可因鱼类腐败产生的氨气(NH3)灵敏变色指示新鲜度,且CNF网络可提供良好机械支撑。Miao等[11]制备了BNC负载姜黄素Pickering乳液,该膜可响应食品腐败pH变色指示新鲜度,同时BNC保护姜黄素活性并促其分散,使指示膜具有抗菌抗氧化功能。证明纳米纤维素在制备新鲜度指示膜过程中不仅具有高负载与响应特性,还可充分保护负载物质活性,且对脂溶性物质具有很好的负载效果。
与纳米纤维素不同,纤维素衍生物基材指的是对天然纤维素做化学改性处理(如醚化、酯化)后得到的一类材料,主要包括羧甲基纤维素(Carboxymethyl Cellulose,CMC)、羟丙基甲基纤维素(Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose,HPMC)、甲基纤维素(Methylcellulose,MC)和乙基纤维素(Ethyl Cellulose,EC)等[12]。纤维素衍生物的性质与取代基的性质、基团被取代的程度有关[13]。通过化学修饰赋予其优质的水溶性或有机物溶解性,引入取代基团改善材料的热稳定性和机械性能,这些特性结合其易成膜性,使其在智能指示膜活性包装应用中极具潜力。
由于化学改性赋予的溶解性、稳定性及机械性能等优势,使得纤维素衍生物在智能指示膜制备中展现突出应用价值。Cao等[14]开发了基于CMC和卡拉胶的智能指示膜,负载花青素微胶囊监测冷藏牛肉。薄膜对牛肉腐败pH变化响应灵敏(粉红→灰紫→绿),且CMC形成的致密网络提升了薄膜机械强度与水氧阻隔性。Zhao等[15]利用CMC构建智能指示膜,通过静电与氢键作用固定花青素,显著提升薄膜机械强度、稳定性及阻隔性,遇胺类物质30 s内变色,适用于高水分肉制品实时监测。Rukchon等[16]以MC为载体,固定pH敏感染料于滤纸基底。当鸡肉腐败产生CO2溶解为H+时,标签颜色由亮绿变橙红,变化与腐败进程同步。
除了纤维素,还有许多具有优异成膜性、生物相容性和功能多样的多糖,同样可作为构建食品智能指示膜的重要基质材料。根据是否具备响应刺激的能力,本文在讨论多糖材料时将其进一步分成两类,即主要提供结构支撑的基质型多糖和能响应环境刺激的响应型多糖。
基质型多糖载体主要提供结构支撑和负载平台,其功能实现依赖所承载的活性物质响应。
壳聚糖(Chitosan)作为阳离子多糖基质,其丰富的氨基和羟基提供优异成膜性、生物相容性及内在广谱抗菌功能。氨基的质子化特性使其能通过静电作用或氢键高效负载阴离子指示剂(如花青素、姜黄素),并维持其稳定性[17]。
淀粉(Starch)来源广、成本低、可完全降解,这些特性共同构成了其作为基质的核心优势。但纯淀粉膜亲水性强、易脆。常需物理改性(糊化)或与聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl Alcohol,PVA)等聚合物共混以提升机械性能和阻水性,从而有效承载指示剂并保障膜结构完整性[18]。
海藻酸盐(Alginate)其核心功能在于温和的离子交联能力(如Ca2+)。这种基于“蛋盒”模型的交联可在室温下快速形成水凝胶网络,为热敏或pH敏感指示剂(如溴甲酚绿)提供理想的物理包埋与保护环境,确保其响应活性[4]。
相较于上述多糖主要作为支撑平台,响应机制依赖于其载负的指示剂,刺激响应型多糖载体不仅作为基质,其自身结构或官能团能感知特定环境刺激并发生可逆变化,直接贡献于智能响应。典型多糖包括:
果胶(Pectin),根据其羧基酯化度(DE值)进行区分。高甲氧基果胶(DE>50%)依赖低pH/高糖凝胶化,而低甲氧基果胶(DE<50%)需二价阳离子(如Ca2+)交联。这种pH/离子强度双重敏感性使其能直接响应食品腐败微环境变化(如pH降低、离子释放),常与指示剂协同提供多重信号输出[18]。
羧甲基纤维素(CMC)富含亲水性羧甲基(-CH2COO−),是强阴离子型聚电解质。其对pH及离子类型/强度高度敏感:低pH下(-COOH)链卷曲;高pH下(-COO−)链伸展溶胀;高价阳离子(如Fe2+、Ca2+)可致其沉淀或交联。这些显著的物理化学状态变化可直接用于可视化响应(如浊度、透明度变化)或放大负载指示剂的信号[19]。
蛋白质在新鲜度指示膜中主要作为核心载体基质,构成膜的支撑骨架并负载指示剂。作为可降解的生物高分子,明胶(亲水性代表)[20]与玉米醇溶蛋白(疏水性代表)[21]因其显著不同的物化特性,成为适配不同食品环境的两类主流基质材料。
明胶(Gelatin)源于动物胶原蛋白水解,具有强亲水性、优异成膜性和高透明度的特点。其亲水特性利于指示剂接触水溶性腐败产物,而透明基质便于颜色观测[22]。其热熔-冷凝特性便于加工成型,使其特别适用于肉类、水产类高水分食品的新鲜度指示[23]。Zhao等[24]利用明胶亲水、透明且成膜性好的特点开发了负载花青素-Fe2+螯合物的明胶/柠檬酸/壳聚糖交联膜用于猪肉监测,发现Fe2+螯合提升了花青素pH响应灵敏度。在冷藏猪肉实验中,膜色变化与挥发性盐基氮(Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen,TVB-N)、pH同步,可有效指示新鲜度。
玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)提取自玉米,以其天然强疏水性著称,能形成阻氧、阻水蒸气性能优良的致密膜[25]。该特性有效保护指示剂免受水分迁移影响,并显著延长指示膜在高脂/低水分食品(如奶酪、油炸制品)中的稳定性。玉米醇溶蛋白多通过乙醇溶液制备成膜;但该工艺需重点控制两方面问题:一是乙醇溶剂的残留风险,二是成膜后材料易出现的脆性缺陷。张星晖等[26]利用静电纺丝技术制备了玉米醇溶蛋白纳米纤维膜,负载溴麝香草酚蓝指示剂监测金枪鱼品质。该膜充分发挥了玉米醇溶蛋白的疏水性和良好成膜性,形成稳定载体。在4 ℃冷藏实验中,标签颜色(橙黄→绿→蓝)与金枪鱼TVB-N值、pH变化高度同步,有效指示了其新鲜度变化过程。
花青素(Anthocyanidin)是一类广泛存在于植物中的水溶性类黄酮色素,主要来源于紫甘蓝、蓝莓、黑枸杞、葡萄、紫薯等植物[27]。花青素的pH响应机制来源于其分子结构中可离子化官能团在不同酸碱环境下的动态变化。如图1(a)所示,在强酸性条件(pH<3)下以黄烊盐阳离子(flavylium cation)形式存在,呈鲜艳红色;随pH升高(pH4~7),逐渐转化为无色的甲醇假碱(carbinol pseudobase)或醌型碱(quinonoidal base),颜色褪去或转为紫色;碱性环境中(pH>7)则形成蓝色醌型碱或黄色查尔酮(chalcone),最终在强碱下降解[30−32]。花青素优势在于来源丰富、变色响应显著(红→紫→蓝/黄),兼具抗氧化与抗菌活性,可协同延长食品货架期[27];但其结构对光、热、氧气及金属离子(如Fe3+)敏感,易发生降解或褐变,且在中性至碱性条件下稳定性显著降低,限制其应用范围[33−34]。
为了解决花青素稳定性不足的问题,研究者探索开发多种负载技术,提升了花青素在智能指示膜中的实用性能。Oktay等[35]将植物源花青素封装于沸石咪唑框架-8(A-ZIF-8)纳米晶体并负载于支撑层,构建多层智能膜检测鸡肉新鲜度。利用薄膜a*值与鸡肉TVB-N变化显著相关性(P<0.05)进行监测,通过ZIF-8增强显色稳定性,突破基质干扰。Miao等[36]以紫薯源花青素为指示剂,结合PVA/蓖麻素复合基质开发智能膜,用于虾类等高蛋白食品新鲜度监测。该膜可实时指示新鲜度,兼具阻氧与抗氧化功。Shen等[37]设计聚乙二醇双(3-氨基丙基)醚(PGE)介导的醛响应膜(PVA/淀粉),特异性捕获草莓腐败标志物2-己烯醛,触发pH下降驱动花青素变色(蓝→粉)。响应时间缩短至3 min,解决了高湿环境下水蒸气渗透性不受影响的问题。
姜黄素(Curcumin)是从姜黄(Curcuma longa)根茎中提取的疏水性多酚化合物,具有典型的二芳基庚烷结构(分子式C21H20O6)。姜黄素显色特性由烯醇式-酮式互变异构主导,如图1(b)所示,在酸性至中性环境(pH3~7)呈亮黄色(酮式结构为主),碱性条件(pH>8)下酚羟基解离形成苯氧阴离子,转化为烯醇式结构,颜色转变为红棕色[38]。姜黄素具有显著的抗菌、抗氧化活性,可协同提升包装的保鲜功能;但水溶性极差(<1 μg/mL)、光热稳定性不足,且变色范围较窄(黄→红棕)[39−40],视觉对比度弱于花青素类指示剂。
为解决姜黄素水溶性差、光热稳定性不足及变色范围窄等问题,Xia等[41]将姜黄素与茜素复配于PVA/CMC膜,拓宽pH响应范围(2~13),协同实现猕猴桃CO2梯度(2%~16%)的多级变色(深紫色→红棕色→黄色),优化膜ΔE达65.06,灵敏度较单组分平均提升57.7%。Yang等[42]以木质素磺酸和姜黄素协同增强海藻酸钠膜紫外屏蔽能力,降低光降解风险。该膜对虾腐败TVB-N响应灵敏(黄→棕),颜色变化与TVB-N积累直接相关,且水相工艺避免溶剂残留风险。李秋莹等[43]通过静电纺丝技术将姜黄素负载于玉米醇溶蛋白/明胶纳米纤维膜,其疏水界面有效阻隔水分。应用于金枪鱼冷藏时,前5 d无明显颜色变化,第6 d膜色随挥发性胺释放由黄色变为红色,可精准指示腐败临界点。
甜菜素(Betalains)是一类水溶性含氮色素,主要从红甜菜根(Beta vulgaris)、红心火龙果(Hylocereus polyrhizus)及仙人掌果(Opuntia ficus-indica)等植物中提取[44]。根据显色基团差异,可分为甜菜红素(Betalacyanins,红-紫色)和甜菜黄素(Betaxanthins,黄色)。甜菜素的颜色稳定性显著优于花青素,如图1(c)所示,在pH3~7范围内保持结构稳定,呈现鲜明的紫红色;当pH≥8时,甜菜红素水解降解,主导色转为甜菜黄素的黄色[45]。甜菜素光热稳定性好,兼具抗菌、抗氧化及抗炎等生物活性,可协同提升包装功能[46];但其强亲水性易导致膜内迁移,且在强碱环境下不可逆降解,高浓度金属离子(如Cu2+、Fe3+)也可能引发褪色[47]。
基于甜菜素在中性至弱酸性环境下稳定显色,且光热稳定性好的优势,研究者开发出多款食品新鲜度指示膜。张方艳等[48]调控苋菜甜菜红素浓度(6%~14%),利用结冷胶/马铃薯淀粉载体的氢键作用增强分散稳定性。该膜在草鱼肉4 ℃冷藏中可精准响应TVB-N超标,颜色由粉紫变为淡蓝,为水产保鲜提供可降解的视觉监测方案。Yang等[49]以植物源甜菜红素为比色指示核心,结合玉米直链淀粉载体基质,开发双通道智能标签用于虾类新鲜度监测。甜菜红素的颜色响应协同荧光信号交叉验证虾腐败胺。双通道信号与TVB-N同步变化,通过比色-荧光双信号交叉验证显著提升复杂环境下的监测可靠性。Gao等[50]研究火龙果皮甜菜红素与紫薯花青素按1:3复配,火龙果皮甜菜红素通过增强膜内部结构的致密性显著提升机械强度。该膜在猪肉腐败时颜色由红变黄绿,且在pH2~13范围内表现出敏感性。
醌类色素(Quinone pigments)主要包括萘醌类(如紫草素)和蒽醌类(如茜素),具有优异的光稳定性与抗氧化活性[51−52]。其显色机制基于pH驱动的酚羟基电离与结构互变[41]。该色素显著的光稳定性(优于花青素与甜菜素)、宽pH响应范围及抗菌活性;但部分醌类具潜在细胞毒性、水溶性差,且茜素强染色性可能干扰食品外观。
紫草素(Shikonin)从紫草科植物根部分离,其显色原理如图1(d)所示,在酸性至中性环境(pH3~7)呈红色(酚羟基未电离);碱性条件(pH7~11)逐步转化为单阴离子/双阴离子,颜色由紫红过渡至深蓝色[38]。Ezati等[53]将紫草素负载于纤维素纸制备pH敏感指示膜,其颜色随pH升高从鲜红色变为暗红色。该膜色素稳定性高,对鱼肉和猪肉腐败过程响应灵敏,可实现新鲜度的实时监测。Roy团队[51]将紫草素与花青素复配于CMC/琼脂基质,实现pH2~12的宽范围响应,并显著增强抗菌活性。复配膜对NH3响应灵敏,颜色变化显著,同时通过协同作用抑制微生物,突破单一色素的功能局限。
茜素(Alizarin)源自茜草根部,其显色原理如图1(e)所示,酸性环境(pH<4)以中性分子形式存在(黄色);随pH升高(pH4~9),单阴离子主导显红色;强碱性下(pH>9)形成双阴离子呈紫色[28]。边博雅等[29]将茜素与酰化花青素复配,通过氢键嵌入海藻酸钠/明胶水凝胶载体。茜素的醌式结构赋予薄膜酸性环境高灵敏度响应,其质子化作用驱动膜色随蓝莓腐败酸化由紫色(新鲜)向橙色(腐败)转变。复配膜ΔE值>6且与菌落总数强关联,同时醌基显著提升抗氧化性(DPPH自由基清除率>80%),实现保鲜-监测双功能集成。
天然色素(主要为花青素、甜菜素、姜黄素)的pH响应机制源于其分子结构中可离子化官能团(如羟基、氨基)在不同酸碱环境下的动态变化,通过质子化/去质子化作用改变分子共轭体系的电子分布,进而引发光吸收光谱偏移并呈现显著颜色差异。具体而言,该机制包含三个核心层面:首先是质子化态对显色的直接调控,比如花青素在酸性条件下会以黄烊阳离子形式存在,呈现红色,而在碱性环境中则会转为醌式碱基,颜色随之变为蓝色或绿色;其次是结构异构化的影响,例如姜黄素在碱性条件下会发生烯醇式与酮式的互变,颜色从黄色转变为红褐色,甜菜素则会在强碱性环境下发生降解并出现褪色;第三是载体的协同稳定作用,纤维素或多糖基载体能够通过氢键网络增强色素的稳定性。
当富含蛋白质的食品(如肉类、海鲜、乳制品)腐败时,微生物代谢产生挥发性含氮化合物NH3、三甲胺(Trimethylamine,TMA)、二甲胺等,导致包装微环境pH显著升高。pH响应型智能指示膜通过其功能层中的天然色素实时捕获这一化学信号,触发上述分子结构变化,产生肉眼可辨的颜色跃迁(如:肉品新鲜态→腐败态:指示膜红→绿/蓝),从而实现对食品新鲜度的无损、可视化监测[38,54]。其响应机制如图2(a)所示。
氧化还原响应机制的核心在于指示剂分子自身发生可逆的氧化/还原反应,导致其电子结构和共轭体系改变,进而产生显著颜色变化。该机制主要利用醌类色素作为敏感元件,直接响应食品腐败过程中产生的氧化性或还原性物质[55]。
醌类色素作为氧化还原响应的核心指示剂,其显色机制源于醌式(Quinone)与氢醌式(Hydroquinone)结构的可逆转换。在氧化态下,醌式结构的扩展共轭体系吸收可见光呈现深红、紫或蓝色;当遭遇食品腐败释放的硫化氢(H2S)、甲硫醇等强还原性物质时,醌式结构被还原为氢醌式,共轭体系断裂,颜色褪为无色或浅黄色。响应机制如图2(b)所示。
酶促响应机制通过在指示膜上固定化特异性氧化酶或水解酶,催化目标底物转化为反应产物,触发共固定化学指示剂的可视化变色,实现对食品新鲜度指标的高灵敏、高选择性监测[56]。在实际应用中,不同类型食品腐败会释放特定分子:以鱼类食品为例,其腐败变质时产生的次黄嘌呤扩散至指示膜后,固定化的黄嘌呤氧化酶会对其进行特异性催化,产生H2O2;乳制品腐败时产生的尿素扩散至指示膜后,固定化的尿素酶会对其进行特异性催化,生成NH3。Lin等[57]在静电纺壳聚糖纤维上固定化漆酶作为指示膜,通过固定化漆酶催化氧化愈创木酚着色剂,并利用叠氮化钠作为抑制剂延长指示膜的着色率和活化能,构建了调控显色的动力学系统,为智能包装提供精准的食品质量监测功能。
凭借酶-底物特异识别的分子特性,可实现传统方法难以企及的精准监测。尽管酶促机制具备显著的特异性优势,其实际应用仍受限于酶的环境敏感性和级联反应速率。其响应机制如图2(c)所示。
气体分子识别机制通过指示剂与腐败挥发物(如NH3、H2S、CO2)的特异性结合触发色变:质子敏感染料响应变化,例如胺类物质导致pH升高,染料颜色从红色转变为蓝色;CO2导致pH降低,染料颜色从蓝色转变为黄色;纳米粒子则通过沉淀反应显色,银离子与硫化氢发生反应,生成黑色的硫化银。此外,仿生的金属卟啉类材料可通过配位作用捕获H2S。刺激响应型多糖基载体通过微孔控释优化气体传质效率[58]。
气体识别机制因无损检测特性和多气体覆盖能力,可覆盖肉类的胺类气体、海鲜的H2S气体、果蔬的CO2气体检测,成为智能包装核心方案,但面临湿度干扰与交叉响应挑战。研究发现,可通过开发金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)提升气体选择性;设计疏水涂层载体增强环境稳定性等实现突破。其响应机制如图2(d)所示。
肉类新鲜度指示膜主要针对肉类腐败过程中产生的关键信号—TVB-N和脂肪氧化产物,利用这些物质引发的pH变化或气体信号,驱动指示膜发生可见的颜色变化(如黄→绿→蓝或紫→黄等),进而实时反映肉类腐败程度,实现从生产到消费全链的实时品质监控(表1)。
根据pH驱动的指示原理,Cao等[14]利用玉米蛋白和结冷胶封装紫甘蓝-火龙果皮复合花青素,开发出pH敏感型微胶囊,并将其与卡拉胶-CMC复合制成智能指示膜。该膜颜色(粉→紫→蓝绿→黄)随冷藏牛肉pH变化,精准关联牛肉次级新鲜(第4 d)和腐败(第7 d)阶段,且提升了花青素稳定性及膜性能,为肉类保鲜提供可视化监测手段。
除pH信号外,针对肉类腐败产生的气体信号,如NH3,研究人员也研发了高灵敏度的传感型指示标签。Oktay等[35]开发了一种基于BNC、PVA和花青素掺杂A-ZIF-8的多层智能标签。优化后的薄膜对NH3传感性能显著提升。应用于4 ℃储存的鸡胸肉,其色差(ΔE*)和红绿色度(a*)值与微生物总量及TVB-N含量高度相关,通过可视化颜色变化直接指示新鲜度。该技术为肉类智能包装提供了高灵敏度、便携化的指示方案。
现有肉类新鲜度指示膜已实现了通过响应肉类腐败过程中产生的腐败信号,反映肉类腐败的程度。然而,目前研究集中于猪肉、牛肉和鸡肉等肉品,而羊肉、鸭肉等常见肉品的腐败标志物响应情况尚未明确;部分关键材料制备成本较高,难以满足规模化工业生产需求。因此,需要针对不同肉类腐败标志物差异优化材料配方,拓展指示膜在更多肉品中的适用性,开发低成本材料,降低产业化门槛。
水产品新鲜度监测指示膜通过检测TMA和NH3腐败标志物,利用天然色素的pH响应或MOF等智能材料对特定气体的显色反应实现实时监测[19,59]。
为实现新鲜度检测快速响应,Kang等[60]开发了基于铜基金属有机骨架(Cu-MOF)的淀粉/PVA复合智能标签。该材料接触腐败标志物NH3后1 min内肉眼可见的由绿变深蓝,在4 ℃和28 ℃下颜色变化与虾腐败进程高度吻合。该膜抑菌率超92%,可延长虾保质期,克服天然色素指示膜缺陷,为高水分海鲜提供稳定智能包装方案。
针对水产品的保鲜需求,Sun等[61]开发以果胶/羧甲基壳聚糖为基础、复合负载花青素多孔微球和丁香精油的多功能智能指示标签,经优化具显著抗菌活性。用于冷藏三文鱼保鲜,保质期从4 d延长至9 d,可实时监测新鲜度,为水产品保鲜提供集成创新方案。
水产品新鲜度指示膜不仅可快速响应,且已从单一功能膜转向多功能集成。与肉类新鲜度指示膜存在相似问题,水产品指示膜覆盖品类较窄,多集中于虾和鱼,而贝类缺乏有效响应。此外,现有膜材料对TMA响应灵敏度仍低于NH3,难以精准捕捉部分鱼类早期腐败信号。需拓展指示膜水产品品类适配范围,设计贝类等专用响应敏感材料;通过配方优化,增强对TMA的响应灵敏度,实现水产品腐败早期精准预警。
果蔬活性包装指示膜需协同解决采后呼吸代谢调控[62]、乙烯/病原菌抑制[63]及腐败可视化监测[64]三大挑战。其通过响应果蔬贮藏微环境中CO2/O2浓度变化、特征挥发性有机物(VOCs)或病原微生物代谢产物(pH变化),触发颜色/荧光变化,并结合缓释抗菌/抗氧化活性物质延长货架期。
针对呼吸跃变型果蔬的呼吸代谢调控与可视化监测需求,Xia等[41]开发了基于茜素与姜黄素双天然色素的高性能比色指示膜,以PVA和CMC复合基质为载体,经响应面法优化工艺,可灵敏响应猕猴桃呼吸代谢释放的2%~16% CO2梯度浓度变化,触发黄→橙→红→棕多级颜色转变。该膜机械柔韧性、阻湿性优异,25 ℃储存时色差较对照组提升98.5%,能精准指示最佳食用窗口期。复合基质使薄膜熔融温度超177 ℃,保障高湿度环境长期稳定,为呼吸跃变型果蔬提供智能监测方案。
为覆盖非跃变型果蔬的腐败可视化监测场景,并解决传统膜高湿失效问题,Shen等[37]开发了一类基于花青素/姜黄素复合天然色素的新型气敏膜,以PVA/可溶性淀粉复合基质为载体,引入PGE作为醛气响应介质。该膜通过特异性捕获草莓腐败标志性气体2-己烯醛,触发PGE介导的pH下降机制,驱动色素发生显著颜色变化,花青素膜由蓝色变为粉色,姜黄素膜由棕色变为黄色。在室温储存条件下,膜色变化精准区分草莓新鲜(0 d)、次新鲜(3 d)与腐败(5 d)状态,其响应与感官评分、硬度及丙二醛含量变化高度一致。复合基质赋予薄膜优异的防水性能,克服了传统指示膜在高湿环境中失效的缺陷,为易腐果蔬提供了一种低成本、用户友好且适配非跃变型水果特性的实时监测方案。
果蔬指示膜已实现跃变型与非跃变型果蔬的全覆盖,有效延长果蔬货架期。目前果蔬新鲜度指示膜多聚焦于“监测”功能,可以进一步结合乙烯吸附、病原体抑制等保鲜功能,开发多功能集成膜。
相较于肉类、海鲜及果蔬的成熟监测体系,乳制品智能指示膜的研究仍处于探索阶段。该类薄膜主要通过捕获微生物代谢导致的pH下降或特征挥发性酸,触发花青素等天然色素的显色变化[65]。丁凯炜等[31]以大豆分离蛋白/PVA为基质和蓝莓花青素为原料制备了pH智能指示膜,在巴氏杀菌乳的新鲜度检测中展现出明显的色差变化;Muhammad等[66]研究成功开发了一种基于花青素和滤纸的通过pH驱动的颜色变化牛奶新鲜度传感器,结合壳聚糖增强稳定性,为智能包装和减少食物浪费提供了创新解决方案。当前挑战集中于乳品高水分环境对指示剂稳定性的影响,以及低浓度腐败标志物的检测灵敏度。未来需开发疏水型载体、仿生气敏材料及抑菌-指示双功能系统,以推动该领域的应用进程。
近年来,生物活性物质凭借着可降解性和可再生性等优势,在食品新鲜度指示膜制备研究中显现巨大的应用潜力,但其在食品智能指示膜中的全面工业化应用仍面临多重挑战。一方面,花青素、姜黄素等天然色素对光、热、氧及pH高度敏感,易导致指示膜颜色变化不稳定,影响指示准确性;另一方面,多功能整合过程中组分相容性差,且高负载需求会削弱薄膜物理性能;此外,当前研究多集中于肉类及水产品,针对果蔬和乳制品的应用开发相对滞后。针对上述问题,首先应提升天然色素稳定性,通过纳米包埋、微胶囊化等技术,减少其与包装外界环境的接触。其次,优化多功能整合策略,深入研究组分间相互作用机制,采用分层结构设计提高薄膜整体性能。同时,拓展应用场景,针对不同食品类型开发专用指示膜,满足多样化需求。未来需进一步深入研究天然色素降解机理以优化稳定剂,分析多功能组分对薄膜性能的影响并提出优化策略,同时评估智能指示膜在不同食品中的应用潜力,推动其市场化,助力食品安全与绿色包装创新。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070057
  • 接收时间:2025-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-08
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    1安徽师范大学生命科学学院,安徽芜湖 241001
    2中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,北京 100193

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罗辑(1987−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:畜产品加工与品质控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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