Article(id=1320882228880585153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060356, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751126400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852464169, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852464169, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852464169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852464169, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=501, endPage=512, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882229602005442, articleId=1320882228880585153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Aging and Improvement Techniques of Rice Cake, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rice cakes play an important role in traditional Asian cuisine, which are prone to retrogradation during storage, resulting in quality deterioration and shortened shelf life. Currently, systematic reviews of the mechanisms and regulatory strategies for rice cake staling are relatively limited. The main mechanisms of rice pastry staling are systematically analyzed. The study focuses on the impacts of starch retrogradation, fat oxidation, and moisture migration on the staling process, base on an overview of the characteristics of cold and hot processing techniques. The multi-pronged anti-retrogradation strategies, including functional polysaccharides and dietary fibers, plant-derived ingredients, enzyme modification, and protein combination, are further summarized. The potential application of edible packaging and novel coatings in improving the storage stability of rice cakes is also reviewed. The article highlights issues and challenges in current rice cake research and explores innovative approaches to high-quality, low-additive, environmentally friendly development. The aim is to provide theoretical support for product enhancement and functional development.

, authors=Yixuan WU1, Meifang ZHONG1, Qinghua WANG2, Mingchun DU1, Tingting XIE3, Xu LU1, *, authorsList=Yixuan WU, Meifang ZHONG, Qinghua WANG, Mingchun DU, Tingting XIE, Xu LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xu LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882232290554312, articleId=1320882228880585153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=米制糕点老化及改良技术的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

米制糕点在亚洲传统饮食中占有重要地位,但在贮藏过程中极易发生老化,导致品质劣变和货架期缩短。目前关于其老化机制及调控策略的系统性综述仍相对有限。本文在概述冷、热加工工艺特点的基础上,系统分析了米制糕点老化的主要机制,重点讨论了淀粉回生、脂肪氧化和水分迁移对老化进程的影响。进一步总结了功能性多糖及膳食纤维、植物源成分、酶改性与蛋白质复配等多途径抗老化策略,并评述了可食用包装与新型涂层在提升贮藏稳定性方面的应用潜力。本文指出当前米制糕点研究中的问题与挑战,并展望其向高品质、低添加和绿色方向发展的创新路径,旨在为产品提升和功能开发提供理论支持。

, authors=吴怡萱1, 钟梅芳1, 王清华2, 杜鸣春1, 谢婷婷3, 卢旭1, *, authorsList=吴怡萱, 钟梅芳, 王清华, 杜鸣春, 谢婷婷, 卢旭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=卢旭, authorNote=

吴怡萱(2003−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与营养,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
卢旭(1986−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与化学,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zdjypebjSrTNOvXiV4mavQ==, magXml=r+RND1/VeKeh5VnNC01YAQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hUItkcCT6Ks91DpNnmPJDg==, pdfFileSize=1631980, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=dJa/06A4poF8LXIYcbREvw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=NI2crau2efwh2yt7R2zyGw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882232789676499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1093307193@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882232957448661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, authorId=1320882232789676499, language=EN, stringName=Yixuan WU, firstName=Yixuan, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320882233058111958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, authorId=1320882232789676499, language=CN, stringName=吴怡萱, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1福建农林大学食品科学学院,福建福州 350002, bio={"content":"

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Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, 2022, 37(9): 1−7.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882252230275736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=100, rfOrder=149, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Pengcheng, XU Rui, DAI Zhihua, et al. Effects of packaging methods on physicochemical properties and eating qualities of rice with remained germ[J]. Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, 2022, 37(9): 1−7., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882252297384601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=101, rfOrder=150, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEI Kaidong, ZHANG Yin, ZHANG Jie, et al. Effect of packaging materials and temperature on water migration, thermal and textural properties of compacted rice cakes during storage[J]. Food Control, 2025, 172: 111177., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882252364493466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=102, rfOrder=151, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO Songming, CHEN Jundong, HE Jing, et al. Preparation of corn starch/rock bean protein edible film loaded with d-limonene particles and their application in glutinous rice cake preservation[J]. 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Food Bioscience, 2024, 57: 103613., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882232529629641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882232533823946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, companyId=1320882232529629641, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882232542212555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, companyId=1320882232529629641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1福建农林大学食品科学学院,福建福州 350002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882232596738508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882232605127117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, companyId=1320882232596738508, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Longyan Xinluo Juhan Food Co., Ltd., Longyan 366200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882232613515726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, companyId=1320882232596738508, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2龙岩市新罗区鞠翰食品有限公司,福建龙岩 366200)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882232693207503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882232701596112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, companyId=1320882232693207503, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Fujian Provincial Grain and Oil Quality Monitoring Institute, Fuzhou 350012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882232709984721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, companyId=1320882232693207503, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3福建省粮油质量监测所,福建福州 350012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882236950426104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flowchart of cold and hot processing techniques for rice-based pastries, figureFileSmall=Hn5y0NIvXuGQ2m6xoy2s9A==, figureFileBig=dJa/06A4poF8LXIYcbREvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882237009146361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, language=CN, label=图1, caption=冷、热加工米制糕点工艺流程图, figureFileSmall=Hn5y0NIvXuGQ2m6xoy2s9A==, figureFileBig=dJa/06A4poF8LXIYcbREvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882237202084346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Regeneration mechanism of starch-based foods[11], figureFileSmall=c/K6R3PQ8NL+O/jcct0P1g==, figureFileBig=QrqidWjVz7b3oZ5wjTCjRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882237277581819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, language=CN, label=图2, caption=淀粉基食物的回生机制[11], figureFileSmall=c/K6R3PQ8NL+O/jcct0P1g==, figureFileBig=QrqidWjVz7b3oZ5wjTCjRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882237344690684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparative analysis of global traditional rice-based pastries and Chinese rice cakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家/地区名称主要材料制作方法与中国米制糕点的相似点
马来西亚Dodol[15]糯米粉、椰奶、棕榈糖熬煮6~8 h至黏稠类似中国年糕的软糯质地
Kuih Serabai发酵米浆蒸制形成蓬松结构类似中国发酵米糕
Kuih Keria米粉、红薯油炸后裹糖类似中国荤油米糕等油炸类米糕
Burasak[16]米浆、椰奶香蕉叶包裹蒸煮7~10 h,成品紧实传统蒸制工艺相近
Kuih Angku[17]糯米粉、甜椰丝/绿豆包馅后塑形蒸制类似中国红龟粿等夹馅米糕
泰国Khao Lam糯米、椰奶竹筒烤制类似竹筒饭,但质地更接近米糕
Kalamae[18]糯米/米粉、糖分传统长时熬煮和快速制作两种类似中国年糕的软糯质地
越南Bánh Bò米浆发酵后蒸制形成蜂窝结构与中国发酵米糕工艺一致
Bánh Đúc米浆蒸制后冷却切块,搭配鱼露/椰奶类似中国凉糕
韩国Karedduk[19]糯米/大米蒸制后捶打成型类似中国糍粑
Siru-tteok[20]米浆分层蒸制类似中国千层糕
日本Mochi[21]糯米蒸熟后捶打至弹性类似中国糍粑,强调延展性
Uiro米粉、糖蒸制后呈布丁质地接近中国白糖糕
菲律宾Puto[22]发酵米浆蒸制小圆糕,顶部装饰奶酪类似中国米发糕
印度Idli[23]发酵米浆、黑豆混合蒸制类似中国发酵米糕的蓬松结构
Puttu米粉、椰丝层叠蒸制类似中国分层蒸制工艺
), ArticleFig(id=1320882237424382461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全球传统米制糕点与中国米糕的对比分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家/地区名称主要材料制作方法与中国米制糕点的相似点
马来西亚Dodol[15]糯米粉、椰奶、棕榈糖熬煮6~8 h至黏稠类似中国年糕的软糯质地
Kuih Serabai发酵米浆蒸制形成蓬松结构类似中国发酵米糕
Kuih Keria米粉、红薯油炸后裹糖类似中国荤油米糕等油炸类米糕
Burasak[16]米浆、椰奶香蕉叶包裹蒸煮7~10 h,成品紧实传统蒸制工艺相近
Kuih Angku[17]糯米粉、甜椰丝/绿豆包馅后塑形蒸制类似中国红龟粿等夹馅米糕
泰国Khao Lam糯米、椰奶竹筒烤制类似竹筒饭,但质地更接近米糕
Kalamae[18]糯米/米粉、糖分传统长时熬煮和快速制作两种类似中国年糕的软糯质地
越南Bánh Bò米浆发酵后蒸制形成蜂窝结构与中国发酵米糕工艺一致
Bánh Đúc米浆蒸制后冷却切块,搭配鱼露/椰奶类似中国凉糕
韩国Karedduk[19]糯米/大米蒸制后捶打成型类似中国糍粑
Siru-tteok[20]米浆分层蒸制类似中国千层糕
日本Mochi[21]糯米蒸熟后捶打至弹性类似中国糍粑,强调延展性
Uiro米粉、糖蒸制后呈布丁质地接近中国白糖糕
菲律宾Puto[22]发酵米浆蒸制小圆糕,顶部装饰奶酪类似中国米发糕
印度Idli[23]发酵米浆、黑豆混合蒸制类似中国发酵米糕的蓬松结构
Puttu米粉、椰丝层叠蒸制类似中国分层蒸制工艺
), ArticleFig(id=1320882237495685630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Representative formula composition of cold-processed rice cake products

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类型主要配料配料范围(质量百分比,%)
八珍糕大米粉30~50
糯米粉10~30
杂粮粉0~20
糖类10~20
油脂5~10
粘合剂0~5
辅料如芝麻0~5
云片糕糯米粉40~60
糖类25~35
油脂3~10
水15~25
辅料0~5
坚果杂粮米糕大米粉、糯米粉混合杂粮粉50~70
坚果10~30
糖类5~15
油脂5~10
粘合剂0~5
液体30~50
), ArticleFig(id=1320882237562794495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冷加工米糕产品的代表性配方组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型主要配料配料范围(质量百分比,%)
八珍糕大米粉30~50
糯米粉10~30
杂粮粉0~20
糖类10~20
油脂5~10
粘合剂0~5
辅料如芝麻0~5
云片糕糯米粉40~60
糖类25~35
油脂3~10
水15~25
辅料0~5
坚果杂粮米糕大米粉、糯米粉混合杂粮粉50~70
坚果10~30
糖类5~15
油脂5~10
粘合剂0~5
液体30~50
), ArticleFig(id=1320882237629903360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Functional ingredients and application classification of hot-processed rice cake products

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分类主要功能常见添加物代表类型
增味类调节调节甜咸风味、赋予独特香气红糖、白糖糖粿[26]
红枣、蜜枣红枣糯米糕[27]
桂花、椰浆江南桂花年糕[28]
肉松、虾米东南亚椰香年糕[29]
调色类天然染色,提升视觉吸引力南瓜、红薯、紫薯、紫米彩色年糕[30]、叶榭软糕[31]
口感增强类丰富质地层次、提高咀嚼体验坚果碎(花生、松子)北方八宝年糕[32]
豆类(红豆沙、绿豆沙)日式红豆年糕[33]
果干(葡萄干、蔓越莓)新疆切糕[34]
木薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉越南Banh Te、泰国Khao Tom Mat[35]
功能性添加类延长保质期,强化营养或调节风味碱水黄年糕[36]
盐宁波水磨年糕[37]
荞麦、芝麻荞麦年糕[38]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882237717983745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882228880585153, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

热加工年糕产品的功能性配料及其应用分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类主要功能常见添加物代表类型
增味类调节调节甜咸风味、赋予独特香气红糖、白糖糖粿[26]
红枣、蜜枣红枣糯米糕[27]
桂花、椰浆江南桂花年糕[28]
肉松、虾米东南亚椰香年糕[29]
调色类天然染色,提升视觉吸引力南瓜、红薯、紫薯、紫米彩色年糕[30]、叶榭软糕[31]
口感增强类丰富质地层次、提高咀嚼体验坚果碎(花生、松子)北方八宝年糕[32]
豆类(红豆沙、绿豆沙)日式红豆年糕[33]
果干(葡萄干、蔓越莓)新疆切糕[34]
木薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉越南Banh Te、泰国Khao Tom Mat[35]
功能性添加类延长保质期,强化营养或调节风味碱水黄年糕[36]
盐宁波水磨年糕[37]
荞麦、芝麻荞麦年糕[38]
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米制糕点老化及改良技术的研究进展
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吴怡萱 1 , 钟梅芳 1 , 王清华 2 , 杜鸣春 1 , 谢婷婷 3 , 卢旭 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(13): 501-512
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (13) : 501 -512
米制糕点老化及改良技术的研究进展
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吴怡萱1 , 钟梅芳1, 王清华2, 杜鸣春1, 谢婷婷3, 卢旭1, *
作者信息
  • 1福建农林大学食品科学学院,福建福州 350002
  • 2龙岩市新罗区鞠翰食品有限公司,福建龙岩 366200
  • 3福建省粮油质量监测所,福建福州 350012
通讯作者:
卢旭(1986−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与化学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴怡萱(2003−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与营养,E-mail:

Research Progress on Aging and Improvement Techniques of Rice Cake
Yixuan WU1 , Meifang ZHONG1, Qinghua WANG2, Mingchun DU1, Tingting XIE3, Xu LU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
  • 2Longyan Xinluo Juhan Food Co., Ltd., Longyan 366200, China
  • 3Fujian Provincial Grain and Oil Quality Monitoring Institute, Fuzhou 350012, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060356
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米制糕点在亚洲传统饮食中占有重要地位,但在贮藏过程中极易发生老化,导致品质劣变和货架期缩短。目前关于其老化机制及调控策略的系统性综述仍相对有限。本文在概述冷、热加工工艺特点的基础上,系统分析了米制糕点老化的主要机制,重点讨论了淀粉回生、脂肪氧化和水分迁移对老化进程的影响。进一步总结了功能性多糖及膳食纤维、植物源成分、酶改性与蛋白质复配等多途径抗老化策略,并评述了可食用包装与新型涂层在提升贮藏稳定性方面的应用潜力。本文指出当前米制糕点研究中的问题与挑战,并展望其向高品质、低添加和绿色方向发展的创新路径,旨在为产品提升和功能开发提供理论支持。

稻米  /  糕点  /  冷热加工  /  老化

The rice cakes play an important role in traditional Asian cuisine, which are prone to retrogradation during storage, resulting in quality deterioration and shortened shelf life. Currently, systematic reviews of the mechanisms and regulatory strategies for rice cake staling are relatively limited. The main mechanisms of rice pastry staling are systematically analyzed. The study focuses on the impacts of starch retrogradation, fat oxidation, and moisture migration on the staling process, base on an overview of the characteristics of cold and hot processing techniques. The multi-pronged anti-retrogradation strategies, including functional polysaccharides and dietary fibers, plant-derived ingredients, enzyme modification, and protein combination, are further summarized. The potential application of edible packaging and novel coatings in improving the storage stability of rice cakes is also reviewed. The article highlights issues and challenges in current rice cake research and explores innovative approaches to high-quality, low-additive, environmentally friendly development. The aim is to provide theoretical support for product enhancement and functional development.

rice  /  rice cake  /  cold and hot processing  /  aging
吴怡萱, 钟梅芳, 王清华, 杜鸣春, 谢婷婷, 卢旭. 米制糕点老化及改良技术的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 501 -512 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060356
Yixuan WU, Meifang ZHONG, Qinghua WANG, Mingchun DU, Tingting XIE, Xu LU. Research Progress on Aging and Improvement Techniques of Rice Cake[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 501 -512 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060356
米制糕点是一种以米粉为主要原料加工制成的点心,在亚洲诸多国家拥有深厚的文化传统和广泛的消费基础,其演化历程反映了稻作农业的兴起、宗教仪式的演变、饮食文化的积淀以及食品加工技术的发展[1−2]。在中国,米制糕点最早可追溯至商周时期,《周礼》中曾记载以米粉、黍米为原料制成祭祀食品;《东京梦华录》中列举的“蜜糕”“栗糕”反映了宋代时期米制糕点的精细化发展与市民饮食文化的繁荣[3];明清时期,各地逐渐形成了独具特色的糕点流派,蒸、烤、炸等多种工艺也趋于成熟[4]。日本在德川时代融合茶道与美学形成了以wagashi为代表的精致米制甜点体系[5];韩国则侧重色彩、口感与仪式功能,发展出了宫廷与民间并行的tteok体系,其中又以yakgwa(由芝麻油与蜂蜜制作而成)为典型代表[6]。在南亚,印度的Pitha类糕点常用于杜尔加节等传统活动[7];而部分东南亚国家(如马来西亚、印尼、菲律宾)则在南亚与欧洲饮食影响下,发展出如kuih lapis、bibingka等发酵与烘焙并存的复合型米制糕点[8]。米制糕点具有携带方便、口感绵密细腻、香甜可口且脂肪含量低等特点[9],更能融合药食同源精华,赋予其健脾益胃、补益气血等养生功效,是传统智慧与现代健康理念交融的美味载体。
按照加工方式的差异,米制糕点可分为冷加工与热加工两大类型[10]。前者以蒸熟后冷却的熟米粉或米浆为基础,采用压模、捏制、冷却等低温成型工艺;后者则经历高温蒸煮、烘烤、油炸或搅拌等过程,具有结构致密、弹性较强的特点。相较于小麦面包、马铃薯泥等其他常见高淀粉基食品,米制糕点在原料组成、组织结构与加工稳定性方面具有显著差异。一方面,米制糕点以糯米或粳米为主要原料,支链淀粉含量更高,这赋予其独特的黏弹性;另一方面,米粉颗粒结构致密、蛋白质含量较低,缺乏形成稳定网状结构的成分,因此在加工后对水分变化、热处理等因素更为敏感。这种原料和结构上的差异,导致米制糕点在冷却及贮藏过程中出现快速老化、质构劣变及风味流失等问题,严重影响其市场竞争力与消费接受度。尤其是冷加工型米糕,由于其水分活度高、结构松散且缺乏热处理稳定化过程,在贮藏过程中更易老化。相比之下,热加工型米糕因其糊化程度高、组织致密、含水量相对较低,老化行为较为缓慢,主要表现为表面干裂与质地紧缩等,机制与表现形式均与冷加工产品存在一定差异。
老化问题已成为制约米制糕点品质保持与产品创新的关键瓶颈。淀粉作为其主要成分,其回生行为较大程度上决定了米制糕点的品质特性,该行为受到水分、温度、pH及食品配方等多种因素的影响,且在不同加工方式下表现出显著差异[11]。当前,米制糕点的抗老化研究已取得一定进展,主要集中在原料的选择、功能性添加剂的添加以及包装贮藏方式的改良等方面。尽管已有大量关于淀粉老化调控的单项研究,但针对冷热不同加工方式下米制糕点老化行为与调控机制尚缺乏系统性综述总结。因此,本文旨在以冷加工糕点(以米糕为代表)为核心研究对象,结合热加工糕点(以年糕为代表)作为对照参考,系统综述其老化行为、抗老化的主要机制与调控策略,重点聚焦于加工方式、成分添加与贮藏条件对老化进程的影响,旨在为高品质米制糕点的开发提供理论依据与技术指导,并为未来相关研究提供系统化框架与发展方向。
现代糕点产品因其丰富多样的感官特性和文化背景,可从多维角度进行分类,主要包括加工方式、原料组成、地域特色与质地特性等。从国际视角来看,许多国家和地区也存在以糯米或米粉为原料的传统糕点,这些产品在加工方式、质构和贮藏特性上与中国米糕和年糕具有一定共性。表1总结了部分代表性国际米制糕点及其原料、加工方式以及与中国米糕的相似点,为理解米制糕点的全球工艺特征及文化多样性提供参考。另外加工方式是影响糕点结构形成与品质稳定性的关键因素。按生产工艺可将其分为热加工型糕点与冷加工型糕点两大类,工艺流程对比见图1。热加工型糕点主要以高温熟化工艺(如烘烤、蒸煮、油炸或炒制)为最终工艺,其代表产品包括年糕、蝴蝶酥、绍兴香糕等。热加工过程中的高温不仅杀灭了微生物,还引发了美拉德反应和焦糖化反应,赋予产品特有的色泽和香气,质地松软和结构均匀。其中年糕作为典型热加工米制糕点,在亚洲多个国家和地区广泛存在,表现出因文化与用途不同而演化出的高度配方差异性与区域风味特征。相比之下,冷加工型糕点通常在熟化后经过冷却、调味、成型等低温或常温操作加工而成,由于缺乏高温处理阶段,糕体更多地保留原料的本味,口感密实且具有嚼劲,但需要通过其他方式(如添加剂)来改善质构和延缓老化,代表产品包括云片糕、八珍糕等。
米制糕点的加工流程不仅决定了其基础结构和口感风格,也在很大程度上影响了贮藏过程中的老化表现。热加工糕点通常经过更高温度的处理,可实现淀粉更充分的糊化,使产品形成致密而稳定的胶凝结构,在一定程度上抑制淀粉的回生行为,表现出较强的抗老化性能[12−13]。此外,热加工过程也有助于杀灭潜在微生物,提高产品的安全性与耐储存性。相比之下,在冷加工糕点中,蒸制后往往直接进入冷却与成型环节,加工温度相对温和、水分释放有限,使得成品中残留较多自由水。高水分环境易于淀粉链段发生迁移与重新排列,若缺乏充分脱水或干燥处理,产品在储藏期间更容易出现水分迁移、脂肪酸败和淀粉回生,表现为硬度上升和弹性下降等典型老化现象[14]。冷热加工方式不仅决定了糕点的工艺路径,更影响其原料选择策略和配方设计逻辑。为更深入理解其质量形成机制,有必要从主要原料及其功能作用角度出发进行系统分析。
米制糕点的品质与储藏稳定性在很大程度上取决于其原料构成,特别是淀粉来源、糖脂比例以及功能性组分的协同作用。原料的选择不仅影响糕点的感官特性,如质构、风味与颜色,还通过调控淀粉的糊化行为、水分结合能力与微观结构稳定性,在淀粉老化过程中发挥关键作用。表2列出了常见冷加工米糕产品的典型配方组成特征。
冷加工米制糕点中,主料一般为糯米粉或熟化的大米粉(多以粳米为主),糯米粉用于提高弹性和延缓产品质构劣变,辅以糖类(如蔗糖、麦芽糖等)提升甜味与保湿性,脂类(如植物油等)避免糕体黏度过高。此外常添加如坚果、芝麻、果干等辅料改善风味、丰富咀嚼层次与营养价值。相比之下,热加工米制糕点通常以糯米粉、大米粉或混合粉为主要原料,配以油、白糖、蛋、蜂蜜等辅料,经蒸煮、烘烤或油炸等高温工艺制成。在烘烤/蒸制中具有特征性的焦香风味,脂类有助于延缓淀粉老化,蛋白可有效改善质构。主料在质地与风味的形成中起到基础性作用,但由于年糕等产品在不同地域与节令中具有高度的配方自由度,其主料比例和类型差异较大,难以一一归纳。而辅料在改善风味、提升营养价值、延缓老化和延长保质期等方面的功能方面更具普遍性和可比性,表3为常见的基于功能性用途的年糕辅料分类。
米制糕点作为典型的淀粉基食品,在贮藏过程中不可避免地发生老化现象。其老化机制较为复杂,主要涉及淀粉老化以及脂肪的氧化等多种过程。其中,淀粉回生被认为是影响米制糕点产品劣变的关键因素,而脂肪氧化则可能通过产生风味劣变和促进淀粉-脂质复合物变化而加速产品品质下降。
淀粉老化的本质是在冷却和储藏过程中直链淀粉和支链淀粉的重结晶过程,分为短期老化和长期老化现象[39]。短期老化以直链淀粉的重结晶作用为主导(持续数小时至数十小时),如年糕、米糕这类高直链淀粉含量的糕点在常温下迅速回生,老化后的糕点主要表现为质地变硬、口感变差、透明度下降甚至出现干燥开裂[40],消化率下降和营养价值降低。长期老化则主要由支链淀粉的重结晶引起,如米糕、千层油糕等米制糕点在贮藏数天后逐渐变干、变硬[41]。淀粉基食物的回生机制见图2。
影响淀粉老化的因素可归纳为内在因素与外在因素两大类。其中,内在因素包括淀粉的类型、直链与支链淀粉的比例以及支链淀粉的链长分布等,是决定淀粉分子重排能力和结晶速率的关键,直接影响了产品的老化程度和速率[42−43]。不同类型的淀粉对老化行为影响显著。以籼米为主的制品中直链淀粉含量较高(通常>20%),其线性结构易于通过氢键重组形成致密晶区,导致产品在短时间内硬度迅速上升,短期老化现象明显;相比之下,糯米所含的支链淀粉比例超过98%,初期质构更为软糯,但其侧链的重结晶倾向亦会引发长期老化现象,表现为随贮藏时间增加黏性增强、弹性下降[44]。特殊米种如血糯米中富含花青素等酚类物质,可与淀粉形成氢键竞争,抑制链段重排,进而减缓老化进程[45]。链长分布是影响支链淀粉结晶行为的重要微观结构参数。高比例的B3链(聚合度≥30)更易形成双螺旋结构,促进结晶[46]。而通过酶法水解(如β-淀粉酶处理)可有效缩短侧链长度,降低聚集趋势[47]。
外在因素则主要包括储藏温度、湿度、水分含量与状态及食品体系中蛋白质与脂质等成分的调控作用。在常温(25 ℃)储藏下,淀粉分子迁移活性较高,直链淀粉可在短时间内发生初步重排,加速老化。而低温冷冻(−18 ℃)能有效限制分子运动,显著降低硬度上升速率[24]。更具调控潜力的是温度循环策略(如4 ℃/30 ℃交替),其通过周期性破坏晶核形成过程,显著抑制结晶度与老化焓的增长[48]。此外,水分含量与相态迁移同样对淀粉老化具有重要影响。已有研究表明,含水量与淀粉基产品的回生关系呈钟形曲线,在较高含水量(>50%)条件下,自由水含量较多,易促进淀粉分子链间的重排和氢键形成,从而加速老化;而当水分逐渐降低至30%~40%时,结合水比例升高,自由水显著受限,体系分子链段运动受抑。同时,此类低水分状态下体系玻璃化转变温度(Tg)升高,更容易进入玻璃态区间,使得分子迁移动力学明显减缓,最终延缓淀粉的老化进程[11,49]。与此同时,蛋白质和脂质的引入也能显著调控淀粉老化过程。如乳清分离蛋白(Whey Protein Isolate,WPI)可通过构建蛋白-淀粉复合网络,实现物理阻隔和分子缠绕,显著降低老化速度[50];而脂质如甘油单棕榈酸酯(Glycerol Monopalmitate,GMP)则通过与直链淀粉形成V型复合物,改变原有结晶类型和结晶度,同时脂质与支链淀粉及支链淀粉外的短分支结构结合形成包合物,可能在一定程度上延缓淀粉的长期回生过程[51]。这些调控手段在实际产品贮藏稳定性改善中已展现出良好效果[52]。糖类在调控淀粉老化过程中同样发挥重要作用。例如,蔗糖和麦芽糖醇能够通过与水分形成稳定的氢键网络,限制淀粉链段迁移,从而延缓晶体生长[53],而果糖和葡萄糖则可能表现出促进淀粉重排的作用[51]。因此,在配方设计中需要综合考量不同成分间的协同或拮抗作用,例如通过合理调控糖与脂肪的比例(如糖:脂=3:1)及其具体添加量,从而实现多途径的抗老化效果。
冷加工米制糕点由于加工温度较低,淀粉糊化不足,结构仍较完整,因此在储藏过程中容易回生。例如,米糕在25 ℃下仅储藏5 d,其硬度就会显著上升,说明回生加快且质地迅速变硬[54]。相较之下,热加工米制糕点在高温下淀粉能够充分糊化,形成稳定的网络结构并固定水分,从而在储藏早期表现出较慢的老化趋势。然而,如果长期储藏,也可能逐渐出现表面干裂或组织紧缩等物理老化特征。
脂肪氧化在米制糕点贮藏过程中对品质劣变具有一定影响,其产物不仅破坏风味,还可能与蛋白质、淀粉等发生交联,诱导产品劣变。尽管米制糕点并非典型高脂食品,但近年来多样化配方和原辅料(如油脂、坚果等)使用使得脂质在产品中的存在愈发普遍,进而引发氧化风险。脂肪氧化是指脂肪酸与氧气发生反应,生成过氧化物和其他氧化产物,从而导致风味变化和质地劣变,这一过程通常伴随着自由基链式反应[55]。氧化后脂肪酸链断裂,失去其对糕点的润滑作用导致糕点质地变硬[56]。脂肪氧化后生成的次级氧化产物如醛、酮、羰基等会导致糕点产品的风味变化如“哈喇味”[57]。此外,由酮类物质主导的褐变,以及醛类物质和蛋白质之间的相互作用均会导致产品色泽不良变化。脂肪氧化不仅影响口感和质地,还会导致必需脂肪酸、维生素和其他营养成分的损失,从而降低糕点的营养价值[58]。由此可见,尽管淀粉回生仍是米制糕点老化的主要驱动力,但脂肪氧化在加速风味、质构及营养品质劣变方面同样具有不可忽视的作用。
在米制糕点中影响脂肪氧化的因素主要可分为三类[56,59−61]:一是配方成分方面,如椰子油、棕榈油、植物油以及芝麻、坚果类原料均富含不饱和脂肪酸,易发生自氧化;二是加工与储藏环境,如高温、光照、氧气暴露可加速自由基链式反应;三是水分状态与结构因素,如水分活度高或结构疏松均会促进游离脂肪酸释放和氧扩散,加剧氧化反应。
冷热加工米制糕点均存在脂肪氧化风险,但其发生阶段及影响因素存在显著差异。冷加工糕点因加热温度较低,油脂氧化主要发生在贮藏阶段,其中不饱和脂肪酸易在低温、光照、氧气暴露等条件下缓慢氧化,并在贮藏中积累初级与次级氧化产物,影响产品风味,且由于冷加工结构较为疏松、水分活度较高,氧化过程易与水分迁移协同发生,进一步促进自由基扩散和脂质氧化[62]。相比之下,热加工糕点在加工阶段经历高温处理,如蒸煮、烘烤、炒制等,会直接破坏不饱和脂肪酸的双键结构,引发自由基链式反应。若使用高不饱和脂肪酸油(如大豆油)或开放式高温环境,氧化速率显著加快[63]。整体而言,冷加工糕点脂质氧化以“慢性积累型”为主,发生于储藏阶段,影响程度与储藏温度、包装环境密切相关;而热加工糕点脂质氧化以“瞬时高强度型”为主,集中发生在加工过程,决定于加热温度、时间和油脂种类。这一区别决定了两类产品在脂肪氧化控制策略上存在差异:冷加工糕点应加强抗氧化剂添加与气调包装应用,热加工糕点则应通过优化加热条件、选用高稳定性油脂等手段降低加工诱导氧化风险。
米制糕点的老化过程与产品中的水分迁移密切相关。水分迁移会影响淀粉分子链的流动性、氢键重组速率及三维网络结构的致密性,从而间接调控淀粉的回生与重结晶,影响米制糕点的老化进程及质构特性。在老化过程中,糕体内部的结合水逐渐向自由水转变,并伴随由内部向外部的迁移现象,最终自由水的挥发导致糕体硬化和干燥,显著降低其柔软性与适口性。在糕点内部,水分会从高水分活度区域向低水分活度区域迁移,影响产品的质地均匀性和口感[64]。外界温度也会影响水分子的迁移速度,如高温会增强水分扩散速率,加快失水及结构重排过程,从而加速老化;在低温储藏条件下(如0~4 ℃),水分迁移速率明显降低,从而在一定程度上减缓淀粉链的回生和结构重排过程[65],使糕点早期老化趋势减缓。然而,这一效应的显著性依赖于米制糕点的水分含量、包装方式及加工工艺等因素,因此其适用范围主要限于含水量适中、包装密封良好的淀粉基糕点体系。此外,环境湿度也发挥重要调节作用。研究表明[66],在高湿度(60%~90%)条件下,年糕内部水分保持良好,体系较为松弛,黏附性与弹性增强,而硬度与咀嚼性显著下降,表现出较弱的老化趋势;相反,低湿度环境下,年糕快速失水,淀粉链迁移受阻,导致质地变硬且脆性增加。适宜湿度(如80%)可在水分稳定与结构有序重组之间实现动态平衡,使质构性能达到最优状态。除了温湿度因素,不同的包装材料、加工工艺也能通过调节水分迁移路径或调控水分形态进而影响淀粉的重结晶行为。例如,在年糕中引入新基团(如辛烯基琥珀酰基基团)能够分散年糕中的游离水,减少年糕在贮藏过程的水分流失[67]。
冷加工糕点因结构疏松、水分分布不均,储藏中易发生水分迁移,从而促进老化;热加工产品中,水分在高温下已充分分散、固定,迁移速率较慢,表现出水分锁定能力更强的特征。
米制糕点在贮藏过程中普遍面临着质构劣变等老化问题,其核心原因在于淀粉回生、脂肪氧化及水分迁移等多因素的协同效应,因此延缓老化、保持品质稳定性成为米制糕点进一步发展的研究难点。近年来相关研究逐渐转向多机理结合的抗老化思路,尝试从不同层面干预淀粉结构、调节水分状态并抑制氧化反应,以实现品质保持与货架期延长。现有研究提出了多种可行策略,其中较具代表性和应用潜力的方向包括:利用功能性多糖和膳食纤维干扰淀粉分子重排、改善质构稳定性;引入植物源功能性组分(如绿茶粉、荞麦粉等原料)以发挥抗氧化与分子间作用;通过酶改性技术精细调控淀粉链结构,降低其重结晶倾向;采用蛋白质复配构建稳定的复合网络以增强保水性和胶凝特性;以及借助包装与可食性涂层材料从外部环境层面减缓水分迁移和脂质氧化。可以看出,这些策略在作用机制上各有侧重,但目标一致,均旨在延缓老化、改善感官品质并提升储藏稳定性。下文将依次综述上述策略在米制糕点抗老化研究中的进展。
功能性多糖和膳食纤维在调控米糕制品中具有延缓老化、改善质构和提升营养价值的多重功能,尤其适用于冷加工米糕这类高水分、结构疏松、易回生的产品。多糖类物质能够通过干扰淀粉链的重排、增强内部网络结构的稳定性从而有效抑制淀粉重结晶过程和产品老化。例如,菊粉(Inulin,IN)代替白砂糖可显著降低米糕的消化速率,提高抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)含量,并通过抑制直链淀粉的结晶延缓米糕回生,同时提升产品的质构特性[68]。然而,高浓度IN可能因与淀粉竞争水合作用,导致糊化不完全、凝胶网络松散。黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema,PC)多糖能够在淀粉颗粒表面形成保护层,阻碍淀粉分子的重排与聚集,从而抑制米糕的老化过程。此外,它还通过减少α-淀粉酶与淀粉的接触,降低米糕的消化率和预测血糖生成指数(Expected Glycemic Index,eGI)[69]。
多种多糖的联合使用也表现出协同效果。如RS和低聚木糖(Xylo-oligosaccharide,XOS)协同作用促进高结晶度的致密双螺旋结构的形成,从而增强米糕的硬度与咀嚼性。同时XOS的强亲水性有助于水分的保持和减少蒸煮损失。此外二者还能与淀粉形成抗酶解复合物,抑制消化速率并减少可利用淀粉[70]。XOS还可通过羟基交联形成连续基质,提升米糕表面致密性;而RS在结晶区破坏后呈现多孔结构,有助于结构多样性的形成。在传统甜味剂中,蔗糖的羟基基团可与体系中的水分子结合,增强淀粉分子间的氢键,进而提升糕点的黏弹性[71]。一些非传统植物来源的膳食纤维也呈现出良好的应用前景。如豆渣中的天然多糖纤维还能与淀粉颗粒发生相互作用,形成稳定的物理屏障与有序晶体结构,从而在一定程度上限制淀粉分子的自由移动,有助于延缓淀粉回生和改善质构稳定性。微细化处理会促进膳食纤维与淀粉分子链的聚集与重排,适度提升其结晶度与短程有序度。这种有序结构的形成有助于构建更稳定的凝胶网络,从而改善米糕的质构特性(如增大比容、增强弹性)并延缓淀粉消化[72]。桑叶粉(Mulberry Leaf Powder,ML)其纤维锁水特性可与淀粉和蛋白质形成三维网络结构表现为形成孔隙丰富但分布不均的粗糙结构,在增强结构稳定性的同时有效调控回生过程,表现出优异的抗老化特性[73]。此外,部分谷物来源的多糖也在热加工年糕中显示出良好效果,如β-葡聚糖可提升年糕的弹性与韧性[74],而羟丙基木薯淀粉则能通过调节直链/支链比例来降低老化速率,同时改善其延展性和风味稳定性[75]。这表明多糖类物质在不同类型米制糕点中的适配性良好,其结构调控与功能提升作用具有较强的普适性。
另一方面,多糖和膳食纤维能提升米制糕点的营养特性,例如菊粉、XOS、豆渣中的天然多糖纤维、绿茶中的膳食纤维等成分均能提高RS的含量,抑制快消化淀粉(Rapidly Digestible Starch,RDS)的比例,帮助调节餐后血糖反应。功能性多糖与膳食纤维在米制糕点的加工中通过改善质地、延长保质期和增强营养功能,推动了传统食品的升级。
在我国及其他亚洲国家的传统食品加工中,植物源功能性组分广泛用于米制糕点的功能强化,不仅具有天然来源、安全性高等优势,还因其抗氧化、抗菌、调味及色泽改善等多重功能而备受关注[76]。作为代表性成分的茶类物质,近年来在延缓淀粉回生、抑制老化以及调控消化行为等与淀粉特性密切相关的领域,展现出显著的效果优势。研究表明[76−78],绿茶粉的添加能显著提升米糕的抗氧化活性,主要归因于其所含的茶多酚(Tea Polyphenols,TPs)与茶多糖之间的协同作用以及茶多酚可直接清除DPPH和ABTS+自由基;此外茶多糖则可与淀粉分子形成氢键复合结构,抑制α-淀粉酶活性,从而延缓消化速率;茶多酚还能通过与氢键相互作用干扰支链淀粉长程有序结构的形成,抑制长期回生行为[79]。类似地,抹茶粉在改善风味方面也显示出多途径调控能力,其挥发性醛类可掩盖米糕中的不良气味成分,赋予产品独特茶香;同时,其中富含的表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin Gallate,EGCG)等多酚类物质也可与淀粉形成复合结构,调节结晶度与孔隙率[80]。抹茶粉作为茶类的深加工产品,不仅富含多酚类化合物(如EGCG),具有类似的抗氧化作用,还能通过与淀粉形成复合物降低结晶度、增加孔隙率,从而改善糕点的质构性能。同时,其所含挥发性醛类(如2-庚烯醛、苯甲醛)可替代己醛等不良气味物质,赋予产品清新的茶香[81]。植物源功能性组分中的天然色素还可改善外观品质,提升产品的视觉吸引力[81−82]。除茶类成分外,其他植物源功能性组分同样可用于米制糕点的功能强化。例如在荞麦年糕中添加3%荞麦粉,不仅显著提升了膳食纤维含量,还增加了钾、钙、锌等微量矿物质含量[83]。
未来可探索不同植物成分(如茶多酚+迷迭香酸)的协同抗菌或抗氧化机制,同时深入研究植物源功能性组分可能引起米制糕点的色泽、气味变化以及消费者的接受程度,扩展市场。
酶改性是一种绿色、高效的淀粉结构调控策略,广泛应用于米制糕点的抗老化研究中。酶改性可精准调控链长分布、支链密度及分子量,降低淀粉的重结晶能力,从而显著改善米制糕点的储藏稳定性和质构特性[84]。与化学改性相比,酶法反应条件温和、无毒无残留,特别适用于对风味和天然性要求较高的传统米制品[85]。在现有研究中,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶是最常用于抑制淀粉老化的水解酶[86-87]。α-淀粉酶作为内切酶,通过断裂淀粉分子内的α-1,4糖苷键,生成短链糊精和寡糖。这些短链产物通过空间位阻效应干扰淀粉链的重排,降低双螺旋结构的形成速率,同时提升糊化体系的流变稳定性[84]。相比之下,β-淀粉酶以外切方式从淀粉分子的非还原端逐步水解,生成麦芽糖为主要产物,不仅减少长链直链淀粉的比例,还通过产物间的氢键竞争阻断淀粉分子间的有序排列,进而显著延缓回生速率[88]。在实际应用中,酶解淀粉作为改性原料参与米糕制备已取得良好效果。例如,将部分糯米粉替换为酶解糯米淀粉可显著改善贮藏稳定性。其短链糊精可填充淀粉间隙,干扰淀粉与蛋白质的交联结构,从而降低回生程度。但需要注意的是,若酶解程度过高,可能引起支链严重断裂,导致网络结构塌陷,进而影响米糕的成型性和口感质量[89]。
除常规水解酶外,部分特殊功能酶近年来在米制糕点中也展现出良好的应用前景。例如,麦芽三糖酶通过结合内切与外切活性,作用于大米淀粉分子链,生成以麦芽三糖和分支低聚糊精为主的低分子量产物。这些产物可有效干扰淀粉链的空间排列与氢键结合,降低回生过程中双螺旋与结晶区的形成,表现为产品在储藏期内B型结晶峰显著减弱,产品硬度上升幅度减缓[90]。分支酶则通过引入额外的α-1,6糖苷键,打断直链淀粉的线性结构,形成更多短链及环状结构,减少可结晶区域比例[91]。应用研究发现,以分支酶处理后的蜡质大米淀粉部分替代原料粉,可显著改善米糕的延展性与柔软度,同时表现出更好的冷藏稳定性。这种结构重构不仅提升了产品在储藏过程中的质构保持能力,也为低添加、清洁标签化的配方设计提供了新的解决路径[92]。综上所述,酶法改性通过多酶协同水解作用,从分子层面精准调控淀粉的重结晶行为,是延缓米制糕点老化、优化质构与提高储藏稳定性的重要手段。未来研究可进一步挖掘复合酶系的应用潜力,为传统米制食品的功能化与高品质加工提供技术支撑。
传统的米制糕点以糯米为主,蛋白质含量低(约12%~16%),且氨基酸组成不均衡,限制了其营养价值和功能属性的提升。蛋白质的引入可通过多种机制参与淀粉体系的调控,从而改善米制糕点的品质和贮藏稳定性,尤其能有效延缓淀粉老化进程[50]。其作用机制[93−95]主要包括:蛋白质竞争淀粉颗粒糊化所需的自由水,改变其膨胀程度与凝胶过程;同时蛋白质与淀粉分子发生相互作用,促进形成淀粉-蛋白质复合网络或高密度聚集体。这些相互作用增强了体系的凝聚力与稳定性,表现为硬度增长速率降低、产品柔软度与保水性改善。例如,大豆分离蛋白(Soy Protein Isolate,SPI)的亲水基团能与自由水结合,形成蛋白-水复合物,有效抑制水分迁移,从而延缓因失水导致的质构劣变;SPI还可干扰直链淀粉的重结晶,抑制淀粉分子氢键的有序排列,减缓米制糕点在贮藏中的老化过程。同时微观结构观察表明,SPI可填充淀粉颗粒间隙,降低气孔率并构建连续致密的三维结构,进一步延缓老化并延长货架期[96]。此外,蛋清蛋白与乳清蛋白的复合体系通过二硫键交联紧密包裹淀粉颗粒表面,形成致密屏障,既阻碍淀粉分子接触与重结晶,又提升了保水性和柔软度,最终改善产品口感[97]。在改善产品品质的同时,蛋白质复配还能提升米制糕点的营养水平。单一蛋白质体系往往存在凝胶性能不佳、功能单一及氨基酸不均衡等问题,难以满足高质量食品对黏弹性、适口性和营养特性的综合需求[98]。通过复配不同来源的植物蛋白与动物蛋白(如大豆分离蛋白与乳清蛋白、豌豆蛋白与谷朊粉),不仅可显著提高蛋白质含量至10%~20%,还可优化必需氨基酸组成,进一步提升整体营养价值[99]。
综上所述,蛋白质复配不仅能够通过构建符合网络结构、调控淀粉结晶行为与水分迁移过程,显著增强产品的抗老化能力,还能够提升米制糕点的营养价值。未来研究可进一步结合不同蛋白来源及比例,构建针对性功能(如增强保水性、延缓回生、改善口感)的复配体系,为米制糕点的配方优化与产业应用提供理论支撑。
传统米制糕点普遍存在保质期短、易回生、风味衰减等问题,这些缺陷显著制约了其工业化生产和市场拓展。为了延长货架期、改善贮藏品质,包装技术已成为控制品质劣变的重要手段,尤其在水分调控、氧化抑制和质构保持方面具有关键作用。
采用真空包装能够有效减少产品与外界环境的接触,减缓水分散失从而延缓淀粉制品的老化进程[100]。铝箔(Aluminum Foil,AL)包装的水蒸气渗透性(Water Vapor Permeability,WVP)和氧气渗透性(Oxygen Permeability,OP)较低,能有效防止水分和氧气的渗透,延缓水分的迁移,以及在回生过程中米糕的峰值温度和回生焓上升速率更慢,有助于保证米糕的热稳定性和延缓米糕的回生[101]。然而,该类包装存在成本较高、不可降解等问题,限制了其在现代绿色食品包装领域的推广应用。近年来,食品可食性包装材料受到广泛关注,成为替代传统包装的新趋势。以天然多糖和蛋白质为基底的可食用涂层和膜材料,不仅具有良好的阻隔性和生物降解性,还能通过与糕点基质协同作用提升产品稳定性[102−104]。例如蜡质玉米淀粉、绿豆淀粉与瓜尔豆胶、结冷胶等天然成分构成的复合涂层均匀覆盖于年糕表面后,首先作为物理屏障显著减缓储存过程中水分迁移,而水分保留能直接抑制淀粉分子链的重排与结晶化[105];其次,涂层中的瓜尔豆胶等树胶成分通过分子间相互作用与米糕基质淀粉形成稳定网络结构,进一步阻碍淀粉分子间氢键结合,延缓微晶核的形成与生长;此外,葵花籽油等脂质成分的疏水特性不仅增强涂层的保水能力,还通过界面效应提升涂层的阻隔性能,为抑制回生提供双重保护[106]。大豆蛋白分离物-儿茶素(SPI/CC)可食用薄膜和涂层能显著降低WVP和OP,形成致密的物理屏障,有效抑制水分迁移和淀粉回生,同时其抗氧化和抗菌特性可延缓米糕的氧化变质和微生物滋生,从而延长保质期并保持质构与风味。此外,SPI/CC涂层的应用成本较低且透明度可调,为传统包装提供了更经济的替代方案[107]。
未来研究可聚焦于进一步提升可食用涂层的综合性能与应用潜力。在现有涂层的基础上,可通过复合天然抗菌剂(如植物精油)或纳米材料构建多功能协同体系,不仅增强抗氧化、抗菌及机械性能,还可探索其对风味物质的缓释作用,以平衡保鲜与口感需求,助力传统米制糕点迈向高品质、低添加和绿色可持续的发展方向。
米制糕点作为承载东方饮食文化的重要食品,其品质稳定性与健康属性日益受到关注,但在贮藏过程中易发生淀粉回生、水分迁移及脂肪氧化等老化现象,影响口感和感官品质。本文系统综述了冷、热加工工艺的老化机制及调控策略,从多糖添加、植物源功能性成分、酶改性和蛋白复配等方面总结了当前提升米制糕点品质的研究进展。与此同时,许多国家和地区也存在以糯米或米粉为原料的传统糕点,如韩国Garaetteok、日本Mochi、越南Bánh Bò及印度Idli等。这些产品在加工方式、质构形成及储藏特性上与中国米糕和年糕具有共性:部分产品通过高温糊化或重力成型获得致密弹性结构,发酵米浆制成的糕点则依靠孔隙结构保持松软口感。然而,无论是蒸制、发酵还是烤制,这些国际米制糕点在储藏期间均面临质地变硬、弹性下降的老化问题。部分研究尝试通过热水分处理、真空包装或引入功能性成分(如膳食纤维、多酚和抗性淀粉)来延缓品质劣变。由此可见,不同文化背景下的米制糕点在老化机理上表现出一定共性,为我国米制糕点的工艺优化、风味创新以及功能性成分开发提供了借鉴价值。未来研究可进一步从多成分与工艺参数协同作用的角度出发,探索整体优化策略,以同时提升米制糕点的感官品质、储藏稳定性与健康功能性。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060356
  • 接收时间:2025-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-29
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    1福建农林大学食品科学学院,福建福州 350002
    2龙岩市新罗区鞠翰食品有限公司,福建龙岩 366200
    3福建省粮油质量监测所,福建福州 350012

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卢旭(1986−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与化学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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