Article(id=1320882447298970365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060371, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751126400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852516245, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852516245, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852516245, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852516245, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=472, endPage=480, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882451078038270, articleId=1320882447298970365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Progress of Sulforaphane Activating Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Nervous System Diseases, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sulforaphane (SFN) is a naturally occurring compound that has been demonstrated to possess a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, anti-glycation, and immunomodulatory effects. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been identified as a key target for the action of sulforaphane (SFN). This review summarises recent advances in research concerning the functional mechanisms and roles of SFN-activated Nrf2 signalling pathways in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. The process of interaction between NRF2-Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) has been extensively documented. The initial step in this process involves the binding of Nrf2 to Keap1, which subsequently leads to the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of Nrf2. Upon stimulation by activators such as SFN or reactive oxygen species (ROS), Nrf2 dissociates from Keap1, translocates to the nucleus, and binds to Maf proteins. This process initiates the transcription of downstream genes regulated by the antioxidant response element (ARE), including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). Consequently, this enhances the cellular antioxidant capacity. This article aims to systematically review dietary sources of sulforaphane (SFN) and its potential role, through the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, in intervening in and delaying the progression of various neurological diseases, thereby providing a scientific basis for developing SFN-based dietary strategies for neurological health.

, authors=Haidong TIAN1, 2, Jiadi LIU1, 3, 4, Duling XU1, 4, 5, Haiwei REN6, Meng DONG7, *, Hongyan LI1, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=Haidong TIAN, Jiadi LIU, Duling XU, Haiwei REN, Meng DONG, Hongyan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Meng DONG, Hongyan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882452537656069, articleId=1320882447298970365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=萝卜硫素激活Nrf2信号通路在神经系统疾病中的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

萝卜硫素(Sulforaphane,SFN)是一种具有抗氧化、抑制炎症、解毒、抗糖化、免疫调节等效果的天然产物,核因子E2相关因子2(Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2,Nrf2)是SFN作用的重要靶点之一。本文综述了近年来SFN激活Nrf2信号通路在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病、多发性硬化症、癫痫病、脑卒中和创伤性脑损伤等多种神经系统疾病中的功能及作用机制的研究进展。Nrf2与其抑制蛋白Keap1(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1)结合,被泛素化降解。当受到SFN等激活剂或活性氧(ROS)刺激时,Nrf2与Keap1解离,易位至细胞核,与Maf蛋白结合,启动抗氧化反应元件(ARE)调控的下游基因转录,包括血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)、NAD(P)H:醌氧化还原酶1(NQO1)、谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(GCLC)等,从而增强细胞的抗氧化能力。本文旨在系统综述膳食来源的萝卜硫素(SFN)及其通过激活Nrf2通路,在干预和延缓多种神经系统疾病方面的潜在作用与分子机制,以期为开发基于SFN的神经健康膳食策略提供科学依据。

, authors=田海东1, 2, 柳佳娣1, 3, 4, 徐度玲1, 4, 5, 任海伟6, 董猛7, *, 李鸿岩1, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=田海东, 柳佳娣, 徐度玲, 任海伟, 董猛, 李鸿岩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董猛, 李鸿岩, authorNote=

田海东(1996−),男,博士,研究方向:药物的诊疗研究,E-mail:

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董猛(1986−),男,博士,研究方向:中医药与放疗的研究,E-mail:。
李鸿岩(1985−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:靶向药物研究,E-mail:。
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Journal of Neuroinflammation, 2020, 17(1): 188., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882473366569871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882447298970365, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=62, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ABDUL-MUNEER P M. Nrf2 as a potential therapeutic target for traumatic brain injury[J]. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 2023, 22(4): 81., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882473437873040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882447298970365, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=63, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO P, WEI Y, SUN G, et al. Fetuin-A alleviates neuroinflammation against traumatic brain injury-induced microglial necroptosis by regulating Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway[J]. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 2022, 19(1): 269., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882473513370513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882447298970365, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=64, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAURYA S K, BHATTACHARYA N, MISHRA S, et al. Microglia specific drug targeting using natural products for the regulation of redox imbalance in neurodegeneration[J]. 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Pathways of SFN activation of Nrf2 in different neurological disorders

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病种作用途径关键因子结果参考文献
阿尔茨海默病
(AD)
Nrf2的耗竭增加BACE 1、稳定BACE 1-AS表达,抑制Aβ寡聚体产生BACE 1降低BACE 1、Aβ产生[23]
SFN通过信号转导子和STAT-1的去磷酸化以及Nrf2调节HO-1途径HO-1抑制IL-1β分泌[24]
降低Nrf2启动子的DNA甲基化水平,可促进Nrf2核易位GSH、HO-1、硫氧还蛋白、硫氧还蛋白还原酶、NQO1降低氧化应激[25]
Nrf2活化防止切割半胱天冬酶-3在Tau表达细胞中的线粒体片段化ROS增加ROS产生改善线粒体健康[30]
帕金森病
(PD)
SFN增加Nrf2蛋白的水平,上调HO-1和NQO1的表达HO-1、NQO1抑制星形胶质细胞增生、小胶质细胞增生和促炎症因子的释放[36]
SFN通过Nrf2的活化来阻止6-OHDA的神经毒性损伤作用6-OHDA、GSH、HO-1抑制ER应激反应[37]
亨廷顿病
(HD)
Keap1/Nrf2/ARE途径,抑制纹状体中的MAPK和NF-κB途径3-硝基丙酸抑制促炎细胞因子的产生[40]
多发性硬化症
(MS)
Nrf2/ARE途径的活性降低会导致抗氧化剂
HO-1和NQO1的表达水平下降
HO-1、NQO1抑制氧化应激[41]
Nrf2能够激活受体γ-辅助活化因子-1α(PGC-1α)和核呼吸因子1PGC-1α维持线粒体正常代谢[42]
癫痫病Nrf2-ARE信号通路,在氧化应激条件下诱导抗氧化和Ⅱ期解毒酶,从而减少氧化损伤和有毒代谢物的积累HO-1、NQO1保护大脑免受癫痫发作导致的脑损伤[47]
Nrf2后可以使过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增加,以及海马线粒体产生ATP的能力增加原型谷胱甘肽水平、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1、硫氧还蛋白2和线粒体苹果酸酶诱导线粒体抗氧化防御并提高ATP合成效率[49]
脑卒中SFN使Nrf2出现上调表达,阻止了Nrf2从Keap1中解离,并转移至细胞核与ARE结合,激活下游抗氧化酶等细胞保护蛋白的靶基因表达Keap1、ARE抑制氧化应激减轻神经元凋亡而发挥神经保护作用[52]
Nrf2/HO-1信号通路,改善小胶质细胞的活化,使HO-1上调,减少了神经元和内皮死亡,以及TJ蛋白丢失HO-1、OGD维持BBB的完整性[53]
SFN激活Nrf2-ARE信号通路使得抗氧化酶HO-1的表达增加,NQO1和GST-α1的表达升高HO-1、NQO1、GST-α1减轻脑出血后周炎性反应,起到神经保护作用和抑制氧化应激[58]
创伤性脑损伤
(TBI)
SFN激活Nrf2的核易位和活化,导致Nrf2依赖性抗氧化酶上调,氧化损伤减少,减少神经元死亡,挫伤体积和神经功能障碍HO-1、NQO1减轻了TBI后的氧化应激和神经元损伤[63]
Nrf2-ARE信号通路参与创伤性脑损害,减弱BBB通透性并减少脑水肿,其蛋白质产物包括自由基清除和解毒酶会增加,提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶,HO-1和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GST)的表达HO-1、NQO1、SOD、GSH和GSSG减轻TBI的神经功能损伤,参与内源性应激脑损伤防御机制[64]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882462096474961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882447298970365, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SFN激活Nrf2在不同神经系统性疾病的作用途径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病种作用途径关键因子结果参考文献
阿尔茨海默病
(AD)
Nrf2的耗竭增加BACE 1、稳定BACE 1-AS表达,抑制Aβ寡聚体产生BACE 1降低BACE 1、Aβ产生[23]
SFN通过信号转导子和STAT-1的去磷酸化以及Nrf2调节HO-1途径HO-1抑制IL-1β分泌[24]
降低Nrf2启动子的DNA甲基化水平,可促进Nrf2核易位GSH、HO-1、硫氧还蛋白、硫氧还蛋白还原酶、NQO1降低氧化应激[25]
Nrf2活化防止切割半胱天冬酶-3在Tau表达细胞中的线粒体片段化ROS增加ROS产生改善线粒体健康[30]
帕金森病
(PD)
SFN增加Nrf2蛋白的水平,上调HO-1和NQO1的表达HO-1、NQO1抑制星形胶质细胞增生、小胶质细胞增生和促炎症因子的释放[36]
SFN通过Nrf2的活化来阻止6-OHDA的神经毒性损伤作用6-OHDA、GSH、HO-1抑制ER应激反应[37]
亨廷顿病
(HD)
Keap1/Nrf2/ARE途径,抑制纹状体中的MAPK和NF-κB途径3-硝基丙酸抑制促炎细胞因子的产生[40]
多发性硬化症
(MS)
Nrf2/ARE途径的活性降低会导致抗氧化剂
HO-1和NQO1的表达水平下降
HO-1、NQO1抑制氧化应激[41]
Nrf2能够激活受体γ-辅助活化因子-1α(PGC-1α)和核呼吸因子1PGC-1α维持线粒体正常代谢[42]
癫痫病Nrf2-ARE信号通路,在氧化应激条件下诱导抗氧化和Ⅱ期解毒酶,从而减少氧化损伤和有毒代谢物的积累HO-1、NQO1保护大脑免受癫痫发作导致的脑损伤[47]
Nrf2后可以使过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增加,以及海马线粒体产生ATP的能力增加原型谷胱甘肽水平、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1、硫氧还蛋白2和线粒体苹果酸酶诱导线粒体抗氧化防御并提高ATP合成效率[49]
脑卒中SFN使Nrf2出现上调表达,阻止了Nrf2从Keap1中解离,并转移至细胞核与ARE结合,激活下游抗氧化酶等细胞保护蛋白的靶基因表达Keap1、ARE抑制氧化应激减轻神经元凋亡而发挥神经保护作用[52]
Nrf2/HO-1信号通路,改善小胶质细胞的活化,使HO-1上调,减少了神经元和内皮死亡,以及TJ蛋白丢失HO-1、OGD维持BBB的完整性[53]
SFN激活Nrf2-ARE信号通路使得抗氧化酶HO-1的表达增加,NQO1和GST-α1的表达升高HO-1、NQO1、GST-α1减轻脑出血后周炎性反应,起到神经保护作用和抑制氧化应激[58]
创伤性脑损伤
(TBI)
SFN激活Nrf2的核易位和活化,导致Nrf2依赖性抗氧化酶上调,氧化损伤减少,减少神经元死亡,挫伤体积和神经功能障碍HO-1、NQO1减轻了TBI后的氧化应激和神经元损伤[63]
Nrf2-ARE信号通路参与创伤性脑损害,减弱BBB通透性并减少脑水肿,其蛋白质产物包括自由基清除和解毒酶会增加,提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶,HO-1和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GST)的表达HO-1、NQO1、SOD、GSH和GSSG减轻TBI的神经功能损伤,参与内源性应激脑损伤防御机制[64]
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萝卜硫素激活Nrf2信号通路在神经系统疾病中的研究进展
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田海东 1, 2 , 柳佳娣 1, 3, 4 , 徐度玲 1, 4, 5 , 任海伟 6 , 董猛 7, * , 李鸿岩 1, 3, 4, 5, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(15): 472-480
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (15) : 472 -480
萝卜硫素激活Nrf2信号通路在神经系统疾病中的研究进展
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3School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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3中国科学院大学核科学与技术学院,北京 100039
4甘肃省同位素实验室,甘肃兰州 730300
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田海东1, 2 , 柳佳娣1, 3, 4, 徐度玲1, 4, 5, 任海伟6, 董猛7, * , 李鸿岩1, 3, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院近代物理研究所医学物理研究室,甘肃兰州 730000
  • 2兰州大学化学化工学院,甘肃兰州 730000
  • 3中国科学院大学核科学与技术学院,北京 100039
  • 4甘肃省同位素实验室,甘肃兰州 730300
  • 5先进能源科学与技术广东省实验室,广东惠州 516029
  • 6兰州理工大学生命科学与工程学院,甘肃兰州 730050
  • 7成都中医药大学附属医院,四川成都 610000
通讯作者:
董猛(1986−),男,博士,研究方向:中医药与放疗的研究,E-mail:。
李鸿岩(1985−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:靶向药物研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

田海东(1996−),男,博士,研究方向:药物的诊疗研究,E-mail:

Progress of Sulforaphane Activating Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Nervous System Diseases
Haidong TIAN1, 2 , Jiadi LIU1, 3, 4, Duling XU1, 4, 5, Haiwei REN6, Meng DONG7, * , Hongyan LI1, 3, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 3School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
  • 4Gansu Province Laboratory of Isotopes, Lanzhou 730300, China
  • 5Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
  • 6School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 7Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060371
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萝卜硫素(Sulforaphane,SFN)是一种具有抗氧化、抑制炎症、解毒、抗糖化、免疫调节等效果的天然产物,核因子E2相关因子2(Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2,Nrf2)是SFN作用的重要靶点之一。本文综述了近年来SFN激活Nrf2信号通路在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病、多发性硬化症、癫痫病、脑卒中和创伤性脑损伤等多种神经系统疾病中的功能及作用机制的研究进展。Nrf2与其抑制蛋白Keap1(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1)结合,被泛素化降解。当受到SFN等激活剂或活性氧(ROS)刺激时,Nrf2与Keap1解离,易位至细胞核,与Maf蛋白结合,启动抗氧化反应元件(ARE)调控的下游基因转录,包括血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)、NAD(P)H:醌氧化还原酶1(NQO1)、谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(GCLC)等,从而增强细胞的抗氧化能力。本文旨在系统综述膳食来源的萝卜硫素(SFN)及其通过激活Nrf2通路,在干预和延缓多种神经系统疾病方面的潜在作用与分子机制,以期为开发基于SFN的神经健康膳食策略提供科学依据。

神经退行性疾病  /  萝卜硫素  /  Nrf2  /  阿尔兹海默病

Sulforaphane (SFN) is a naturally occurring compound that has been demonstrated to possess a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, anti-glycation, and immunomodulatory effects. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been identified as a key target for the action of sulforaphane (SFN). This review summarises recent advances in research concerning the functional mechanisms and roles of SFN-activated Nrf2 signalling pathways in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. The process of interaction between NRF2-Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) has been extensively documented. The initial step in this process involves the binding of Nrf2 to Keap1, which subsequently leads to the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of Nrf2. Upon stimulation by activators such as SFN or reactive oxygen species (ROS), Nrf2 dissociates from Keap1, translocates to the nucleus, and binds to Maf proteins. This process initiates the transcription of downstream genes regulated by the antioxidant response element (ARE), including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). Consequently, this enhances the cellular antioxidant capacity. This article aims to systematically review dietary sources of sulforaphane (SFN) and its potential role, through the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, in intervening in and delaying the progression of various neurological diseases, thereby providing a scientific basis for developing SFN-based dietary strategies for neurological health.

neurodegenerative diseases  /  sulforaphane  /  Nrf2  /  Alzheimer's disease
田海东, 柳佳娣, 徐度玲, 任海伟, 董猛, 李鸿岩. 萝卜硫素激活Nrf2信号通路在神经系统疾病中的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 472 -480 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060371
Haidong TIAN, Jiadi LIU, Duling XU, Haiwei REN, Meng DONG, Hongyan LI. Progress of Sulforaphane Activating Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Nervous System Diseases[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 472 -480 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060371
神经系统疾病影响着全世界近十亿人,最常见的是阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)、帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)、多发性硬化症(Multiple sclerosis,MS)、癫痫病、创伤性脑损伤(Traumatic brain injury,TBI)和卒中等,尽管这些疾病的病因和临床表现各异,但它们共享着一些导致神经元最终衰亡的共同通路。这些通路包括氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍、神经炎症、蛋白质错误折叠与聚集以及兴奋性毒性等。但是攻克神经系统疾病很可能需要一种多靶点、个体化的综合治疗模式,在疾病的不同阶段采取不同的干预措施,从而真正实现对神经细胞死亡的遏止与脑功能的修复。目前因为缺乏合理的治疗方案和药物,患病人数还在继续上升。大脑特定区域的细胞死亡和萎缩代表了不同神经系统疾病的基本病理特征,其最终导致脑功能障碍和神经元细胞死亡。药食同源的研究热潮,极大地推动了“食品即药物”这一古老理念在现代神经科学中的复兴。它揭示了一个核心观点,日常饮食选择是构筑大脑防御体系的第一道,也是最易干预的防线。流行病学研究长期观察到,富含水果蔬菜的饮食模式与显著降低的AD和PD患病风险相关[1−3]。
目前为了预防和治疗神经系统疾病相关的神经元功能障碍和死亡,一些具有神经保护性植物的药理作用已经引起了人们关注,如银杏内酯、人参皂苷、川芎、姜黄素和萝卜硫素等植物化学物质显示出许多生物活性,在抗病毒、抗炎、抗氧化、抗增殖和抗癌等方面发挥作用[3]。其中,萝卜硫素(Sulforaphane,SFN)又称莱菔硫烷,结构示意图如图1所示,分子式为C6H11S2NO,摩尔质量为177.3 g/mol,是从十字花科类蔬菜中发现具有强生物活性的异硫氰酸酯,在西兰花中含量最高[4−7]。作为膳食来源的Nrf2激活剂,具有高生物活性、良好的血脑屏障穿透性和较高的安全性,已成为神经保护研究的热点分子[8]。SFN 主要通过作用于核因子-E2 相关因子 2(Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2,Nrf2)、核转录因子-κB (Nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)、热休克因子1(Heat shock factor 1,HSF1)和表观遗传修饰[9],对于癌症和神经系统疾病具有药理活性[6−7]。SFN是一种亲电化合物,能与Keap1蛋白上的特定半胱氨酸残基发生共价结合,改变Keap1的构象,使其无法将Nrf2锚定在胞质中并进行泛素化标记,从而阻止Nrf2被蛋白酶体降解。解离后的Nrf2得以稳定积累并转运至细胞核内,与sMaf蛋白结合,形成异源二聚体。该复合物识别并结合到抗氧化反应元件(Anti-oxidation reaction element,ARE)上,启动一系列细胞保护基因的转录[7]。基于此,本文旨在系统综述膳食来源的萝卜硫素(SFN)及其通过激活Nrf2通路,在干预和延缓多种神经系统疾病方面的潜在作用与分子机制。文章将深入探讨其在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等模型中的研究进展,并重点讨论其作为功能性食品成分的应用前景,特别关注其在不同食品基质中的生物利用度、有效剂量范围以及未来临床转化所面临的挑战,以期为开发基于SFN的神经健康膳食策略提供科学依据。
SFN在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、脑卒中、多发性硬化等重大神经系统疾病模型中展现出改善病理、保护神经元、延缓疾病进展的有效性[1],其核心作用机制——激活核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)信号通路,从而协同调控抗氧化应激、抗神经炎症、维持蛋白质稳态及线粒体功能等多重细胞防御系统[6]。目前,SFN详细作用机理是通过靶向Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1,Keap1)来激活在脑疾病中的Nrf2信号通路。图2是SFN分子结构与人Keap1-Nrf2环肽结合的Kelch结构域(网站UniProt库中编号Q14145)进行分子对接结合,形成三个氢键,在两个靶向位点形成结构分子。图3是SFN进入细胞内激活Nrf2通路的作用机理图。可以看出,当SFN进入细胞内结合Keap1-Nrf2,与Keap1中的许多半胱氨酸残基相互作用,导致Keap1的构象发生改变[10],其主要机制是通过化学修饰Keap1的半胱氨酸151(Cys151)残基,将硫醇基团与Keap1形成硫酰复合物,阻止 Keap1与Cullin 3 (Cul3)形成的复合物对 Nrf2 泛素化,使Nrf2释放能够进入细胞核[11]。当释放的Nrf2易位到细胞核,与小肌肉腱膜纤维肉瘤蛋白(Maf)家族成员形成异二聚体 Nrf2-Maf,并反式激活编码抗氧化酶和解毒酶基因启动子区域的抗氧化反应元件(ARE)以发挥神经保护作用。在抗氧化方面主要以血红素加氧酶-1(Heme Oxygenase-1, HO-1)参与催化血红素分解代谢,NAD(P)H:醌氧化还原酶1(NQO1)防止细胞受到醌类化合物诱导的氧化损伤,超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)消除自由基,羰基还原酶(CBR1和CBR3)参与细胞内抵抗脂质过氧化反应,可以还原各种内源性羰基化合物[12−13]。在解毒方面,乙醇脱氢酶(Alcohol dehydrogenase,ADH)和乙醛脱氢酶(Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase,ALDH)对酒精通过ADH代谢形成有毒的乙醛,然后ALDH将乙醛转化为无毒的乙酸,ADH还参与谷胱甘肽(GSH)介导的甲醛排毒过程,微粒体环氧化物水解酶(mEH)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UGTs)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)和N-乙酰转移酶(NATs)等作为Nrf2的目的蛋白之一参与人体许多解毒途径[14]。此外,SFN通过激活转录因子Nrf2,促进其与抗氧化反应元件(ARE)的结合,从而上调抗氧化基因表达,显著缓解内质网应激(ER)并改善线粒体抗氧化功能[15−16],SFN还可以激活Nrf2信号传导途径诱导NQO1表达来防止海马神经元中血红素毒性和氧-葡萄糖剥夺(OGD)诱导的死亡[17],降低Nrf2启动子初始15个胞嘧啶-磷酸-鸟嘌呤二核苷酸位点(CpGs)的甲基化而增强Nrf2的转录[18],促进Nrf2核转位并激活Ⅱ相代谢酶基因的转录,从而发挥抗自由基损伤等多种作用方式[19]。总之,SFN激活 Nrf2以不同方式作用于神经系统疾病。
AD是一种神经退行性神经系统疾病,其主要特征是进行性认知功能障碍,病理特征表现为β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积和Tau蛋白异常磷酸化形成的神经纤维缠结(NFTs)[20−21],Tau作为AD中神经原纤维缠结的主要组分,是AD的致病因素。
SFN通过调节酶的剪切过程,降低Aβ的产生。具体来说,它可能通过抑制β-分泌酶和γ-分泌酶的活性,减少Aβ的生成,并促进Aβ的清除,可预防AD动物模型脑中的Aβ产生,并且可以抑制所有类型的Aβ寡聚体[22],Nrf2的耗竭增加β分泌酶(BACE 1)、稳定BACE 1 mRNA的反义RNA(BACE 1-AS)表达,而通过SFN介导激活Nrf2活化后,降低了BACE1、BACE1-AS表达和Aβ产生,使Nrf2/ARE通路活化负调节BACE1表达[23],说明SFN激活Nrf2降低了AD中病理特征Aβ的产生。SFN抑制NF-κB等炎症通路,减少炎症介质的释放,从而减轻神经炎症反应,保护神经细胞免受炎症损伤。例如,在用Aβ处理的人小胶质细胞样THP-1细胞中,SFN还通过信号转导子和转录激活子-1(STAT-1)的去磷酸化以及Nrf2调节的血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)途径的激活来抑制白介素-1β(IL-1β)分泌[24]。SFN还可以通过激活N2a细胞和用Aβ处理的SH-SY 5Y细胞中的Nrf2来增强细胞的抗氧化防御能力,例如,在N2a细胞中,降低Nrf2启动子区域的DNA甲基化水平可促进Nrf2核易位[25],在用Aβ处理的SH-SY5Y细胞中,SFN通过上调GSH、HO-1、硫氧还蛋白(Thioredoxin)和硫氧还蛋白还原酶(Thioredoxin Reductase)并下调NQO1活性,降低氧化应激,从而激活Nrf2信号传导途径[26]。
此外,Tau蛋白的过度磷酸化是AD的另一个关键病理特征。SFN通过抑制激酶(如GSK-3β、CDK5)的活性,减少Tau蛋白的磷酸化,从而防止神经纤维缠结(NFTs)的形成,保护神经元结构和功能。例如,Villavicencio-Tejo等[27]使用SFN激活Nrf2活化防止切割半胱天冬酶-3在Tau表达细胞中的线粒体片段化。此外,用SFN处理24 h防止了Tau表达细胞活性氧(ROS)的产生,表明Nrf2活化改善了线粒体健康,Nrf2通过控制底物和线粒体脂肪酸氧化的效率来影响细胞生物能量学,从而影响氧化磷酸化并增加线粒体ROS产生[28]。SFN可以降低3×Tg-AD和PS1 V97 L小鼠中Tau和p-Tau蛋白水平[29−30],在使用3×Tg-AD小鼠的研究中,SFN处理在蛋白质水平上减少Tau和p-Tau,但不是mRNA,表明Tau表达在翻译后修饰[30]。使用SFN处理增加热休克蛋白70(HSP 70)和通道内在蛋白(CHIP)的水平,其对Tau具有独特的结合亲和力,并且已知在Tau泛素化和蛋白酶体靶向Tau降解中发挥作用[31]。以上研究表明SFN通过激活Nrf2通路治疗或减弱了与AD相关的病理特征。在AD模型中,SFN展现出明确的Aβ病理调控潜力,通过激活人体固有的Nrf2防御系统,实现了对AD两大核心病理的协同抑制,充分体现了天然食物成分在维持神经系统健康中的“多靶点、低毒性”优势。未来的研究重点应集中于明确SFN在人体中的膳食有效剂量和探索不同烹饪加工方式对蔬菜中SFN生物利用度的影响。
PD也是一种比较常见的神经退行性疾病,其主要病理特征为大脑黑质致密部多巴胺神经元的变性损伤与丢失,多巴胺神经元作为构成黑质纹状体环路的重要枢纽,其损伤将直接引发黑质纹状体通路的衰退[32]。α-突触核蛋白的异常聚集是PD的核心病理特征。SFN通过抑制α-突触核蛋白的聚集,减少路易小体的形成,从而保护多巴胺能神经元免受损伤。目前,SFN在PD中的神经保护作用成为一种治疗策略,用1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP)诱导的PD小鼠模型,腹腔注射SFN能够增加Nrf2蛋白的水平,上调HO-1和NQO1的表达,抑制星形胶质细胞增生、小胶质细胞增生和促炎症因子的释放[33]。有研究表明内质网(ER)应激在PD中起关键作用,SFN的抗氧化活性可能有助于抑制ER应激反应,而SFN的抗氧化活性机制依赖于Nrf2活化[34]。SFN通过激活Nrf2通路,增强抗氧化酶的表达,清除自由基,减轻氧化应激对线粒体的损伤,从而保护多巴胺能神经元的能量代谢功能,例如,SFN对6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)诱导的ER应激的抑制作用与Nrf2的激活有关,转染Nrf2 siRNA可逆转SFN对6-OHDA诱导的ER应激反应的抑制作用,SFN通过Nrf2的活化来阻止6-OHDA的神经毒性损伤作用[35]。而另一项研究中,用SFN(0.01~1 μmol/L)预处理皮质神经元使其产生对5-S-半胱氨酸多巴胺诱导的神经毒性的保护作用,由SFN调节细胞外信号调节激酶1和2的能力以及Keap1/Nrf2的活化,促使谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)和NAD(P)H氧化还原酶1的表达和活性增加[36],说明SFN可以通过刺激神经元中抗氧化剂基因表达的Nrf2途径来防御与PD病因相关的神经元损伤。SFN通过激活Nrf2通路,增强抗氧化酶的表达,在PC12细胞中,SFN上调NQO1并参与保护作用, 上调HO-1在星形胶质细胞中通过鸟苷酸环化酶/蛋白激酶 G 信号通路为多巴胺能神经元提供保护,将SFN作为Nrf2激活剂具有更高的功效和更低的细胞毒性,能够清除自由基,减轻氧化应激对线粒体的损伤,从而保护多巴胺能神经元的能量代谢功能,以及SFN通过Nrf2活化可保护多巴胺神经元免受6-OHDA诱导的毒性[37]。以上说明SFN激活Nrf2对于ER应激反应和抑制6-OHDA等方式显示出神经保护作用。上述证据说明SFN通过激活Nrf2这一“主开关”,以多靶点的方式对抗PD中的氧化损伤与神经炎症,这完美契合了功能性食品成分“系统性调节”的优势,为通过日常饮食守护大脑多巴胺系统的健康,提供坚实的科学支持。
HD 是一种常染色体显性遗传性神经退行性疾病,其病理特征是新纹状体和大脑皮层退化,不溶性和错误折叠的亨廷顿蛋白在脑中的积累[38],因此,抑制亨廷顿蛋白积累是治疗HD的最佳方法。目前研究证明,用SFN处理通过改善中枢和外周小鼠组织中的泛素蛋白酶体系统(UPS)活性以剂量依赖性方式减轻亨廷顿蛋白细胞毒性[39]。此外,通过SFN处理抑制细胞凋亡和神经元死亡,从而抑制3-硝基丙酸诱导的纹状体中促炎细胞因子的产生,其方法完全依赖于对丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/NF-κB的抑制和Nrf2的活化。用SFN处理激活了Keap1/Nrf2/ ARE途径,并抑制了纹状体中的MAPK和NF-κB途径[40]。上述结果说明,将SFN用于HD的膳食干预探索具有可行性,其价值在于,它并非直接攻击致病蛋白,而是通过调动人体固有的Nrf2防御网络,同步增强细胞的清理能力和抗炎能力,这充分体现了天然食物成分在复杂疾病中系统调节的独特优势。这为携带HD风险基因的个体及家属通过调整膳食结构以辅助维护神经健康提供了科学线索。
MS是一种中枢神经系统致残性疾病,其主要病理特征是淋巴细胞浸润、巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞活化以及脱髓鞘斑块和神经细胞的保护膜受损。小胶质细胞的活化是MS病理过程中的关键环节。SFN通过抑制小胶质细胞的活化,减少促炎因子和趋化因子的释放,从而减轻神经炎症反应。目前报道SFN通过激活Nrf2/ARE途径降低脑中的氧化应激水平以及增加抗氧化剂HO-1和NQO1的表达水平[41];Nrf2调控NQO1,在MS患者增生性星形胶质细胞和髓鞘巨噬细胞中NQO1显著上调;此外,在神经元细胞中很少观察到这种现象,说明在MS中Nrf2的上调集中在巨噬细胞和星形胶质细胞的细胞核和细胞质[42],通过Nrf2 DNA结合活性的增加和调控Nrf2下游HO-1和NQO1的表达抑制氧化应激[41]。另外,对MS患者进行病理研究,发现线粒体功能障碍和ATP缺乏会导致Na+从轴浆转移到细胞外这一传导过程无法进行[43],而Nrf2缺乏可导致线粒体脂肪酸氧化、呼吸和ATP生成等过程受阻;SFN激活Nrf2可通过上调过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子-1α(PGC-1α)和核呼吸因子1(NRF1),从而维持线粒体正常代谢[18]。以上说明,SFN通过激活Nrf2通路,增强抗氧化酶的表达,清除自由基,减轻氧化应激对神经细胞的损伤,从而保护髓鞘和神经元免受氧化损伤,但临床有效性和安全性仍需在未来的研究中通过严谨的人体临床试验加以验证,明确SFN在MS辅助管理中的有效膳食剂量、长期安全性及其与药物的相互作用,从而将这种“餐桌上的保护潜力”转化为切实可靠的膳食建议。
癫痫是一种常见的慢性神经系统疾病,由脑部神经元异常放电引起,表现为反复性、短暂性的中枢神经系统功能失常,由于癫痫发作时,大脑血流量异常增加,导致线粒体呼吸链功能障碍并导致能量衰竭,蛋白质功能改变,增加ROS,并导致海马神经元损伤或死亡[44−45]。目前研究表明,SFN用于激活Nrf2-ARE信号通路,在氧化应激条件下诱导抗氧化和Ⅱ期解毒酶,从而减少氧化损伤和有毒代谢物的积累,保护大脑免受癫痫发作导致的脑损伤[46−47]。其中,SFN激活Nrf2在各种癫痫发作模型和海马线粒体中增加了海马形成和血浆内的抗氧化防御,并保护海马线粒体免受癫痫持续状态的诱导,SFN激活Nrf2后可以使过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增加,以及海马线粒体产生ATP的能力增加,以此改善脑的抗氧化能力来提高癫痫发作阈值[16]。Socała等[48]发现SFN在癫痫中不同剂量的作用,在 150~200 mg/kg 剂量下,SFN产生明显的镇静作用;当剂量升高至 200~250 mg/kg 时,镇静作用持续,并可出现骨骼肌力量下降的现象;剂量达到 250~300 mg/kg 时,骨骼肌力量显著下降,并可能引起死亡。此外,通过SFN激活Nrf2可以改变脑线粒体中氧化磷酸化和ATP合成的效率,目前发现SFN激活Nrf2治疗增加了从海马分离的线粒体的呼吸速率,以及底物氧化和跨内膜的转运,诱导线粒体抗氧化防御,增加还原型谷胱甘肽水平、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1、硫氧还蛋白2和线粒体苹果酸酶水平等[49]。总之,SFN激活Nrf2可能通过增强线粒体增加呼吸和ATP产生的能力来帮助细胞减少不受控制的放电和神经递质释放。未来的研究核心在于通过严谨的人体试验,明确SFN在膳食层面的安全有效剂量,并深入探索其与抗癫痫药物的相互作用。这将为最终开发出通过日常饮食辅助维护神经系统稳定性、提升生活质量的精准营养方案奠定坚实基础。
脑卒中俗称中风,目前分为缺血性脑卒中(Ischemic stroke,IS)和出血性脑卒中(Intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH),是由供应大脑的血管阻塞或出血引起的一种急性脑血管疾病,并伴随一定神经功能缺损的临床综合征,其中IS的发病率显著高于ICH[50]。目前对IS的研究表明,SFN可以在IS中发挥抗氧化活性而显示出神经保护作用,在培养的小鼠脑内皮细胞中,SFN处理可增加脑缺血后Nrf2的核聚集。其机制为,SFN上调Nrf2表达,阻止Nrf2从Keap1中解离,并促使Nrf2转移至细胞核,与ARE序列结合,从而激活下游抗氧化酶等细胞保护蛋白的靶基因表达[51]。另一项研究中,SFN通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路,改善小胶质细胞的活化状态,并抑制氧化应激,减轻神经元凋亡,从而发挥神经保护作用[52]。与此同时,血脑屏障(BBB)的破坏和脑水肿是导致缺血性脑卒中后神经功能障碍和死亡的主要致病机制。Mao等[53]的研究表明SFN激活Nrf2使得HO-1上调,并且还减少了神经元和内皮死亡,以及TJ蛋白丢失,以Nrf2依赖性方式在体外氧糖剥夺(OGD)后维持BBB的完整性。在缺血/再灌注模型的大鼠中,使用SFN注射治疗发现,SFN激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路,Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达在梗死周围区域的脑微血管中上调,HO-1表达增加主要见于梗死周围区的血管周围星形胶质细胞和梗死脑内皮细胞,而非脑血管内皮细胞,而SFN处理的大鼠模型也免受神经功能障碍和BBB破坏[54]。总之,SFN激活Nrf2引发一系列靶基因转录,这些细胞保护蛋白减轻脑缺血后的氧化应激,减轻ER应激,并保护BBB免受破坏。
ICH是指原发于脑实质内的非创伤性出血,主要是由激动、疲劳等情况使患者出现血压升高、局部缺血和氧化应激引发颅内出血对脑组织产生破坏,出现偏瘫、意识障碍等[55]。目前在ICH发作后用SFN注射到动物中激活Nrf2,增强ICH后的抗氧化能力、吞噬作用和血肿清除率,并对ICH的治疗提供神经保护作用[56]。Chen等[57]使用SFN处理ICH的大鼠,发现SFN处理的大鼠神经功能障碍明显改善,出血周围组织中Nrf2和HO-1表达增加, SFN激活Nrf2-ARE信号通路使得抗氧化酶HO-1的表达增加,减轻脑出血后周炎性反应,从而可能起到神经保护作用。在用SFN诱导激活Nrf2-ARE后,NQO1和谷胱甘肽转移酶-α1(GST-α1)的表达升高,脑水肿、BBB损伤、皮质细胞凋亡和运动缺陷等早期脑损伤得到改善[58]。另一项研究中,小胶质细胞作为ICH后第一个产生免疫应答的中枢神经系统细胞,当SFN激活小胶质细胞中的Nrf2时,ICH后抗氧化能力、血肿清除以及吞噬作用增加[59]。以上表明,SFN通过激活Nrf2-ARE通路,抑制氧化应激,并诱导抗氧化酶和解毒酶的表达,从而在ICH中发挥有利作用。上述前沿研究为通过膳食策略辅助应对脑卒中这一重大健康挑战提供了新视角。SFN作为一种膳食来源的神经保护剂,其核心优势在于它能系统性地调动人体固有的Nrf2防御网络,同步实现“抗氧化”“抗炎”“保护血脑屏障”和“促进修复”的多重功效,这充分体现了天然功能因子在复杂疾病中“多靶点协同”的作用魅力。未来的研究亟需跨越从动物模型到人体应用的桥梁,重点阐明SFN通过日常膳食摄入在卒中预防和康复辅助中的有效剂量、时间窗口及长期安全性,从而为开发基于天然食物的、针对心脑血管健康的精准营养干预方案奠定坚实基础。
TBI(创伤性脑损伤)是一种常见的神经系统损伤性疾病,由外力创伤破坏大脑组织所引发,其主要病理机制是氧化应激反应引起继发性脑损伤[60]。目前研究表明,经SFN处理后,Nrf2的基因表达在脑组织及微血管中均升高,用2 mg/kg的SFN处理大鼠和Nrf2敲除的对照小鼠,发现SFN激活Nrf2的核易位和活化,导致Nrf2依赖性抗氧化酶上调,TBI后氧化损伤减少,SFN还显著减少了TBI后的神经元死亡,挫伤体积和神经功能障碍[61]。此外,Nrf2基因敲除小鼠在TBI后表现出更严重的氧化应激和神经功能障碍,并且没有从SFN的作用中受益[62]。说明Nrf2在细胞防御TBI的氧化应激中起着关键作用,SFN对Nrf2信号通路的激活减轻了TBI后的氧化应激和神经元损伤。另外,TBI后,使用SFN进行激活可降低BBB通透性并减轻脑水肿,同时SFN诱导产生的蛋白质(包括自由基清除酶和解毒酶)表达增加,提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、HO-1和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GST)的表达[63]。与此同时,SFN激活Nrf2-ARE信号通路来参与TBI的抗氧化应激,加入0.1 mg/kg的SFN可以激活Nrf2-ARE信号通路防止4-羟基壬烯醛(4-HNE)对线粒体的毒性,其下游分子HO-1、NQO1显示过表达,提高细胞抗氧化酶SOD、GSH和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)的活性,减轻TBI的神经功能损伤[64]。这些结果证实,SFN激活Nrf2显示出神经保护作用,参与内源性应激脑损伤防御机制。上述研究为探索通过日常膳食辅助神经系统损伤修复开辟了新的视角。SFN的价值在于,它作为一种直接来源于食物的天然因子,能够精准地启动人体内部固有的“抗氧化防御程序”,系统性地应对TBI后复杂的病理环境,未来的研究重点应放在探索SFN通过膳食摄入在人体内的生物利用度,以及明确其在TBI辅助恢复中的有效膳食剂量与时间窗口。
基于前述,对SFN在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、脑卒中、多发性硬化症、创伤性脑损伤及癫痫等多种神经系统疾病中保护作用进行系统阐述,这种天然存在于十字花科蔬菜中的生物活性物质,其核心价值在于能够高效激活人体固有的Nrf2防御系统。如表1所示,明确揭示了SFN通过激活Nrf2通路,在多种神经系统疾病中发挥保护作用的共性机制。尽管疾病模型各异,但其核心途径高度协同,SFN通过诱导HO-1、NQO1等关键因子,系统性地增强细胞的抗氧化与解毒能力,同时抑制NF-κB等炎症通路,有效减轻神经炎症,在多维度上构筑起神经保护屏障,为将富含SFN的十字花科蔬菜开发为维护神经健康的膳食策略提供了坚实的理论依据,凸显了“食药同源”理念在现代营养神经科学中的重要意义。
萝卜硫素(SFN)作为十字花科蔬菜中的关键功能因子,其通过激活Nrf2通路发挥神经保护作用,为膳食干预神经系统健康提供了重要科学依据。本文阐述了SFN在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、脑卒中等多种神经系统疾病中的保护机制。研究表明,SFN通过激活Nrf2这一“主开关”,系统性上调HO-1、NQO1等抗氧化酶表达,同步抑制神经炎症,维护线粒体功能与血脑屏障完整性,实现了从抗氧化、抗炎到蛋白清除的多维度保护。这一“多靶点、系统性”的作用模式,凸显了天然膳食成分在复杂疾病干预中的独特优势,也为通过日常饮食摄入十字花科蔬菜维护神经健康提供了理论支撑。从食品科学的角度来看,SFN的研究为功能性食品的开发开辟了新的方向。首先,在膳食摄入层面,研究表明通过优化食物选择和改善烹饪方式,能显著提高SFN的生物利用度。其次,食品加工技术的创新为SFN的应用提供了更多可能,例如通过微胶囊化、纳米乳化等技术的运用,可以有效解决SFN化学性质不稳定、口服生物利用度低等问题。此外,将富含SFN的食材与其他具有神经保护作用的食物成分进行科学配比,可能产生协同增效作用,这为开发针对神经系统健康的复合功能性食品提供了思路。
未来研究方向应当聚焦于以下几个关键领域,一是深化SFN在食品体系中的基础研究,包括其在加工、贮藏过程中的稳定性变化,以及与其他食物成分的相互作用机制,二是推进SFN增效技术的开发,如通过纳米递送系统提高其生物利用度,或通过发酵工程等手段提高其在食品中的含量和活性,三是加强跨学科合作,整合食品科学、营养学、神经科学和临床医学的研究力量,建立从膳食干预到健康效应的完整证据链,四是推动相关标准的建立,为SFN在功能性食品中的合理应用提供科学依据和规范指导。总之,SFN的研究代表了“药食同源”理念在现代科学中的生动实践。通过食品科学与营养学的深度融合,富含SFN的十字花科蔬菜及其相关功能性食品,将在神经系统健康的维护和促进中发挥越来越重要的作用,为未来通过日常饮食预防和辅助治疗神经系统疾病提供更加科学、有效的解决方案,最终实现从“餐桌”到“健康”的完美转化。这不仅有助于提升人民群众的生活质量,也将推动食品产业向更加科学化、精准化的方向发展。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060371
  • 接收时间:2025-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-29
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    1中国科学院近代物理研究所医学物理研究室,甘肃兰州 730000
    2兰州大学化学化工学院,甘肃兰州 730000
    3中国科学院大学核科学与技术学院,北京 100039
    4甘肃省同位素实验室,甘肃兰州 730300
    5先进能源科学与技术广东省实验室,广东惠州 516029
    6兰州理工大学生命科学与工程学院,甘肃兰州 730050
    7成都中医药大学附属医院,四川成都 610000

通讯作者:

董猛(1986−),男,博士,研究方向:中医药与放疗的研究,E-mail:。
李鸿岩(1985−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:靶向药物研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
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total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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