Article(id=1320165985441665260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751558400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681698426, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681698426, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681698426, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681698426, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=72, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320165985689129197, articleId=1320165985441665260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation and in Vitro Prebiotic Activity of Kaempferol/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the water solubility and bioavailability of kaempferol (KAE) and enhance its regulatory effect on gut microbiota as a probiotic-related agent, β-cyclodextrin/kaempferol (β-CD/KAE) inclusion complexes were prepared using the stirring solution method. The stability constant was determined using the solubility method, and various techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and molecular docking were used for systematic characterization of the inclusion complexes. Furthermore, its antioxidant capacity and stability were assessed, along with evaluations of its probiotic potential through in vitro simulated digestion and fecal fermentation experiments. The results showed that β-CD formed the stable inclusion complexes with KAE at a 1:1 molar ratio (Kc=3852 L/moL), significantly enhancing KAE's water solubility as well as its stability against light, heat, and digestive environments (P<0.05). In vitro digestion experiments, the β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes remained stable during gastrointestinal digestion, showing no significant changes in total sugar or reducing sugar content (P>0.05) and reaching the colon intact. In vitro fermentation revealed that the β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes significantly promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid, while lowering pH levels to stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria, thus demonstrating good prebiotic activity. In conclusion, the β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes not only improve KAE's physicochemical properties, but also exhibit considerable probiotic potential by modulating gut microbiota composition and promoting beneficial metabolite generation. It holds important application value in the fields of medicine and health.

, authors=Chuanchao WU1, 2, 3, Wenya REN1, Changling ZHU1, Zhengyang LI4, Jin QIAN1, Feiyang LUO1, Yan LIU1, *, authorsList=Chuanchao WU, Wenya REN, Changling ZHU, Zhengyang LI, Jin QIAN, Feiyang LUO, Yan LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320165990588076302, articleId=1320165985441665260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=山奈酚/β-环糊精包合物的制备及其体外益生活性, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为改善山奈酚(kaempferol,KAE)的水溶性和生物利用度,并增强其对肠道菌群的益生调节功能。采用搅拌溶液法制备β-环糊精/山奈酚(β-Cyclodextrin/Kaempferol,β-CD/KAE)包合物,通过相溶解度法确定其稳定常数,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、核磁共振及分子对接等多种技术手段对包合物进行系统表征。进一步测定其抗氧化能力、稳定性,并通过体外模拟消化与粪便发酵实验评价其益生潜力。结果表明,β-CD与KAE以1:1摩尔比形成稳定包合物(平衡常数Kc=3852 L/moL),显著提高了KAE的水溶性和对光、热及消化环境的稳定性(P<0.05)。体外消化实验中,β-CD/KAE包合物在胃肠道消化过程中表现稳定,总糖与还原糖含量无显著变化(P>0.05),能够完整抵达结肠。体外发酵显示,该包合物能显著促进短链脂肪酸和乳酸的生成,降低pH,促进益生菌生长,表现出良好的益生元活性。综上所述,β-CD/KAE包合物不仅改善了KAE的理化性质,还能通过调节肠道菌群组成、促进有益代谢产物生成,展现出良好的益生潜力,在医药与健康领域具有重要的应用价值。

, authors=吴传超1, 2, 3, 任文雅1, 朱昌玲1, 李正阳4, 钱瑾1, 骆飞扬1, 刘艳1, *, authorsList=吴传超, 任文雅, 朱昌玲, 李正阳, 钱瑾, 骆飞扬, 刘艳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘艳, authorNote=

吴传超(1994−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:制糖工程及其应用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘艳(1981−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:微生物发酵,E-mail:。
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注:(a)β-CD;(b)KAE;(c)β-CD/KAE包合物;(d)β-CD/KAE物理混合物。

, figureFileSmall=9DXX9hDZrVcuESUG9nlh1w==, figureFileBig=l/dBpkPxq3G3BPxjJNsdhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165998418841938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=FT-IR spectra of β-CD/KAE inclusion complex, figureFileSmall=Na5bZgOPIt0lojMU2R1tQg==, figureFileBig=Co1Q0aEcL2hZ9kVW1W/y6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165998511116627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图5, caption=β-CD/KAE包合物的FT-IR谱图, figureFileSmall=Na5bZgOPIt0lojMU2R1tQg==, figureFileBig=Co1Q0aEcL2hZ9kVW1W/y6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165998607585620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Result of the XRD of β-CD/KAE inclusion complex, figureFileSmall=Mrf13NrkLHcbOLNY1L3N0Q==, figureFileBig=vi1UMBxX1oYkXUDTA3e9Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165998678888789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图6, caption=β-CD/KAE包合物的XRD结果, figureFileSmall=Mrf13NrkLHcbOLNY1L3N0Q==, figureFileBig=vi1UMBxX1oYkXUDTA3e9Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165998733414742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Thermogravimetry analysis curves of β-CD/KAE inclusion complex, figureFileSmall=VFLm0UZ4fFKVinDaXmlyAQ==, figureFileBig=kM2JeiyA8umdtcwx+YsWqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165998787940695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图7, caption=β-CD/KAE包合物的热重分析图, figureFileSmall=VFLm0UZ4fFKVinDaXmlyAQ==, figureFileBig=kM2JeiyA8umdtcwx+YsWqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165998859243864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=DSC curves of β-CD/KAE inclusion complex, figureFileSmall=BN2z6IIOMX7X97q2aiy7vg==, figureFileBig=kzfVdNXc1xMzH4vy5jrllA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165998930547033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图8, caption=β-CD/KAE包合物的差示扫描量热曲线, figureFileSmall=BN2z6IIOMX7X97q2aiy7vg==, figureFileBig=kzfVdNXc1xMzH4vy5jrllA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165998985072986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=1H NMR spectra of β-CD/KAE inclusion complex, figureFileSmall=XDMvx7W+7+e9c9QjzFTRng==, figureFileBig=puHLF0l10gbPts5kiIgu+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999052181851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图9, caption=β-CD/KAE包合物的1H核磁共振光谱

注:(a)β-CD;(b)KAE;(c)β-CD/KAE包合物。

, figureFileSmall=XDMvx7W+7+e9c9QjzFTRng==, figureFileBig=puHLF0l10gbPts5kiIgu+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999123485020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Minimum energy configuration of β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes, figureFileSmall=H+AeLTpZo8Ho1GYHii0UPA==, figureFileBig=lQnmlAhiT1/aAUXxNsmXNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999203176797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图10, caption=β-CD/KAE包合物最小能量构型

注:(a)俯视图;(b)侧视图;(c)2D图;黄色虚线代表氢键,红色代表氧原子,白色代表氢原子。

, figureFileSmall=H+AeLTpZo8Ho1GYHii0UPA==, figureFileBig=lQnmlAhiT1/aAUXxNsmXNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999266091358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Antioxidant capacity activity of different concentrations of β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes, figureFileSmall=Ybpy7luYN7hPhLoFzvgJrA==, figureFileBig=mwwIOZoGp36BBqtzmc+0oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999345783135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同浓度β-CD/KAE包合物抗氧化能力活性

注:(a)DPPH自由基清除率;(b)羟基自由基清除率。

, figureFileSmall=Ybpy7luYN7hPhLoFzvgJrA==, figureFileBig=mwwIOZoGp36BBqtzmc+0oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999438057824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Stability of β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes, figureFileSmall=LG3OQfNxlmMpn3ISF4Mt4A==, figureFileBig=0SPBNeBj6PEGsO4Mey52pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999505166689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图12, caption=β-CD/KAE包合物的稳定性

注:(a)自然光、紫外光光照和黑暗对β-CD/KAE包合物稳定性的影响;(b)高湿和高温对β-CD/KAE包合物稳定性的影响。

, figureFileSmall=LG3OQfNxlmMpn3ISF4Mt4A==, figureFileBig=0SPBNeBj6PEGsO4Mey52pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999589052770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Effect of simulated digestion on β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes by TLC in vitro, figureFileSmall=KD4wwPcIUUk+VYlb5TAEYw==, figureFileBig=vzju+k4YT20xCO0VnShwMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999664550243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图13, caption=体外TLC模拟消化对β-CD/KAE包合物的影响, figureFileSmall=KD4wwPcIUUk+VYlb5TAEYw==, figureFileBig=vzju+k4YT20xCO0VnShwMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999802962276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Changes in DPPH free radical scavenging (a) and ABTS+ radical scavenging (b) activities of β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes during simulated digestion, figureFileSmall=RRhfKbRXyXOkC+AX7lF6wQ==, figureFileBig=8DyW2SGS+KncQCEBp1z4KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999865876837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图14, caption=β-CD/KAE包合物在模拟消化过程中DPPH自由基(a)和ABTS+自由基(b)清除活性的变化

注:不同大写字母代表相同样品下不同时间之间组间存在差异显著(P<0.05);不同小写字母代表表示同一时间点不同样品之间组内存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=RRhfKbRXyXOkC+AX7lF6wQ==, figureFileBig=8DyW2SGS+KncQCEBp1z4KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165999937180006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Effects of β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes on the pH and growth of medium, figureFileSmall=UGwJx2H+y9Y9KlNsNR26vw==, figureFileBig=J84K9f9UwLZR1XYLEoS51g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166000025260391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图15, caption=β-CD/KAE包合物对培养基pH和生长的影响

注:(a)pH;(b)OD600 nm;CK为阴性对照;FOS为阳性对照(低聚果糖)。

, figureFileSmall=UGwJx2H+y9Y9KlNsNR26vw==, figureFileBig=J84K9f9UwLZR1XYLEoS51g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166000117535080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Effects of β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes during fecal fermentation on SCFAs concentrations in vitro, figureFileSmall=wnRc1jghd2P1K6KkbRGhBg==, figureFileBig=D1cqDldosQhIsml7nCUMbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166000184643945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=图16, caption=粪便发酵过程中β-CD/KAE包合物对体外SCFAs浓度的影响

注:(a)乙酸;(b)丙酸;(c)丁酸;(d)乳酸;不同大写字母代表相同样品不同时间之间组间存在差异显著(P<0.05);不同小写字母表示同一时间点不同样品之间组内存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=wnRc1jghd2P1K6KkbRGhBg==, figureFileBig=D1cqDldosQhIsml7nCUMbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166001845588331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes of the total and reducing sugar contents in β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品消化时间
(min)
总糖含量(g·L−1)还原糖含量
(g·L−1)
人工唾液00.571±0.0100.017±0.009
100.576±0.0070.020±0.010
200.570±0.0110.019±0.008
300.572±0.0110.022±0.011
人工胃液00.513±0.0080.033±0.016
400.511±0.0150.035±0.019
800.508±0.0130.036±0.012
1200.508±0.0160.038±0.013
人工肠液00.439±0.0190.051±0.011
600.435±0.0070.054±0.009
1200.433±0.0210.056±0.018
1800.422±0.0180.057±0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1320166001958834540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165985441665260, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

β-CD/KAE包合物中总糖和还原糖含量的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品消化时间
(min)
总糖含量(g·L−1)还原糖含量
(g·L−1)
人工唾液00.571±0.0100.017±0.009
100.576±0.0070.020±0.010
200.570±0.0110.019±0.008
300.572±0.0110.022±0.011
人工胃液00.513±0.0080.033±0.016
400.511±0.0150.035±0.019
800.508±0.0130.036±0.012
1200.508±0.0160.038±0.013
人工肠液00.439±0.0190.051±0.011
600.435±0.0070.054±0.009
1200.433±0.0210.056±0.018
1800.422±0.0180.057±0.010
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山奈酚/β-环糊精包合物的制备及其体外益生活性
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吴传超 1, 2, 3 , 任文雅 1 , 朱昌玲 1 , 李正阳 4 , 钱瑾 1 , 骆飞扬 1 , 刘艳 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(14): 72-82
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (14) : 72 -82
山奈酚/β-环糊精包合物的制备及其体外益生活性
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吴传超1, 2, 3 , 任文雅1, 朱昌玲1, 李正阳4, 钱瑾1, 骆飞扬1, 刘艳1, *
作者信息
  • 1安徽工程大学生物与食品工程学院,安徽芜湖 241000
  • 2芜湖市绿色食品产业研究院有限公司,安徽芜湖 238200
  • 3安徽中医药大学安徽省道地药材品质提升工程研究中心,安徽合肥 230012
  • 4华东理工大学生物与食品工程学院,上海 200237
通讯作者:
刘艳(1981−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:微生物发酵,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴传超(1994−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:制糖工程及其应用,E-mail:

Preparation and in Vitro Prebiotic Activity of Kaempferol/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes
Chuanchao WU1, 2, 3 , Wenya REN1, Changling ZHU1, Zhengyang LI4, Jin QIAN1, Feiyang LUO1, Yan LIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
  • 2Wuhu Green Food Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhu 238200, China
  • 3Anhui Provincial Dao-di Herbs Quality Improvement Engineering Research Center, Hefei 230012, China
  • 4School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070032
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为改善山奈酚(kaempferol,KAE)的水溶性和生物利用度,并增强其对肠道菌群的益生调节功能。采用搅拌溶液法制备β-环糊精/山奈酚(β-Cyclodextrin/Kaempferol,β-CD/KAE)包合物,通过相溶解度法确定其稳定常数,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、核磁共振及分子对接等多种技术手段对包合物进行系统表征。进一步测定其抗氧化能力、稳定性,并通过体外模拟消化与粪便发酵实验评价其益生潜力。结果表明,β-CD与KAE以1:1摩尔比形成稳定包合物(平衡常数Kc=3852 L/moL),显著提高了KAE的水溶性和对光、热及消化环境的稳定性(P<0.05)。体外消化实验中,β-CD/KAE包合物在胃肠道消化过程中表现稳定,总糖与还原糖含量无显著变化(P>0.05),能够完整抵达结肠。体外发酵显示,该包合物能显著促进短链脂肪酸和乳酸的生成,降低pH,促进益生菌生长,表现出良好的益生元活性。综上所述,β-CD/KAE包合物不仅改善了KAE的理化性质,还能通过调节肠道菌群组成、促进有益代谢产物生成,展现出良好的益生潜力,在医药与健康领域具有重要的应用价值。

山奈酚  /  β-环糊精  /  包合物  /  益生  /  短链脂肪酸

To improve the water solubility and bioavailability of kaempferol (KAE) and enhance its regulatory effect on gut microbiota as a probiotic-related agent, β-cyclodextrin/kaempferol (β-CD/KAE) inclusion complexes were prepared using the stirring solution method. The stability constant was determined using the solubility method, and various techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and molecular docking were used for systematic characterization of the inclusion complexes. Furthermore, its antioxidant capacity and stability were assessed, along with evaluations of its probiotic potential through in vitro simulated digestion and fecal fermentation experiments. The results showed that β-CD formed the stable inclusion complexes with KAE at a 1:1 molar ratio (Kc=3852 L/moL), significantly enhancing KAE's water solubility as well as its stability against light, heat, and digestive environments (P<0.05). In vitro digestion experiments, the β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes remained stable during gastrointestinal digestion, showing no significant changes in total sugar or reducing sugar content (P>0.05) and reaching the colon intact. In vitro fermentation revealed that the β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes significantly promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid, while lowering pH levels to stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria, thus demonstrating good prebiotic activity. In conclusion, the β-CD/KAE inclusion complexes not only improve KAE's physicochemical properties, but also exhibit considerable probiotic potential by modulating gut microbiota composition and promoting beneficial metabolite generation. It holds important application value in the fields of medicine and health.

kaempferol  /  β-cyclodextrin  /  inclusion complexes  /  prebiotic  /  short chain fatty acids
吴传超, 任文雅, 朱昌玲, 李正阳, 钱瑾, 骆飞扬, 刘艳. 山奈酚/β-环糊精包合物的制备及其体外益生活性. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 72 -82 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070032
Chuanchao WU, Wenya REN, Changling ZHU, Zhengyang LI, Jin QIAN, Feiyang LUO, Yan LIU. Preparation and in Vitro Prebiotic Activity of Kaempferol/β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 72 -82 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070032
肠道菌群的组成与人类肠道健康息息相关,肠道细菌在结肠中的相互作用对人体肠道疾病和免疫调节中起着关键作用[1]。因此,维持肠道微生物群落的丰富多样性和动态平衡是保护机体整体健康和维持生理稳态的关键因素。饮食干预中使用益生元是调节肠道微生物组成和活性的主要策略之一[2]。目前,不可消化的寡糖(Nondigestible oligosaccharides,NDOs)是研究最广泛且被广泛认可的益生元。此外,相关研究强调了黄酮类物质与肠道微生物群之间的相互作用。与NDOs相比,这些新兴益生元仍有很大的研究空间[3−4]。黄酮类化合物对结肠健康具有显著益处。这类化合物不仅能提升肠道菌群的丰度与物种丰富度,还可通过调节肠道微生态平衡,展现出潜在的益生元效应,为维持结肠生理功能稳定提供重要支持[5]。另外,黄酮类化合物在人体内的生物利用度较低,但在与肠道微生物的特定相互作用后,可转化为少量具有显著生物活性的代谢物(短链脂肪酸),这对维持结肠内部环境稳态、保护结肠上皮细胞的结构完整性和正常功能意义重大[4]。例如,肠道菌群分泌的酶(如β-葡萄糖苷酶)可以水解植物黄酮的糖苷键,使其转化为游离糖苷,这样更易于进一步代谢或吸收,有助于调节肠道菌群。肠道菌群还可通过去羟基化去除黄酮分子中的羟基,改变其结构和功能[6]。
山奈酚(Kaempferol,KAE)是一种天然存在的黄酮类化合物,广泛存在于水果、蔬菜和草药中[7−8](图1)。然而,KAE在水中溶解度极低(12.4 µg/mL)且化学稳定性差,在到达结肠之前就常在消化道中降解或代谢,这限制了其商业应用[9−10]。因此,改善KAE的溶解性、稳定性和生物利用度是亟待解决的关键问题。
将疏水性药物封装在环糊精中是一种提高其生物利用度的有效策略[11−12]。环糊精是由六、七或八个D-葡萄糖单元组成的大环碳水化合物,分别称为α-、β-和γ-CDs,具有外亲水、内疏水的特性[13−14]。β-环糊精(β-Cyclodextrin,β-CD)因其良好的水溶性、理想的腔体尺寸以及经济的生产成本,是环糊精中应用于包裹最广泛的类型(图2)。Dutra等[15]的研究发现,利用β-环糊精包埋香豆素,可实现更快的上皮再形成和最佳的胶原沉积,进而加速并改善伤口愈合。Pradhan等[16]构建了槲皮素-β-环糊精包合物的壳聚糖纳米颗粒,并进行了结构表征。动物实验显示,该物质显著缩短了癫痫发作持续时间,降低了发作频率。Qian等[17]用β-环糊精包被精油,并开展了缓释性能研究。结果表明,含有精油包合物的缓释片在食品保鲜(大黄鱼鱼片)方面前景可观。尽管取得了一些进展,但之前的工作主要集中在包合物的结构表征,对宿主–客体相互作用机制以及益生功能尚未深入探讨。因此,推测KAE与β-CD的结合可能是β-CD/KAE健康益处的关键因素。β-CD作为一种传递载体,将KAE运输到远端肠道,在那里可以发生微生物转化。然而,β-CD/KAE包合物的益生菌特性尚未阐明。
因此,本论文采用搅拌溶液法制备了β-CD/KAE包合物,利用相溶解度法测定其化学计量比。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscopy,SEM)、X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction,XRD)和核磁共振(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,NMR)等多种方法对β-CD/KAE进行表征。此外,本研究还对β-CD/KAE包合物的抗氧化性与稳定性进行了评估。最后,利用健康人的样本,通过体外模拟消化和粪便发酵研究其潜在的益生作用。
KAE 分析纯,广州科伦生物科技有限公司;β-CD 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;人工胃液、人工肠液 南京新帆生物科技有限公司;薄层色谱板(Thin-layer chromatography,TLC) 日照科谱诺新材料有限公司;其余试剂均为国产分析级。
S-4800场发射扫描电子显微镜 日本日立公司;IRPrestige-21傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、DSC-60A差示扫描量热仪 日本岛津公司;SmartLab-SE X射线衍射仪 日本理学公司;BRUKER AV 500型核磁共振波谱仪 瑞士布鲁克公司;7890A型气相色谱仪 美国安捷伦公司。
相溶解度研究采用Higuchi等[18]的方法。配制β-CD样品(100 mL)(0、50、100、150、200、250和300 mmol/L)。然后,向每种溶液中加入100 mL过量的KAE溶液(500 mmol/L)。然后将混合物在黑暗(30±2 ℃)中磁力搅拌48 h (800 r/min)。过滤后,通过紫外光谱(263 nm)测定KAE浓度,并绘制KAE与β-CD的相溶性曲线。每种溶液组合设置三个重复样品。根据公式(1),对β-CD浓度(X)和KAE浓度(Y)进行线性回归,以确定包合物的稳定常数(Kc):
$\rm Kc(L/moL) = \frac{\text{S}}{{\text{S}}_{0}{(1-S)}} $
式中:S0表示在没有宿主分子的条件下的KAE含量(mmol/L);S表示曲线的斜率。
按1:1的摩尔比精确称量β-环糊精(0.908 g)和山奈酚(0.229 g),然后将其分散在10%的乙醇溶液(800 mL)中。混合物在35 ℃避光条件下800 r/min搅拌48 h。蒸除有机溶剂后过滤(0.45 μm),最后进行冷冻干燥得到β-CD/KAE包合物。
在石英坩埚中,按照1:1的摩尔比混合β-CD和KAE,研磨混合物15 min后即可制成物理混合物样品。
将KAE、β-CD、β-CD/KAE物理混合物和β-CD/KAE包合物分别进行如下表征:采用扫描电子显微镜观察,样品置于样品台上,涂上铂金后,在5.0 kV、2.5 k×放大倍率下观察和拍照;采用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析,取4.8 mg样品与溴化钾粉末按1:20比例混合压片,在4000~400 cm−1范围内采集光谱;利用差示扫描量热法,将样品(7.2 mg)均匀涂抹在铝坩埚中,在N2(10 ℃/min)保护下进行扫描(温度范围为50~300 ℃);通过X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction,XRD)分析,使用Cu Kα辐射源(λ=1.54060 Å),在40 kV电压和50 mA电流下,于25±2 ℃条件下以15°/min的扫描速率采集10°~100°(2θ)图谱;最后进行核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)测试,β-CD溶于D2O中,而KAE单独溶于氘代二甲基亚砜(Dimethyl sulfoxide-d6,DMSO-d6)中。包合物(15.0 mg)溶于80%的氧化氘中。
以β-CD作为受体(ID:444041),将小分子化合物KAE(ID:5280863)作为配体。二者的三维结构模型均来源于PubChem数据库 (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)。首先用ChemDraw Ultra通过能量最小化(Molecular Mechanics 2,MM2)获得稳定构象。随后,使用AutoDock-Tools 1.5.6处理受体和配体,具体操作包括添加氢原子(极性氢及非极性氢)、分配原子电荷、设置单键数量以及定义KAE分子中的根原子。再将处理后的受体和配体以.pdbqt格式保存。随后,运用AutoDock-Vina进行半柔性对接(设置口袋大小为40 Å×40 Å×40 Å,网格间距0.375 Å,对接盒子的坐标为:X:Y:Z=7.477:24.415:3.944,其他参数保持默认值),将整个β-CD结构视为潜在的结合位点。选择自由结合能最低的构象,并使用Pymol软件对结果进行可视化分析。
根据Yang等[19]的方法,测定样品对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除能力,并采用维生素C(VC)作为阳性对照。
样品(5.0 mg/mL)在三种环境下(180 h)进行处理:模拟自然光(4000±500 lx)、紫外线(365 nm,2.0±0.2 mW/cm2)和黑暗(置于棕色瓶中,并与其他组在相同的温度条件下)。此外,包合物溶液(5.0 g/L)在高温(60±2 ℃)和高湿度(60%±2%)条件下进行测试。样品在不同时间检测其吸光度,以评估其稳定性。
将等体积的样品溶液(β-CD/KAE、β-CD和纯化水)加到人工唾液中(40 mL),然后在37 ℃(2.5 r/s)的摇床培养箱中进行体外模拟消化。分别在0、10、20和30 min收集样品(2 mL),然后在100 ℃下灭活15 min。残余的唾液消化液与人工胃液以1:1的体积比混合。在0、40、80和120 min时,收集样品(2 mL)并煮沸15 min。残余上清液与人工肠道液按10:3比例混合(V:V)。该混合物随后转移到摇床继续消化。收集残余上清液(0、1、2和3 h)后煮沸并测定。通过蒽酮-硫酸法测定总糖浓度,通过DNS比色法评估还原糖浓度。此外,还分析了样品的抗氧化活性[19]。根据Wu等[20]的研究,采用薄层色谱(Thin-layer chromatography,TLC)检测β-CD/KAE包合物的模拟消化过程。
参考Wu等[21]方法,厌氧基础发酵培养基为(g/L):蛋白胨2.0、酵母提取物2.0、NaHCO3 2.0、NaCl 0.1、KH2PO4 0.04、K2HPO4 0.04、L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐0.5、牛胆盐0.5、CaCl2 0.01、MgSO4 0.01、血红素0.025、刃天青0.001、维生素K1 0.002、吐温80 2 mL。以添加5 mg/mL低聚果糖(Fructo-oligosaccharides,FOS)的基础发酵培养基作为阳性对照组,未添加任何碳水化合物的基础发酵培养基作为阴性对照组。试验组则分别在基础发酵培养基中添加β-CD和β-CD/KAE(5 mg/mL)作为碳源。六名健康个体(三名男性和三名女性志愿者)在过去三个月内未接受抗生素治疗,提供了粪便样本。在厌氧条件下,将这些样本重悬于无菌PBS溶液中(20 mg/mL),并通过四层纱布过滤后收集粪便液,在无菌条件下接种到不同实验组。各组在37 ℃下厌氧培养箱中培养,分别在0、8、16和24 h的发酵时间点取样,以测定pH、OD600 nm、总糖和还原糖含量。不同发酵时间点的发酵液被冷冻储存于−80 ℃,以备后续短链脂肪酸(Short-chain fatty acid,SCFAs)检测。
将不同阶段的发酵样品进行离心(10000 r/min,15 min),取离心后的发酵上清液(1 mL),添加终浓度为1 mmol/L的2-甲基丁酸作为内标,再向其中添加250 μL浓盐酸和1 mL乙醚,振荡混匀。收集有机层,使用0.22 μm的有机滤膜过滤杂质后备用。取样品5 μL注入气相系统,采用HP-INOWAX 色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)和火焰离子化检测器。测试条件如下:流速为1.5 mL/min,分流比为1:20,加热过程:60 ℃,1 min;60~190 ℃,升温速率:20 ℃/min,7.5 min;进样口和火焰离子化检测器温度分别为220 ℃和250 ℃。使用集成的安捷伦数据库记录和处理数据。乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的含量根据相同条件下测定的标准曲线确定:采用一定浓度梯度的SCFA标准品溶于发酵培养基中,用同样的处理方法和气相色谱分析方法,以标准品浓度为横坐标,以其对应的峰面积与内标的峰面积比为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线。乳酸浓度通过乳酸试剂盒进行评估[22]。
实验进行三次平行重复,结果取平均值。数据统计使用Excel进行,图表则使用Origin 2024软件创建。统计分析通过SPSS软件(27.0.1)进行,采用单因素方差分析和邓肯多重比较法评估不同样本之间的统计差异,P<0.05被视为具有显著性差异。
根据Higuchi's的分类,KAE的溶解度随着宿主分子浓度的增加而线性增加(R2>0.99)[23]。相图溶解度曲线为AL型,这表明KAE与宿主分子的摩尔比均为1:1(图3)。Kc是测量包合物稳定性的一个重要参数,溶液中游离药物分子与被包合药物分子之间存在动态平衡。若Kc值较大,则表明β-CD对KAE具有更强的稳定作用[24]。包合物稳定常数Kc值的理想范围在100~5000 L/moL之间。包合物的Kc值为3852 L/moL。结果显示KAE与β-CD彼此适配良好,形成了稳定的包合物。
在图4(a)中,β-CD为无定形的不规则块状。KAE呈不规则形状(图4(b))。物理混合物表明在β-CD的表面有了一层额外的细颗粒物质,KAE的结晶团块与β-CD的团块共存,表明二者无相互作用(图4(d))。然而,在β-CD/KAE包合物中KAE和β-CD的基本结构都消失了,取而代之的是片状结构(图4(c))。这种转变可能是由于KAE和β-CD的结晶度都很低,二者都未保留其原始形态。这些结果证实,β-CD和KAE成功地相互作用形成了包合物[25]。
β-CD在3398.5 cm−1和2927.9 cm−1处出现吸收峰,分别与-OH和C-H的伸缩振动有关;在1643.3 cm−1和1033.8 cm−1处的吸收则归因于-OH弯曲振动和C-O伸缩振动(图5)[26]。而KAE对应的光谱图与文献一致,其特征吸收峰位于1176、1379、1610、1654 和 3421 cm−1处[27]。例如,在1654 cm−1处存在一个特征性的羰基伸缩振动,包合时,该峰可能会移至1641 cm−1,波数降低且强度减弱,这是因为在β-CD腔内形成了氢键作用[11]。与纯品相比,物理混合物的吸收光谱整体表现为纯品峰的叠加,未呈现十分显著的差异,这表明二者之间的相互作用很弱或不存在相互作用。然而,在β-CD/KAE包合物中,β-CD的吸收峰仍然可见,而KAE的吸收峰则消失了,这表明KAE在β-CD中限制了其红外振动。这些结果表明,与β-CD相比,-OH弯曲振动右移了19 cm−1,这种移动是由KAE的-OH基团与β-CD的C-O-C基团之间的相互作用引起的,这进一步证明了氢键的形成,从而证实了β-CD/KAE包合物的形成[28]。这些结果与刘乐乐等[29]报道的山奈酚/羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物相似。
活性物质的结晶状态与其溶解度和稳定性有不可分割的联系,而X射线衍射(X-Ray Diffraction,XRD)是检测物质的晶体状态的一种有效方法[30]。由图6可知,β-CD和KAE的XRD图谱显示出密集而尖锐的衍射峰,表明它们以晶态存在。当两者以物理方式进行混合以后,结晶峰的强度略有降低,这表明没有新物质形成[31]。然而,在包合物中,这些尖锐的衍射峰不再存在。相反,在10.62°和12.48°处出现了宽广的无定形衍射峰,这证实当KAE穿透β-CD腔体时,它与β-CD发生了相互作用,导致KAE不再处于晶体态[32]。
如图7所示,β-CD的热分解分为两个阶段。在第一阶段,由于表面和内部水分从50~100 ℃蒸发,导致质量损失8.48%,可能是β-环糊精中含有的结合水的挥发。在第二阶段,由于主链和交联键在305~386 ℃之间断裂导致β-CD被分解,质量损失达到77.52%。在物理混合物的热重曲线中,两个明显的质量损失区间分别位于50~113 ℃和294~401 ℃,损失率分别为4.64%和68.08%。在水和KAE挥发及β-CD降解过程中,呈现出与KAE和β-环糊精相似的谱图趋势,证明KAE和β-CD是主要成分。包合物的热重曲线与其他样品不同,70~110 ℃相的质量损失率较低,表明空腔中的水被KAE取代,形成了更强的作用力。在从室温升温至290 ℃的过程中,包合混合物的重量损失持续缓慢,这证实了包合混合物对KAE的合理保护使其耐热性能比KAE更好。
差示扫描量热(Differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)曲线中热吸收和熔融峰的消失或变化是新物质产生的证据[33]。由图8可知,β-CD在96 ℃时具有更宽的峰形。这种较宽的峰形可能是由于β-CD中存在多个H2O来源,这些水分子可能通过氢键与C2和C3葡萄糖吡喃单元上的-OH基团结合,位于β-CD分子的较大边界,或与C6葡萄糖吡喃单元上-OH基团相关联,位于较小边界[34]。KAE在283 ℃以下有一个吸热峰,对应其分解温度。然而,在包合物中KAE的特征峰完全消失,这表明KAE与β-CD之间存在相互作用,从而形成了新物质,并导致其从结晶状态转变为无定形状态。此外,物理包合物仅显示出KAE和β-CD特征峰的合并,仅有轻微的温度偏移。这可能是因为物理混合物成分之间只有物理相互作用,没有分子间相互作用或新物质形成。这些结果表明KAE成功地被封装在β-CD内。
在δ 4.93 (H1)、δ 3.52 (H2)、δ 3.83 (H3)、δ 3.44 (H4)、δ 3.74 (H5) 和 δ 3.72 (H6) ppm处观察到β-CD的质子信号(图9(a))[35]。图9(b)显示KAE的典型特征峰(δ 12.52 (5-OH)、δ 10.31 (7-OH)、δ 8.05 (H3´, H5´)、δ 6.93 (H2´, H6´)、δ 6.51 (H8)和δ 6.22 (H6) ppm)。受KAE的影响,β-CD内部H3和H5的化学位移值发生了变化。H3从3.819 ppm变为3.721 ppm(Δ δ=−0.098),而H5则从3.728 ppm变为3.672 ppm(Δδ=−0.056)(图9(c))。H3的化学位移值高于H5的化学位移值,H3位于空腔的宽端附近,而H5位于窄端附近,这表明KAE成功地被β-CD包裹,表明它从靠近H3的宽端进入β-CD的空腔[36]。包合后KAE的低场峰消失了,因为KAE作为β-环糊精的核心物质进入空腔时信号峰被屏蔽了,这进一步证实KAE与β-CD形成包合物。
β-CD/KAE包合物的最佳构象如图10所示,KAE可完全进入β-CD的空腔,二者空间尺寸匹配良好,最佳结合能为−7.4 kcal/mol。此外,氢键的形成也进一步提高了包合物的稳定性。KAE的C环上的苯酚羟基与β-CD的C2位置的氧原子形成了2.1 Å的氢键,而KAE的A环上的氢原子(5-OH)与β-CD的C2位置的氧原子形成了2.2 Å的氢键。这些氢键键长处于合理区间内,表明两者之间存在较强的氢键作用[37]。整体来看,KAE与β-CD通过氢键和疏水作用形成了稳定的包合复合物。这种相互作用模式有助于KAE稳定存在于β-CD空腔内,产生稳定相互作用。这与之前通过溶解度方法推导出β-CD/KAE包合物的化学计量比一致(1:1)。
多酚是植物中重要的次级代谢产物,具有很强的抗氧化活性[38]。研究结果表明,自由基清除活性与包合物浓度呈正相关(图11)。浓度为2.0 g/L时,β-CD/KAE包合物的DPPH和羟自由基清除率分别为80.2%±1.2%和73.4%±2.9%,明显高于KAE及β-CD。这说明β-CD的包封大大提高了其抗氧化活性,在一定程度改善了KAE在水中的分散,从而可以更好地接触体系中的自由基。此外,多糖的包覆可能会改善KAE的溶解度,β-CD和KAE之间的分子间氢键作用可以在一定程度上改善KAE的空间结构,从而有效提高其抗氧化活性[39]。根据Ilk等[40]的研究,负载KAE的卵磷脂/壳聚糖纳米颗粒也提高了活性物质的抗氧化能力。
在自然光和黑暗条件下,随着时间的推移,KAE的保留率降解速度较慢,表明KAE在这些条件下具有良好的稳定性(图12)。然而,随着暴露时间(紫外线)的增加,样品的保留率为54.17%±0.12%,这表明KAE的稳定性可能会受到紫外线的强烈干扰,建议将样品保存在没有长时间紫外线照射的环境中。此外,虽然β-CD/KAE包合物在高湿度条件下保持稳定,但在高温条件下稳定性显著降低,40 h后降低了54.28%±0.03%(图12(b))。
在所有消化阶段,总糖和还原糖的含量都保持相对稳定,没有观察到显著的统计学差异(P>0.05),这表明β-CD在水解条件下保持稳定,并能抵抗胃肠道中的消化酶(表1和图13)。这种稳定性表明,β-CD可以成为有益结肠细菌的持久碳源。此外,β-CD还是一种理想的封装载体材料,能够承受上消化道的恶劣条件[41]。
在消化过程中,β-CD/KAE的抗氧化能力出现了不同程度和不同趋势的下降(P>0.05)。原因可能是消化环境的改变导致多酚含量下降,从而降低了清除活性(图14)。在同一消化阶段,抗氧化性差异可能与抗氧化活性检测系统的作用机制有关[42]。总的来说,唾液消化不影响样品的抗氧化活性,而通过胃肠道消化会导致抗氧化活性下降。
发酵系统的pH持续下降,这可能是肠道微生物在发酵过程中利用样品产生酸性代谢产物(短链脂肪酸)所致(图15(a))。包合物组的pH降幅较大(5.76±0.04),表明KAE可能通过促进特定菌群的生长,加快了发酵期间的代谢活性。随着发酵时间延长(16~24 h),与CK组相比,包合组的OD600 nm逐渐上升(P<0.05) (图15(b))。这表明KAE在后期对肠道菌群生长具有促进作用,可能通过调节菌群的代谢途径来促进益生菌增殖。此外,不同样品可被肠道菌群作为天然碳源利用和降解,但其利用率存在一定差异[43]。
SCFAs参与体内重要的生理代谢过程,为结肠粘膜细胞提供主要能量,维持肠道正常功能[44−45]。发酵24 h后,各组SCFAs的含量均有所增加,表明在发酵过程中,肠道微生物群对底物进行了一定程度的利用。随着发酵时间的变化,不同基质实验组的SCFAs浓度也不同,这说明在不同基质的发酵期,肠道微生物群的生长状态也不同(图16)。
各组的乙酸浓度在SCFAs中占主导地位。包合物组检测到的乙酸含量(1.41±0.02 g/L)显著(P<0.05)高于β-CD组(1.19±0.02 g/L)(图16(a))。这可能与双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌和大单胞菌的数量增加有关,它们促进了乙酸和丙酸的产生,而乙酸能够通过影响体内脂质代谢和葡萄糖平衡来维持能量平衡和代谢平衡[46]。丙酸是SCFAs的重要组成部分,可参与葡萄糖生成途径,降低肝脏和血浆中的脂肪酸水平[47−48]。随着发酵过程的进行,包合物组中丙酸的含量不断增加,在发酵结束时达到127.06±3.14 mg/L(图16(b))。
丁酸有助于维持结肠细胞的完整性、增强屏障功能和促进粘蛋白的表达[49]。在24 h时,β-CD/KAE包合物产生的丁酸浓度为81.53±2.48 mg/L,显著高于空白组的丁酸浓度(P<0.05)(图16(c))。丁酸的产生往往伴随着黄酮类和生物胺等分子,这些分子对肠道有不利影响。因此,粪便发酵中植物多酚的丁酸产量较低,表明其具有减少有害代谢物的潜力[50]。乳酸还有益于免疫系统,因为它可以作为促炎和抗炎细胞因子产生的调节因子[51]。如图16(d) 所示,包合物组的乳酸浓度达到1.91±0.02 g/L。
本研究成功制备β-CD/KAE包合物,经多表征手段确认其形成与结构特征。该包合物能够提高KAE的水溶性与稳定性,且体外消化中稳定性良好,能完整进入结肠。体外发酵实验证实,其还可通过调节肠道菌群及短链脂肪酸发挥益生作用。本研究为KAE的高质化开发利用提供了一定的理论参考。然而,β-CD/KAE包合物的作用机制仍需通过代谢组学等技术深入解析,其体内功效(如肠道菌群调节、抗氧化应激)有待动物模型验证。未来需探索通过体内实验,深化菌群调节机制研究及其协同效应来提升其综合生物活性。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070032
  • 接收时间:2025-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-04
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    1安徽工程大学生物与食品工程学院,安徽芜湖 241000
    2芜湖市绿色食品产业研究院有限公司,安徽芜湖 238200
    3安徽中医药大学安徽省道地药材品质提升工程研究中心,安徽合肥 230012
    4华东理工大学生物与食品工程学院,上海 200237

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刘艳(1981−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:微生物发酵,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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