Article(id=1320880211961434469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060352, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751126400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792851983299, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792851983299, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792851983299, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792851983299, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=87, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880212196315494, articleId=1320880211961434469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Pleurotus eryngii and Hypsizygus marmoreus Powders on Taste, Volatile Flavor Compounds, Lipid Oxidation and α-Dicarbonyl Compound Formation in Roasted Pork Patties, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effects of varying addition levels (0, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%) of two edible mushroom powders, Pleurotus eryngii and Hypsizygus marmoreus, on the quality of pork patties during high-temperature roasting. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the taste, volatile flavor compounds, lipid oxidation, α-dicarbonyl compounds (α-DC), and sensory attributes of roasted meat patties. Mushroom powders addition increased the moisture content, redness (a*), and yellowness (b*), enhanced flavor nucleotides (guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and xanthosine monophosphate (XMP)), free amino acids, taste activity value, equivalent umami concentration (EUC), as well as improved sensory attributes (color, odor, taste, and acceptability) in roasted patties. The umami amino acid content increased by 4.2-fold in roasted patties containing 7.5% H. marmoreus powders. The EUC of roasted patties with P. eryngii, and H. marmoreus powders increased by 1.1 to 4.3-fold and 1.1 to 3.4-fold, respectively. All treatment groups significantly reduced the contents of undesirable aldehydes, including pentanal, hexanal, and heptanal. H. marmoreus powders reduced the percentage of aldehydes in total volatile compounds from 88.09% in the control group to 42.15%~78.94% and introduced mushroom-specific flavors, improving overall flavor harmony. Additionally, mushroom powder treatments significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels by 57.81%~89.69%. H. marmoreus groups decreased α-DC, such as glyoxal (19.86%~34.76%) and methylglyoxal (52.57%~76.38%). These results indicated that edible mushrooms, serving as fat substitutes, particularly when 5.0%~7.5% H. marmoreus powder was added, enhanced the odor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability of roasted pork patties. Simultaneously, they reduce lipid oxidation and α-DC formation, indicating H. marmoreus potential to enhance product quality.

, authors=Binqian NIU1, Jialu YAN1, Xiaodi JIA2, Yangyan TAN1, Zhengli WANG1, Yifei DONG1, Hua LI1, Jingyu LIU1, Cuiping FENG1, *, Yong LI1, *, authorsList=Binqian NIU, Jialu YAN, Xiaodi JIA, Yangyan TAN, Zhengli WANG, Yifei DONG, Hua LI, Jingyu LIU, Cuiping FENG, Yong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cuiping FENG, Yong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880214675149184, articleId=1320880211961434469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉对烤猪肉饼滋味、挥发性风味物质以及脂质氧化和α-二羰基化合物形成的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文研究了两种常见的食用菌粉(杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉)不同添加量(0、2.5%、5.0%、7.5%)在高温加工(烤制)过程中对猪肉饼品质的影响。对烤肉饼滋味、挥发性风味化合物、脂质氧化、α-二羰基化合物(α-Dicarbonyl compounds,α-DC)以及感官属性进行了全面评估。结果表明,添加食用菌粉提高了烤制肉饼中的水分含量、红度a*和黄度b*、风味核苷酸(鸟苷酸和黄苷酸)、游离氨基酸、滋味活性值、等效鲜味浓度(Equivalent umami concentration,EUC)以及感官属性(色泽、气味、滋味和总体可接受性)。相比对照组,添加7.5%海鲜菇粉的烤肉饼中,鲜味氨基酸含量增加了4.2倍;添加不同比例的杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉烤肉饼的EUC比对照组分别升高了1.1~4.3倍和1.1~3.4倍。此外,所有处理组均显著降低了不良醛类(包括戊醛、己醛和庚醛)的含量。添加海鲜菇粉使醛类占总挥发性化合物含量的百分比从对照组的88.09%下降到42.15%~78.94%,并引入了食用菌特有的风味物质,改善了整体风味协调性。两种食用菌粉处理都显著降低了丙二醛含量,降幅达57.81%~89.69%;海鲜菇粉处理组乙二醛含量降低19.86%~34.76%、丙酮醛含量降低52.57%~76.38%。这些结果表明,食用菌粉作为脂肪替代物,特别是添加5.0%~7.5%海鲜菇粉的烤猪肉饼,对气味、滋味、质地、总体可接受性方面的贡献表现更佳,同时能够有效降低产品脂质氧化和α-DC的形成,具有提升产品品质的潜力。

, authors=牛彬倩1, 闫佳璐1, 贾晓迪2, 谭阳艳1, 王正立1, 董以菲1, 李华1, 刘靖宇1, 冯翠萍1, *, 李永1, *, authorsList=牛彬倩, 闫佳璐, 贾晓迪, 谭阳艳, 王正立, 董以菲, 李华, 刘靖宇, 冯翠萍, 李永, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冯翠萍, 李永, authorNote=

牛彬倩(2004−),女,大学本科,研究方向:食品质量与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
冯翠萍(1968−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
李永(1986−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与健康,E-mail:。
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牛彬倩(2004−),女,大学本科,研究方向:食品质量与安全,E-mail:

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牛彬倩(2004−),女,大学本科,研究方向:食品质量与安全,E-mail:

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Molecules, 2018, 23(2): 247., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880214918418817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880214926807426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, companyId=1320880214918418817, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880214935196035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, companyId=1320880214918418817, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山西晋中 030801)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880216432562564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880216445145477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, companyId=1320880216432562564, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Hengshui Comprehensive Inspection and Testing Center, Hengshui 053000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880216453534086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, companyId=1320880216432562564, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2衡水综合检验检测中心,河北衡水 053000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880221583167941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of P. eryngii and H. marmoreus powders on lipid oxidation of roasted pork patties, figureFileSmall=Re7Inib8EAb09n/LoKs3kQ==, figureFileBig=uA82osSybOdLnxwwdPEAEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880221662859718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=CN, label=图1, caption=杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉对烤猪肉饼脂质氧化的影响

注:不同字母表示组间存在显著性差异,P<0.05,图2同。

, figureFileSmall=Re7Inib8EAb09n/LoKs3kQ==, figureFileBig=uA82osSybOdLnxwwdPEAEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880221834826183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of P. eryngii and H. marmoreus powders on α-DC formation in roasted pork patties, figureFileSmall=Ga1ZtRNUoWCrnafKMwLqZw==, figureFileBig=PNjG25ScP2o3/TqGS4CWbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880221927100872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=CN, label=图2, caption=杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉对烤猪肉饼α-二羰基化合物形成的影响, figureFileSmall=Ga1ZtRNUoWCrnafKMwLqZw==, figureFileBig=PNjG25ScP2o3/TqGS4CWbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880222002598345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Sensory evaluation results of roasted pork patties with different types of edible mushroom powders, figureFileSmall=lPjSJfnvRjPyN2UAKP+exw==, figureFileBig=wR6E4/ko5dJU6lSAHjnV6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880222107455946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=CN, label=图3, caption=含不同食用菌粉烤猪肉饼的感官评价结果, figureFileSmall=lPjSJfnvRjPyN2UAKP+exw==, figureFileBig=wR6E4/ko5dJU6lSAHjnV6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880222174564811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation analysis of TAV, EUC, VOCs (OAV>1), TBARs, α-DC, and sensory evaluation of roasted pork patties, figureFileSmall=8DG5lpcseCcHDrMR/MLr1g==, figureFileBig=SSxb76a/ViMtvyU25+aNDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880222245867980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=CN, label=图4, caption=烤猪肉饼的TAV、EUC、VOCs (OAV>1)、TBARs、α-DC与感官指标相关性分析

注:*P<0.05,**P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=8DG5lpcseCcHDrMR/MLr1g==, figureFileBig=SSxb76a/ViMtvyU25+aNDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880222308782541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=PCA of TVA, EUC, VOCs (OAV>1), TBARs, α-DC, and sensory evaluation of roasted pork patties, figureFileSmall=KqjPr0wjnkStWWWUouRNuw==, figureFileBig=T4Vq44U+m6ht1fsIMZP6nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880222371697102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=CN, label=图5, caption=烤猪肉饼的TAV、EUC、VOCs (OAV>1)、TBARs、α-DC与感官评价指标的PCA, figureFileSmall=KqjPr0wjnkStWWWUouRNuw==, figureFileBig=T4Vq44U+m6ht1fsIMZP6nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880222438805967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of P. eryngii and H. marmoreus powders on the cooking loss, water content, texture profile analysis (TPA), color and appearance of roasted pork patties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标对照组2.5%杏鲍菇粉组5.0%杏鲍菇粉组7.5%杏鲍菇粉组2.5%海鲜菇粉组5.0%海鲜菇粉组7.5%海鲜菇粉组
烤制损失(%)30.27±1.52a26.99±2.56b20.64±1.31de22.85±0.74cd23.41±1.43c19.61±0.82e19.66±0.65e
水分含量(%)53.55±0.24e56.33±0.57d59.90±0.47a57.43±0.16c56.74±0.30d57.73±0.31c59.19±0.16b
硬度(N)33.52±4.02b30.37±2.45cd32.20±2.27bc45.74±4.52a20.82±1.25f24.36±2.52e27.99±1.88d
粘附性(N.mm)0.04±0.01bcd0.03±0cd0.03±0.01bcd0.03±0.01d0.04±0.01abc0.05±0.03a0.05±0.01ab
内聚性(Ratio)0.43±0.02b0.40±0.03cd0.41±0.02bc0.46±0.04a0.43±0.02bc0.38±0.03d0.40±0.02cd
弹性(mm)4.75±0.08a4.51±0.11b4.57±0.05b4.75±0.08a4.51±0.09b4.32±0.18c4.51±0.08b
胶粘性(N)14.45±2.18b12.24±1.63cd13.27±1.04bc21.15±2.87a8.86±0.80f9.39±1.45ef11.07±0.74de
咀嚼性(mJ)68.56±10.09b55.35±8.43cd60.57±4.76c100.38±12.89a39.97±3.66e40.59±6.14e49.92±3.62d
L*58.01±2.48a54.40±1.35b53.67±1.87b46.92±1.56d53.30±1.21b51.32±1.54c45.79±1.94d
a*1.38±0.30d2.56±0.51c2.20±0.15c4.07±0.49a2.52±0.72c3.13±0.44b4.22±0.72a
b*14.22±0.83c15.17±1.10bc15.39±0.71b16.69±1.04a15.96±1.26ab16.99±0.68a15.72±1.21b
外观
), ArticleFig(id=1320880222526886352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉对烤猪肉饼烤制损失率、水分含量、质构、色泽、外观的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标对照组2.5%杏鲍菇粉组5.0%杏鲍菇粉组7.5%杏鲍菇粉组2.5%海鲜菇粉组5.0%海鲜菇粉组7.5%海鲜菇粉组
烤制损失(%)30.27±1.52a26.99±2.56b20.64±1.31de22.85±0.74cd23.41±1.43c19.61±0.82e19.66±0.65e
水分含量(%)53.55±0.24e56.33±0.57d59.90±0.47a57.43±0.16c56.74±0.30d57.73±0.31c59.19±0.16b
硬度(N)33.52±4.02b30.37±2.45cd32.20±2.27bc45.74±4.52a20.82±1.25f24.36±2.52e27.99±1.88d
粘附性(N.mm)0.04±0.01bcd0.03±0cd0.03±0.01bcd0.03±0.01d0.04±0.01abc0.05±0.03a0.05±0.01ab
内聚性(Ratio)0.43±0.02b0.40±0.03cd0.41±0.02bc0.46±0.04a0.43±0.02bc0.38±0.03d0.40±0.02cd
弹性(mm)4.75±0.08a4.51±0.11b4.57±0.05b4.75±0.08a4.51±0.09b4.32±0.18c4.51±0.08b
胶粘性(N)14.45±2.18b12.24±1.63cd13.27±1.04bc21.15±2.87a8.86±0.80f9.39±1.45ef11.07±0.74de
咀嚼性(mJ)68.56±10.09b55.35±8.43cd60.57±4.76c100.38±12.89a39.97±3.66e40.59±6.14e49.92±3.62d
L*58.01±2.48a54.40±1.35b53.67±1.87b46.92±1.56d53.30±1.21b51.32±1.54c45.79±1.94d
a*1.38±0.30d2.56±0.51c2.20±0.15c4.07±0.49a2.52±0.72c3.13±0.44b4.22±0.72a
b*14.22±0.83c15.17±1.10bc15.39±0.71b16.69±1.04a15.96±1.26ab16.99±0.68a15.72±1.21b
外观
), ArticleFig(id=1320880222598189521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of P. eryngii and H. marmoreus powders on the content of free amino acids of roasted pork patties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
滋味游离氨基酸游离氨基酸含量(mg/100 g)
对照组2.5%杏鲍菇粉组5.0%杏鲍菇粉组7.5%杏鲍菇粉组2.5%海鲜菇粉组5.0%海鲜菇粉组7.5%海鲜菇粉组
鲜味天冬氨酸(Asp)2.63±0.67e10.00±0.21d16.60±2.03c25.99±5.94b13.08±0.81cd24.66±4.52b33.58±0.69a
谷氨酸(Glu)78.04±2.72e159.24±1.98d250.47±11.16c336.85±11.93b172.30±5.92d257.13±4.28c387.49±12.69a
总计80.67±3.39e169.23±2.07d267.07±13.19c362.84±17.85b185.38±6.72d281.79±8.80c421.07±13.38a
甜味丝氨酸(Ser)25.94±1.02e49.77±0.66d72.87±3.72b96.88±3.69a47.48±1.33d65.54±2.03c93.98±3.61a
甘氨酸(Gly)27.07±0.95f38.50±17.67ef67.46±2.88bc87.38±3.16a41.41±1.20de54.14±2.44cd74.57±2.97ab
苏氨酸(Thr)20.78±0.79f46.81±0.80e79.19±4.29c105.67±4.17a44.93±1.88e60.22±4.20d88.92±3.50b
丙氨酸(Ala)79.72±2.92e143.67±1.69c200.33±8.87b257.13±9.37a114.12±3.63d146.40±7.31c201.38±8.09b
总计153.51±6.11g278.74±18.86e419.84±19.75c547.06±20.34a247.94±12.64f326.30±13.08d458.85±26.07b
苦味组氨酸(His)28.70±1.01c63.73±38.64ab54.78±3.13abc66.60±2.55ab41.99±1.38bc53.38±1.48abc73.22±3.14a
精氨酸(Arg)1178.56±40.43b1332.32±19.60a1379.78±66.32a1410.42±51.42a1197.91±36.08b1207.25±56.20b1377.36±60.24a
缬氨酸(Val)17.75±0.76g47.56±0.74e75.03±3.20c102.52±3.75a41.08±1.34f59.75±2.72d88.97±3.47b
甲硫氨酸(Met)12.49±0.48e21.52±0.42d28.60±1.25b34.38±1.28a20.35±0.67d25.65±1.20c33.50±1.51a
亮氨酸(Leu)19.13±1.08g67.46±3.30e95.89±1.28c127.81±4.15a60.04±3.36f85.58±5.76d116.43±3.82b
酪氨酸(Tyr)18.50±0.64e43.42±0.79c64.00±2.84b85.52±3.48a32.54±1.02d44.96±2.18c64.23±2.76b
苯丙氨酸(Phe)20.48±1.05e50.95±1.02d75.28±2.84b99.85±3.53a48.88±1.51d69.52±2.80c100.32±3.99a
赖氨酸(Lys)24.76±0.75g71.24±0.90f126.51±5.46d174.06±5.78b103.09±3.26e159.75±8.71c237.00±9.10a
异亮氨酸(Ile)16.73±0.67g41.43±0.70e64.23±2.54c88.01±3.09a37.69±1.23f52.99±2.43d79.64±2.74b
脯氨酸(Pro)4.23±0.48f15.99±0.55e38.07±1.37c56.24±2.70a13.68±1.63e25.36±0.83d42.16±1.80b
总计1341.32±47.12e1755.62±31.19c2002.17±90.25b2245.42±81.63a1597.26±50.74d1784.18±83.49c2212.83±92.09a
总游离氨基酸1575.51±54.71f2162.13±56.06d2689.09±123.19b3155.32±119.41a2030.57±63.85e2392.27±101.83c3092.75±123.58a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880222686269906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉对烤猪肉饼中游离氨基酸含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
滋味游离氨基酸游离氨基酸含量(mg/100 g)
对照组2.5%杏鲍菇粉组5.0%杏鲍菇粉组7.5%杏鲍菇粉组2.5%海鲜菇粉组5.0%海鲜菇粉组7.5%海鲜菇粉组
鲜味天冬氨酸(Asp)2.63±0.67e10.00±0.21d16.60±2.03c25.99±5.94b13.08±0.81cd24.66±4.52b33.58±0.69a
谷氨酸(Glu)78.04±2.72e159.24±1.98d250.47±11.16c336.85±11.93b172.30±5.92d257.13±4.28c387.49±12.69a
总计80.67±3.39e169.23±2.07d267.07±13.19c362.84±17.85b185.38±6.72d281.79±8.80c421.07±13.38a
甜味丝氨酸(Ser)25.94±1.02e49.77±0.66d72.87±3.72b96.88±3.69a47.48±1.33d65.54±2.03c93.98±3.61a
甘氨酸(Gly)27.07±0.95f38.50±17.67ef67.46±2.88bc87.38±3.16a41.41±1.20de54.14±2.44cd74.57±2.97ab
苏氨酸(Thr)20.78±0.79f46.81±0.80e79.19±4.29c105.67±4.17a44.93±1.88e60.22±4.20d88.92±3.50b
丙氨酸(Ala)79.72±2.92e143.67±1.69c200.33±8.87b257.13±9.37a114.12±3.63d146.40±7.31c201.38±8.09b
总计153.51±6.11g278.74±18.86e419.84±19.75c547.06±20.34a247.94±12.64f326.30±13.08d458.85±26.07b
苦味组氨酸(His)28.70±1.01c63.73±38.64ab54.78±3.13abc66.60±2.55ab41.99±1.38bc53.38±1.48abc73.22±3.14a
精氨酸(Arg)1178.56±40.43b1332.32±19.60a1379.78±66.32a1410.42±51.42a1197.91±36.08b1207.25±56.20b1377.36±60.24a
缬氨酸(Val)17.75±0.76g47.56±0.74e75.03±3.20c102.52±3.75a41.08±1.34f59.75±2.72d88.97±3.47b
甲硫氨酸(Met)12.49±0.48e21.52±0.42d28.60±1.25b34.38±1.28a20.35±0.67d25.65±1.20c33.50±1.51a
亮氨酸(Leu)19.13±1.08g67.46±3.30e95.89±1.28c127.81±4.15a60.04±3.36f85.58±5.76d116.43±3.82b
酪氨酸(Tyr)18.50±0.64e43.42±0.79c64.00±2.84b85.52±3.48a32.54±1.02d44.96±2.18c64.23±2.76b
苯丙氨酸(Phe)20.48±1.05e50.95±1.02d75.28±2.84b99.85±3.53a48.88±1.51d69.52±2.80c100.32±3.99a
赖氨酸(Lys)24.76±0.75g71.24±0.90f126.51±5.46d174.06±5.78b103.09±3.26e159.75±8.71c237.00±9.10a
异亮氨酸(Ile)16.73±0.67g41.43±0.70e64.23±2.54c88.01±3.09a37.69±1.23f52.99±2.43d79.64±2.74b
脯氨酸(Pro)4.23±0.48f15.99±0.55e38.07±1.37c56.24±2.70a13.68±1.63e25.36±0.83d42.16±1.80b
总计1341.32±47.12e1755.62±31.19c2002.17±90.25b2245.42±81.63a1597.26±50.74d1784.18±83.49c2212.83±92.09a
总游离氨基酸1575.51±54.71f2162.13±56.06d2689.09±123.19b3155.32±119.41a2030.57±63.85e2392.27±101.83c3092.75±123.58a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880222778544595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of P. eryngii and H. marmoreus powders on the content of nucleotide in roasted pork patties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别核苷酸(mg/100 g)
腺苷酸(AMP)肌苷酸(IMP)鸟苷酸(GMP)黄苷酸(XMP)胞苷酸(CMP)总计
对照组42.11±0.65a118.91±2.41a4.04±0.06cd1.63±0.03f1.93±0.05e168.62±3.19cd
2.5%杏鲍菇粉组41.65±0.35a116.33±1.62a3.23±2.37d11.69±0.11d2.79±0.15c175.69±4.14bc
5.0%杏鲍菇粉组41.39±1.54a103.18±2.38b10.07±0.35b25.57±0.70b4.59±0.19b184.80±4.96b
7.5%杏鲍菇粉组41.97±0.94a104.53±3.62b12.64±0.29a43.47±1.07a6.53±0.12a209.14±5.94a
2.5%海鲜菇粉组42.10±1.29a104.12±3.12b5.44±0.18c8.92±0.59e1.99±0.03de162.57±5.04d
5.0%海鲜菇粉组37.40±2.61b90.99±6.80c3.48±0.30d11.75±2.34d2.17±0.13d145.79±12.13e
7.5%海鲜菇粉组42.32±1.96a95.05±4.97c3.87±0.15cd15.57±0.06c2.76±0.09c159.57±7.13d
), ArticleFig(id=1320880222849847764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉对烤猪肉饼中核苷酸含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别核苷酸(mg/100 g)
腺苷酸(AMP)肌苷酸(IMP)鸟苷酸(GMP)黄苷酸(XMP)胞苷酸(CMP)总计
对照组42.11±0.65a118.91±2.41a4.04±0.06cd1.63±0.03f1.93±0.05e168.62±3.19cd
2.5%杏鲍菇粉组41.65±0.35a116.33±1.62a3.23±2.37d11.69±0.11d2.79±0.15c175.69±4.14bc
5.0%杏鲍菇粉组41.39±1.54a103.18±2.38b10.07±0.35b25.57±0.70b4.59±0.19b184.80±4.96b
7.5%杏鲍菇粉组41.97±0.94a104.53±3.62b12.64±0.29a43.47±1.07a6.53±0.12a209.14±5.94a
2.5%海鲜菇粉组42.10±1.29a104.12±3.12b5.44±0.18c8.92±0.59e1.99±0.03de162.57±5.04d
5.0%海鲜菇粉组37.40±2.61b90.99±6.80c3.48±0.30d11.75±2.34d2.17±0.13d145.79±12.13e
7.5%海鲜菇粉组42.32±1.96a95.05±4.97c3.87±0.15cd15.57±0.06c2.76±0.09c159.57±7.13d
), ArticleFig(id=1320880222929539541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Taste activity value (TAV) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) of roasted pork patties with mushroom powders

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目阈值(mg/100 g)TAV
对照组2.5%
杏鲍菇粉组
5.0%
杏鲍菇粉组
7.5%
杏鲍菇粉组
2.5%
海鲜菇粉组
5.0%
海鲜菇粉组
7.5%
海鲜菇粉组
氨基酸天冬氨酸(Asp)100.000.03±0.01e0.10±0.00d0.17±0.02c0.26±0.06b0.13±0.01cd0.25±0.05b0.34±0.01a
谷氨酸(Glu)30.002.60±0.09e5.31±0.07d8.35±0.37c11.23±0.40b5.74±0.20d8.57±0.14c12.92±0.42a
丝氨酸(Ser)150.000.17±0.01e0.33±0.00d0.49±0.02b0.65±0.02a0.32±0.01d0.44±0.01c0.63±0.02a
甘氨酸(Gly)130.000.21±0.01f0.30±0.14ef0.52±0.02bc0.67±0.02a0.32±0.01de0.42±0.02cd0.57±0.02ab
组氨酸(His)20.001.44±0.05c3.19±1.93ab2.74±0.16abc3.33±0.13ab2.10±0.07bc2.67±0.07abc3.66±0.16a
精氨酸(Arg)50.0023.57±0.81b26.65±0.39a27.60±1.33a28.21±1.03a23.96±0.72b24.14±1.12b27.55±1.2a
苏氨酸(Thr)260.000.08±0.00f0.18±0.00e0.30±0.02c0.41±0.02a0.17±0.01e0.23±0.02d0.34±0.01b
丙氨酸(Ala)60.001.33±0.05e2.39±0.03c3.34±0.15b4.29±0.16a1.90±0.06d2.44±0.12c3.36±0.13b
脯氨酸(Pro)300.000.01±0.00e0.05±0.00d0.13±0.00b0.19±0.01a0.05±0.01d0.08±0.00c0.14±0.01b
酪氨酸(Tyr)90.000.21±0.01e0.48±0.01c0.71±0.03b0.95±0.04a0.36±0.01d0.50±0.02c0.71±0.03b
缬氨酸(Val)40.000.44±0.02g1.19±0.02e1.88±0.08c2.56±0.09a1.03±0.03f1.49±0.07d2.22±0.09b
甲硫氨酸(Met)30.000.42±0.11e0.72±0.08d0.95±0.04b1.15±0.15a0.68±0.06d0.86±0.07c1.12±0.03a
异亮氨酸(Ile)90.000.19±0.01g0.46±0.01e0.79±0.13c0.98±0.03a0.42±0.01f0.59±0.03d0.88±0.03b
亮氨酸(Leu)190.000.10±0.01g0.36±0.02e0.50±0.01c0.67±0.02a0.32±0.02f0.45±0.03d0.61±0.02b
苯丙氨酸(Phe)90.000.23±0.01e0.57±0.01d0.84±0.03b1.11±0.04a0.54±0.02d0.77±0.03c1.11±0.04a
赖氨酸(Lys)50.000.50±0.01g1.42±0.02f2.53±0.11d3.48±0.12b2.06±0.07e3.20±0.17c4.74±0.18a
核
苷
酸
腺苷酸(AMP)50.000.84±0.01a0.83±0.01a0.84±0.02a0.84±0.02a0.84±0.03a0.75±0.05b0.85±0.04a
肌苷酸(IMP)13.009.15±0.19a8.95±0.12a8.02±0.16b8.04±0.28b8.01±0.24b7.00±0.52c7.31±0.38c
鸟苷酸(GMP)25.000.16±0cd0.13±0.09d0.41±0.01b0.51±0.01a0.22±0.01c0.14±0.01d0.15±0.01cd
EUC13.11±0.22f27.12±1.01e46.65±2.93c69.59±4.58a27.56±1.74e35.91±3.48d57.97±4.63b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880223021814230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

添加不同食用菌粉的烤猪肉饼的滋味活性值(TAV)与等效鲜味浓度(EUC)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目阈值(mg/100 g)TAV
对照组2.5%
杏鲍菇粉组
5.0%
杏鲍菇粉组
7.5%
杏鲍菇粉组
2.5%
海鲜菇粉组
5.0%
海鲜菇粉组
7.5%
海鲜菇粉组
氨基酸天冬氨酸(Asp)100.000.03±0.01e0.10±0.00d0.17±0.02c0.26±0.06b0.13±0.01cd0.25±0.05b0.34±0.01a
谷氨酸(Glu)30.002.60±0.09e5.31±0.07d8.35±0.37c11.23±0.40b5.74±0.20d8.57±0.14c12.92±0.42a
丝氨酸(Ser)150.000.17±0.01e0.33±0.00d0.49±0.02b0.65±0.02a0.32±0.01d0.44±0.01c0.63±0.02a
甘氨酸(Gly)130.000.21±0.01f0.30±0.14ef0.52±0.02bc0.67±0.02a0.32±0.01de0.42±0.02cd0.57±0.02ab
组氨酸(His)20.001.44±0.05c3.19±1.93ab2.74±0.16abc3.33±0.13ab2.10±0.07bc2.67±0.07abc3.66±0.16a
精氨酸(Arg)50.0023.57±0.81b26.65±0.39a27.60±1.33a28.21±1.03a23.96±0.72b24.14±1.12b27.55±1.2a
苏氨酸(Thr)260.000.08±0.00f0.18±0.00e0.30±0.02c0.41±0.02a0.17±0.01e0.23±0.02d0.34±0.01b
丙氨酸(Ala)60.001.33±0.05e2.39±0.03c3.34±0.15b4.29±0.16a1.90±0.06d2.44±0.12c3.36±0.13b
脯氨酸(Pro)300.000.01±0.00e0.05±0.00d0.13±0.00b0.19±0.01a0.05±0.01d0.08±0.00c0.14±0.01b
酪氨酸(Tyr)90.000.21±0.01e0.48±0.01c0.71±0.03b0.95±0.04a0.36±0.01d0.50±0.02c0.71±0.03b
缬氨酸(Val)40.000.44±0.02g1.19±0.02e1.88±0.08c2.56±0.09a1.03±0.03f1.49±0.07d2.22±0.09b
甲硫氨酸(Met)30.000.42±0.11e0.72±0.08d0.95±0.04b1.15±0.15a0.68±0.06d0.86±0.07c1.12±0.03a
异亮氨酸(Ile)90.000.19±0.01g0.46±0.01e0.79±0.13c0.98±0.03a0.42±0.01f0.59±0.03d0.88±0.03b
亮氨酸(Leu)190.000.10±0.01g0.36±0.02e0.50±0.01c0.67±0.02a0.32±0.02f0.45±0.03d0.61±0.02b
苯丙氨酸(Phe)90.000.23±0.01e0.57±0.01d0.84±0.03b1.11±0.04a0.54±0.02d0.77±0.03c1.11±0.04a
赖氨酸(Lys)50.000.50±0.01g1.42±0.02f2.53±0.11d3.48±0.12b2.06±0.07e3.20±0.17c4.74±0.18a
核
苷
酸
腺苷酸(AMP)50.000.84±0.01a0.83±0.01a0.84±0.02a0.84±0.02a0.84±0.03a0.75±0.05b0.85±0.04a
肌苷酸(IMP)13.009.15±0.19a8.95±0.12a8.02±0.16b8.04±0.28b8.01±0.24b7.00±0.52c7.31±0.38c
鸟苷酸(GMP)25.000.16±0cd0.13±0.09d0.41±0.01b0.51±0.01a0.22±0.01c0.14±0.01d0.15±0.01cd
EUC13.11±0.22f27.12±1.01e46.65±2.93c69.59±4.58a27.56±1.74e35.91±3.48d57.97±4.63b
), ArticleFig(id=1320880223093117399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of P. eryngii and H. marmoreus powders on volatile compounds of roasted pork patties (μg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发性化合物对照组2.5%杏鲍菇粉组5.0%杏鲍菇粉组7.5%杏鲍菇粉组2.5%海鲜菇粉组5.0%海鲜菇粉组7.5%海鲜菇粉组
醛类
3-甲基丁醛ND10.94±0.3614.66±2.6521.83±0.56.97±1.1627.9±2.8548.95±11.32
2-甲基丁醛ND2.72±0.312.84±0.536.67±0.311.75±1.37.77±0.614.21±1.73
2-甲基戊醛ND3.16±0.533.41±0.432.71±0.094.11±0.313.57±0.482.86±0.1
戊醛95.73±7.8245.49±4.6122.27±3.0216.15±0.1848.4±5.3223.08±3.6315.55±1.91
己醛2283.60±327.311227.53±80.98373.76±21.48170.59±6.291018.64±65.73172.21±20.0876.59±3.05
庚醛58.57±29.1738.55±4.634.19±0.112.46±0.4326.65±6.952.99±0.543.89±0.12
(E)-2-庚烯醛4.81±1.174.2±0.5NDNDNDNDND
辛醛34.66±20.6626.28±2.24.43±0.482.1±0.5317.22±5.882.21±0.272.94±0.37
苯乙醛NDND1.35±0.251.56±0.811.15±0.620.84±0.213.45±1.65
(E)-2-辛烯醛5.51±1.474.78±0.46NDND3.87±2.21NDND
壬醛52.55±33.7251.21±4.0513.31±0.9710.01±0.936.98±12.797.58±1.0512.47±0.68
2-丁基-2-辛烯醛5.25±0.44NDNDNDNDNDND
癸醛ND1.68±0.471.15±0.511.36±0.97NDNDND
总计2540.661416.55441.38235.431165.75248.16180.91
烷烃类
正己烷18.98±8.869.62±20.488.62±0.617.2±0.6914.88±8.6233.31±2.7149.69±51.81
辛烷2.8±0.911.75±0.34NDND1.81±0.27NDND
癸烷7.77±2.7410.25±0.94.99±0.773.03±0.112.15±1.3910.85±0.865.35±1.14
十一烷18.33±10.3229.49±2.1514.53±1.258.72±0.2929.16±5.6827.26±3.1117.67±5.73
2,3-二甲基辛烷ND4.4±1.213.35±0.931.68±0.394.46±0.823.93±0.42ND
3-甲基十一烷52.55±33.725.81±0.333.18±0.42.12±0.246.05±1.694.5±0.594.36±0.58
十二烷21.48±11.5948.2±1.5727.2±4.1920.11±0.7244.56±10.0540.13±5.137.39±11.19
十三烷10.14±6.6223.12±0.7814.39±2.6212.76±0.7119.07±5.8114.39±1.7721.83±5.27
3-甲基十三烷ND3.68±0.661.44±0.962.25±0.122.69±1.042.08±0.123.51±0.56
十四烷ND4.89±0.442.89±0.483.04±0.213.61±1.312.46±0.74.4±0.95
十七烷3.96±1.59NDNDNDNDNDND
总计136.01201.2280.5860.9138.45138.92144.21
酮类
2-戊酮NDNDNDNDND1.77±0.432.42±0.3
3-羟基丁酮ND9.8±3.964.48±1.224.98±0.39ND3.63±116.34±10.54
2-庚酮4.48±1.763.09±0.280.95±0.09ND2.57±0.52NDND
2,5-辛二酮42.87±22.5270.97±6.458.02±0.874.67±1.1559.29±17.284.72±1.065.06±1.45
总计47.3583.8613.459.6561.8610.1223.81
醇类
DL-2,3-丁二醇NDND1.79±0.392.6±0.271.67±0.061.1±0.31ND
3-甲基-1-丁醇NDNDNDNDND4.53±0.628.82±1.64
1-戊醇52.76±7.1227.69±2.4711.24±1.167.68±0.1527.54±2.6810.99±2.3610.29±2.38
1-己醇15.89±6.8326.56±2.249.39±0.689.61±0.6810.2±1.087.22±115.83±1.83
1-辛烯-3-醇61.86±28.7358.1±3.5124.25±2.7428.04±3.4136.64±10.528.29±1.713.12±4.43
2-乙基-1-己醇5.63±2.99.9±0.6212.53±2.2612.7±2.499.06±2.558.66±1.6615.43±0.98
5-甲基-3-庚醇NDNDNDNDNDNDND
总计136.14122.2559.2160.6385.1140.7963.48
酯类、杂环类及其他化合物
甲酸辛酯9.15±3.41NDNDND2.35±0.65NDND
四氢-2-甲基呋喃1.23±0.05NDNDNDNDNDND
2-戊基呋喃5.77±0.067.01±0.27ND1.17±0.435.01±2.380ND1.86±1.08
乙苯1.6±0.341.58±0.511.75±1.080.99±0.031.53±0.591.44±0.311.23±0.6
二甲基二硫醚NDNDNDNDND1.42±0.481.52±0.16
环八元硫NDNDNDND3.72±1.053.35±0.722.41±1.37
柠檬烯ND3.59±0.18NDND3.98±0.473.57±0.693.52±0.17
苯乙烯6.34±2.47.7±1.975.86±0.544.39±0.339.02±1.177.65±1.356.24±1.95
总计24.0919.887.616.5625.6117.4316.78
), ArticleFig(id=1320880223177003480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉对烤猪肉饼中挥发性化合物含量的影响 (μg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发性化合物对照组2.5%杏鲍菇粉组5.0%杏鲍菇粉组7.5%杏鲍菇粉组2.5%海鲜菇粉组5.0%海鲜菇粉组7.5%海鲜菇粉组
醛类
3-甲基丁醛ND10.94±0.3614.66±2.6521.83±0.56.97±1.1627.9±2.8548.95±11.32
2-甲基丁醛ND2.72±0.312.84±0.536.67±0.311.75±1.37.77±0.614.21±1.73
2-甲基戊醛ND3.16±0.533.41±0.432.71±0.094.11±0.313.57±0.482.86±0.1
戊醛95.73±7.8245.49±4.6122.27±3.0216.15±0.1848.4±5.3223.08±3.6315.55±1.91
己醛2283.60±327.311227.53±80.98373.76±21.48170.59±6.291018.64±65.73172.21±20.0876.59±3.05
庚醛58.57±29.1738.55±4.634.19±0.112.46±0.4326.65±6.952.99±0.543.89±0.12
(E)-2-庚烯醛4.81±1.174.2±0.5NDNDNDNDND
辛醛34.66±20.6626.28±2.24.43±0.482.1±0.5317.22±5.882.21±0.272.94±0.37
苯乙醛NDND1.35±0.251.56±0.811.15±0.620.84±0.213.45±1.65
(E)-2-辛烯醛5.51±1.474.78±0.46NDND3.87±2.21NDND
壬醛52.55±33.7251.21±4.0513.31±0.9710.01±0.936.98±12.797.58±1.0512.47±0.68
2-丁基-2-辛烯醛5.25±0.44NDNDNDNDNDND
癸醛ND1.68±0.471.15±0.511.36±0.97NDNDND
总计2540.661416.55441.38235.431165.75248.16180.91
烷烃类
正己烷18.98±8.869.62±20.488.62±0.617.2±0.6914.88±8.6233.31±2.7149.69±51.81
辛烷2.8±0.911.75±0.34NDND1.81±0.27NDND
癸烷7.77±2.7410.25±0.94.99±0.773.03±0.112.15±1.3910.85±0.865.35±1.14
十一烷18.33±10.3229.49±2.1514.53±1.258.72±0.2929.16±5.6827.26±3.1117.67±5.73
2,3-二甲基辛烷ND4.4±1.213.35±0.931.68±0.394.46±0.823.93±0.42ND
3-甲基十一烷52.55±33.725.81±0.333.18±0.42.12±0.246.05±1.694.5±0.594.36±0.58
十二烷21.48±11.5948.2±1.5727.2±4.1920.11±0.7244.56±10.0540.13±5.137.39±11.19
十三烷10.14±6.6223.12±0.7814.39±2.6212.76±0.7119.07±5.8114.39±1.7721.83±5.27
3-甲基十三烷ND3.68±0.661.44±0.962.25±0.122.69±1.042.08±0.123.51±0.56
十四烷ND4.89±0.442.89±0.483.04±0.213.61±1.312.46±0.74.4±0.95
十七烷3.96±1.59NDNDNDNDNDND
总计136.01201.2280.5860.9138.45138.92144.21
酮类
2-戊酮NDNDNDNDND1.77±0.432.42±0.3
3-羟基丁酮ND9.8±3.964.48±1.224.98±0.39ND3.63±116.34±10.54
2-庚酮4.48±1.763.09±0.280.95±0.09ND2.57±0.52NDND
2,5-辛二酮42.87±22.5270.97±6.458.02±0.874.67±1.1559.29±17.284.72±1.065.06±1.45
总计47.3583.8613.459.6561.8610.1223.81
醇类
DL-2,3-丁二醇NDND1.79±0.392.6±0.271.67±0.061.1±0.31ND
3-甲基-1-丁醇NDNDNDNDND4.53±0.628.82±1.64
1-戊醇52.76±7.1227.69±2.4711.24±1.167.68±0.1527.54±2.6810.99±2.3610.29±2.38
1-己醇15.89±6.8326.56±2.249.39±0.689.61±0.6810.2±1.087.22±115.83±1.83
1-辛烯-3-醇61.86±28.7358.1±3.5124.25±2.7428.04±3.4136.64±10.528.29±1.713.12±4.43
2-乙基-1-己醇5.63±2.99.9±0.6212.53±2.2612.7±2.499.06±2.558.66±1.6615.43±0.98
5-甲基-3-庚醇NDNDNDNDNDNDND
总计136.14122.2559.2160.6385.1140.7963.48
酯类、杂环类及其他化合物
甲酸辛酯9.15±3.41NDNDND2.35±0.65NDND
四氢-2-甲基呋喃1.23±0.05NDNDNDNDNDND
2-戊基呋喃5.77±0.067.01±0.27ND1.17±0.435.01±2.380ND1.86±1.08
乙苯1.6±0.341.58±0.511.75±1.080.99±0.031.53±0.591.44±0.311.23±0.6
二甲基二硫醚NDNDNDNDND1.42±0.481.52±0.16
环八元硫NDNDNDND3.72±1.053.35±0.722.41±1.37
柠檬烯ND3.59±0.18NDND3.98±0.473.57±0.693.52±0.17
苯乙烯6.34±2.47.7±1.975.86±0.544.39±0.339.02±1.177.65±1.356.24±1.95
总计24.0919.887.616.5625.6117.4316.78
), ArticleFig(id=1320880223260889561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Odor activity values (OAV>1) of volatile compounds of roast pork patties with different edible mushroom powders

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VOCs香气描述阈值[39](μg/L)OAV
对照组2.5%
杏鲍菇粉组
5.0%
杏鲍菇粉组
7.5%
杏鲍菇粉组
2.5%
海鲜菇粉组
5.0%
海鲜菇粉组
7.5%
海鲜菇粉组
3-甲基丁醛焦糖味、坚果味4.00ND2.733.675.461.746.9712.24
2-甲基丁醛果味、坚果味1.00ND2.722.846.671.757.7714.21
戊醛果味、面包味22.004.352.071.010.732.201.050.71
己醛青草味、油脂味4.50507.47272.7983.0637.91226.3638.2717.02
庚醛柑橘类、草味3.0019.5212.851.400.828.881.001.30
辛醛油腻0.7049.5137.556.332.9924.603.164.19
(E)-2-辛烯醛青草味、油腻味4.001.381.19NDND0.97NDND
壬醛柑橘、脂肪味8.006.576.401.661.254.620.951.56
癸醛脂肪、青草味0.25ND6.724.615.43NDNDND
2-戊酮果味、醚味0.35NDNDNDNDND5.076.90
3-羟基丁酮奶油、黄油0.26ND37.8217.2919.23ND14.0163.07
2-庚酮果味、霉味0.479.526.582.03ND5.46NDND
3-甲基-1-丁醇油味、酒味4.00NDNDNDNDND1.132.20
1-己醇青味、果味、油脂味5.602.844.741.681.721.821.292.83
1-辛烯-3-醇蘑菇味、土腥味1.5041.2438.7416.1718.6924.435.538.75
二甲基二硫醚卷心菜、大蒜味1.10NDNDNDNDND1.291.38
苯乙烯塑料味、花味0.649.9112.039.156.8714.0911.959.76
), ArticleFig(id=1320880223332192730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880211961434469, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

添加不同食用菌粉的烤猪肉饼挥发性风味物质的香气活性值(OAV>1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VOCs香气描述阈值[39](μg/L)OAV
对照组2.5%
杏鲍菇粉组
5.0%
杏鲍菇粉组
7.5%
杏鲍菇粉组
2.5%
海鲜菇粉组
5.0%
海鲜菇粉组
7.5%
海鲜菇粉组
3-甲基丁醛焦糖味、坚果味4.00ND2.733.675.461.746.9712.24
2-甲基丁醛果味、坚果味1.00ND2.722.846.671.757.7714.21
戊醛果味、面包味22.004.352.071.010.732.201.050.71
己醛青草味、油脂味4.50507.47272.7983.0637.91226.3638.2717.02
庚醛柑橘类、草味3.0019.5212.851.400.828.881.001.30
辛醛油腻0.7049.5137.556.332.9924.603.164.19
(E)-2-辛烯醛青草味、油腻味4.001.381.19NDND0.97NDND
壬醛柑橘、脂肪味8.006.576.401.661.254.620.951.56
癸醛脂肪、青草味0.25ND6.724.615.43NDNDND
2-戊酮果味、醚味0.35NDNDNDNDND5.076.90
3-羟基丁酮奶油、黄油0.26ND37.8217.2919.23ND14.0163.07
2-庚酮果味、霉味0.479.526.582.03ND5.46NDND
3-甲基-1-丁醇油味、酒味4.00NDNDNDNDND1.132.20
1-己醇青味、果味、油脂味5.602.844.741.681.721.821.292.83
1-辛烯-3-醇蘑菇味、土腥味1.5041.2438.7416.1718.6924.435.538.75
二甲基二硫醚卷心菜、大蒜味1.10NDNDNDNDND1.291.38
苯乙烯塑料味、花味0.649.9112.039.156.8714.0911.959.76
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杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉对烤猪肉饼滋味、挥发性风味物质以及脂质氧化和α-二羰基化合物形成的影响
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牛彬倩 1 , 闫佳璐 1 , 贾晓迪 2 , 谭阳艳 1 , 王正立 1 , 董以菲 1 , 李华 1 , 刘靖宇 1 , 冯翠萍 1, * , 李永 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(15): 87-98
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (15) : 87 -98
杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉对烤猪肉饼滋味、挥发性风味物质以及脂质氧化和α-二羰基化合物形成的影响
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牛彬倩(2004−),女,大学本科,研究方向:食品质量与安全,E-mail:

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牛彬倩1 , 闫佳璐1, 贾晓迪2, 谭阳艳1, 王正立1, 董以菲1, 李华1, 刘靖宇1, 冯翠萍1, * , 李永1, *
作者信息
  • 1山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山西晋中 030801
  • 2衡水综合检验检测中心,河北衡水 053000
通讯作者:
冯翠萍(1968−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
李永(1986−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与健康,E-mail:。
作者简介:

牛彬倩(2004−),女,大学本科,研究方向:食品质量与安全,E-mail:

Effects of Pleurotus eryngii and Hypsizygus marmoreus Powders on Taste, Volatile Flavor Compounds, Lipid Oxidation and α-Dicarbonyl Compound Formation in Roasted Pork Patties
Binqian NIU1 , Jialu YAN1, Xiaodi JIA2, Yangyan TAN1, Zhengli WANG1, Yifei DONG1, Hua LI1, Jingyu LIU1, Cuiping FENG1, * , Yong LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
  • 2Hengshui Comprehensive Inspection and Testing Center, Hengshui 053000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060352
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本文研究了两种常见的食用菌粉(杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉)不同添加量(0、2.5%、5.0%、7.5%)在高温加工(烤制)过程中对猪肉饼品质的影响。对烤肉饼滋味、挥发性风味化合物、脂质氧化、α-二羰基化合物(α-Dicarbonyl compounds,α-DC)以及感官属性进行了全面评估。结果表明,添加食用菌粉提高了烤制肉饼中的水分含量、红度a*和黄度b*、风味核苷酸(鸟苷酸和黄苷酸)、游离氨基酸、滋味活性值、等效鲜味浓度(Equivalent umami concentration,EUC)以及感官属性(色泽、气味、滋味和总体可接受性)。相比对照组,添加7.5%海鲜菇粉的烤肉饼中,鲜味氨基酸含量增加了4.2倍;添加不同比例的杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉烤肉饼的EUC比对照组分别升高了1.1~4.3倍和1.1~3.4倍。此外,所有处理组均显著降低了不良醛类(包括戊醛、己醛和庚醛)的含量。添加海鲜菇粉使醛类占总挥发性化合物含量的百分比从对照组的88.09%下降到42.15%~78.94%,并引入了食用菌特有的风味物质,改善了整体风味协调性。两种食用菌粉处理都显著降低了丙二醛含量,降幅达57.81%~89.69%;海鲜菇粉处理组乙二醛含量降低19.86%~34.76%、丙酮醛含量降低52.57%~76.38%。这些结果表明,食用菌粉作为脂肪替代物,特别是添加5.0%~7.5%海鲜菇粉的烤猪肉饼,对气味、滋味、质地、总体可接受性方面的贡献表现更佳,同时能够有效降低产品脂质氧化和α-DC的形成,具有提升产品品质的潜力。

烤猪肉饼  /  食用菌粉  /  脂肪替代  /  脂质氧化  /  α-二羰基化合物  /  挥发性化合物

This study investigated the effects of varying addition levels (0, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%) of two edible mushroom powders, Pleurotus eryngii and Hypsizygus marmoreus, on the quality of pork patties during high-temperature roasting. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the taste, volatile flavor compounds, lipid oxidation, α-dicarbonyl compounds (α-DC), and sensory attributes of roasted meat patties. Mushroom powders addition increased the moisture content, redness (a*), and yellowness (b*), enhanced flavor nucleotides (guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and xanthosine monophosphate (XMP)), free amino acids, taste activity value, equivalent umami concentration (EUC), as well as improved sensory attributes (color, odor, taste, and acceptability) in roasted patties. The umami amino acid content increased by 4.2-fold in roasted patties containing 7.5% H. marmoreus powders. The EUC of roasted patties with P. eryngii, and H. marmoreus powders increased by 1.1 to 4.3-fold and 1.1 to 3.4-fold, respectively. All treatment groups significantly reduced the contents of undesirable aldehydes, including pentanal, hexanal, and heptanal. H. marmoreus powders reduced the percentage of aldehydes in total volatile compounds from 88.09% in the control group to 42.15%~78.94% and introduced mushroom-specific flavors, improving overall flavor harmony. Additionally, mushroom powder treatments significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels by 57.81%~89.69%. H. marmoreus groups decreased α-DC, such as glyoxal (19.86%~34.76%) and methylglyoxal (52.57%~76.38%). These results indicated that edible mushrooms, serving as fat substitutes, particularly when 5.0%~7.5% H. marmoreus powder was added, enhanced the odor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability of roasted pork patties. Simultaneously, they reduce lipid oxidation and α-DC formation, indicating H. marmoreus potential to enhance product quality.

roasted pork patties  /  edible mushroom powders  /  replacing fats  /  lipid oxidation  /  α-dicarbonyl compounds  /  volatile compounds
牛彬倩, 闫佳璐, 贾晓迪, 谭阳艳, 王正立, 董以菲, 李华, 刘靖宇, 冯翠萍, 李永. 杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉对烤猪肉饼滋味、挥发性风味物质以及脂质氧化和α-二羰基化合物形成的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 87 -98 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060352
Binqian NIU, Jialu YAN, Xiaodi JIA, Yangyan TAN, Zhengli WANG, Yifei DONG, Hua LI, Jingyu LIU, Cuiping FENG, Yong LI. Effects of Pleurotus eryngii and Hypsizygus marmoreus Powders on Taste, Volatile Flavor Compounds, Lipid Oxidation and α-Dicarbonyl Compound Formation in Roasted Pork Patties[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 87 -98 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060352
香肠、汉堡、肉饼等肉制品通常含有较高的脂肪,成为其健康属性的一大限制因素[1−2]。这类产品往往饱和脂肪酸含量高,长期高摄入可能增加罹患慢性疾病、肥胖、心血管疾病及癌症等健康问题的风险[3]。因此,市场对健康肉制品的需求不断增长,推动了低脂肉制品的研究。然而,降低肉制品中的脂肪含量会对其加工特性、理化性质及感官品质产生诸多负面影响。例如,脂肪减少会导致蒸煮损失增加、质构发生改变、多汁性下降以及风味受损等[4]。此外,肉制品中的动物脂肪在加工和贮藏过程中易发生氧化和美拉德反应,可能生成危害物质,如α-二羰基化合物(α-Dicarbonyl compounds,α-DCs),包括乙二醛(Glyoxal,GO)和丙酮醛(Methylglyoxal,MGO)[5]。α-DCs在人体内的积累可能加剧氧化应激,诱发慢性代谢性疾病。同时,α-DCs作为评价食品热加工程度的重要指标,能够介导蛋白质交联反应,导致食品风味劣变和营养损失[5]。因此,如何在降低脂肪的同时维持乃至提升肉制品的综合品质,成为当前研究的重点[6−8]。富含膳食纤维与生物活性成分的食用菌,因其高蛋白、低脂肪、兼具天然鲜味与抗氧化能力[9−11],展现出作为理想脂肪替代物的巨大潜力,并已在多种肉制品中显示出良好的应用前景[12−14]。
目前,已有研究成功将食用菌及其副产品应用于各种肉类产品中作为脂肪、蛋白质、磷酸盐、食盐替代物或作为风味添加剂使用[11,15−18]。例如,在广式香肠中添加金针菇(2.5%、5%)有效抑制了脂质和蛋白质氧化[19]。研究发现,在牛肉汉堡中使用双孢蘑菇(5%~15%)作为脂肪替代品,增加了水分含量并减少了蒸煮损失[2]。利用香菇副产物中的鲜味物质增强低盐牛肉汉堡的风味[20]。然而,现有的大多数研究集中在冷藏或低温加工条件下的品质变化[14,21−23],或在贮藏稳定性方面进行评估,但是在烤肉等高温加工条件下,对于添加食用菌粉后产品品质的系统性评估的研究较为缺乏。这包括高温引发的脂肪氧化、潜在有害物α-DCs的生成动态,以及其产品滋味、挥发性风味化合物与整体感官属性的综合影响,仍有待评估。
因此,本研究以烤猪肉饼为对象,探讨了杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii)和海鲜菇(Hypsizygus marmoreus)在不同添加量(0、2.5%、5.0%、7.5%)下对产品脂质滋味特性、挥发性风味成分、氧脂质化程度、α-DCs含量以及关键感官指标的影响,以期全面评价两种食用菌粉在高温加工过程中作为脂肪替代物的综合效能,并为推动其在低脂肉制品中的科学应用提供数据支撑。
氨基酸标准品混合物、液质级(LC-MS grade)甲醇(99.9%)、乙腈(99.9%) 购自安谱实验科技(上海)有限公司;腺苷-5'-单磷酸一水合物(AMP)(97%)、5'-肌苷酸(IMP)(99.97%)、鸟苷-5'-单磷酸二钠盐(GMP)(98%)、单磷酸黄嘌呤(XMP)(98%)、胞苷-5'-单磷酸二钠盐(CMP)(98%)、丙酮醛(MGO)(40%水溶液)、乙二醛(GO)(40%水溶液)、2,3-己二酮(90%)、邻苯二胺(OPD)(98%)、三乙胺(99.5%)、异硫氰酸苯酯(99%)、2-甲基-3庚酮(95%)、无水乙酸钠 均购自阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司(上海);正己烷、磷酸、盐酸 均为分析纯;新鲜杏鲍菇、海鲜菇 购于当地超市。
Waters ACQUITY超高效液相色谱、AccQ-Tag Ultra C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)、Waters Acquity BEH 酰胺柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm) 美国Waters公司;Welch Xtimate UHPLC C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm) 月旭科技上海股份有限公司;5417R高速冷冻离心机 美国Eppendorf公司;TMS-PRO质构仪 美国FTC公司;LS170全自动色差计 青岛科睿德仪器有限公司。
新鲜杏鲍菇(P. eryngii)和海鲜菇(H. marmoreus)切成5 mm厚的薄片,于烘箱60 ℃干燥至水分含量5%左右,之后将烘干的样品研磨粉碎,过40目筛,密封后,于4 ℃冷藏备用。新鲜猪肉经修整去除可见脂肪和结缔组织。将肉切成块后,瘦肉和背部脂肪分别进行绞碎。将食用菌粉按肉饼总重量的2.5%、5.0%和7.5%加入猪肉中,分别补充脂肪5%、2.5%、0%,确保每个肉饼的瘦肉含量一致。对照组不添加食用菌粉,但保持脂肪含量为7.5%。所有样品充分混合均匀,并于4 ℃腌制2 h。随后,每个肉饼称重60 g。使用不锈钢模具将肉糜成型为直径7.8 cm、高度1 cm的肉饼。每个处理组至少3个重复。肉饼于220 ℃下,每面烤制10 min。结束后,室温至冷却,以备后续分析。
水分含量通过将样品在105 ℃条件下烘干至恒重测定。烤制损失率按以下公式计算:
$ \mathrm{烤制损失率(\text{%})=(W_0-W_1)/{W_0}\times 100} $
式中:W0为肉饼初始重量(60.00 g),W1为烤制后的重量(g)。
将烤制后的猪肉饼切成边长1 cm的小方块。使用TMS-PRO质构仪评估其硬度、粘附性、内聚性、弹性、胶粘性和咀嚼性。参数设置如下:力传感器量程为100 N,探头直径为12.7 mm。测试前速度为60 mm/min,测试过程中速度为2.0 mm/min,测试后速度为120 mm/min。全质构分析(TPA)测定的触发力为0.4 N。
使用色差仪在烤猪肉饼表面的不同位点进行颜色测定。记录每个位点的L*值、a*值和b*值。
采用Li等[24]的方法。衍生化处理:取200 μL提取液与20 μL正亮氨酸混合,然后向混合液中加入100 μL三乙胺乙腈溶液和100 μL异硫氰酸苯酯。样品在室温下孵育1 h。加入400 μL正己烷,剧烈振荡,并在10000×g下离心10 min。收集下层液体,经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后用于分析。
超高效液相色谱(UPLC)分析采用AccQ-Tag Ultra C18色谱柱(2.1mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)。柱温40 ℃,检测波长254 nm。流动相:A相为甲醇/乙腈/水(2:6:2,v/v);B相为50 mmol/L乙酸钠溶液(pH6.5)。流速为0.3 mL/min。梯度洗脱程序为0 min,5%A;8.5 min,49%A;9~11 min,100%A;11.1~13.5 min,5%A。进样体积为1 μL。
采用Ngapo等[25]的方法。色谱分析采用Waters Acquity BEH酰胺柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)。流动相为乙腈(A)和0.1% H3PO4水溶液(B)。梯度洗脱程序如下:0 min,90%A;3 min,80%A;5 min,60%A;6.5 min,57%A;6.6~9 min,90%A。流速0.5 mL/min,柱温40 ℃,检测波长254 nm,进样体积2 μL。
滋味活性值(Taste activity value,TAV)通过将每种呈味化合物的浓度除以其感官阈值来确定[26]。等效鲜味浓度(Equivalent umami concentration,EUC)的计算基于鲜味氨基酸(Glu和Asp)与风味核苷酸(腺苷酸AMP、肌苷酸IMP、鸟苷酸GMP、黄苷酸XMP)的协同作用。所用公式如下:
$ \mathrm{EUC=\Sigma (a_i b_i)+1218(\Sigma (a_i b_i))\times (\Sigma (a_j b_j ))} $
式中:ai代表鲜味氨基酸(Glu或Asp)的浓度(g/100 g),bi代表其相应的相对鲜味强度(Glu=1,Asp=0.077),aj代表核苷酸(AMP,IMP,XMP,GMP)的含量(g/100 g),bj代表其鲜味强度(IMP=1,GMP=2.3,XMP=0.61,AMP=0.18),常数1218代表这些化合物之间的协同效应。
挥发性化合物采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)进行分析[27]。取2 g粉碎后的烤肉饼样品置于20 mL顶空瓶,加内标(2-甲基-3-庚酮,163.2 ng),密封。使用SPME固相微萃取头(50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS)在60 ℃下顶空吸附挥发性化合物30 min。随后,将萃取头插入气相色谱进样口,在250 ℃下热解吸5 min,将吸附的化合物释放到毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm)上。载气为氦气,流速1 mL/min。色谱柱温度程序如下:起始温度40 ℃保持3 min,然后以8 ℃/min的速率升温至200 ℃(保持5 min),再以10 ℃/min的速率升温至230 ℃(保持3 min)。质谱采用电子轰击电离(Electron ionization,EI)模式,电子能量70 eV,扫描质量范围m/z 40~350。通过将质谱图与美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)质谱数据库进行匹配,对化合物进行鉴定。采用内标定量法计算样品中具体化合物的含量。
脂质氧化的测定参考Li等[28]的方法进行。称取样品0.5 g,加4 mL三氯乙酸(7.5%),均质30 s于4000×g下离心10 min。取1 mL上清液,加入2 mL 0.04 mol/L的硫代巴比妥酸试剂,沸水浴加热60 min。在532 nm和600 nm波长处测定吸光度,脂质氧化程度以硫代巴比妥酸反应物(Thiobarbituric acid reactive Substances,TBARs)值表示,计算为每千克样品中丙二醛的毫克数(mg MDA/kg样品)。
采用Li等[28]的提取方法,分析烤肉饼中的两种α-DCs:乙二醛和丙酮醛。500 mg样品采用3 mL甲醇超声提取10 min,之后4000×g离心10 min。将500 μL甲醇提取液与100 μL 2,3-己二酮和100 μL 0.1% OPD混合。溶液在4 ℃下反应12 h。10000×g离心10 min,并通过0.22 μm膜过滤后进行分析。分析采用Waters ACQUITY超高效液相色谱系统,Waters XBridge C18色谱柱(2.1×150 mm,3.5 μm),柱温35 ℃,进样量5 μL。流动相乙腈(A)和0.1%甲酸(B),流速0.3 mL/min。梯度洗脱程序如下:0~0.1min,10%A,0.1~2.5 min,35% A,4.0 min,65% A,6.0 min,100% A,6.1~8.5 min,10% A。检测波长314 nm,采用外标法进行定量。
从熟悉该产品的学生和教职工中招募了12名经过培训的感官评价员(5名男性,7名女性,年龄21~31岁),培训流程参照文献[4]进行了适当修改。样品在烹饪后立即被切成1.5 cm×1.5cm×1 cm的小块,用随机三位数字编码,并盛于盘中提供给评价员。评价员在品尝不同样品之间需用水漱口。使用九点喜好标度(1=极不喜欢,9=极其喜欢)对感官属性(色泽、质地、气味、滋味和整体可接受性)进行评价。
所有实验均进行三次重复,结果以平均值±标准差表示。统计分析采用单因素方差分析(One-way analysis of variance,ANOVA),并使用SPSS 27.0软件进行最小显著性差异法(Least significant difference,LSD)检验,P<0.05表示有显著差异。作图采用Origin 2024 pro,主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)采用SIMCA 14.1软件。
如表1所示,与对照组相比,不同添加量杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉处理的烤制损失显著降低,而水分含量均显著增加(P<0.05)。添加5.0%和7.5%海鲜菇粉组,烤制损失分别为19.61%和19.66%,降幅约为35.2%。低于杏鲍菇粉处理组(烤制损失范围在20.64%~26.99%)。水分蒸发是猪肉饼烤制过程中烤制损失的主要原因,并显著影响产品得率、质地和感官特性。在添加双孢蘑菇粉的牛肉汉堡中报道了类似的结果[2]。
两种食用菌添加的烤肉饼的水分含量均显著上升(P<0.05)。添加5.0%杏鲍菇粉水分含量最高,达59.90%,其次为添加7.5%海鲜菇粉组和添加5.0%海鲜菇粉组。水分含量增加可能归因于食用菌粉中的膳食纤维和蛋白质,其具有结合脂肪和水的能力[2],这些成分能增强肉制品的持水性、凝胶能力并减少烤制损失。与本文的研究结果一致,先前的研究报道平菇粉能有效替代肝酱中的脂肪,从而提高水分含量和质地稳定性[11]。
TPA结果,包括硬度、粘附性、内聚性、弹性、胶粘性和咀嚼性均列于表1中。添加食用菌粉后,烤制肉饼的硬度呈现不同程度下降(7.5%杏鲍菇粉除外)。相比之下,添加海鲜菇粉后,猪肉饼的硬度随添加量的增加而升高,但仍显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。这可能是因为,虽然食用菌多糖部分恢复了质构的刚性,但其结构强化能力不足以匹配未改性肉基质中的天然蛋白质网络。膳食纤维和水分含量的增加增强了产品的柔软度,从而降低了其硬度。与对照组相比,粘附性、内聚性和弹性保持相对稳定或略有波动。各食用菌粉处理组的胶粘性和咀嚼性均呈下降趋势,但杏鲍菇粉添加量的增加则呈现相反趋势。尽管添加食用菌粉增加了烤肉饼的水分含量,但同时也改变了肉饼中蛋白质、脂肪和水的比例。这种改变影响了蛋白质-水和蛋白质-蛋白质凝胶网络结构,从而影响了产品的硬度、胶粘性、咀嚼性以及其他TPA参数[11]。
在色泽方面,食用菌粉添加组的亮度(L*值)降低而红度(a*值)增加(P<0.05)。添加7.5%海鲜菇粉和7.5%杏鲍菇粉的烤肉饼增幅最高,其次是7.5%杏鲍菇粉组。颜色变化很可能是由于食用菌中的深色色素所致。此外,用食用菌粉替代脂肪引起的脂肪含量降低也可能导致较低的L*值,因为脂肪通常会增加产品的亮度。从烤肉饼外观看(表1),添加杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉则在特定添加量下赋予了产品鲜明的金黄色泽。食用菌粉固有的颜色特性在决定产品最终外观方面的重要作用,将非肉类成分加入肉基质中不可避免地会导致颜色变化。此外,美拉德反应产生的色素的程度和性质也因所添加成分的组成而异。
肉制品的滋味特征与其游离氨基酸含量密切相关。天冬氨酸(Asp)和谷氨酸(Glu)呈现鲜味,丝氨酸(Ser)、甘氨酸(Gly)、苏氨酸(Thr)和丙氨酸(Ala)赋予甜味,而组氨酸(His)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)和苯丙氨酸(Phe)则呈现苦味。如表2所示,添加杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉后,必需氨基酸(苏氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸)、游离氨基酸总量及呈味氨基酸含量均显著提升(P<0.05)。杏鲍菇粉组总游离氨基酸含量较对照组增加37.23%~100.27%,海鲜菇粉组增加28.88%~96.30%。其中鲜味氨基酸(天冬氨酸与谷氨酸)增幅尤为显著。添加7.5%海鲜菇粉的烤肉饼中鲜味氨基酸含量比对照组提升约4.2倍。2.5%~7.5%添加量范围内杏鲍菇粉使烤肉饼鲜味氨基酸含量提升1.1~3.5倍。Wang等[29] 同样发现杏鲍菇粉可显著提升香肠游离氨基酸含量。烤肉饼中游离氨基酸及呈味氨基酸含量的增加,主要归因于食用菌自身富含的游离氨基酸及其内源酶作用[30]。食用菌所含蛋白酶/肽酶可将肌原纤维蛋白降解为游离氨基酸。由于其水解活性,金针菇粉已被报道可改善老母鸡胸肉嫩度[31]。此外,天冬氨酸与谷氨酸含量的增加直接影响肉制品的滋味特征[32]。
表3为烤肉饼中核苷酸含量变化情况。添加杏鲍菇粉后,烤肉饼中的黄苷酸(XMP)、胞苷酸(CMP)及总核苷酸含量显著增加(P<0.05),其中XMP含量增加了6.2~25.7倍。添加海鲜菇粉的肉饼中,XMP含量也大幅增加,增幅达4.5~8.6倍。但是添加海鲜菇粉后烤肉饼的总核苷酸含量并未增加,可能与海鲜菇自身核苷酸的含量有关。核苷酸与味精类物质的协同作用可能显著改善产品的鲜味[33]。
为阐明烤肉饼的滋味品质,对TAV和EUC进行了分析。这些指标用于评估呈味化合物对整体风味的贡献度及其协同效应。TAV大于1表明该化合物可能对滋味有显著贡献。EUC方程则量化了两种鲜味氨基酸(Glu和Asp)与四种鲜味核苷酸之间的协同增鲜效应。如表4所示,对照组烤肉饼中,谷氨酸(Glu)、组氨酸(His)、精氨酸(Arg)和丙氨酸(Ala)的TAV均大于1,表明这些游离氨基酸对整体滋味具有重要贡献。添加食用菌粉后,上述四种氨基酸的TAV均显著增加,且随添加量递增,谷氨酸(Glu)的TAV增加了约2~5倍。此外,缬氨酸(Val)和赖氨酸(Lys)在对照组中的TAV虽低于1,但在添加菌粉的肉饼中均超过1。谷氨酸(Glu)能增强鲜味、甜味和咸味,而丙氨酸(Ala)则有助于提升醇厚感与丰富性[32]。尽管大多数游离氨基酸的TAV小于1,但它们的协同作用对于肉味形成仍至关重要。
在鲜味核苷酸中,肌苷酸(IMP)的TAV最高,腺苷酸(AMP)次之。研究表明,肌苷酸(IMP)可与甜味游离氨基酸(如丙氨酸、甘氨酸和丝氨酸)相互作用,提升鲜味感知[34]。IMP是最重要的滋味增强核苷酸,即使在低浓度下也能显著增加滋味的丰富度。尽管食用菌处理组中腺苷酸(AMP)和肌苷酸(IMP)的TAV低于对照组,但所有菌粉处理组的EUC值均显著升高(表4)。杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉组的EUC值分别升高了1.1~4.3倍和1.1~3.4倍。这表明添加食用菌粉促进了呈味物质(特别是鲜味氨基酸与核苷酸)的共存与协同作用,理论上对增强烤肉饼的鲜味强度具有积极贡献。需要指出的是,鲜味虽不作为独立味感被感知,但其一旦达到阈值浓度,便能对其他组分产生显著的增强效应[35]。
如表5所示,对照组烤猪肉饼共检出27种挥发性化合物,主要包括醛类、烷烃/烯烃类、酮类、醇类、酯类、杂环类及其他化合物。醛类化合物中,己醛含量最为丰富。醛类化合物(尤其是己醛)因其低气味阈值,对肉制品的风味特征至关重要。然而,高浓度醛类易产生不良气味,如青草味或油漆味,可能是烤肉特征性“腥味”的重要来源[36]。
添加杏鲍菇粉或海鲜菇粉显著改变了烤猪肉饼的挥发性化合物(表5)。所有食用菌粉处理组均显著降低了醛类的总含量。例如,在添加海鲜菇粉的样品中,醛类占总挥发性化合物含量的百分比从对照组的88.09%下降到78.94%~42.15%。醛类含量的减少有助于改善烤肉饼的整体香气协调性。添加两种食用菌粉后烤猪肉饼的醇、酯类化合物的含量均有不同程度的降低,部分烷、酮类化合物也有类似变化趋势。添加食用菌粉样品中的化合物,如3-甲基丁醛、2-甲基戊醛、苯乙醛、DL-2,3-丁二醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、二甲基二硫醚、柠檬烯,在对照组中均未检出,这可能是食用菌自身含有的挥发性化合物或与高温烤制导致的热降解有关。对挥发性有机化合物的影响因食用菌种类而异。海鲜菇粉组极大地提高了二甲基二硫醚的含量,含硫化合物(如二甲基二硫醚)是食用菌挥发性成分中的重要物质[37]。
香气活性值(Odor activity value,OAV)为化合物在样品中的浓度/该化合物的气味阈值(在空气或水中的最低可察觉浓度)[38]。OAV>1,表明该化合物的浓度显著高于其气味阈值。该化合物能够被人明确地感知到,并且有资格贡献于样品的整体风味轮廓。表6为烤猪肉饼的香气活性值(OAV>1)。烤猪肉饼中共有17种VOCs的OAV大于1。与其他化合物相比,己醛(青草味、油脂味)、辛醛(油腻)、庚醛(柑橘类、草味)和1-辛烯-3-醇(蘑菇味、土腥味)对烤猪肉饼的风味贡献更大。随着食用菌粉的添加量的增加,己醛、庚醛等醛类化合物的OAV降低,由此可见,食用菌粉的添加对整体气味品质有重要影响。此外,二甲基二硫醚(卷心菜、大蒜味)和3-羟基丁酮(奶油、黄油味)在两种食用菌粉添加组中的OAV更大,对烤猪肉饼的风味贡献更大。
与对照组相比,添加食用菌粉显著降低了烤肉饼中的丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.05;图1)。具体而言,对照组MDA含量最高,为2.05 mg/kg。相比之下,添加食用菌粉的肉饼MDA含量显著降低,范围在0.21~0.86 mg/kg之间。在不同食用菌粉中,杏鲍菇粉使MDA降低了57.81%~89.69%,海鲜菇粉使其降低了61.44%~88.60%。这些结果与在含5%~15%双孢蘑菇粉的牛肉汉堡中观察到的16 d贮藏期内的结果一致[2]。然而,本研究中的TBARs值降低幅度高于先前报道的在含双孢蘑菇粉牛肉汉堡中的降低幅度(21.84%~51.40%)[2]。这种显著降低可能归因于脂肪含量的减少以及食用菌中生物活性化合物(如麦角硫因、多酚和类黄酮)抗氧化特性的共同作用[13]。这些化合物有助于在烤制过程中最大限度地减少脂质氧化。然而,本研究与Qing等[30]报道的结果相矛盾,他们发现在牛肉肉糜中添加5%的平菇粉或海鲜菇粉后,TBARs值比对照样品增加了一倍。这种差异可能是食用菌中存在的脂质氧化酶所致[30]。此外,加工条件的差异可能也起到了作用。本研究使用的是烤制肉饼(220 ℃下烤制),而Qing等[30]的研究对象是生牛肉肉糜。
乙二醛(GO)和丙酮醛(MGO)是在肉制品美拉德反应和脂质氧化过程中形成的高活性α-DCs[40]。食用菌处理对GO和MGO含量产生不同影响(图2)。2.5%的杏鲍菇粉可以显著抑制烤肉饼中GO形成(P<0.05),但是添加量增大时,效果不显著。海鲜菇粉依添加量不同,可将烤肉饼中的GO浓度降低19.86%~34.76%(图2A)。两种食用菌在烤制过程中均有效抑制了MGO的形成(图2B)。添加2.5%~7.5%杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉的烤肉饼中,MGO积累量降低幅度分别达67.23%~79.03%和52.57%~76.38%。这些结果表明,海鲜菇粉倾向于抑制MGO和GO的形成。天然抗氧化剂,如多酚类化合物,可以清除自由基、抑制脂质氧化并捕获α-DCs[5,41]。在鸡胸肉中添加0.2~0.8 g/kg的葡萄籽提取物显著降低了其在油炸和空气炸制过程中α-DCs的形成[42]。食用菌富含抗氧化剂,如酚类、类黄酮和麦角硫因[43]。其能够清除自由基,抑制脂质氧化,从而降低MGO水平。由于GO和MGO是美拉德反应的中间产物,可通过Strecker降解过程在产生热加工食品的风味中起着重要作用[5]。然而,这些化合物也具有反应活性,能够形成晚期糖基化终末产物,其与炎症和氧化应激等健康问题相关。
杏鲍菇粉或海鲜菇粉的添加显著提升了烤肉饼的色泽评分。高添加量(7.5%)的杏鲍菇粉组和海鲜菇粉组获得了较高的综合色泽评分,表明改良后的色泽更受消费者青睐(图3A、图3B)。该结果与色差计测定数据一致(表1)。对照组烤肉饼与添加2.5%杏鲍菇粉或海鲜菇粉的处理组在气味和滋味上存在差异,这可能是由于食用菌中含有的游离氨基酸与鲜味核苷酸产生协同作用,有效掩盖了烤肉不良的腥味[44]。添加食用菌粉的烤肉饼在质地评分上与对照组相当或略优。就总体可接受性而言,7.5%海鲜菇粉和杏鲍菇粉组得分最高,表明滋味、风味和色泽对消费者接受度具有重要影响。
为了更深入地理解烤肉饼的理化特性、脂质氧化指标、α-DCs、TAV、EUC、VOCs(OAV>1)与感官评价指标间的关系,进行了相关性分析(图4)。感官属性(色泽、气味、滋味、总体可接受性)与烤肉饼含水量、红度值(a*值)、大多数游离氨基酸的TAV以及EUC值均呈显著或极显著正相关(P<0.05;P<0.01)。这表明感官品质主要受到产品色泽、水分含量以及与鲜味相关的呈味化合物的正向影响。食用菌含有多种呈味/风味物质(如游离氨基酸、核苷酸和有机酸),这些物质能够改善产品的风味[45]。进一步证实了核苷酸与氨基酸在提升滋味强度方面的协同作用。感官属性(色泽、气味、滋味、总体可接受性)与多种醛类(戊醛、己醛、庚醛、辛醛、壬醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛)及2-庚酮呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。然而,滋味与某些挥发性化合物(如3-甲基-3-庚醇)呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。TBARs与气味、滋味和总体可接受性均呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。此外,MGO与某些醛类呈显著正相关(P<0.05),这表明作为美拉德反应关键中间产物的MGO可能参与了这些挥发性风味化合物的形成。
为了直观比较不同种类及添加量的食用菌粉对烤肉饼VOCs和理化特性的影响,采用了主成分分析(PCA)(图5)。PCA中,对照组位于双标图(Biplot)的右侧区域,该区域与较高水平的TBARs、MGO、烤制损失、亮度值(L*)以及挥发性化合物相关联,这些VOCs(OAV>1)主要是一些醛类和酮类化合物包括辛醛、己醛、戊醛、庚醛、壬醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、2-庚酮等。相反,大多数氨基酸的TAV、感官评分(色泽、气味、滋味、总体可接受性)以及特定的VOCs(OAV>1)(如3-甲基丁醛、二甲基二硫醚、3-甲基-1-丁醇等)则聚集在双标图的左侧区域。这与高添加量(7.5%)的杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉位于椭圆同侧,表明这些指标在添加食用菌粉的烤肉饼中含量更高或评分更优。中高添加量的杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉有效改善了烤肉饼的整体品质。这种改善并非单一成分的简单叠加,而是源于多种指标的协同累积效应与相互作用,包括保水性提升、色泽优化、滋味活性(TAV、EUC)的增强以及特定挥发性化合物的增减。同时,高添加量的海鲜菇粉还能有效降低脂质氧化和抑制α-DCs(MGO和GO)的形成。
本研究系统评价了杏鲍菇粉和海鲜菇粉作为脂肪替代物(添加量2.5%, 5%, 7.5%)对烤猪肉饼综合品质的影响,随着食用菌粉添加量的增加,烤猪肉饼多项品质指标呈现积极变化,具体表现为游离氨基酸、滋味活性值(TAV)、等效鲜味浓度(EUC)、持水性、感官属性(色泽、气味、滋味和总体可接受性)提升;而蒸煮损失、肌苷酸(IMP)含量以及挥发性醛类物质的含量则降低。两种食用菌粉均有效抑制烤制过程中脂质氧化和α-DCs(MGO、GO)的形成。氨基酸与核苷酸之间的协同作用显著增强了鲜味强度(表现为EUC增加),提升了整体滋味丰富性。总体而言,添加5.0%~7.5%海鲜菇的烤猪肉饼在气味、滋味、质地、总体可接受性方面表现更佳,并能有效降低脂质氧化和α-DCs的形成。后续研究需进一步优化食用菌粉在不同肉类体系中的应用条件,探明其抑制脂质氧化及α-DCs的具体作用机制。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060352
  • 接收时间:2025-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-29
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    1山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,山西晋中 030801
    2衡水综合检验检测中心,河北衡水 053000

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冯翠萍(1968−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
李永(1986−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与健康,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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