Article(id=1320880199030391173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060379, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751299200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851980216, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851980216, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851980216, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851980216, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=99, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880199206551942, articleId=1320880199030391173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Ultrasound Pretreatment of Chickpea-Soybean Okara Slurry on Tofu Quality, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study utilized chickpea, a distinctive resource from Xinjiang, combined with soybean in a 1:1 ratio to produce compound tofu. The okara slurry underwent ultrasound treatment at varying power levels (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 W), and the effects of three coagulants (MgCl2, CaSO4, and GDL) on yield, water-holding capacity, texture, gel strength, whiteness, and intermolecular interactions were examined. Results revealed that ultrasound treatment significantly enhanced tofu quality compared to untreated samples (P<0.05). At 200 W, the yields for tofu coagulated with MgCl2, CaSO4, and GDL peaked at 186.85%, 192%, and 182.03%, respectively. Correspondingly, gel strength increased by 25.81%, 46.77%, and 77.80%, while water-holding capacity improved by 14.74%, 14.10%, and 14.97%. Additionally, ultrasound treatment resulted in tofu with a white color and notable improvements in hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness, and the sensory evaluation scores also showed a notable increase compared to the control group (P<0.05). The treatment also enhanced protein interactions within the tofu gel, increasing hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds. In conclusion, ultrasound treatment of the bean mixture markedly improves tofu quality. This study provides a theoretical foundation for advancing the utilization of soybean raw materials and chickpea processing.

, authors=Yigang MA, Qiaoqiao ZHANG, Xilei PU, Guiping FANG, Xueqin SANG*, authorsList=Yigang MA, Qiaoqiao ZHANG, Xilei PU, Guiping FANG, Xueqin SANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xueqin SANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880200494203285, articleId=1320880199030391173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超声波预处理鹰嘴豆-大豆豆渣混合液对豆腐品质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以新疆特色资源鹰嘴豆为原料,通过复配大豆(1:1)制作复合豆腐,探究超声(0、100、200、300和400 W)预处理豆渣混合液后,三种凝固剂(MgCl2、CaSO4、GDL)对豆腐出品率、持水性、质构特性、凝胶强度、白度及分子间作用的影响。结果表明:与未超声处理的豆腐相比,超声处理能显著改善豆腐品质(P<0.05)。功率为200 W时,MgCl2、CaSO4、GDL豆腐的出品率最高,分别达到了186.85%、192%、182.03%;凝胶强度分别增加了25.81%、46.77%、77.80%;持水性分别提升了14.74%、14.10%、14.97%。此外,经超声处理后,不同凝固剂豆腐的色泽偏白色,硬度、咀嚼性、内聚性、胶黏性也有明显提升,感官评分也较对照组有显著的提升(P<0.05)。超声处理有利于豆腐凝胶中蛋白与蛋白间的相互作用,提升了疏水作用、氢键、离子键含量。综上,超声技术预处理豆渣混合液能显著改善豆腐品质,本研究为豆制品原料的开发及鹰嘴豆加工提供一定的理论依据。

, authors=马易罡, 张俏俏, 濮希蕾, 方贵平, 桑雪芹*, authorsList=马易罡, 张俏俏, 濮希蕾, 方贵平, 桑雪芹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=桑雪芹, authorNote=

马易罡(1997−),男,硕士,研究方向:蛋白质科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
桑雪芹(1997−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
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马易罡(1997−),男,硕士,研究方向:蛋白质科学,E-mail:

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Food Science and Technology, 2020, 45(10): 60−64., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880200724890006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880200737472919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, companyId=1320880200724890006, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu 843000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880200741667224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, companyId=1320880200724890006, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=新疆理工学院食品科学与工程学院,新疆阿克苏 843000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880202704601532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of ultrasound treatment of okara slurry on the yield of tofu, figureFileSmall=qRWoCzzIwqjvKeqfn3eu2g==, figureFileBig=ajsOFOInIa0tATHj/de9mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880202763321789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=CN, label=图1, caption=超声波处理豆渣混合液对豆腐出品率的影响

注:不同小写字母表示不同超声功率间差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图7同。

, figureFileSmall=qRWoCzzIwqjvKeqfn3eu2g==, figureFileBig=ajsOFOInIa0tATHj/de9mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880202960454078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of ultrasound treatment of okara slurry on the whiteness of tofu, figureFileSmall=KWz0fJlGDvLmb73rPbNM+A==, figureFileBig=bvhd1C1E+AI2uR8Kd5GXgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880203031757247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=CN, label=图2, caption=超声波处理豆渣混合液对豆腐白度的影响, figureFileSmall=KWz0fJlGDvLmb73rPbNM+A==, figureFileBig=bvhd1C1E+AI2uR8Kd5GXgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880203098866112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of ultrasound treatment of okara slurry on the water-holding capacity of tofu, figureFileSmall=/tbcjsl+1l9/UrtCbDLGEQ==, figureFileBig=EUKccEVCxoPSdHvqAsSKdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880203153392065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=CN, label=图3, caption=超声波处理豆渣混合液对豆腐持水性的影响, figureFileSmall=/tbcjsl+1l9/UrtCbDLGEQ==, figureFileBig=EUKccEVCxoPSdHvqAsSKdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880203233083842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of ultrasound treatment of okara slurry on the gel strength of tofu, figureFileSmall=4d2ZFAkQfVx9OslpftKssA==, figureFileBig=a8mzuNR3sX80WyRir1SJtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880203291804099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=CN, label=图4, caption=超声波处理豆渣混合液对豆腐凝胶强度的影响, figureFileSmall=4d2ZFAkQfVx9OslpftKssA==, figureFileBig=a8mzuNR3sX80WyRir1SJtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880203363107268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of ultrasound treatment of okara slurry on the texture characteristics of tofu, figureFileSmall=irQ7caaxE0P7YOSmqTeAOg==, figureFileBig=8EsoJhKIs0y8rY02BhcStw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880203442799045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=CN, label=图5, caption=超声波处理豆渣混合液对豆腐质构特性的影响

注:A为豆腐的硬度,B为豆腐的咀嚼性,C为豆腐的内聚性,D为豆腐的胶黏性。

, figureFileSmall=irQ7caaxE0P7YOSmqTeAOg==, figureFileBig=8EsoJhKIs0y8rY02BhcStw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880203514102214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of ultrasound treatment of okara slurry on the molecular force of tofu, figureFileSmall=LH/xP1OUKT6FUkrCO2sFKQ==, figureFileBig=61TUK98L8bshYyRoRTCevQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880203577016775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=CN, label=图6, caption=超声波处理豆渣混合液对豆腐分子间作用力的影响

注:A为离子键,B为氢键,C为疏水作用。

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Sensory evaluation criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分细则分值(分)
色泽
(20分)
颜色均匀,呈乳白色或微黄色16~20
颜色较均匀,呈白色或黄褐色11~15
颜色不均匀,呈深褐色或异常色1~10
风味
(30分)
有鹰嘴豆、大豆特有的豆香味,气味协调21~30
豆香味较淡,有轻微涩感11~20
无豆香味,味道发涩、发酸1~10
口感
(30分)
口感滑嫩柔和,无颗粒感21~30
口感一般,较为粗糙和略带凝胶感11~20
口感僵硬、粗糙,有明显凝胶感1~10
组织状态(20分)内部孔隙小且均匀一致,块形完整,不易碎16~20
内部孔隙较均匀,块形完整,易碎11~15
内部孔隙不均匀,块形不完整,极易碎1~10
), ArticleFig(id=1320880203837063627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880199030391173, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感官评分细则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分细则分值(分)
色泽
(20分)
颜色均匀,呈乳白色或微黄色16~20
颜色较均匀,呈白色或黄褐色11~15
颜色不均匀,呈深褐色或异常色1~10
风味
(30分)
有鹰嘴豆、大豆特有的豆香味,气味协调21~30
豆香味较淡,有轻微涩感11~20
无豆香味,味道发涩、发酸1~10
口感
(30分)
口感滑嫩柔和,无颗粒感21~30
口感一般,较为粗糙和略带凝胶感11~20
口感僵硬、粗糙,有明显凝胶感1~10
组织状态(20分)内部孔隙小且均匀一致,块形完整,不易碎16~20
内部孔隙较均匀,块形完整,易碎11~15
内部孔隙不均匀,块形不完整,极易碎1~10
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超声波预处理鹰嘴豆-大豆豆渣混合液对豆腐品质的影响
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马易罡 , 张俏俏 , 濮希蕾 , 方贵平 , 桑雪芹 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(15): 99-106
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (15) : 99 -106
超声波预处理鹰嘴豆-大豆豆渣混合液对豆腐品质的影响
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马易罡 , 张俏俏, 濮希蕾, 方贵平, 桑雪芹*
作者信息
  • 新疆理工学院食品科学与工程学院,新疆阿克苏 843000
通讯作者:
桑雪芹(1997−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
作者简介:

马易罡(1997−),男,硕士,研究方向:蛋白质科学,E-mail:

Effect of Ultrasound Pretreatment of Chickpea-Soybean Okara Slurry on Tofu Quality
Yigang MA , Qiaoqiao ZHANG, Xilei PU, Guiping FANG, Xueqin SANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu 843000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060379
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本研究以新疆特色资源鹰嘴豆为原料,通过复配大豆(1:1)制作复合豆腐,探究超声(0、100、200、300和400 W)预处理豆渣混合液后,三种凝固剂(MgCl2、CaSO4、GDL)对豆腐出品率、持水性、质构特性、凝胶强度、白度及分子间作用的影响。结果表明:与未超声处理的豆腐相比,超声处理能显著改善豆腐品质(P<0.05)。功率为200 W时,MgCl2、CaSO4、GDL豆腐的出品率最高,分别达到了186.85%、192%、182.03%;凝胶强度分别增加了25.81%、46.77%、77.80%;持水性分别提升了14.74%、14.10%、14.97%。此外,经超声处理后,不同凝固剂豆腐的色泽偏白色,硬度、咀嚼性、内聚性、胶黏性也有明显提升,感官评分也较对照组有显著的提升(P<0.05)。超声处理有利于豆腐凝胶中蛋白与蛋白间的相互作用,提升了疏水作用、氢键、离子键含量。综上,超声技术预处理豆渣混合液能显著改善豆腐品质,本研究为豆制品原料的开发及鹰嘴豆加工提供一定的理论依据。

超声波  /  鹰嘴豆  /  豆腐  /  凝固剂  /  质构特性

This study utilized chickpea, a distinctive resource from Xinjiang, combined with soybean in a 1:1 ratio to produce compound tofu. The okara slurry underwent ultrasound treatment at varying power levels (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 W), and the effects of three coagulants (MgCl2, CaSO4, and GDL) on yield, water-holding capacity, texture, gel strength, whiteness, and intermolecular interactions were examined. Results revealed that ultrasound treatment significantly enhanced tofu quality compared to untreated samples (P<0.05). At 200 W, the yields for tofu coagulated with MgCl2, CaSO4, and GDL peaked at 186.85%, 192%, and 182.03%, respectively. Correspondingly, gel strength increased by 25.81%, 46.77%, and 77.80%, while water-holding capacity improved by 14.74%, 14.10%, and 14.97%. Additionally, ultrasound treatment resulted in tofu with a white color and notable improvements in hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness, and the sensory evaluation scores also showed a notable increase compared to the control group (P<0.05). The treatment also enhanced protein interactions within the tofu gel, increasing hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds. In conclusion, ultrasound treatment of the bean mixture markedly improves tofu quality. This study provides a theoretical foundation for advancing the utilization of soybean raw materials and chickpea processing.

ultrasound treatment  /  chickpea  /  tofu  /  coagulant  /  texture characteristics
马易罡, 张俏俏, 濮希蕾, 方贵平, 桑雪芹. 超声波预处理鹰嘴豆-大豆豆渣混合液对豆腐品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 99 -106 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060379
Yigang MA, Qiaoqiao ZHANG, Xilei PU, Guiping FANG, Xueqin SANG. Effect of Ultrasound Pretreatment of Chickpea-Soybean Okara Slurry on Tofu Quality[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 99 -106 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060379
大豆作为传统豆制品(豆腐、豆皮、豆浆等)生产的主要原料,因其蛋白质含量高、营养丰富而备受青睐[1]。但单一依赖大豆也会产生一系列问题,如营养价值存在一定的局限性;豆腐制作过程中会产生大量的豆渣。因此,为了丰富传统豆制品的营养与功能特性以及提高原料利用率,研究者开始尝试将其他豆类部分或全部替代大豆制备豆制品,如利用黑豆[2]、绿豆[3]、鹰嘴豆[4]等。其中鹰嘴豆作为世界上产量仅次于大豆的豆科植物,具有高蛋白(13%~31%)、高膳食纤维、低过敏性和丰富的生理活性物质(如多糖、皂苷、异黄酮、多肽等20多种)[5]。目前,鹰嘴豆作为一种外源添加物,已被广泛应用于面制品、肉制品、乳制品和其他食品中,以改善产品的品质、营养价值和风味[6]。因此,鹰嘴豆被认为是一种有潜力的替代原料,可用于改善豆腐的营养和质构特性[7]。有研究表明,通过鹰嘴豆替代部分大豆来制作豆腐,可以增加豆腐的膳食纤维含量,降低脂肪含量[7]。同时鹰嘴豆蛋白的氨基酸组成均衡,并富含赖氨酸,可与大豆蛋白形成互补[4];此外,鹰嘴豆蛋白相比扁豆、蚕豆蛋白有较好的凝胶性能[8],但要弱于大豆蛋白[9]。综上所述,开发鹰嘴豆-大豆复合豆腐不仅能为消费者提供新的选择,还有助于提升豆腐产品的营养价值和功能性。
然而,在实际的生产过程中,新原料的加入可能会对豆腐的凝胶形成和质构特性产生影响。Panyoyai等[7]发现在豆腐中加入过多的鹰嘴豆,会使总纤维含量显著增加,导致豆腐变脆,无法保持其质地。此外,传统豆腐生产中,豆子的长时间浸泡和大量水资源的消耗也是亟待解决的问题[10]。因此,为了改善复合豆腐品质、加速生豆浆中蛋白溶出,研究者通常采用超声波、高压均质、微波等物理手段。超声波作为一种非热物理改性技术,已被广泛应用于植物化学物质的提取及蛋白质特性的改善[11],其在液体中所产生的空化效应,能够破坏细胞壁,促进细胞内物质的释放[12]。Wang等[10]发现超声处理可以缩短大豆的浸泡时间,促进大豆蛋白的溶出,并减少水资源消耗。同时,超声波也可以破坏蛋白质中的化学键(如二硫键、氢键等)改善蛋白质的溶解性、乳化性和凝胶性质[13]。Bi等[14]发现超声处理鹰嘴豆蛋白后,其聚集体减少,分散更均匀,黏度和弹性模量显著降低,所形成的热凝胶强度增加。Wang等[15]也发现高强度超声有利于改善热诱导鹰嘴豆蛋白凝胶的持水量和破裂。这些研究表明超声波处理可能有利于鹰嘴豆豆腐凝胶的形成,但目前尚未有将鹰嘴豆和大豆结合并进行超声处理以优化复合豆腐品质的研究。
因此,本研究以鹰嘴豆和大豆为原料,在传统制作豆腐工艺中引入超声波技术,探究超声波预处理鹰嘴豆-大豆豆渣混合液对三种凝固剂(氯化镁(MgCl2)、石膏(CaSO4)、葡萄糖-δ-内酯(GDL))豆腐品质的影响。为提高鹰嘴豆的应用范围,生产出具有高附加值的鹰嘴豆蛋白产品提供理论依据,提升新疆鹰嘴豆加工产业的经济效益。
鹰嘴豆 购自新疆木垒县鹰哥生物科技有限公司;黄豆 购于新疆阿克苏市农贸市场;氯化镁(食品级)、石膏(食品级) 拓维(河南)医疗科技有限公司;葡萄糖内酯(食品级) 安徽兴宙医药有限公司;考马斯亮蓝G-250、NaCl、牛血清蛋白、尿素 上海麦克林生物科技有限公司,均为分析纯。
SCIENTZ-llD 超声波细胞破碎仪 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;TA.XTC-20 质构仪 北京怡诺威腾科技发展有限公司;WFH-201BJ 紫外分光光度计 上海佑科仪器有限公司;JZ-350 色差仪 恒奥德仪器有限公司;TGL-20bR 离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂。
参考Lin等[16]的方法并略作修改,将鹰嘴豆和黄豆按1:1混合、洗净,用2倍蒸馏水25 ℃浸泡12 h后,去皮。混合豆子与水按1:8的质量比打浆,得到豆渣混合液。随后,采用超声波细胞破碎仪在不同功率下(0、100、200、300、400 W)下预处理豆渣混合液20 min(脉冲持续时间分别为2 s和2 s),样品温度控制在25 ℃。将处理后的悬浮液在120目筛网上进行过滤,获得生豆浆。
按照Fan等[17]的工艺制作,并作了一些修改。将处理后的生豆浆加热至煮沸并保持沸腾2 min后,豆浆温度降至85 ℃,分别加入10%(w/v)的凝固剂(MgCl2、CaSO4、GDL)进行点浆,蹲脑15 min后,将半凝固的豆花倒入模具中,用2 kg的铁块压制并保持3 h后取出成品。
参照Huang等[18]的方法并稍作修改。称取50 g鹰嘴豆(m1)和50 g黄豆(m2),经过浸泡,打浆,超声,过滤,点浆,压制得到复合豆腐后进行称重(m)。按照下式计算出品率:
$ \rm{出品率}({\text{%}})=\frac{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{m}_1+\mathrm{m}_2}\times 100 $
参照王逢秋节等[19]的方法并稍作修改。采用色差仪对复合豆腐外部色泽进行测定。将复合豆腐切成4 cm×4 cm 左右的薄片,测定其亮度(L*)、红度(a*)、黄度(b*)。同一批次的豆腐需取三次获得平行数据。按照下式计算白度:
$ \text{白度}=100-\sqrt{(100-{{L}}^{*}{)}^{2}+{{{{a}}^{*}}}^{2}+{{b}}^{*2}} $
参照Zhao等[20]的方法并稍作修改,将鹰嘴豆复合豆腐分成三份(约5 g),称重(W1)后,将其用吸水滤纸包裹,装入50 mL的离心管中。采用离心机进行离心(4500 r/min,20 min),离心后再次称重(W2)。按照下式计算持水性:
$ \mathrm{持水性}({\text{%}})=\frac{{\mathrm{W}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{W}}_{1}}\times 100 $
参照Li等[21]的方法并稍作修改。豆腐规格为长×宽×高(3 cm×3 cm×2 cm),通过质构仪测定凝胶强度。选择P/0.5的圆柱型探头,设置测前和测后速度均为1 mm/s,测中速度为2 mm/s,穿刺测试距离为3 mm,感应力为0.05 N。
参照马彩虹[22]的方法并稍作修改,采用质构仪对豆腐的硬度、内聚性和咀嚼性等进行测定,样品规格为长×宽×高(3 cm×3 cm×2 cm)。探头直径为100 mm的TA/100,设置测前和测后速度均为1 mm/s,测中速度为2 mm/s,压缩次数2次,触发力为0.05 N。
参照金杨等[23]的方法并稍作修改,称取3 g复合豆腐加入5 mL的0.6 mol/L NaCl进行分离提取(4500 r/min混匀浆液2 min,在4 ℃下放置1 h后8000 r/min离心20 min),得到上清液S1。所得沉淀加入5 mL提取液(含有1.5 mol/L尿素和0.6 mol/L NaCl),进行分离提取(同上提取条件),得到上清液S2。所得沉淀加入5 mL提取液(含有8 mol/L 尿素和0.6 mol/L NaCl),进行分离提取(同上提取条件)两次,合并两次提取上清液得到S3。将上清液置于4 ℃下保存备用。上清液采用考马斯亮蓝法测定蛋白浓度。离子键、氢键、疏水作用相对含量分别为上清液S1、S2、S3中蛋白浓度。
由10名(5男5女)食品专业人员组成感官评定小组,从色泽、风味、口感和组织状态4方面进行评定,结果取平均值,评分细则见表1。
所有实验均重复3次,数据以平均值±标准偏差(SD)表示;使用SPSS 26软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),不同超声功率下的显著性差异设定为P<0.05;用Origin 2025软件作图。
如图1所示,与未超声处理组相比,超声波处理豆渣混合液显著改善了三类复合豆腐的出品率(P<0.05)。这可能是超声波处理后,豆渣混合液的细胞壁结构被破坏,更多的可溶性组分(蛋白质、多糖)溶出,并使大分子解聚,增加其与溶剂(水)的接触面积,导致生豆浆中蛋白质含量增加,豆腐的出品率增加[24]。许琳[25]的研究也表明,超声波处理可以使脱脂豆粉中的蛋白内部物质溶出量增加。在本研究中,随着超声功率增加,豆腐出品率在200 W时达到最大,与未超声处理组相比,三种凝固剂(MgCl2、CaSO4、GDL)豆腐的出品率分别提升了14.48%、15.46%、11.60%。当功率增加到300 W和400 W时,出品率下降。可能是由于过度的超声处理导致细胞膜损伤以及膜的通透性发生了改变,细胞内的蛋白酶渗透出来,导致蛋白质发生了降解,最终影响豆腐的出品率[26]。此外,过度超声处理还可能会使蛋白质的肽键发生断裂,导致蛋白质降解为更小的肽段,可溶性蛋白含量降低[13]。这一研究表明,适度的超声处理(200 W)有利于加速溶剂(水)的渗透,促进植物组织内部的蛋白质释放,从而提高了豆腐的产率。而对于三种凝固剂下所得到的豆腐的出品率,CaSO4最高,其次是MgCl2,GDL最低,与戴意强等[27]在不同凝固剂对豆腐得率的研究结果类似。这主要与凝固剂在豆浆中的凝胶机理有关,CaSO4的凝固速度慢,有利于将水分保持在凝胶网络结构内,提高豆腐的持水性及产率;而MgCl2可使蛋白迅速发生凝固,不利于致密的凝胶网络结构形成,导致豆腐质地粗糙,水分含量较低,出品率也较低。
白度主要受到鹰嘴豆和大豆中所含色素的影响。由图2可知。随着超声功率的增加,三种凝固剂豆腐的白度均呈现先增加后降低的趋势。与未超声处理组相比,超声功率从100增加到200 W,白度显著提升(P<0.05)。这与周凌晨[28]的研究结果相似,可能是由于超声波的空化效应使豆渣混合液中的色素分子结构改变,导致色素和其他化学物质释放和重新分布。此外,有研究表明豆腐颜色的变化可能与凝胶中的油脂含量有关,蛋白质与油脂之间的乳化反应增加,从而增强了豆腐表面的光泽度[29]。然而,当超声功率超过200 W时,在较高的功率(300、400 W)下,三类凝固剂豆腐的白度都有所下降。这可能是由于超声波能量在传播介质中的摩擦转化为热能,其所产生的热效应引发豆渣混合液中的脂肪被氧化生成过氧化物(黄色)。凝固剂对豆腐的白度也有一定的影响,CaSO4豆腐的白度最高,GDL和MgCl2的白度相差较小。
持水性不仅能够反映豆腐的凝胶基质固定水分子的能力,也能反映凝胶体系中蛋白质的空间排列[17]。由图3可知,相比于对照组(功率为0 W),超声波处理豆渣混合液能显著增加豆腐的持水性(P<0.05),且三种凝固剂所制备的复合豆腐持水性也不同。这与江振桂等[30]在不同凝固剂对豆腐影响的研究结果一致,石膏豆腐的保水性要大于卤水豆腐。在本研究中,GDL豆腐的持水性最好,CaSO4豆腐的持水性次之,而MgCl2的持水性最低。同时,随着超声功率(0~400 W)的增加,复合豆腐的持水性呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,功率为200 W时,持水性最好。在齐宝坤等[31]的研究中也发现大豆豆腐的持水性随着超声功率的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。Wang等[15]的研究中发现超声波处理鹰嘴豆蛋白后,有利于蛋白的表面疏水性增强,从而有助于蛋白构建致密的凝胶网络,进而实现更多水分的保留。综上,豆腐的持水性增加,可能是由于超声波处理使蛋白分子内部的疏水基团暴露,形成了更致密、均匀的凝胶网络,从而将水分截留下来[32]。此外,也有研究表明超声处理能够降低颗粒的粒度,暴露更多的极性基团,更多的水结合位点与水结合[33]。当超声功率继续增加至300、400 W时,复合豆腐的持水性呈现下降趋势,但均要高于对照组。在Wang等[15]扫描电镜的结果中显示,过度的超声处理会导致鹰嘴豆蛋白出现许多较大的孔隙。Shen等[8]也证实了高功率超声处理会破坏豆腐的结构,使豆腐孔隙变大,持水性降低。
凝胶强度是豆腐凝胶的一个重要性能。超声波处理豆渣混合液和三种凝固剂所制备的豆腐的凝胶强度如图4所示,与未处理组相比,超声波处理显著提升了复合豆腐的凝胶强度(P<0.05)。Hu等[34]的研究发现,高强度超声处理可以增加CaSO4诱导大豆分离蛋白的凝胶强度。此外,也有研究表明,超声波处理能显著增强植物蛋白的凝胶特性,凝胶体系分子间交联密度增加,凝胶强度提升[35]。但当功率超过200 W时,凝胶强度逐渐降低。这可能是过度的超声处理使蛋白质发生降解,导致凝胶结构较松散,从而强度降低[36]。而对于添加不同凝固剂的豆腐,其凝胶强度为:MgCl2>CaSO4>GDL。田亚等[37]的研究也发现MgCl2豆腐的凝胶强度可达44 g,而CaSO4豆腐仅为20 g。这主要是由于凝固剂的凝胶机理不同,MgCl2和CaSO4作为盐类凝固剂,主要是通过离子交联形成蛋白质网络结构,从而赋予豆腐较好的凝胶性能。其中Mg2+能够有效中和蛋白质电荷,促进形成更致密更强的凝胶。而GDL为酸性凝固剂,通过使pH下降诱导蛋白质凝结,形成的是均匀、柔软的凝胶。
豆腐的质构特性是豆腐质量和消费者接受程度的重要指标。通常硬度代表豆腐在加工和应用中抵抗破坏力的指标,内聚性代表豆腐的相对抵抗力,咀嚼性表明豆腐容易吞咽的程度,胶黏性是豆腐与其他表面分离所需的力[38]。超声处理豆渣混合液后,三种凝固剂对豆腐的质构特性如图5所示。未经超声波处理的三种凝固剂豆腐的质构特性有较大区别,MgCl2豆腐的硬度、咀嚼性、内聚性最大,CaSO4豆腐次之,GDL豆腐的最小。而GDL豆腐的胶黏性最大,CaSO4和MgCl2豆腐的较小。这可能是由于高酸化速率下,蛋白有序聚集时间减少,凝胶形成较弱,导致GDL豆腐的硬度、咀嚼性、内聚性低[39]。这与Ullah等[38]的结果一致。MgCl2豆腐较高的质构参数可能是由于其较低的持水性(图3),导致蛋白质浓度较高,蛋白质更容易凝胶化。而豆渣混合液经超声波处理后,不同凝固剂下豆腐的质构特性呈现显著性变化(P<0.05)。随着超声功率的增加,豆腐的质构特性呈现先增加后降低的趋势,在功率为200 W时,质构特性参数达到最大值。这与刘宝华等[40]的研究结果一致,可能是豆腐的质构特性受到了蛋白质结构和膳食纤维粒径的影响。Fan等[17]的研究表明,高强度超声处理能显著降低豆渣膳食纤维粒径,使纤维颗粒能够更均匀地分散在凝胶中,从而增加豆腐的硬度和弹性。此外,超声处理可促使鹰嘴豆蛋白的疏水基团暴露,并促使鹰嘴豆蛋白结构由天然的卷曲状态解折叠,有助于其与大豆蛋白形成蛋白和蛋白的聚集体,从而提高混合凝胶的性能[15]。这与本研究持水性的结果一致(图3)。但当功率增至300、400 W时,较强的超声处理可能使较小蛋白颗粒发生聚集,影响了蛋白质链交联,减少了蛋白质之间的相互作用,从而降低了质构特性。此外,也可能是由于较小颗粒的重新聚集,导致了不均匀和不稳定的网络结构,降低了其质构特性[41]。在传统的豆腐制备工艺中,MgCl2豆腐产量较低、结构粗糙、持水性不佳,且硬度大;CaSO4豆腐表面光滑细腻,产率较高,持水性好,为嫩豆腐;GDL豆腐口感细腻,持水性好,但质构特性较差。而经超声波处理后,有助于MgCl2豆腐的持水性增强,GDL豆腐的质地改善,CaSO4豆腐的持水性、质构特性提高。这也表明了适度的超声处理有助于提升豆腐的品质。
豆腐凝胶中的分子间作用力主要是离子键、氢键和疏水力,这三种作用力会促进蛋白间的有序聚集,形成立体网络结构[38]。因此,本研究通过测定不同溶剂下的可溶性蛋白含量,间接地反映出这三种作用力对凝胶的作用。如图6所示,对于三种凝固剂的复合豆腐,疏水作用是凝胶化的主要贡献作用力。
如图6A所示,通过NaCl溶液提取豆腐凝胶中的可溶性蛋白,间接地判断离子键在蛋白有序聚集中所起到的作用[38]。与对照组(0 W)相比,经超声波处理后,离子键的含量显著增加(P<0.05)。三种凝固剂对豆腐的离子键也有明显的影响,MgCl2和CaSO4豆腐中的离子键含量要高于GDL豆腐,这些离子键能够中和蛋白质表面的电荷,促进蛋白质聚集,从而形成稳定的凝胶网络,这一结果与本研究中豆腐的质构特性、凝胶强度一致。此外,超声处理豆渣混合液后,豆腐凝胶中离子键含量增加,可能是由于超声处理导致蛋白质分子空间结构发生改变,表面电荷增大[42]。而功率超过200 W后,离子键含量逐渐下降,但均高于对照组。可能是超声波的空化效应改变了蛋白质的空间排列,限制了活性基团或参与形成非二硫化物共价键,导致离子键逐渐减少[43]。
图6B显示了豆腐氢键含量的变化。经超声波处理后,所制备豆腐的氢键含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,功率为200 W时含量最高。这表明适度的超声处理有利于增加蛋白与水分子间的相互作用,使得氢键含量增加[44]。然而,当功率为300、400 W时,含量逐渐下降,这可能是过度超声处理导致蛋白质分子发生聚集,减弱蛋白分子与水相的亲和性,减少分子间氢键和离子键的形成数量。对于三种凝固剂豆腐的氢键含量,MgCl2豆腐的氢键含量最高,而GDL和CaSO4豆腐的含量较低,这与金杨等[23]的研究结果一致。
由图6C可知豆腐疏水作用的变化。与对照组相比,超声波预处理豆渣混合液后,豆腐凝胶中的疏水作用呈现出显著增加的趋势(P<0.05),这与史晓雯[32]的研究相似。可能是超声处理诱导蛋白分子构象发生变化,促使原本包埋于分子内部的疏水性基团暴露,从而增强分子间疏水相互作用[38]。但当超声功率超过200 W时,含量逐渐下降。在未超声处理条件下,三种凝固剂对豆腐疏水作用也有明显的影响,CaSO4豆腐的疏水作用最强,MgCl2豆腐次之,GDL豆腐最低。这与刘丽莎等[45]的研究一致,MgCl2豆腐的分子间作用均大于内酯豆腐。
由图7可知,三类豆腐的感官评价差别较大,MgCl2豆腐呈乳白色,但色泽稍显暗沉,质地较硬,切面有较多气孔,口感偏粗糙,咀嚼时有明显颗粒感,豆香味较为明显,但夹杂着MgCl2带来的较重咸涩味。CaSO4豆腐色泽洁白,整体颜色均匀,质地紧实,切面相对光滑,弹性较好,口感较为细腻,豆香味浓郁,凝固剂所带来的异味不明显。GDL豆腐呈均匀、鲜亮的乳白色,质地较软,弹性好,切面光滑平整,口感细嫩柔滑,豆香味清新。经超声波处理豆渣混合液后,所制备的三类豆腐的感官评价都有显著的提高(P<0.05),超声功率为200 W时,达到最大值。这可能是超声处理有助于生豆浆中的颗粒分散均匀,在豆腐凝胶形成时色素分布均匀,色泽更为明亮,这也与图2的结果一致;同时,超声处理能促进风味物质的释放和减少豆腥味,提升豆腐的整体风味;此外,超声可以改变豆腐的质地结构,使豆腐凝胶组织更加紧密和均匀,气孔减少,切面更为光滑,使豆腐的口感更加细腻,弹性提升,这与图5的结果相符。在齐宝坤等[31]的研究中也证实了超声波处理豆渣混合液有助于提升豆腐的感官品质。
本研究以鹰嘴豆、大豆为原料,超声波技术预处理豆渣混合液后,采用三种凝固剂点浆制备复合豆腐,研究结果表明超声波处理能显著改善复合豆腐的品质。与未超声组相比,超声功率为200 W时,豆腐白度、持水性、质构特性、出品率、凝胶强度均达到最大。此外,经超声波处理后,豆腐凝胶的分子间相互作用(以疏水作用为主)显著增加,有利于蛋白形成更加均匀、致密的网络结构,使豆腐的硬度、咀嚼性、内聚性、胶黏性得到改善,色泽偏白色,提高了消费者的接受度。三种凝固剂由于其凝固机理不同,所制备豆腐的品质也具有差别,但经超声波处理豆渣混合液后,改善了MgCl2豆腐持水性较差,GDL豆腐质地较差的问题。最后,经感官评定,超声处理豆渣混合液后,所制备豆腐的感官评分均要优于未处理组。综上所述,超声波处理不仅能够改善鹰嘴豆复合豆腐的品质,相关研究结果还能为豆腐的新品研究和品质改良提供理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060379
  • 接收时间:2025-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-01
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    新疆理工学院食品科学与工程学院,新疆阿克苏 843000

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桑雪芹(1997−),女,硕士,助教,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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