Article(id=1320166478712783188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060338, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681816031, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681816031, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681816031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681816031, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=353, endPage=364, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166478909915477, articleId=1320166478712783188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Flash Release Treatment on the Quality of Marselan Wines, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flash release treatment on the quality of aged Marselan wines. Mature Marselan grapes from the same batch in Changli production region were used as raw materials and then fermented through traditional method and flash release treatment respectively. The conventional physicochemical indicators, as well as color related indicators, phenolic substances, and aroma components during aging, were compared between the two processes to comprehensively evaluate the impact of flash release treatment on wine quality and aroma characteristics. Results showed that flash release treatment played a significant impact on the quality of Marselan wine (P<0.05) by increasing the content of conventional physicochemical indicators such as residual sugars, the concentration increased from 3.73 g/L to 4.93 g/L, the total acidity rose from 6.87 g/L to 7.39 g/L, the pH climbed from 3.78 to 3.88, and the alcohol content elevated from 13.96%vol to 14.87%vol, improving wine chroma and reducing the color tone, and increasing the content of total phenols, total anthocyanins, flavonoids, and flavanols during aging. During the AAF phase, the ester content in the flash release treated Marselan wine increased by 269.39 mg/L, while the alcohol content decreased by 50.29 mg/L. In the 6MAAF phase, the ester content rose by 278.39 mg/L, and the alcohol content decreased by 6.58 mg/L. For the 12MAAF phase, the ester content increased by 243.03 mg/L, whereas the alcohol content increased by 22.55 mg/L. The flash release treatment could significantly promote ester synthesis and effectively inhibit alcohol production. Therefore, flash release treatment is an effective method for optimizing the wine making process by exerting a positive effect on improving the color stability, phenolic substances, and aroma quality of wine.

, authors=Xiangyang CHEN1, Ziyi YANG1, Juhua CHAI1, Yanzhi CUI2, Yujuan LEI1, Yubo HUA2, *, Pengbao SHI1, *, authorsList=Xiangyang CHEN, Ziyi YANG, Juhua CHAI, Yanzhi CUI, Yujuan LEI, Yubo HUA, Pengbao SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yubo HUA, Pengbao SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166481950785890, articleId=1320166478712783188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=闪蒸处理对马瑟兰葡萄酒品质的影响, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探究闪蒸处理对陈酿期间马瑟兰葡萄酒品质的影响,以昌黎产区同一批次成熟的马瑟兰葡萄作为原料,分别采用传统和闪蒸工艺酿造马瑟兰葡萄酒,通过比较两种工艺酿造下葡萄酒常规理化指标以及陈酿期间色度色调、酚类物质和香气物质含量变化,全面评价闪蒸处理对葡萄酒品质的影响。结果表明,与传统酿造工艺相比,闪蒸工艺马瑟兰葡萄原酒中残糖由3.73 g/L提高至4.93 g/L,总酸由6.87 g/L提高至7.39 g/L,pH由3.78提高至3.88,酒精度由13.96%vol提高至14.87%vol,差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。闪蒸处理显著提高了陈酿期间葡萄酒的色度,显著降低了陈酿期间葡萄酒的色调(P<0.05)。闪蒸处理显著增加了陈酿期间葡萄酒的总酚、总花色苷、类黄酮以及黄烷醇酚类物质的含量(P<0.05)。在AAF阶段,闪蒸马瑟兰葡萄酒酯类物质含量提高了269.39 mg/L,醇类物质含量降低了50.29 mg/L,在6MAAF阶段,酯类物质含量提高了278.39 mg/L,醇类物质含量降低了6.58 mg/L,在12MAAF阶段,酯类物质含量提高了243.03 mg/L,醇类物质含量提高了22.55 mg/L。闪蒸处理可以显著促进酯类合成,有效抑制醇类生成。闪蒸处理是一种有效的葡萄酒酿造工艺优化手段,对于提升葡萄酒的色泽稳定性、酚类物质以及香气质量具有积极作用。

, authors=陈向阳1, 杨子怡1, 柴菊华1, 崔彦志2, 雷玉娟1, 华玉波2, *, 侍朋宝1, *, authorsList=陈向阳, 杨子怡, 柴菊华, 崔彦志, 雷玉娟, 华玉波, 侍朋宝, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=华玉波, 侍朋宝, authorNote=

陈向阳(2001−),男,硕士,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
华玉波(1983−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒学,E-mail:。
侍朋宝(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒学,E-mail:。
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陈向阳(2001−),男,硕士,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒学,E-mail:

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陈向阳(2001−),男,硕士,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒学,E-mail:

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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2024, 108(1): 420., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320167316579528970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167316587917579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, companyId=1320167316579528970, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167316596306188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, companyId=1320167316579528970, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河北科技师范学院食品科技学院,河北秦皇岛 066600)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320167316663415053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167316671803662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, companyId=1320167316663415053, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Bodega-Langes Co., Ltd., Qinhuangdao 066600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320167316680192271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, companyId=1320167316663415053, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2朗格斯酒庄(秦皇岛)有限公司,河北秦皇岛 066600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320167321386201409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of flash release treatment on total phenolic content in wine, figureFileSmall=7HWEhATKdl8Y49Fv77wA4w==, figureFileBig=1CYs33YxtzwCVVQytYJv3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167321457504578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=CN, label=图1, caption=闪蒸处理对葡萄酒中总酚含量的影响

注:不同小写字母表示不同取样时间相同处理间差异显著(P<0.05),*表示相同取样时间不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=7HWEhATKdl8Y49Fv77wA4w==, figureFileBig=1CYs33YxtzwCVVQytYJv3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167321545584963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of flash release treatment on the content of anthocyanins in wine, figureFileSmall=ZN55i617K3k+ObrlnO4UqA==, figureFileBig=8L3Y8HjEiYrMFEbwzosyHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167321608499524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=CN, label=图2, caption=闪蒸处理对葡萄酒花色苷类物质含量的影响, figureFileSmall=ZN55i617K3k+ObrlnO4UqA==, figureFileBig=8L3Y8HjEiYrMFEbwzosyHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167321671414085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of flash release treatment on the flavonoid content in wine, figureFileSmall=e0Ou86E/ExgJOaQ35xlP5w==, figureFileBig=53s21JtrojzxTypQtitXSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167321738522950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=CN, label=图3, caption=闪蒸处理对葡萄酒中类黄酮含量的影响, figureFileSmall=e0Ou86E/ExgJOaQ35xlP5w==, figureFileBig=53s21JtrojzxTypQtitXSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167321814020423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of flash release treatment on the content of flavanols in wine, figureFileSmall=aIs5SBhSEwP9rMb2qr0hBQ==, figureFileBig=hgVOLM1zrI7otksE9mxhGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167321889517896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=CN, label=图4, caption=闪蒸处理对葡萄酒中黄烷醇含量的影响, figureFileSmall=aIs5SBhSEwP9rMb2qr0hBQ==, figureFileBig=hgVOLM1zrI7otksE9mxhGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167321952432457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Scores of the principal component analysis of phenolics and aroma of wines of the two processes, figureFileSmall=IEnL5EEFOnO2HqPN4uzrqg==, figureFileBig=cORPctvDNuHiHEmwtgt5Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167322023735626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=CN, label=图5, caption=两种工艺葡萄酒酚类物质及香气主成分分析得分图, figureFileSmall=IEnL5EEFOnO2HqPN4uzrqg==, figureFileBig=cORPctvDNuHiHEmwtgt5Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167322090844491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Loadings from the principal component analysis of phenolics and aroma of wines of two processes, figureFileSmall=Hy8nR+fMsNPrQkvsMPEigQ==, figureFileBig=4Cnzb0Gavfz0ShJ0St+5TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167322162147660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=CN, label=图6, caption=两种工艺葡萄酒酚类物质及香气主成分分析载荷图, figureFileSmall=Hy8nR+fMsNPrQkvsMPEigQ==, figureFileBig=4Cnzb0Gavfz0ShJ0St+5TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167322220867917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of flash release treatment on the routine physical and chemical indexes of wine after alcohol fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理残糖(g/L)总酸(酒石酸计,g/L)pH酒精度(%vol)挥发酸(乙酸计,g/L)游离SO2(mg/L)总SO2(mg/L)
传统3.73±0.026.87±0.013.78±0.0113.96±0.010.21±0.0118.67±0.5854.33±0.58
闪蒸4.93±0.06*7.39±0.01*3.88±0.01 *14.87±0.01*0.25±0.01*30.67±1.15*61.00±1.73*
), ArticleFig(id=1320167322283782478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

闪蒸处理对葡萄原酒常规理化性质的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理残糖(g/L)总酸(酒石酸计,g/L)pH酒精度(%vol)挥发酸(乙酸计,g/L)游离SO2(mg/L)总SO2(mg/L)
传统3.73±0.026.87±0.013.78±0.0113.96±0.010.21±0.0118.67±0.5854.33±0.58
闪蒸4.93±0.06*7.39±0.01*3.88±0.01 *14.87±0.01*0.25±0.01*30.67±1.15*61.00±1.73*
), ArticleFig(id=1320167322350891343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of flash release treatment on wine color indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颜色处理AAF6MAAF12MAAF
色度传统7.94±0.03a6.70±0.03c6.96±0.01b
闪蒸8.51±0.02b*8.51±0.06b*9.51±0.02a*
色调传统0.66±0.00b*0.74±0.00a*0.75±0.00a*
闪蒸0.63±0.00c0.70±0.00b0.72±0.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1320167322430583120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

闪蒸处理对葡萄酒颜色指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颜色处理AAF6MAAF12MAAF
色度传统7.94±0.03a6.70±0.03c6.96±0.01b
闪蒸8.51±0.02b*8.51±0.06b*9.51±0.02a*
色调传统0.66±0.00b*0.74±0.00a*0.75±0.00a*
闪蒸0.63±0.00c0.70±0.00b0.72±0.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1320167322510274897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of flash release treatment on the volatile aroma compounds of wine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物名称分子式分子量含量(mg/L)
传统酒闪蒸酒
AAF6MAAF12MAAFAAF6MAAF12MAAF
酯类
1丁内酯C4H6O2860.16±0.01a0.12±0.00b0.17±0.02a0.17±0.03b0.18±0.03b*0.35±0.06a*
2正己酸乙酯C8H16O214465.17±2.34a46.65±18.07c*52.91±5.45b*85.99±0.95a*42.97±2.22c50.55±0.60b
3乙酸己酯C7H8O31441.12±0.23a0.76±0.10b0.64±0.20b3.23±0.00a*2.43±0.00b*1.85±0.23c*
42-己烯酸乙酯C8H14O21420.19±0.03a*0.10±0.01b0.17±0.02a*0.07±0.00a0.08±0.01a0.08±0.01a
52-糠酸乙酯C7H8O31400.02±0.00c0.06±0.01b0.14±0.01a0.11±0.01b*0.08±0.01b0.17±0.03a*
62-羟基己酸乙酯C8H16O31600.09±0.00b0.09±0.00b0.99±0.00a*0.18±0.04c*0.28±0.01b*0.52±0.04a
7辛酸甲酯C9H18O21580.82±0.07a*0.86±0.15a*0.56±0.02b0.80±0.08a0.81±0.12a0.63±0.07b*
8苯甲酸乙酯C9H10O21500.07±0.02b0.14±0.01a0.14±0.06a0.12±0.00a*0.15±0.02a0.15±0.02a
9丁二酸二乙酯C8H14O41741.20±0.13c11.16±4.22b*39.71±13.41a*2.29±0.19c*10.44±1.21b34.19±11.55a
10水杨酸甲酯C8H8O31521.35±0.26c3.17±0.07b4.50±0.54a1.49±0.06c*5.71±0.38b*10.94±0.71a*
11辛酸乙酯C10H20O2172198.71±9.55a178.24±30.94a142.82±9.59b232.87±55.85a*228.86±15.76a*190.72±16.40b*
12苯乙酸乙酯C10H12O21640.13±0.02b0.13±0.02b0.22±0.05a0.09±0.13c0.18±0.01b0.27±0.03a*
13反式-3-甲基-4-辛内酯C9H20O1440.12±0.01b0.19±0.06b0.42±0.05a0.64±0.13c*1.03±0.08b*1.59±0.15a*
14辛酸丙酯C11H22O21860.25±0.04a*0.18±0.00b0.19±0.01b0.13±0.16b0.29±0.02a*0.29±0.01a*
15壬酸乙酯C11H22O21860.23±0.01a*0.24±0.05a0.22±0.00a0.09±0.11b0.38±0.05a*0.41±0.04a*
16正辛酸异丁酯C12H24O22000.09±0.01a0.05±0.00b0.06±0.01b0.08±0.01a0.10±0.02a*0.11±0.00a*
173,7-二甲基-6-辛烯乙酸酯C12H22O21980.08±0.03a0.01±0.00c0.05±0.01b0.12±0.02b0.21±0.01a*0.14±0.03b*
18癸酸甲酯C11H22O21861.27±0.08a*0.19±0.00b0.08±0.02b0.47±0.69c0.69±0.09b*0.81±0.41a*
19癸酸乙酯C12H24O220046.37±0.30a27.50±1.29c31.84±1.52b56.88±1.04c*65.58±2.49b*81.51±6.87a*
20乙基9-癸烯酸酯C12H22O21980.28±0.26c0.46±0.07b0.61±0.06a0.43±0.47b*1.86±0.22a*2.07±0.21a*
21十二酸乙酯C14H28O22281.00±0.00c1.48±0.03b1.70±0.21a2.52±0.17c*3.76±0.24b*4.05±0.01a*
22十六酸乙酯C18H36O22840.23±0.12a*0.19±0.02a0.06±0.01b0.08±0.00b0.26±0.01a0.23±0.02a*
23乙酸-3-甲基丁酯C8H14O214227.71±1.97a20.78±0.58b6.74±0.14c226.59±8.69a*201.97±21.08b*150.19±2.00c*
24乳酸乙酯C5H10O31184.40±0.15b*3.89±2.22b6.65±1.66a*3.82±0.58b6.38±0.20a*1.58±0.09c
25乳酸异戊酯C8H16O31600.14±0.02c0.29±0.04b0.73±0.18a0.51±0.04b*0.35±0.04b1.69+0.16a*
26水杨酸乙酯C9H10O31660.02±0.01c0.11±0.01a0.07±0.01b0.14±0.01a*0.07±0.00b0.14±0.01a
27乙酸庚酯C9H18O2158−−−0.44±0.05a*0.17±0.03b*0.02±0.00c*
28乙酸苄酯C9H10O2150−−−0.03±0.02a*0.05±0.01a*0.05±0.01a*
29乙酸香叶酯C12H20O2196−−−0.20±0.01a*0.16±0.02b*0.08±0.02c*
小计351.21297.06292.36620.60575.45535.39
303-甲基-1-丁醇C5H12O8824.66±5.62a*14.56±0.76c*20.11±7.23b5.74±2.00b3.94±2.07b19.33±0.85a
312,3-丁二醇C4H10O2901.78±0.19b5.13±0..53a*1.38±0.62b4.68±1.12b*4.45±0.07b6.29±0.23a*
324-甲基-1-戊醇C6H14O1020.52±0.27b*0.69±0.02a*0.48±0.11b*0.43±0.12a0.17±0.05c0.32±0.08b
333-甲基-1-戊醇C6H14O1021.12±0.61a*0.66±0.34c*1.10±0.57a*0.15±0.09c0.50±0.20b0.86±0.06a
34顺式-3-己烯-1-醇C6H12O1000.28±0.12b*0.47±0.06a*0.27±0.05b0.10±0.00b0.29±0.09a0.28±0.26a
351-己醇C6H14O10211.70±0.89b*20.39±0.29a11.21±0.21b11.11±0.38c22.57±0.77a*16.02±0.41b*
363-甲硫基丙醇C4H10OS1060.09±0.00b*0.24±0.08a*0.08±0.00b*−−−
371-庚醇C7H16O1160.37±0.03b*0.56±0.00a*0.57±0.15a0.03±0.01c0.39±0.01b0.50±0.05a
382-乙基己醇C8H18O1300.27±0.01c*0.53±0.06b*0.71±0.01a*0.01±0.01b0.35±0.09a0.26±0.07a
381-辛醇C8H18O1301.84±0.51a*1.80±0.42a*1.71±0.25b*0.54±0.73b1.51±0.30c1.57±0.10a
40里那醇C10H18O1540.49±0.05c*0.79±0.04b*1.26±0.26a0.05±0.00c0.64±0.03b1.57±0.08a*
411-壬醇C9H20O1440.28±0.03b*0.43±0.06a0.57±0.01a0.03±0.01c0.75±0.17b*1.03±0.02a*
42苯乙醇C8H10O12250.93±6.22a*43.60±14.67b38.24±10.22c22.05±9.67b47.35±6.48a*51.54±10.33a*
435-甲基-5-壬醇C10H22O1580.32±0.08b*0.42±0.10a0.31±0.13b0.12±0.14b0.43±0.06a0.53±0.08a*
444-萜烯醇C10H18O1541.03±0.45b*0.89±0.06c*1.26±0.28a0.04±0.01c0.42±0.04b1.11±0.02a
451-癸醇C10H22O1580.53±0.20a*0.26±0.03b*0.42±0.12a*0.12±0.15a0.06±0.01b0.12±0.01a
46香茅醇C10H20O1560.24±0.02b*0.39±0.28a0.23±0.00b0.19±0.00c0.53±0.07a*0.39±0.08b*
47苯甲醇C7H8O1080.07±0.00b0.08±0.00b0.31±0.22a0.85±0.00c*0.97±0.02b*1.07±0.01a*
小计96.5391.8880.2446.2485.30102.79
48苯甲醛C7H6O1060.16±0.04a0.01±0.000.11±0.01a0.13±0.01a0.01±0.00b0.15±0.04a
49苯乙醛C8H8O1200.12±0.01a*0.11±0.01a0.03±0.01b0.01±0.00b0.08±0.01a0.09±0.01a*
50癸醛C10H20O1560.46±0.09b*0.74±0.01a*0.57±0.10b0.04±0.00c0.57±0.10b0.86±0.20a*
513-糠醛C5H4O2960.76±0.39b*12.50±2.15a*1.43±0.31b*−1.34±0.10−
525-甲基呋喃醛C6H6O2110−1.95±0.77a*0.39±0.01b*−0.75±0.19a0.29±0.02b
53十二醛C12H24O184−0.08±0.01−0.01±0.02c*0.07±0.02b0.17±0.05a*
小计1.5015.392.530.192.821.56
544-辛酮C8H16O1282.58±0.12a*2.57±0.02a2.42±0.12a1.68±2.49b2.68±0.29a*2.50±0.09a
55反式-5-丁基二氢-4-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮C9H16O21560.05±0.00b*0.10±0.01b0.31±0.04a−0.25±0.07b*0.79±0.17a*
566,10-二甲基-5,9-十一双烯-2-酮C13H22O1940.08±0.02b*0.36±0.10a*0.31±0.01a*−0.13±0.00−
57植酮C18H36O2680.05±0.01a*0.06±0.02a0.04±0.02a−0.08±0.01a0.07±0.01a
58大马仕酮C13H18O190−1.39±0.10a*1.17±0.37b*0.56±0.09b*0.73±0.12a0.83±0.10a
小计2.774.484.252.243.874.18
59十一酸C11H22O21863.57±1.70*−−0.01±0.01b0.28±0.02a*−
60十四酸C14H28O22280.07±0.01b−0.18±0.06a0.03±0.01c0.09±0.05b*0.16±0.01a
61十六酸C16H32O22560.04±0.00b0.36±0.13a*0.05±0.04b*0.14±0.02a*0.10±0.01a−
62辛酸C8H16O2144−3.66±0.07−0.81±0.25c*5.24±1.50a*2.48±2.12b*
小计3.694.020.231.005.712.64
总计455.70412.82379.60670.27673.15646.57
), ArticleFig(id=1320167322606743890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166478712783188, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

闪蒸处理对葡萄酒挥发性香气物质的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号化合物名称分子式分子量含量(mg/L)
传统酒闪蒸酒
AAF6MAAF12MAAFAAF6MAAF12MAAF
酯类
1丁内酯C4H6O2860.16±0.01a0.12±0.00b0.17±0.02a0.17±0.03b0.18±0.03b*0.35±0.06a*
2正己酸乙酯C8H16O214465.17±2.34a46.65±18.07c*52.91±5.45b*85.99±0.95a*42.97±2.22c50.55±0.60b
3乙酸己酯C7H8O31441.12±0.23a0.76±0.10b0.64±0.20b3.23±0.00a*2.43±0.00b*1.85±0.23c*
42-己烯酸乙酯C8H14O21420.19±0.03a*0.10±0.01b0.17±0.02a*0.07±0.00a0.08±0.01a0.08±0.01a
52-糠酸乙酯C7H8O31400.02±0.00c0.06±0.01b0.14±0.01a0.11±0.01b*0.08±0.01b0.17±0.03a*
62-羟基己酸乙酯C8H16O31600.09±0.00b0.09±0.00b0.99±0.00a*0.18±0.04c*0.28±0.01b*0.52±0.04a
7辛酸甲酯C9H18O21580.82±0.07a*0.86±0.15a*0.56±0.02b0.80±0.08a0.81±0.12a0.63±0.07b*
8苯甲酸乙酯C9H10O21500.07±0.02b0.14±0.01a0.14±0.06a0.12±0.00a*0.15±0.02a0.15±0.02a
9丁二酸二乙酯C8H14O41741.20±0.13c11.16±4.22b*39.71±13.41a*2.29±0.19c*10.44±1.21b34.19±11.55a
10水杨酸甲酯C8H8O31521.35±0.26c3.17±0.07b4.50±0.54a1.49±0.06c*5.71±0.38b*10.94±0.71a*
11辛酸乙酯C10H20O2172198.71±9.55a178.24±30.94a142.82±9.59b232.87±55.85a*228.86±15.76a*190.72±16.40b*
12苯乙酸乙酯C10H12O21640.13±0.02b0.13±0.02b0.22±0.05a0.09±0.13c0.18±0.01b0.27±0.03a*
13反式-3-甲基-4-辛内酯C9H20O1440.12±0.01b0.19±0.06b0.42±0.05a0.64±0.13c*1.03±0.08b*1.59±0.15a*
14辛酸丙酯C11H22O21860.25±0.04a*0.18±0.00b0.19±0.01b0.13±0.16b0.29±0.02a*0.29±0.01a*
15壬酸乙酯C11H22O21860.23±0.01a*0.24±0.05a0.22±0.00a0.09±0.11b0.38±0.05a*0.41±0.04a*
16正辛酸异丁酯C12H24O22000.09±0.01a0.05±0.00b0.06±0.01b0.08±0.01a0.10±0.02a*0.11±0.00a*
173,7-二甲基-6-辛烯乙酸酯C12H22O21980.08±0.03a0.01±0.00c0.05±0.01b0.12±0.02b0.21±0.01a*0.14±0.03b*
18癸酸甲酯C11H22O21861.27±0.08a*0.19±0.00b0.08±0.02b0.47±0.69c0.69±0.09b*0.81±0.41a*
19癸酸乙酯C12H24O220046.37±0.30a27.50±1.29c31.84±1.52b56.88±1.04c*65.58±2.49b*81.51±6.87a*
20乙基9-癸烯酸酯C12H22O21980.28±0.26c0.46±0.07b0.61±0.06a0.43±0.47b*1.86±0.22a*2.07±0.21a*
21十二酸乙酯C14H28O22281.00±0.00c1.48±0.03b1.70±0.21a2.52±0.17c*3.76±0.24b*4.05±0.01a*
22十六酸乙酯C18H36O22840.23±0.12a*0.19±0.02a0.06±0.01b0.08±0.00b0.26±0.01a0.23±0.02a*
23乙酸-3-甲基丁酯C8H14O214227.71±1.97a20.78±0.58b6.74±0.14c226.59±8.69a*201.97±21.08b*150.19±2.00c*
24乳酸乙酯C5H10O31184.40±0.15b*3.89±2.22b6.65±1.66a*3.82±0.58b6.38±0.20a*1.58±0.09c
25乳酸异戊酯C8H16O31600.14±0.02c0.29±0.04b0.73±0.18a0.51±0.04b*0.35±0.04b1.69+0.16a*
26水杨酸乙酯C9H10O31660.02±0.01c0.11±0.01a0.07±0.01b0.14±0.01a*0.07±0.00b0.14±0.01a
27乙酸庚酯C9H18O2158−−−0.44±0.05a*0.17±0.03b*0.02±0.00c*
28乙酸苄酯C9H10O2150−−−0.03±0.02a*0.05±0.01a*0.05±0.01a*
29乙酸香叶酯C12H20O2196−−−0.20±0.01a*0.16±0.02b*0.08±0.02c*
小计351.21297.06292.36620.60575.45535.39
303-甲基-1-丁醇C5H12O8824.66±5.62a*14.56±0.76c*20.11±7.23b5.74±2.00b3.94±2.07b19.33±0.85a
312,3-丁二醇C4H10O2901.78±0.19b5.13±0..53a*1.38±0.62b4.68±1.12b*4.45±0.07b6.29±0.23a*
324-甲基-1-戊醇C6H14O1020.52±0.27b*0.69±0.02a*0.48±0.11b*0.43±0.12a0.17±0.05c0.32±0.08b
333-甲基-1-戊醇C6H14O1021.12±0.61a*0.66±0.34c*1.10±0.57a*0.15±0.09c0.50±0.20b0.86±0.06a
34顺式-3-己烯-1-醇C6H12O1000.28±0.12b*0.47±0.06a*0.27±0.05b0.10±0.00b0.29±0.09a0.28±0.26a
351-己醇C6H14O10211.70±0.89b*20.39±0.29a11.21±0.21b11.11±0.38c22.57±0.77a*16.02±0.41b*
363-甲硫基丙醇C4H10OS1060.09±0.00b*0.24±0.08a*0.08±0.00b*−−−
371-庚醇C7H16O1160.37±0.03b*0.56±0.00a*0.57±0.15a0.03±0.01c0.39±0.01b0.50±0.05a
382-乙基己醇C8H18O1300.27±0.01c*0.53±0.06b*0.71±0.01a*0.01±0.01b0.35±0.09a0.26±0.07a
381-辛醇C8H18O1301.84±0.51a*1.80±0.42a*1.71±0.25b*0.54±0.73b1.51±0.30c1.57±0.10a
40里那醇C10H18O1540.49±0.05c*0.79±0.04b*1.26±0.26a0.05±0.00c0.64±0.03b1.57±0.08a*
411-壬醇C9H20O1440.28±0.03b*0.43±0.06a0.57±0.01a0.03±0.01c0.75±0.17b*1.03±0.02a*
42苯乙醇C8H10O12250.93±6.22a*43.60±14.67b38.24±10.22c22.05±9.67b47.35±6.48a*51.54±10.33a*
435-甲基-5-壬醇C10H22O1580.32±0.08b*0.42±0.10a0.31±0.13b0.12±0.14b0.43±0.06a0.53±0.08a*
444-萜烯醇C10H18O1541.03±0.45b*0.89±0.06c*1.26±0.28a0.04±0.01c0.42±0.04b1.11±0.02a
451-癸醇C10H22O1580.53±0.20a*0.26±0.03b*0.42±0.12a*0.12±0.15a0.06±0.01b0.12±0.01a
46香茅醇C10H20O1560.24±0.02b*0.39±0.28a0.23±0.00b0.19±0.00c0.53±0.07a*0.39±0.08b*
47苯甲醇C7H8O1080.07±0.00b0.08±0.00b0.31±0.22a0.85±0.00c*0.97±0.02b*1.07±0.01a*
小计96.5391.8880.2446.2485.30102.79
48苯甲醛C7H6O1060.16±0.04a0.01±0.000.11±0.01a0.13±0.01a0.01±0.00b0.15±0.04a
49苯乙醛C8H8O1200.12±0.01a*0.11±0.01a0.03±0.01b0.01±0.00b0.08±0.01a0.09±0.01a*
50癸醛C10H20O1560.46±0.09b*0.74±0.01a*0.57±0.10b0.04±0.00c0.57±0.10b0.86±0.20a*
513-糠醛C5H4O2960.76±0.39b*12.50±2.15a*1.43±0.31b*−1.34±0.10−
525-甲基呋喃醛C6H6O2110−1.95±0.77a*0.39±0.01b*−0.75±0.19a0.29±0.02b
53十二醛C12H24O184−0.08±0.01−0.01±0.02c*0.07±0.02b0.17±0.05a*
小计1.5015.392.530.192.821.56
544-辛酮C8H16O1282.58±0.12a*2.57±0.02a2.42±0.12a1.68±2.49b2.68±0.29a*2.50±0.09a
55反式-5-丁基二氢-4-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮C9H16O21560.05±0.00b*0.10±0.01b0.31±0.04a−0.25±0.07b*0.79±0.17a*
566,10-二甲基-5,9-十一双烯-2-酮C13H22O1940.08±0.02b*0.36±0.10a*0.31±0.01a*−0.13±0.00−
57植酮C18H36O2680.05±0.01a*0.06±0.02a0.04±0.02a−0.08±0.01a0.07±0.01a
58大马仕酮C13H18O190−1.39±0.10a*1.17±0.37b*0.56±0.09b*0.73±0.12a0.83±0.10a
小计2.774.484.252.243.874.18
59十一酸C11H22O21863.57±1.70*−−0.01±0.01b0.28±0.02a*−
60十四酸C14H28O22280.07±0.01b−0.18±0.06a0.03±0.01c0.09±0.05b*0.16±0.01a
61十六酸C16H32O22560.04±0.00b0.36±0.13a*0.05±0.04b*0.14±0.02a*0.10±0.01a−
62辛酸C8H16O2144−3.66±0.07−0.81±0.25c*5.24±1.50a*2.48±2.12b*
小计3.694.020.231.005.712.64
总计455.70412.82379.60670.27673.15646.57
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闪蒸处理对马瑟兰葡萄酒品质的影响
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陈向阳 1 , 杨子怡 1 , 柴菊华 1 , 崔彦志 2 , 雷玉娟 1 , 华玉波 2, * , 侍朋宝 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(11): 353-364
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (11) : 353 -364
闪蒸处理对马瑟兰葡萄酒品质的影响
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陈向阳1 , 杨子怡1, 柴菊华1, 崔彦志2, 雷玉娟1, 华玉波2, * , 侍朋宝1, *
作者信息
  • 1河北科技师范学院食品科技学院,河北秦皇岛 066600
  • 2朗格斯酒庄(秦皇岛)有限公司,河北秦皇岛 066600
通讯作者:
华玉波(1983−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒学,E-mail:。
侍朋宝(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈向阳(2001−),男,硕士,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒学,E-mail:

Effect of Flash Release Treatment on the Quality of Marselan Wines
Xiangyang CHEN1 , Ziyi YANG1, Juhua CHAI1, Yanzhi CUI2, Yujuan LEI1, Yubo HUA2, * , Pengbao SHI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China
  • 2Bodega-Langes Co., Ltd., Qinhuangdao 066600, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060338
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本研究旨在探究闪蒸处理对陈酿期间马瑟兰葡萄酒品质的影响,以昌黎产区同一批次成熟的马瑟兰葡萄作为原料,分别采用传统和闪蒸工艺酿造马瑟兰葡萄酒,通过比较两种工艺酿造下葡萄酒常规理化指标以及陈酿期间色度色调、酚类物质和香气物质含量变化,全面评价闪蒸处理对葡萄酒品质的影响。结果表明,与传统酿造工艺相比,闪蒸工艺马瑟兰葡萄原酒中残糖由3.73 g/L提高至4.93 g/L,总酸由6.87 g/L提高至7.39 g/L,pH由3.78提高至3.88,酒精度由13.96%vol提高至14.87%vol,差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。闪蒸处理显著提高了陈酿期间葡萄酒的色度,显著降低了陈酿期间葡萄酒的色调(P<0.05)。闪蒸处理显著增加了陈酿期间葡萄酒的总酚、总花色苷、类黄酮以及黄烷醇酚类物质的含量(P<0.05)。在AAF阶段,闪蒸马瑟兰葡萄酒酯类物质含量提高了269.39 mg/L,醇类物质含量降低了50.29 mg/L,在6MAAF阶段,酯类物质含量提高了278.39 mg/L,醇类物质含量降低了6.58 mg/L,在12MAAF阶段,酯类物质含量提高了243.03 mg/L,醇类物质含量提高了22.55 mg/L。闪蒸处理可以显著促进酯类合成,有效抑制醇类生成。闪蒸处理是一种有效的葡萄酒酿造工艺优化手段,对于提升葡萄酒的色泽稳定性、酚类物质以及香气质量具有积极作用。

闪蒸处理  /  马瑟兰葡萄酒  /  理化指标  /  陈酿期间  /  色度色调  /  酚类物质  /  香气成分

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flash release treatment on the quality of aged Marselan wines. Mature Marselan grapes from the same batch in Changli production region were used as raw materials and then fermented through traditional method and flash release treatment respectively. The conventional physicochemical indicators, as well as color related indicators, phenolic substances, and aroma components during aging, were compared between the two processes to comprehensively evaluate the impact of flash release treatment on wine quality and aroma characteristics. Results showed that flash release treatment played a significant impact on the quality of Marselan wine (P<0.05) by increasing the content of conventional physicochemical indicators such as residual sugars, the concentration increased from 3.73 g/L to 4.93 g/L, the total acidity rose from 6.87 g/L to 7.39 g/L, the pH climbed from 3.78 to 3.88, and the alcohol content elevated from 13.96%vol to 14.87%vol, improving wine chroma and reducing the color tone, and increasing the content of total phenols, total anthocyanins, flavonoids, and flavanols during aging. During the AAF phase, the ester content in the flash release treated Marselan wine increased by 269.39 mg/L, while the alcohol content decreased by 50.29 mg/L. In the 6MAAF phase, the ester content rose by 278.39 mg/L, and the alcohol content decreased by 6.58 mg/L. For the 12MAAF phase, the ester content increased by 243.03 mg/L, whereas the alcohol content increased by 22.55 mg/L. The flash release treatment could significantly promote ester synthesis and effectively inhibit alcohol production. Therefore, flash release treatment is an effective method for optimizing the wine making process by exerting a positive effect on improving the color stability, phenolic substances, and aroma quality of wine.

flash release treatment  /  Marselan wines  /  physicochemical indicators  /  during aging  /  chroma and hue  /  phenolic substances  /  aroma components
陈向阳, 杨子怡, 柴菊华, 崔彦志, 雷玉娟, 华玉波, 侍朋宝. 闪蒸处理对马瑟兰葡萄酒品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 353 -364 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060338
Xiangyang CHEN, Ziyi YANG, Juhua CHAI, Yanzhi CUI, Yujuan LEI, Yubo HUA, Pengbao SHI. Effect of Flash Release Treatment on the Quality of Marselan Wines[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 353 -364 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060338
葡萄酒的品质是其市场竞争力的核心体现,而品质的优劣主要由口感、色泽、香气及营养物质含量等多方面因素共同决定。其中,香气作为葡萄酒给消费者带来的首要感官体验,其物质种类的丰富度与总量直接影响着葡萄酒的风味层次和品鉴价值。酚类物质、多糖、花色苷等营养成分则不仅赋予葡萄酒独特的口感和色泽,更与葡萄酒的抗氧化能力、保健功效及陈酿潜力密切相关[1]。因此,如何通过优化酿造工艺提升葡萄酒的香气品质和营养物质含量,一直是葡萄酒产业研究的核心课题。
闪蒸工艺在葡萄酒产业中的应用最早可追溯至1993年,首度由法国酿酒企业引入,该工艺可显著提升葡萄酒的出汁率与营养物质含量,目前只有秦皇岛的朗格斯酒庄配备了完整的闪蒸处理设备[2]。闪蒸工艺作为一种新型的酿造技术,近年来逐渐受到研究者的关注,张哲等[2]的研究表明,闪蒸工艺可以改善葡萄酒的理化指标并增加总酚和多糖的物质含量。另外,多品种研究一致证实,闪蒸处理可以显著增加葡萄酒单体酚、总酚及花色苷含量,也有学者发现闪蒸后进行浸渍可以显著提高酒中的总酚及单宁含量[3−7]。在香气研究方面,柴菊华等[8]的研究表明,与传统工艺相比,闪蒸工艺可使品丽珠干红香气物质种类和总量增加。此外,耿彦彦等[5]和曹芳玲等[9]发现经闪蒸处理后的葡萄酒感官品质更佳,能有效提升葡萄酒的口感和外观质量。侍朋宝等[4]的最新研究表明,随着陈酿时间的延长,闪蒸使葡萄酒中多数单体酚含量高于传统酿造的葡萄酒。
昌黎产区作为中国葡萄酒地理标志产区,属半湿润大陆性气候,日照时间长,紫外线适中,有助于葡萄果实中酚类物质的积累[10−12],为闪蒸技术的应用提供了独特的自然生态基础,有望借助闪蒸技术进一步提升该产区葡萄酒的品质与特色。前期的研究表明闪蒸工艺可以显著提高该产区葡萄酒的酚类物质含量以及香气物质种类[2,4,6,8],但现有研究主要集中在赤霞珠、品丽珠、美乐、蛇龙珠等传统葡萄品种上,对于马瑟兰这种新兴葡萄品种的研究还相对较少。此外,现有研究主要关注闪蒸处理对葡萄酒中酚类物质和香气成分的影响,但关于闪蒸对葡萄酒陈酿期间色度色调、酚类物质及香气物质含量的影响及闪蒸后葡萄酒陈酿期间色度色调、酚类物质及香气物质含量的变化规律鲜有研究。因此本研究以目前昌黎产区重点栽培品种马瑟兰葡萄为试材,通过对比分析传统酿造工艺与闪蒸工艺下酿造的马瑟兰葡萄酒,深入探讨陈酿期间闪蒸处理对葡萄酒色度色调、酚类物质及香气物质含量的影响,以期为葡萄酒酿造工艺的优化提供科学依据,推动当地葡萄酒产业的可持续发展。
实验所用酿酒葡萄原料为2018年采收于朗格斯酒庄(秦皇岛)有限公司的‘马瑟兰’(‘Marselan’)葡萄,葡萄汁总糖含量为236.0 g/L(以葡萄糖计),总酸含量为4.79 g/L(以酒石酸计),pH为3.99;Fx10酵母、HE Grand Cru果胶酶(8600 PGNU/g)、偏重亚硫酸钾 法国Laffort公司;Vitilactic乳酸菌 法国Lallemand公司;Jean Vicard Premium橡木桶(225 L) 法国Vicard公司。
AUW220电子分析天平 日本岛津公司;PHS-3EpH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;UV759紫外分光光度计 上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司;8860气相色谱×5977B质谱、HP-INNOWax色谱柱(60 m×0.25 nm×0.25 μm) 美国安捷伦科技有限公司;CTC CombiPAL autosampler多功能自动进样器 瑞士思特斯分析仪器有限公司。
将葡萄原料分为传统组和闪蒸组2组,每组12吨。
葡萄经人工筛选后进行除梗破碎,破碎后的葡萄醪输入15 kL发酵罐中,期间按60 mg/L加量添加偏重亚硫酸钾,间隔4 h后加入HE Grand Cru果胶酶(30 mg/kg),然后接种活化后的Fx10酵母(200 mg/L)启动发酵,发酵过程中温度控制在22~28 ℃,每天监测发酵比重并循环压帽2次,当酒液密度不再下降时分离皮渣,结束发酵。
葡萄分选、除梗破碎方法与传统工艺相同,破碎后的葡萄醪先转移至缓冲罐,转移过程中加入6%二氧化硫溶液(使总二氧化硫含量为60 mg/L),将自流汁转移至加热罐,快速加热至90 ℃,然后将缓冲罐中的葡萄果粒输送至加热罐,与自流汁进行热交换,保温15~30 s,随后转移至闪蒸罐,在−95 Pa的条件下,果粒迅速膨胀,果皮破裂。闪蒸后的葡萄醪降温后转移至15 kL发酵罐,接种活化后的酵母启动发酵(方法、用量与传统法相同),浸渍发酵2 d后进行皮渣分离,葡萄酒继续发酵至密度不再下降(浸渍发酵过程中的管理同传统法)。
两组酒样均经过澄清处理后装瓶,进行陈酿。
本实验传统组和闪蒸组马瑟兰葡萄酒均在酒精发酵结束时(AAF)、酒精发酵结束后6个月(6MAAF)和酒精发酵结束后12个月(12MAAF)3个时间点进行取样,每个时间点每处理取样重复3次,所有样品均置于−20 ℃冰箱中保存待测。
参考《葡萄酒、果酒通用分析方法》[13]测定酒精发酵结束时的总糖(以葡萄糖计)、总酸(以酒石酸计)、pH、酒精度、挥发酸(以乙酸计)、游离SO2含量、总SO2含量。
参照孙文静等[14]的方法,测定样品pH,使用0.1 mol/L柠檬酸和0.2 mol/L磷酸氢二钠溶液配制溶液,使其pH与样品pH一致,取9 mL pH调配溶液和1 mL过滤酒样混匀,以蒸馏水为空白对照,分别在420、520和620 nm波长处测定样品的吸光度值,其中色度值通过3个波长吸光度值的总和乘以10计算得出,色调则为420 nm与520 nm吸光度值的比值。
参照《葡萄酒分析与检验》[15]的方法。总酚标准曲线制作:精确称取0.5 g干没食子酸(120 ℃,3 h),配制5 g/L干没食子酸母液,分别取母液0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、8.0、10.0 mL至100 mL容量瓶,用蒸馏水定容得到梯度干没食子酸溶液(0.025、0.050、0.075、0.100、0.200、0.250、0.300、0.400、0.500 g/L),取上述各梯度溶液1 mL,添加5 mL福林-肖卡溶液、15 mL饱和碳酸钠溶液,混匀,用蒸馏水定容至100 mL,在室温避光条件下反应120 min,以空白溶液为对照,于765 nm波长处测定各梯度样品的吸光值。以总酚浓度为横坐标,吸光值为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,进而获得总酚的标准曲线方程:y=1.2651x−0.0039,R2=0.9978。
样品测定:移取0.1 mL酒样,其余操作参照总酚标准曲线的制作方法执行。
参考彭昕等[16]的方法并稍作调整,取两份0.2 mL样品分别至10 mL容量瓶中,分别用pH为1.0的KCl缓冲液(0.025 mol/L)和pH为4.5的CH3COONa缓冲溶液(0.4 mol/L)进行定容,摇匀,避光放置15 min,以空白为对照,分别在520 nm和700 nm下测定这两种稀释液的吸光度,葡萄糖总花色苷含量用矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(mg/L)表示,并通过下式计算:
$ \rm {总花色苷}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{L})=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{A}\times \mathrm{Mw}\times \mathrm{DF}\times 1000}{\varepsilon \times \mathrm{L}} $
式中:$ \Delta \mathrm{A}=({\mathrm{A}}_{520}-{\mathrm{A}}_{700})\mathrm{pH}1.0-({\mathrm{A}}_{520}-{\mathrm{A}}_{700})\mathrm{pH}4.5 $;Mw为矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷相对分子质量;DF为稀释倍数;$ \varepsilon $为矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的摩尔吸光系数26900/(mol·cm);L为比色皿光程,1 cm。
总黄酮的测定参考丛龙蛟等[17]的方法并稍作调整,总黄酮标准曲线的制作如下:称取0.025 g芦丁标准品,加入95%乙醇溶解并定容至50 mL,配制成0.5 g/L的芦丁母液。分别移取上述母液 2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18、20 mL至 25 mL容量瓶中,定容得到芦丁梯度溶液(0.04、0.08、0.12、0.16、0.20、0.24、0.28、0.32、0.36、0.40 g/L),取上述各梯度溶液1 mL至10 mL容量瓶,添加5 mL三氯化铝溶液(0.1 mol/L),用蒸馏水定容至10 mL,在室温避光条件下反应15 min,以空白溶液为对照,于374 nm波长处测定各梯度样品的吸光值,获得总黄酮标准曲线方程:y=1.6457−0.0014,R2=0.9944。样品测定步骤如下:移取0.1 mL酒样至10 mL容量瓶中,其余操作参照芦丁标准曲线的制作方法执行。
参考p-DMACA法[18]。称取适量儿茶素标准品,用甲醇溶解并定容至1000 μg/mL,制备成储备液,于避光冷藏条件下保存。使用前,用甲醇将储备液稀释为 0、20、40、60、80、100 μg/mL的系列标准溶液。取各标准溶液1 mL于试管中,加入2 mL p-DMACA试剂,混匀后室温避光反应15~30 min。以不含标准品的p-DMACA溶液作为空白参比,于640 nm波长处测定吸光度,以浓度为横坐标、吸光度为纵坐标绘制“浓度-吸光度”标准曲线,获得线性回归方程:y=0.0105x+0.0068,R2=0.9934。取稀释后的样品溶液1 mL,按标准曲线步骤加入p-DMACA试剂,混匀后反应相同时间,记录样品的吸光度值。
样品预处理:将5 mL葡萄酒样品、10 μL内标(4-甲基-2-戊醇,0.1 g/L)和1.5 g氯化钠加入20 mL顶空瓶中。使用CTC CombiPAL自动进样器(CTC Analytics, Zwingen, Switzerland)进行顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)。样品瓶在40 ℃条件下加热平衡30 min,加热槽振摇速度为450 r/min。然后,将已活化的SPME萃取头(50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS,Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA)插入样品瓶中,并在40 ℃下萃取吸附30 min。萃取后,立即将萃取头转移至气相色谱进样口。
GC-MS条件:载气:高纯度氦气;色谱条件:进样口温度250 ℃,5:1分流模式进样,热解析时间8 min。气相色谱升温模式为50 ℃保持1 min,3 ℃/min速度升温至220 ℃保持5 min。质谱条件:电子轰击电离源(EI),离子源温度230 ℃,质谱接口温度250 ℃,离子能70 eV,四级杆温度150 ℃,采用SCAN全离子扫描模式,质量扫描范围为29~350 u。
定性和定量分析:利用自动质谱解卷积定性系统解谱,将峰质谱图与NIST 2011标准谱库的质谱信息进行人工检索匹配,匹配度80%以上,并比对CAS号,最终确定挥发性化合物的种类。采用内标物半定量法进行定量分析,公式如下:
$ \rm Xi=\frac{Ai}{As}\times\frac{ 内标物含量}{加入酒样的体积} $
式中:Xi为待测物的浓度,Ai为待测物的峰面积,As为内标物的峰面积。
内标物的含量=内标物的浓度×加入内标的体积
每组实验重复进行3次,采用Excel软件进行数据处理,采用SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析,P<0.05 表示差异显著,采用OriginPro 2021软件进行作图以及主成分分析。
对闪蒸及传统工艺酒精发酵后的‘马瑟兰’葡萄原酒进行基本理化指标分析,结果见表1。两种处理原酒的残糖、总酸、pH、酒精度等指标均符合国家标准GB/T 15037-2006对干红葡萄酒理化指标的要求。数据显示,与传统工艺相比闪蒸处理使原酒残糖含量显著提高了32.17%(P<0.05)。总酸作为葡萄酒的核心成分之一,在塑造口感与风味的过程中发挥着关键作用,闪蒸处理使葡萄原酒的总酸含量相比传统工艺提高了7.57%。同时,闪蒸处理使葡萄原酒的pH、酒精度以及挥发酸含量分别较传统工艺提高了2.65%、6.52%、19.05%。两种工艺酿造的葡萄酒挥发酸含量均远低于GB/T 15037-2006《葡萄酒》中的限定要求(≤1.2 g/L),说明葡萄酒卫生状况良好。闪蒸处理的葡萄酒在酒精发酵结束时游离SO2和总SO2含量均高于传统工艺的葡萄酒,说明闪蒸可能更有利于发挥偏重亚硫酸钾的作用。
总体来讲,闪蒸处理可使酒精发酵结束时葡萄原酒残糖、总酸、pH、酒精度等均高于传统工艺,可能是由于闪蒸可使葡萄汁中的水分蒸发,起到了浓缩效应。这些发现与张哲等[2]的研究结果相同。本研究结果显示,闪蒸处理后葡萄原酒总酸及pH均有所升高,与部分文献报道的总酸、pH降低趋势[4,19]存在差异,其原因可能与闪蒸工艺条件、葡萄原料特性及前处理方式不同有关。其中pH降低可防止酒石酸盐析出,同时提高游离SO2含量以增强杀菌能力,进而提升葡萄酒酒体稳定性。
颜色是评估葡萄酒品质与风格的关键指标,其主要影响因子包括产区、品种、工艺等,红葡萄酒的颜色特征可反映酿造工艺、浸渍强度及陈酿潜力[20−22]。由表2可知,传统工艺酿造的葡萄酒随陈酿时间的延长色度较酒精发酵结束时显著降低,闪蒸处理酿造的葡萄酒经12个月的陈酿后色度显著增加(P<0.05);两种处理相比,闪蒸处理葡萄酒的色度在AAF、6MAAF和12MAAF阶段均显著高于传统工艺酿造葡萄酒(P<0.05),分别提高了7.18%、27.01%、36.64%。色调是葡萄酒颜色的另一个重要指标,色调值越高,则酒样颜色偏黄,反之则偏红[23]。由表2可见,随陈酿时间的延长,两种处理所酿葡萄酒的色调均呈增加趋势,即不论传统工艺还是闪蒸工艺酿造的葡萄酒均随着陈酿时间的延长颜色向黄色调转变;两种处理相比,传统处理葡萄酒的色调在AAF、6MAAF和12MAAF阶段均显著高于闪蒸工艺组(P<0.05),说明与传统工艺相比闪蒸处理的葡萄酒颜色更红。
闪蒸处理可有效提高酒精发酵结束时葡萄酒的色度,但会降低葡萄酒的色调,这与前期的研究结果一致[2−3,6,9,19,24]。另外,本研究还发现,在陈酿6个月及12个月闪蒸葡萄酒的色度均高于传统工艺的葡萄酒,色调则均低于传统工艺的葡萄酒,这可能与前期工艺中闪蒸罐-95 Pa低压使果皮细胞破裂,破坏了果皮细胞壁的完整性,显著促进了胞内色素向醪液的溶出有关;同时,闪蒸处理不仅提升初始色素提取量,还可能通过改变色素存在形态增强其储存稳定性,减缓传统处理中色素因氧化、降解导致的色度下降。闪蒸与传统工艺葡萄酒的色调均呈上升趋势,但闪蒸处理的葡萄酒色调值在各阶段均显著低于传统工艺,这可能与闪蒸使果皮中易溶且色调更优的游离态花色苷浸出较多有关,而传统处理色素提取效率较低,且易混入少量褐变色素(如酚酸氧化产物)。整体来讲,可推测为闪蒸处理通过低压破坏果皮细胞,提升初始色素提取量,同时促进色素-大分子复合物形成,起到增强储存稳定性的作用,显著改善葡萄酒色度(各时间点提升7.18%~36.64%)与色调品质(前期红色调更鲜艳,后期劣变更缓慢);传统处理则色素提取效率低、稳定性较差。
葡萄酒中的酚类物质,对人体健康具有保护作用,可以赋予葡萄酒抗氧化、抗炎及心血管保护等健康功效,在构建葡萄酒的“骨架”方面也起着重要作用[25−26]。由图1可知,传统工艺酿造的葡萄酒在12MAAF时的总酚含量(3351.11 mg/L)显著高于AAF(3121.48 mg/L)和6MAAF(2965.92 mg/L)阶段(P<0.05),而AAF与6MAAF阶段的总酚含量无显著差异。闪蒸工艺下的总酚含量,随着陈酿时间的延长,AAF、6MAAF与12MAAF之间的差异并不显著,整体变化幅度不大,说明在闪蒸工艺下,总酚含量在陈酿过程中相对稳定。两种处理相比,经闪蒸工艺处理的马瑟兰葡萄酒在AAF、6MAAF和12MAAF阶段的总酚含量均显著高于传统工艺(P<0.05),较传统工艺葡萄酒分别提高了13.65%、21.73%和5.19%。此结果与前人研究结果一致[2,6−7]。可能原因为,闪蒸通过高温使葡萄果实中的氧化酶迅速变性失活,一方面有效抑制了酒精发酵及陈酿期间酚类物质的氧化降解,减少其损失;另一方面,高温真空环境可破坏葡萄果皮、果肉细胞壁结构,促进胞内酚类物质更充分溶出,使得酒精发酵结束时总酚含量显著高于传统工艺。同时,破壁效应使酚类溶出与降解速率趋于平衡,在后续陈酿过程中总酚含量也较传统工艺更加稳定。
花色苷的主要来源是葡萄果皮,是一类重要的水溶性植物色素,对评估葡萄酒颜色稳定性至关重要[27−29]。由图2可知,传统工艺酿造的马瑟兰葡萄酒总花色苷含量随着陈酿时间的延长呈现降低趋势,AAF阶段花色苷含量为208.42 mg/L,之后随着陈酿时间延长,到6MAAF阶段花色苷含量为175.08 mg/L,12MAAF阶段花色苷含量进一步降到140.71 mg/L,且各取样点间差异显著(P<0.05),说明陈酿时间对该葡萄酒花色苷影响较大;闪蒸工艺酿造的马瑟兰葡萄酒在陈酿的前6个月内总花色苷含量变化不显著,AAF阶段的花色苷含量是230.60 mg/L,6MAAF阶段是231.18 mg/L,AAF阶段与6MAAF阶段差异不显著,6MAAF至12MAAF阶段(147.17 mg/L)呈显著降低趋势(P<0.05),说明闪蒸工艺在短时间内对葡萄酒花色苷有一定的保持作用,但时间延长后保持作用明显减弱。两种工艺相比,经闪蒸工艺酿造的马瑟兰葡萄酒在AAF、6MAAF和12MAAF阶段的总花色苷含量均显著高于传统工艺(P<0.05),较传统工艺葡萄酒分别提高了10.64%、32.04%、4.59%。此结果与前人研究结果一致[2,7],可能原因为闪蒸抑制了氧化酶活性,减少了陈酿过程中花色苷的氧化聚合,延缓色泽衰退。从本研究结果可见,自6MAAF至12MAAF阶段花色苷出现明显降解,表明葡萄酒在长期陈酿中花色苷的自然降解难以完全避免,但闪蒸处理通过使氧化酶提前失活,有效阻断了花色苷在后期的大幅降解路径,显著提升色泽成分稳定性,对葡萄酒在一定时间内保持鲜亮红色具有重要价值。
据报道,类黄酮可以通过改善血液循环的方式来对抗癌症,其包括原花青素(PA)、花青素和黄酮醇,是重要的次级代谢物,有助于提高葡萄浆果和葡萄酒的营养价值和感官质量,在酿酒葡萄的形成和葡萄酒品质特性中起着重要作用[30−32]。由图3可知,随着陈酿的进行,传统工艺酿造的马瑟兰葡萄酒的类黄酮含量呈先降低再升高的趋势,并且在AAF(1976.67 mg/L)阶段的类黄酮含量显著高于6MAAF(1755.61 mg/L)和12MAAF(1829.3 mg/L)阶段(P<0.05),各取样点之间差异显著(P<0.05);闪蒸工艺酿造的马瑟兰葡萄酒类黄酮含量随着陈酿时间的延长呈先增加后降低的趋势,6MAAF阶段(2483.68 mg/L)的类黄酮含量显著高于其他阶段(P<0.05)。两种工艺相比,经闪蒸工艺酿造的马瑟兰葡萄酒在AAF、6MAAF和12MAAF阶段的类黄酮含量均显著高于传统工艺(P<0.05),较传统工艺葡萄酒分别提高了8.25%、41.47%、33.37%。出现以上变化趋势,可能是因为传统工艺葡萄酒在储存过程中类黄酮与氧气、乙醛反应生成聚合物,或被氧化酶降解为小分子化合物。闪蒸处理葡萄酒因闪蒸对酶的抑制作用,降低氧化酶活性减少类黄酮氧化损失,同时破壁效应促进结合态类黄酮溶出,缓解含量下降,对维持葡萄酒健康价值具有重要作用。
黄烷醇是葡萄单宁的组成部分,直接影响葡萄酒口感的复杂性,其感官特征以苦味、涩味以及结构感为主[33]。由图4可知,传统工艺酿造的马瑟兰葡萄酒黄烷醇含量呈先降低后增加的趋势,12MAAF阶段黄烷醇含量显著高于其他阶段(P<0.05),从AAF 阶段的249.87 mg/L,降到6MAAF 阶段的231.45 mg/L,12MAAF阶段又升高到259.85 mg/L,和总酚类似;闪蒸工艺酿造的马瑟兰葡萄酒黄烷醇含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,从AAF阶段的407.12 mg/L,到6MAAF阶段达到最高(468.19 mg/L),12MAAF阶段降至436.44 mg/L。两种工艺相比,经闪蒸工艺酿造的马瑟兰葡萄酒在AAF、6MAAF和12MAAF阶段的黄烷醇含量均显著高于传统工艺(P<0.05),较传统工艺葡萄酒分别提高了62.93%、110.06%、67.96%。以上结果的原因可能为,传统工艺葡萄酒游离态黄烷醇在氧化酶作用下快速聚合为原花青素,或与花色苷形成复合物,导致游离态检测量下降;对于闪蒸葡萄酒,虽闪蒸无法阻止黄烷醇非酶促聚合,但通过抑制酶活性减少氧化驱动的聚合速率,延缓游离态黄烷醇损失,可能对维持葡萄酒口感平衡具有积极意义。
葡萄酒的香气是影响其质量和商业价值的关键因素,这些香气物质来自于挥发性化合物间复杂的相互作用,它们显著影响其整体质量和感官品质[34−35]。河北昌黎产区酿造的葡萄酒香气通常表现为菠萝、香蕉、柑橘等气味特征[12],先前的研究已经在葡萄酒中鉴定出1300多种芳香族化合物,包括醇类、酯类、醛类和萜烯类[36]。与传统酿造工艺相比,闪蒸处理可通过高温和真空过程快速破坏葡萄细胞壁,从而更有效地提取香气物质。
葡萄酒的香气成分会随着陈酿时间发生变化[37],由表3数据,整个陈酿阶段闪蒸工艺酯类较传统工艺种类更多、总量占比更高,AAF阶段传统工艺酒的酯类总量为351.21 mg/L,闪蒸工艺酒则达620.60 mg/L,后者酯类总量约为前者的1.8倍;6MAAF阶段传统工艺酒的酯类总量为297.06 mg/L,闪蒸工艺酒为575.45 mg/L,后者酯类总量约为前者的1.9倍;12MAAF阶段传统工艺酒的酯类总量为292.36 mg/L,闪蒸工艺酒为535.39 mg/L,后者酯类总量同样约为前者的1.8倍。整体来看,在整个陈酿周期内,闪蒸工艺可使酒品酯类总量稳定保持在传统工艺的1.8~1.9倍,酯类物质保留优势显著,印证闪蒸工艺对酯类积累的促进作用,这与柴菊华等[8]的研究相吻合。闪蒸工艺通过短时高温处理,可能破坏葡萄原料中酯类分解酶活性,减少酯类降解;同时促进醇与酸的酯化反应,生成传统工艺中难以形成的酯类(如水杨酸乙酯、乙酸香叶酯),进而增加酯类种类与总量[38]。
有研究发现[39−41],酯类化合物作为葡萄酒酒精发酵的副产物,是酒体果香(如苹果、香蕉、柑橘香气)的主要贡献物质,其生成与稳定性直接影响香气的复杂性和感官品质,高浓度的酯类化合物可以赋予葡萄酒独特的香气特性。闪蒸酒更高的酯类占比和更丰富的种类,能赋予酒体更浓郁、复杂的香气层次(如乙酸-3-甲基丁酯带香蕉香,其含量高,可强化果香);虽部分酯类含量略低,但新增酯类可弥补风味缺口,整体提升香气品质。
以上结果表明,传统工艺葡萄酒在陈酿前期风味略有变淡,后期香气复杂度与浓郁度虽有所回升,但酯类组成易随陈酿时间发生明显变化,整体风味层次与稳定性较弱。闪蒸工艺葡萄酒在陈酿过程中虽酯类总量略有下降,但酯类种类始终丰富,核心风味酯类含量稳定,香气浓郁度与复杂度的持久性优于传统工艺,风味稳定性更强。闪蒸工艺可通过抑制酯类分解、促进新酯生成,显著增加葡萄酒酯类的种类与总量,并在长期陈酿中更好地维持酯类组成稳定;而传统工艺对酯类的保护作用较弱,其含量与组成易受陈酿影响而波动。整体而言,闪蒸工艺可通过优化酯类组成,有效提升葡萄酒香气品质。
有研究表明,多数醇类物质带有不悦气味,对葡萄酒的香气品质具有负面作用[42]。整个陈酿阶段传统工艺较闪蒸工艺醇类物质种类更多,AAF阶段传统工艺酒醇类总量(96.53 mg/L)显著高于闪蒸工艺酒(46.24 mg/L),差值达50.29 mg/L(P<0.05),差距超1倍,这与前期研究结果相同[8]。闪蒸工艺通过短时高温处理,可能快速挥发部分低沸点醇类(如甲醇、乙醇等),而传统工艺初始发酵更易积累醇类物质。传统工艺酒初始醇类丰富,可能带来更浓郁风味,但高醇类可能增加辛辣感;闪蒸工艺酒醇类含量低,口感更清爽,但风味层次较单薄[43]。
6MAAF阶段传统工艺酒醇类总量(91.88 mg/L)略高于闪蒸工艺酒(85.30 mg/L),差值仅 6.58 mg/L,差距较小,此阶段为酒陈化初期,说明初期醇类生成受工艺影响较小。12MAAF阶段时,闪蒸工艺酒醇类总量(102.79 mg/L)显著高于传统工艺酒(80.24 mg/L),差值达22.55 mg/L(P<0.05)。原因可能是长期储存中,闪蒸工艺酒基质更易促进醇类生成(如残糖转化),而传统工艺酒醇类持续挥发或转化,导致总量下降[44]。闪蒸工艺酒风味更浓郁,但需注意高醇类带来的异味;传统工艺酒口感更柔和,风味稳定性更强。
随着陈酿时间增加,传统工艺酒醇类总量随时间持续下降,从AAF阶段96.53 mg/L降至12MAAF阶段80.24 mg/L,降幅16.88%。核心原因可能是储存过程中,醇类物质因挥发(尤其是低沸点醇)、与有机酸酯化反应(生成酯类,提升风味)而不断消耗,且传统工艺酒基质更易发生此类转化。闪蒸工艺酒醇类总量从AAF阶段的46.24 mg/L到6MAAF阶段的85.30 mg/L(增幅84.47%),到12MAAF 阶段的102.79 mg/L(续增20.50%),整体呈上升趋势。出现这种变化趋势的原因可能是初始阶段闪蒸去除大量醇类,中期至后期,酒中残糖、氨基酸等基质在微生物作用下持续转化为醇类(如高级醇),且闪蒸工艺酒的基质环境(如水分、pH)更利于醇类合成,抵消部分挥发消耗[45]。
传统工艺酒的醛类含量在各陈酿阶段始终显著高于闪蒸工艺(P<0.05),且含量均很低,两种工艺检测出的醛类物质共有6种。传统工艺酒醛类总量波动剧烈,在6MAAF阶段时醛类总量达到最高;闪蒸工艺酒醛类总量先增后减,相较于传统工艺波动较平稳,AAF阶段的醛类总量为0.19 mg/L,最终12MAAF阶段醛类总量上升至1.56 mg/L。闪蒸工艺通过快速升温、降压,可高效去除酒中低沸点醛类,初始阶段醛类总量显著降低;传统工艺无针对性除醛步骤,醛类随发酵、陈化过程累积。醛类过量会使酒带有刺激性“杂味”(辛辣感、酸涩感)。闪蒸工艺始终保持低醛含量,酒的口感更醇厚、柔和,风味协调性更佳;传统工艺6MAAF阶段醛类总量为15.39 mg/L,醛类过量,易出现风味缺陷,12MAAF阶段虽有改善,但仍不及闪蒸工艺。低沸点醛类(如甲醛)具有一定毒性,闪蒸工艺大幅降低其含量,提升酒的饮用安全性;传统工艺中期醛类总量高,存在安全风险,后期虽下降,但仍高于闪蒸工艺。
传统工艺酒酮类总量始终略高于闪蒸工艺,但差异随阶段推移逐渐缩小,酮类沸点高于醛类,闪蒸工艺虽能去除低沸点杂质,但对酮类去除能力有限,仅初始阶段因轻微挥发使酮类略低于传统工艺;传统工艺无特殊分离步骤,初始酮类保留更完整,故含量稍高。传统工艺酒在6MAAF阶段酮类总量为4.48 mg/L,此时微生物代谢旺盛,脂肪族化合物氧化、氨基酸脱氨脱羧均会生成酮类,总量升至峰值;到12MAAF阶段部分酮类与醇类发生缩合反应,总量略有下降,为4.25 mg/L。闪蒸工艺酒初始酮类总量低,陈酿过程中微生物缓慢代谢持续生成酮类,且无明显缩合消耗,故总量稳步上升,后期与传统工艺趋近。
适量酮类(如大马士酮)能赋予酒果香、花香等愉悦香气,是风味的重要组成部分[46]。两种工艺酮类总量均处于合理范围,但传统工艺中期峰值更高,香气更浓郁;闪蒸工艺后期与传统工艺持平,风味稳定性更佳。传统工艺酮类“升-降”波动,可能导致不同陈化阶段风味差异较大;闪蒸工艺平稳上升,风味过渡更平缓,品质一致性更好。且两工艺最终酮类含量接近,说明后期风味特征趋同,仅前期存在细微差异(传统工艺略浓郁,闪蒸工艺略清淡)。
AAF阶段传统工艺酒羧酸类总量(3.69 mg/L)是闪蒸工艺(1.00 mg/L)的3.7倍,传统工艺酒显著偏高(P<0.05);到6MAAF阶段闪蒸工艺酒总量超过传统工艺,差值达1.69 mg/L;12MAAF阶段传统工艺酒骤降,但闪蒸工艺酒仍保持较高水平,闪蒸工艺酒羧酸类总量为2.64 mg/L,而传统工艺酒羧酸类总量仅为0.23 mg/L,差异显著(P<0.05)。羧酸是酒酸度的主要来源,适量酸度可提升清爽感,过量则显酸涩[47]。传统工艺后期羧酸骤降,酯类生成受限,风味易固化;闪蒸工艺虽在前期至中期羧酸含量上升明显,但后期含量稳定无骤降,可持续转化为酯类,风味更鲜活,整体酸度变化趋势更为平稳,品质稳定性更优。
为更好体现两种工艺之间酚类物质以及香气物质成分的差异,对数据进行主成分分析。图5和图6分别为两种工艺葡萄酒主成分分析的得分图与载荷图。数据显示,主成分PC1和PC2的方差贡献率分别为38.8%和21.3%,累计贡献率达60.1%。两种工艺的马瑟兰葡萄酒在图5中可明显区分,样品间的重复性和分散度比较好。从图6可见,PC1与1-壬醇、里那醇、1-庚醇、苯乙醇、1-辛醇等醇类物质呈正相关,PC2则与酚类物质(总酚、类黄酮、黄烷醇)以及丁内酯、苯乙酸乙酯、水杨酸乙酯、反式-3-甲基-4-辛内酯等酯类物质呈正相关。结合图5分析,闪蒸葡萄酒与传统葡萄酒在PC1 维度上差异明显,表明闪蒸处理对与 PC1正相关的香气物质成分影响更为显著。闪蒸处理的AAF、6MAAF及12MAAF样品在PC2上的差异较大,对与PC2正相关的成分影响较大;传统处理的AAF 和6MAAF样品在PC2维度上差异较小,但与12MAAF样品在PC2上存在显著差异,表明陈酿时间对 PC2 正相关成分的影响较大。闪蒸处理使得AAF阶段葡萄酒中1-壬醇、里那醇、1-庚醇、苯乙醇、1-辛醇等与PC1呈正相关的醇类物质的含量降低。闪蒸处理会增加与PC1呈负相关的酚类物质(总酚、花色苷、类黄酮、黄烷醇)以及香气中酯类物质的含量,酚类物质可增强葡萄酒的抗氧化能力,而酯类物质作为葡萄酒中关键的香气成分,能赋予酒体果香与酯香。
综上,通过主成分分析(PCA)清晰揭示了闪蒸工艺与传统工艺对马瑟兰葡萄酒酚类物质及香气物质成分的差异化影响,且两种工艺的样品在主成分空间内实现有效区分,数据重复性与分散度符合分析要求,为工艺差异的量化表征提供了可靠依据。从实际应用价值来看,闪蒸工艺通过降低1-壬醇、里那醇等醇类物质含量,同时提升总酚、花色苷等酚类物质及丁内酯、苯乙酸乙酯等酯类物质含量,在优化葡萄酒品质方面呈现出双重优势:一方面,酚类物质的增加有助于强化酒体抗氧化能力,可延长葡萄酒货架期并减缓风味劣变;另一方面,酯类物质的富集能够进一步凸显葡萄酒的果香与酯香特征,提升感官愉悦度,为消费者带来更丰富的香气体验。而传统工艺下葡萄酒成分受陈酿时间影响显著,尤其是 12MAAF样品与AAF、6MAAF样品在PC2维度的差异,提示传统工艺需通过精准控制陈酿周期,才能实现对酚类与酯类物质的有效调控。后续研究可基于此PCA分析结果,进一步探究闪蒸工艺参数(如温度、时间)对目标物质的调控机制,或针对传统工艺陈酿过程中的成分变化规律开展深入研究,为马瑟兰葡萄酒品质提升与工艺优化提供更具针对性的理论支撑。
相较于传统酿造工艺,采用闪蒸工艺酿造的马瑟兰葡萄酒,其残糖含量、总酸含量、pH 及酒精度均实现显著提升。在陈酿阶段,闪蒸工艺酿造的葡萄酒展现出更优的色度表现,酒体颜色显著深于传统工艺酿造产品;同时,其总酚、总花色苷、类黄酮及黄烷醇的含量均显著高于传统工艺酿造的葡萄酒,这一特性为酒体赋予了更强的耐陈酿能力。在香气品质维度,闪蒸工艺的应用使马瑟兰葡萄酒中酯类物质的种类与含量较传统工艺出现显著增加,而醇类物质的种类与含量则相应降低,改善了葡萄酒的香气质量,丰富了香气层次感。上述研究发现为葡萄酒酿造技术的优化提供了坚实的理论依据和切实的实践指导,未来通过进一步优化闪蒸处理参数和酿造工艺,有望进一步提升葡萄酒的品质和感官特性。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060338
  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
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    1河北科技师范学院食品科技学院,河北秦皇岛 066600
    2朗格斯酒庄(秦皇岛)有限公司,河北秦皇岛 066600

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华玉波(1983−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒学,E-mail:。
侍朋宝(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:葡萄与葡萄酒学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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