Article(id=1320881378753892850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060315, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750780800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852261483, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852261483, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852261483, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852261483, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=357, endPage=365, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881379005551091, articleId=1320881378753892850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of Amino Acid Diversity in Walnut Male Flowers Across Different Regions, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study used walnut male flowers collected from 11 distinct regions to analyze their amino acid composition and content using an automatic amino acid analyzer. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were conducted for a comprehensive evaluation. The results indicated that all samples contained 16 amino acids, including 7 essential amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, tyrosine), 2 semi-essential amino acids (histidine, arginine) and 7 non-essential amino acids (glycine, alanine, proline, serine, cystine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid). The total amino acid content across regions ranged from 10.53% to 16.61%. The sample from Hebei exhibited the highest tota lamino acid content (16.61%), as well as the highest levels of flavor-related and seasoning amino acids (26.88%) and medicinal amino acids (11.88%), suggesting that walnut male flowers from this region possessed considerable potential for application in food research and development. PCA revealed that the first three principal components collectively accounted for 96.51% of the total variance, effectively capturing the comprehensive amino acid profile. The top four regions based on comprehensive scores were Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu and Shandong. Cluster analysis grouped the 11 regions into three categories, consistent with the PCA findings, and accurately reflected the regional differences in amino acid composition, flavor characteristics and functional properties. These findings provide a valuable theoretical basis for selecting suitable planting regions and guiding the processing and utilization of walnut male flowers.

, authors=Nian WANG1, Tianmeng SHI2, Yue SHEN2, Lufeng ZHANG3, Lianjun SONG2, Menghui WANG2, Fengmei LEI2, Qian LI2, *, authorsList=Nian WANG, Tianmeng SHI, Yue SHEN, Lufeng ZHANG, Lianjun SONG, Menghui WANG, Fengmei LEI, Qian LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qian LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881380012184056, articleId=1320881378753892850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同地区核桃雄花氨基酸多样性分析, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究以11个不同地区的核桃雄花为原材料,通过全自动氨基酸分析法检测其氨基酸的组成与含量,并采用相关性分析、主成分分析及聚类分析对其进行综合评价。结果表明:11个不同地区的核桃雄花均检测出16种氨基酸,其中有7种必需氨基酸(赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、酪氨酸),2种半必需氨基酸(组氨酸、精氨酸)和7种非必需氨基酸(甘氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、胱氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸)。各个地区的氨基酸总含量在10.53%~16.61%,其中河北地区的氨基酸总含量最高(16.61%),且呈味与调味氨基酸(26.88%)和药用氨基酸(11.88%)的含量也最高,说明该地区核桃雄花在食品研发方面具有显著的应用潜力。PCA分析表明3个主成分累计方差贡献率为96.51%,较好地反映出核桃雄花中氨基酸的综合信息。综合得分排列前4位的地区分别为河北、河南、江苏和山东地区。聚类分析将11个地区分为3类,与主成分分析结果一致,较好地反映出核桃雄花氨基酸组成、呈味和特殊功效的地区差异性。本研究结果为今后核桃雄花种植地区的选择、加工利用提供了良好理论基础。

, authors=王念1, 师甜梦2, 沈玥2, 张卢峰3, 宋莲军2, 王蒙慧2, 雷凤梅2, 李倩2, *, authorsList=王念, 师甜梦, 沈玥, 张卢峰, 宋莲军, 王蒙慧, 雷凤梅, 李倩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李倩, authorNote=

王念(1978−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:特色经济林遗传育种与高值化利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李倩(1983−)(ORCID:0000−0002−6782−9521),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=TQIQs+/hQc2uUVsOAqID0Q==, magXml=6mbtMgq6WDkJU+Pu297g+w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=pAifZHqJVKZNFPY1D4k4Zw==, pdfFileSize=861479, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=TR4odYKeAs3yUd7Hs395EQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ugMrm2N+YLlw5Qm9ELhDjw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320881621541175660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hnlkywn@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320881621637644654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, authorId=1320881621541175660, language=EN, stringName=Nian WANG, firstName=Nian, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Forestry Academy of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320881621738307951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, authorId=1320881621541175660, language=CN, stringName=王念, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1河南省林业科学研究院,河南郑州 450002, bio={"content":"

王念(1978−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:特色经济林遗传育种与高值化利用,E-mail:

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Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2024, 127: 105938., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881637911544306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡杨, 朱教胜, 杨强, 等. 基于热图和聚类分析新疆7个产地荒漠肉苁蓉中氨基酸含量及其营养价值评价[J]. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2024, 15(11): 310−318. [HU Yang, ZHU Jiaosheng, YANG Qiang, et al. Determination of amino acids content in Cistanche deserticola from 7 habitats of Xinjiang based on heatmap and cluster analysis and their nutrition value evaluation[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2024, 15(11): 310−318.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881637982847475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU Yang, ZHU Jiaosheng, YANG Qiang, et al. Determination of amino acids content in Cistanche deserticola from 7 habitats of Xinjiang based on heatmap and cluster analysis and their nutrition value evaluation[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2024, 15(11): 310−318., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881638049956340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=姜仲茂, 乌云塔娜, 王森, 等. 不同产地野生长柄扁桃仁氨基酸组成及营养价值评价[J]. 食品科学, 2016, 37(4): 77−82. [JIANG Zhongmao, WUYUN T N, WANG Sen, et al. Amino acid composition and nutritional quality evaluation of wild Amygdalus pedunculatus Pall. Kernels from different growing regions[J]. Food Science, 2016, 37(4): 77−82.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881638117065205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG Zhongmao, WUYUN T N, WANG Sen, et al. Amino acid composition and nutritional quality evaluation of wild Amygdalus pedunculatus Pall. Kernels from different growing regions[J]. Food Science, 2016, 37(4): 77−82., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881621218214242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881621230797155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, companyId=1320881621218214242, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Forestry Academy of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881621306294628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, companyId=1320881621218214242, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河南省林业科学研究院,河南郑州 450002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881621373403493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881621381792102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, companyId=1320881621373403493, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881621390180711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, companyId=1320881621373403493, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881621457289576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881621465678185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, companyId=1320881621457289576, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Lushi County Yuanrong Agriculture Co., Ltd., Sanmenxia 472200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881621474066794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, companyId=1320881621457289576, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3卢氏县原荣农业有限公司,河南三门峡 472200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881628411445665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=PCA score plot of walnut male flowers across different regions, figureFileSmall=6t1EK4Iihi7Y5sl1pH7HoQ==, figureFileBig=TR4odYKeAs3yUd7Hs395EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881628499526050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同地区核桃雄花的PCA得分图, figureFileSmall=6t1EK4Iihi7Y5sl1pH7HoQ==, figureFileBig=TR4odYKeAs3yUd7Hs395EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881628600189347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Clustering analysis diagram of male flowers of walnut in different regions, figureFileSmall=p48O/ZwE/LKKwnJpq4bnAw==, figureFileBig=vATRfbZIK2ELinLHTu74SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881628663103908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同地区核桃雄花的聚类分析图, figureFileSmall=p48O/ZwE/LKKwnJpq4bnAw==, figureFileBig=vATRfbZIK2ELinLHTu74SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881628730212773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gradient elution program

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流速(mL/min)流动相A(%)流动相B(%)
0.001.2016.0084.00
0.301.2016.0084.00
0.401.2016.0084.00
4.001.2031.0069.00
4.101.2031.0069.00
9.501.2036.0064.00
9.601.2036.0064.00
17.001.2055.0045.00
17.101.2055.0045.00
38.001.2060.0040.00
38.101.2060.0040.00
45.001.20100.000.00
55.001.20100.000.00
55.101.2016.0084.00
60.101.2016.0084.00
), ArticleFig(id=1320881628801515942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流速(mL/min)流动相A(%)流动相B(%)
0.001.2016.0084.00
0.301.2016.0084.00
0.401.2016.0084.00
4.001.2031.0069.00
4.101.2031.0069.00
9.501.2036.0064.00
9.601.2036.0064.00
17.001.2055.0045.00
17.101.2055.0045.00
38.001.2060.0040.00
38.101.2060.0040.00
45.001.20100.000.00
55.001.20100.000.00
55.101.2016.0084.00
60.101.2016.0084.00
), ArticleFig(id=1320881628935733671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Amino acid components and contents of male flowers of walnut in different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区氨基酸含量(%)总含量
Asp*Glu*Ser*ArgΔGly*Thr**Pro*Ala*Val**Met**Cys*Ile**Leu**HisΔLys**Tyr**
AH1.13±0.07de1.43±0.08de0.60±0.03cd0.69±0.04f0.57±0.03cd0.45±0.03cd0.55±0.03de0.53±0.03d0.57±0.03cd0.02±0.00f0.07±0.00a0.47±0.03cd2.84±0.17de0.84±0.05d0.67±0.04cd0.33±0.01e11.75±0.67def
GZ1.17±0.07d1.56±0.09d0.61±0.04cd0.97±0.06c0.62±0.04c0.48±0.03c0.59±0.03cd0.59±0.03c0.59±0.03c0.06±0.00c0.07±0.00a0.48±0.03c3.33±0.19bc0.73±0.04e0.64±0.04cd0.31±0.01f12.80±0.72cd
SD1.37±0.07c1.57±0.08d0.68±0.03b0.87±0.04de0.69±0.04b0.55±0.03b0.64±0.03c0.63±0.03bc0.65±0.03b0.06±0.00c0.07±0.00a0.54±0.03b3.12±0.16bcd0.97±0.05b0.70±0.04c0.39±0.01c13.50±0.67bc
HN1.54±0.10b2.03±0.13b0.78±0.05a1.43±0.09a0.72±0.05b0.64±0.04a0.99±0.06a0.73±0.05a0.77±0.05a0.02±0.00ef0.06±0.00b0.61±0.04a3.24±0.20bc1.04±0.07b0.98±0.06a0.46±0.01a16.06±0.99a
JS1.38±0.07c1.74±0.09c0.77±0.04a0.81±0.04e0.84±0.04a0.67±0.03a0.74±0.04b0.76±0.04a0.81±0.04a0.08±0.00b0.06±0.00b0.65±0.03a2.91±0.14de1.01±0.05b0.91±0.05b0.44±0.01b14.56±0.70b
HB1.66±0.08a2.24±0.10a0.78±0.04a1.52±0.07a0.74±0.03b0.63±0.03a0.95±0.04a0.75±0.04a0.78±0.03a0.04±0.00d0.03±0.00d0.62±0.03a3.37±0.16b1.21±0.06a0.85±0.04b0.44±0.01b16.61±0.76a
SC1.19±0.06d1.47±0.07d0.51±0.03ef1.00±0.05c0.51±0.03de0.39±0.02ef0.50±0.03ef0.48±0.02d0.49±0.02e0.01±0.00g0.01±0.00f0.38±0.02ef2.38±0.12f0.67±0.03e0.52±0.03f0.29±0.01g10.80±0.53ef
YN1.02±0.06e1.21±0.07f0.47±0.03f0.52±0.03g0.47±0.03e0.34±0.02f0.46±0.03f0.48±0.03d0.46±0.03e0.03±0.00e0.05±0.00c0.35±0.02f2.99±0.18cde0.86±0.05cd0.53±0.03f0.28±0.01g10.53±0.63f
BJ1.04±0.05e1.58±0.08cd0.52±0.03ef1.34±0.07b0.51±0.03de0.42±0.02de0.47±0.02f0.47±0.02d0.52±0.03de0.06±0.00c0.02±0.00e0.42±0.02de2.73±0.13e0.94±0.05bc0.57±0.03ef0.30±0.01f11.92±0.58de
GS1.07±0.06de1.58±0.09cd0.56±0.03de0.91±0.05cd0.57±0.03cd0.44±0.03cde0.51±0.03ef0.53±0.03d0.55±0.03cd0.04±0.00d0.02±0.00e0.44±0.03cd3.31±0.20bc1.01±0.06b0.57±0.03ef0.30±0.01f12.43±0.73cd
SX1.17±0.08d1.30±0.08ef0.65±0.04bc0.55±0.04g0.71±0.05b0.56±0.04b0.63±0.04c0.66±0.04b0.70±0.05b0.11±0.01a0.02±0.00e0.60±0.04a4.26±0.28a1.25±0.08a0.61±0.04de0.38±0.01d14.17±0.90b
平均值1.25±0.211.61±0.300.63±0.110.96±0.330.63±0.120.51±0.110.64±0.180.60±0.110.63±0.120.05±0.030.04±0.020.51±0.103.13±0.490.96±0.180.69±0.160.36±0.0713.19±2.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629040591272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同地区核桃雄花氨基酸组分和含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区氨基酸含量(%)总含量
Asp*Glu*Ser*ArgΔGly*Thr**Pro*Ala*Val**Met**Cys*Ile**Leu**HisΔLys**Tyr**
AH1.13±0.07de1.43±0.08de0.60±0.03cd0.69±0.04f0.57±0.03cd0.45±0.03cd0.55±0.03de0.53±0.03d0.57±0.03cd0.02±0.00f0.07±0.00a0.47±0.03cd2.84±0.17de0.84±0.05d0.67±0.04cd0.33±0.01e11.75±0.67def
GZ1.17±0.07d1.56±0.09d0.61±0.04cd0.97±0.06c0.62±0.04c0.48±0.03c0.59±0.03cd0.59±0.03c0.59±0.03c0.06±0.00c0.07±0.00a0.48±0.03c3.33±0.19bc0.73±0.04e0.64±0.04cd0.31±0.01f12.80±0.72cd
SD1.37±0.07c1.57±0.08d0.68±0.03b0.87±0.04de0.69±0.04b0.55±0.03b0.64±0.03c0.63±0.03bc0.65±0.03b0.06±0.00c0.07±0.00a0.54±0.03b3.12±0.16bcd0.97±0.05b0.70±0.04c0.39±0.01c13.50±0.67bc
HN1.54±0.10b2.03±0.13b0.78±0.05a1.43±0.09a0.72±0.05b0.64±0.04a0.99±0.06a0.73±0.05a0.77±0.05a0.02±0.00ef0.06±0.00b0.61±0.04a3.24±0.20bc1.04±0.07b0.98±0.06a0.46±0.01a16.06±0.99a
JS1.38±0.07c1.74±0.09c0.77±0.04a0.81±0.04e0.84±0.04a0.67±0.03a0.74±0.04b0.76±0.04a0.81±0.04a0.08±0.00b0.06±0.00b0.65±0.03a2.91±0.14de1.01±0.05b0.91±0.05b0.44±0.01b14.56±0.70b
HB1.66±0.08a2.24±0.10a0.78±0.04a1.52±0.07a0.74±0.03b0.63±0.03a0.95±0.04a0.75±0.04a0.78±0.03a0.04±0.00d0.03±0.00d0.62±0.03a3.37±0.16b1.21±0.06a0.85±0.04b0.44±0.01b16.61±0.76a
SC1.19±0.06d1.47±0.07d0.51±0.03ef1.00±0.05c0.51±0.03de0.39±0.02ef0.50±0.03ef0.48±0.02d0.49±0.02e0.01±0.00g0.01±0.00f0.38±0.02ef2.38±0.12f0.67±0.03e0.52±0.03f0.29±0.01g10.80±0.53ef
YN1.02±0.06e1.21±0.07f0.47±0.03f0.52±0.03g0.47±0.03e0.34±0.02f0.46±0.03f0.48±0.03d0.46±0.03e0.03±0.00e0.05±0.00c0.35±0.02f2.99±0.18cde0.86±0.05cd0.53±0.03f0.28±0.01g10.53±0.63f
BJ1.04±0.05e1.58±0.08cd0.52±0.03ef1.34±0.07b0.51±0.03de0.42±0.02de0.47±0.02f0.47±0.02d0.52±0.03de0.06±0.00c0.02±0.00e0.42±0.02de2.73±0.13e0.94±0.05bc0.57±0.03ef0.30±0.01f11.92±0.58de
GS1.07±0.06de1.58±0.09cd0.56±0.03de0.91±0.05cd0.57±0.03cd0.44±0.03cde0.51±0.03ef0.53±0.03d0.55±0.03cd0.04±0.00d0.02±0.00e0.44±0.03cd3.31±0.20bc1.01±0.06b0.57±0.03ef0.30±0.01f12.43±0.73cd
SX1.17±0.08d1.30±0.08ef0.65±0.04bc0.55±0.04g0.71±0.05b0.56±0.04b0.63±0.04c0.66±0.04b0.70±0.05b0.11±0.01a0.02±0.00e0.60±0.04a4.26±0.28a1.25±0.08a0.61±0.04de0.38±0.01d14.17±0.90b
平均值1.25±0.211.61±0.300.63±0.110.96±0.330.63±0.120.51±0.110.64±0.180.60±0.110.63±0.120.05±0.030.04±0.020.51±0.103.13±0.490.96±0.180.69±0.160.36±0.0713.19±2.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629158031785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Flavor-active amino acid content of walnut male flowers in different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区氨基酸含量(%)
鲜味氨
基酸
甜味氨
基酸
苦味氨
基酸
芳香族氨
基酸
增香与着色
氨基酸
总含量
AH3.263.584.630.407.1719.03
GZ3.413.665.480.387.9620.89
SD3.684.205.290.468.0321.67
HN4.604.956.150.529.6625.88
JS4.074.845.300.508.3323.03
HB4.805.126.390.4810.1026.88
SC3.213.094.300.316.6117.52
YN2.793.114.400.346.6917.32
BJ3.233.375.120.337.7919.83
GS3.263.665.310.3238.0420.60
SX3.124.506.280.418.7823.09
平均值3.584.015.330.408.1021.43
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629229334954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同地区核桃雄花呈味氨基酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区氨基酸含量(%)
鲜味氨
基酸
甜味氨
基酸
苦味氨
基酸
芳香族氨
基酸
增香与着色
氨基酸
总含量
AH3.263.584.630.407.1719.03
GZ3.413.665.480.387.9620.89
SD3.684.205.290.468.0321.67
HN4.604.956.150.529.6625.88
JS4.074.845.300.508.3323.03
HB4.805.126.390.4810.1026.88
SC3.213.094.300.316.6117.52
YN2.793.114.400.346.6917.32
BJ3.233.375.120.337.7919.83
GS3.263.665.310.3238.0420.60
SX3.124.506.280.418.7823.09
平均值3.584.015.330.408.1021.43
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629313221035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

TAV of amino acids in male flowers of walnuts in different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区鲜味氨基酸甜味氨基酸苦味氨基酸芳香族氨基酸
AspGluLysSerGlyProAlaHisThrMetArgValLeuIleCysTyr
AH1.144.801.360.400.440.190.894.220.180.081.391.441.510.523.370.17
GZ1.195.241.300.410.480.201.003.660.190.211.971.481.770.543.370.17
SD1.385.301.420.460.540.211.064.900.210.201.761.641.660.613.290.21
HN1.556.841.990.530.560.331.235.240.250.082.901.951.720.692.800.24
JS1.395.861.840.520.650.251.275.100.260.271.632.041.550.722.910.23
HB1.687.541.720.530.570.321.266.120.240.153.061.981.790.691.650.23
SC1.204.951.050.340.390.170.803.400.150.042.011.241.270.420.740.15
YN1.034.091.070.320.370.150.814.330.130.101.061.171.590.402.540.15
BJ1.055.331.160.350.400.160.794.750.160.202.711.301.450.471.180.16
GS1.085.331.150.380.440.170.905.110.170.151.831.401.760.501.050.16
SX1.184.381.230.440.550.211.106.320.220.381.111.762.260.671.210.20
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629388718508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同地区核桃雄花氨基酸TAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区鲜味氨基酸甜味氨基酸苦味氨基酸芳香族氨基酸
AspGluLysSerGlyProAlaHisThrMetArgValLeuIleCysTyr
AH1.144.801.360.400.440.190.894.220.180.081.391.441.510.523.370.17
GZ1.195.241.300.410.480.201.003.660.190.211.971.481.770.543.370.17
SD1.385.301.420.460.540.211.064.900.210.201.761.641.660.613.290.21
HN1.556.841.990.530.560.331.235.240.250.082.901.951.720.692.800.24
JS1.395.861.840.520.650.251.275.100.260.271.632.041.550.722.910.23
HB1.687.541.720.530.570.321.266.120.240.153.061.981.790.691.650.23
SC1.204.951.050.340.390.170.803.400.150.042.011.241.270.420.740.15
YN1.034.091.070.320.370.150.814.330.130.101.061.171.590.402.540.15
BJ1.055.331.160.350.400.160.794.750.160.202.711.301.450.471.180.16
GS1.085.331.150.380.440.170.905.110.170.151.831.401.760.501.050.16
SX1.184.381.230.440.550.211.106.320.220.381.111.762.260.671.210.20
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629468410285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Amino acid content with special efficacy in walnut male flowers across different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区氨基酸含量(%)
BCAAAAAMAAABAAPAAACE总含量
AH3.910.338.730.586.201.5421.28
GZ4.430.319.580.636.851.7223.52
SD4.350.4010.020.707.241.8624.57
HN4.680.4611.610.739.242.5029.22
JS4.410.4410.820.858.091.8326.44
HB4.810.4411.880.749.542.7630.18
SC3.280.297.710.516.241.6919.72
YN3.840.297.920.485.221.3919.13
BJ3.710.308.920.516.572.3022.31
GS4.360.319.360.586.381.9422.93
SX5.610.3911.170.726.401.8226.11
平均值4.310.369.790.647.091.9424.13
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629552296366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同地区核桃雄花特殊功效氨基酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区氨基酸含量(%)
BCAAAAAMAAABAAPAAACE总含量
AH3.910.338.730.586.201.5421.28
GZ4.430.319.580.636.851.7223.52
SD4.350.4010.020.707.241.8624.57
HN4.680.4611.610.739.242.5029.22
JS4.410.4410.820.858.091.8326.44
HB4.810.4411.880.749.542.7630.18
SC3.280.297.710.516.241.6919.72
YN3.840.297.920.485.221.3919.13
BJ3.710.308.920.516.572.3022.31
GS4.360.319.360.586.381.9422.93
SX5.610.3911.170.726.401.8226.11
平均值4.310.369.790.647.091.9424.13
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629623599535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Correlation analysis of amino acid contents in male flowers of walnuts from different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸AspGluSerArgGlyThrProAlaValMetCysIleLeuHisLysTyr
Asp1
Glu0.88**1
Ser0.90**0.78**1
Arg0.600.86**0.421
Gly0.76**0.580.94**0.171
Thr0.84**0.70*0.98**0.340.98**1
Pro0.95**0.87**0.92**0.5600.76**0.87**1
Ala0.87**0.71*0.98**0.320.96**0.98**0.90**1
Val0.84**0.71*0.98**0.340.97**1.00**0.88**0.99**1
Met−0.12−0.06−0.050.01−0.02−0.08−0.09−0.02−0.101
Cys0.200.040.34−0.190.310.270.210.300.250.381
Ile0.78**0.63*0.96**0.270.97**0.99**0.83**0.97**0.99**−0.080.241
Leu0.160.020.36−0.180.450.400.310.460.430.14−0.050.531
His0.470.410.600.170.62*0.64*0.560.64*0.68*−0.42−0.220.72*0.72*1
Lys0.85**0.79**0.94**0.480.83**0.91**0.91**0.90**0.90**−0.090.430.85**0.140.441
Tyr0.89**0.73*0.97**0.390.92**0.97**0.92**0.96**0.97**−0.220.280.95**0.350.66*0.93**1
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629694902704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同地区核桃雄花氨基酸相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸AspGluSerArgGlyThrProAlaValMetCysIleLeuHisLysTyr
Asp1
Glu0.88**1
Ser0.90**0.78**1
Arg0.600.86**0.421
Gly0.76**0.580.94**0.171
Thr0.84**0.70*0.98**0.340.98**1
Pro0.95**0.87**0.92**0.5600.76**0.87**1
Ala0.87**0.71*0.98**0.320.96**0.98**0.90**1
Val0.84**0.71*0.98**0.340.97**1.00**0.88**0.99**1
Met−0.12−0.06−0.050.01−0.02−0.08−0.09−0.02−0.101
Cys0.200.040.34−0.190.310.270.210.300.250.381
Ile0.78**0.63*0.96**0.270.97**0.99**0.83**0.97**0.99**−0.080.241
Leu0.160.020.36−0.180.450.400.310.460.430.14−0.050.531
His0.470.410.600.170.62*0.64*0.560.64*0.68*−0.42−0.220.72*0.72*1
Lys0.85**0.79**0.94**0.480.83**0.91**0.91**0.90**0.90**−0.090.430.85**0.140.441
Tyr0.89**0.73*0.97**0.390.92**0.97**0.92**0.96**0.97**−0.220.280.95**0.350.66*0.93**1
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629778788785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Results of total variance analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PC初始特征值方差贡献率(%)累计方差贡献率(%)
10.3552.8252.82
20.2436.1288.94
30.057.5796.51
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629875257778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

总方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PC初始特征值方差贡献率(%)累计方差贡献率(%)
10.3552.8252.82
20.2436.1288.94
30.057.5796.51
), ArticleFig(id=1320881629959143859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Component scores and comprehensive scores of male flowers of walnuts in different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号Y1Y2Y3Y排序
HB5.27−0.24−0.522.751
HN5.05−0.26−0.392.632
JS4.46−0.520.112.253
SD4.31−0.76−0.242.064
GZ4.24−0.90−0.531.945
BJ3.89−0.36−0.781.936
GS4.18−0.99−0.611.877
SX4.79−1.94−0.431.868
SC3.50−0.27−0.421.789
AH3.81−0.77−0.221.7810
YN3.57−1.11−0.371.5111
), ArticleFig(id=1320881630034641332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同地区核桃雄花的成分得分和综合得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号Y1Y2Y3Y排序
HB5.27−0.24−0.522.751
HN5.05−0.26−0.392.632
JS4.46−0.520.112.253
SD4.31−0.76−0.242.064
GZ4.24−0.90−0.531.945
BJ3.89−0.36−0.781.936
GS4.18−0.99−0.611.877
SX4.79−1.94−0.431.868
SC3.50−0.27−0.421.789
AH3.81−0.77−0.221.7810
YN3.57−1.11−0.371.5111
), ArticleFig(id=1320881630139498933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Nutritional evaluation of essential amino acids in male flowers of walnut from different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区TAAEAANEAAEAA/TAA(%)EAA/NEAA(%)
AH11.875.404.9245.54109.74
GZ12.935.955.2745.99112.89
SD13.646.085.7044.57106.59
HN16.226.806.9241.9498.29
JS14.716.536.3444.42103.04
HB16.786.807.2340.5094.02
SC10.914.514.7241.3295.59
YN10.635.044.2047.39119.96
BJ12.045.074.6742.10108.57
GS12.565.734.9045.58116.93
SX14.317.305.2050.99140.44
), ArticleFig(id=1320881630214996406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881378753892850, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

不同地区核桃雄花必须氨基酸的营养价值评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区TAAEAANEAAEAA/TAA(%)EAA/NEAA(%)
AH11.875.404.9245.54109.74
GZ12.935.955.2745.99112.89
SD13.646.085.7044.57106.59
HN16.226.806.9241.9498.29
JS14.716.536.3444.42103.04
HB16.786.807.2340.5094.02
SC10.914.514.7241.3295.59
YN10.635.044.2047.39119.96
BJ12.045.074.6742.10108.57
GS12.565.734.9045.58116.93
SX14.317.305.2050.99140.44
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不同地区核桃雄花氨基酸多样性分析
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王念 1 , 师甜梦 2 , 沈玥 2 , 张卢峰 3 , 宋莲军 2 , 王蒙慧 2 , 雷凤梅 2 , 李倩 2, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(16): 357-365
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (16) : 357 -365
不同地区核桃雄花氨基酸多样性分析
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王念1 , 师甜梦2, 沈玥2, 张卢峰3, 宋莲军2, 王蒙慧2, 雷凤梅2, 李倩2, *
作者信息
  • 1河南省林业科学研究院,河南郑州 450002
  • 2河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002
  • 3卢氏县原荣农业有限公司,河南三门峡 472200
通讯作者:
李倩(1983−)(ORCID:0000−0002−6782−9521),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王念(1978−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:特色经济林遗传育种与高值化利用,E-mail:

Analysis of Amino Acid Diversity in Walnut Male Flowers Across Different Regions
Nian WANG1 , Tianmeng SHI2, Yue SHEN2, Lufeng ZHANG3, Lianjun SONG2, Menghui WANG2, Fengmei LEI2, Qian LI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Forestry Academy of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 2School of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • 3Lushi County Yuanrong Agriculture Co., Ltd., Sanmenxia 472200, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060315
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本研究以11个不同地区的核桃雄花为原材料,通过全自动氨基酸分析法检测其氨基酸的组成与含量,并采用相关性分析、主成分分析及聚类分析对其进行综合评价。结果表明:11个不同地区的核桃雄花均检测出16种氨基酸,其中有7种必需氨基酸(赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、酪氨酸),2种半必需氨基酸(组氨酸、精氨酸)和7种非必需氨基酸(甘氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、胱氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸)。各个地区的氨基酸总含量在10.53%~16.61%,其中河北地区的氨基酸总含量最高(16.61%),且呈味与调味氨基酸(26.88%)和药用氨基酸(11.88%)的含量也最高,说明该地区核桃雄花在食品研发方面具有显著的应用潜力。PCA分析表明3个主成分累计方差贡献率为96.51%,较好地反映出核桃雄花中氨基酸的综合信息。综合得分排列前4位的地区分别为河北、河南、江苏和山东地区。聚类分析将11个地区分为3类,与主成分分析结果一致,较好地反映出核桃雄花氨基酸组成、呈味和特殊功效的地区差异性。本研究结果为今后核桃雄花种植地区的选择、加工利用提供了良好理论基础。

核桃雄花  /  不同地区  /  氨基酸  /  综合评价  /  主成分分析  /  聚类分析

This study used walnut male flowers collected from 11 distinct regions to analyze their amino acid composition and content using an automatic amino acid analyzer. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were conducted for a comprehensive evaluation. The results indicated that all samples contained 16 amino acids, including 7 essential amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, tyrosine), 2 semi-essential amino acids (histidine, arginine) and 7 non-essential amino acids (glycine, alanine, proline, serine, cystine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid). The total amino acid content across regions ranged from 10.53% to 16.61%. The sample from Hebei exhibited the highest tota lamino acid content (16.61%), as well as the highest levels of flavor-related and seasoning amino acids (26.88%) and medicinal amino acids (11.88%), suggesting that walnut male flowers from this region possessed considerable potential for application in food research and development. PCA revealed that the first three principal components collectively accounted for 96.51% of the total variance, effectively capturing the comprehensive amino acid profile. The top four regions based on comprehensive scores were Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu and Shandong. Cluster analysis grouped the 11 regions into three categories, consistent with the PCA findings, and accurately reflected the regional differences in amino acid composition, flavor characteristics and functional properties. These findings provide a valuable theoretical basis for selecting suitable planting regions and guiding the processing and utilization of walnut male flowers.

walnut male flowers  /  different regions  /  amino acids  /  comprehensive evaluation  /  principal component analysis  /  cluster analysis
王念, 师甜梦, 沈玥, 张卢峰, 宋莲军, 王蒙慧, 雷凤梅, 李倩. 不同地区核桃雄花氨基酸多样性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 357 -365 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060315
Nian WANG, Tianmeng SHI, Yue SHEN, Lufeng ZHANG, Lianjun SONG, Menghui WANG, Fengmei LEI, Qian LI. Analysis of Amino Acid Diversity in Walnut Male Flowers Across Different Regions[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 357 -365 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060315
核桃隶属于胡桃科(Juglandaceae)核桃属(Juglans)植物,因其品质优良,已经广泛应用于食品、酿酒、医疗等各个行业[1−2]。核桃雄花作为其主要的附属产品之一,产量巨大,通常在对核桃树的修剪过程中被丢弃,这不仅造成了环境的污染,更是资源的浪费[3]。研究表明[4−5],核桃雄花中富含蛋白质、维生素、矿物质等多种营养素及生物活性成分,尤其是多酚类和黄酮类含量可观[6−7],有抗氧化、抗菌、抗肿瘤、预防心血管疾病等功效[8−10],因此其具有一定的保健作用。核桃雄花可以进一步加工利用,在食品开发、生物医药、生物酶制剂等方面具有良好的市场潜力[11]。
核桃雄花中含有丰富的蛋白质资源,其含量可达30.21%,提取率为55.63%[12]。氨基酸作为蛋白质的基本构成单元,是维持人体生理活动的重要生物活性物质[13],按照人体内是否能够自行合成分为必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸,二者在维持机体正常的生命活动中均起着重要作用,因此氨基酸的组成及含量是评价食品品质及营养价值的重要指标[14]。
然而,目前对核桃雄花的研究主要集中在其抗氧化活性[4,10]、营养成分分析[15]以及不同处理方式或条件,如超声处理、漂烫、温度等对其生理活性和营养品质的影响[16−18]等方面,缺乏对核桃雄花氨基酸多样性分析的研究,导致其自身的营养价值尚未得到充分挖掘和利用。因此,本研究对11个不同产地的核桃雄花进行了氨基酸组分及含量分析,通过主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和聚类分析对其进行综合评价,以有效开发核桃雄花中的优质资源,并探索其更多的药用价值和食用价值。
核桃雄花(自然晾干) 11个产地,分别来自安徽(AH)、贵州(GZ)、山东(SD)、河南(HN)、江苏(JS)、河北(HB)、四川(SC)、云南(YN)、北京(BJ)、甘肃(GS)、陕西(SX);盐酸、衍生缓冲液、乙腈、乙酸钠(均为分析纯) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;氨基酸衍生化试剂盒 依利特(大连)分析仪器有限公司。
DFY-500小型高速磨粉机 温岭市林大机械有限公司;101-2AB型电热鼓风干燥箱 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;XMTD-8222恒温水浴锅 上海精宏实验设备有限公司;L-8900全自动氨基酸分析仪 德国曼默博尔公司。
参照李东梅等[14]方法,并稍加改动。将干燥的核桃雄花研磨成粉(过60目筛),取25 mg样品,加入5 mL安瓿瓶中,再加入3 mL 6 mol/L的盐酸,然后用酒精灯高温拉丝封口,放到烘箱中110 ℃下水解24 h。将水解后的样品从安瓿瓶中转移到蒸发皿中,并用水多次洗涤安瓿瓶,洗液一并倒入蒸发皿,在80 ℃条件下水浴蒸干。用衍生缓冲液多次洗涤蒸发皿,洗液转入25 mL容量瓶中,并用衍生缓冲液定容。用0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤,备用。
量取已经过滤的样品液10 mL至50 mL棕色试剂瓶中,加入衍生试剂5 mL,混匀,放到60 ℃水浴中,暗处反应1 h。反应完成后,冷却至室温,加入平衡缓冲溶液稀释到刻度,静置一段时间后,用0.45 μm滤膜过滤,取10 μL进样。
色谱柱:C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);检测信号:紫外360 nm;柱温:28 ℃;进样体积:10 μL;流动相A:乙腈:水(1:1),流动相B:0.1 mol/L乙酸钠水溶液;流速1.2 mL/min[19],梯度洗脱程序见表1。定性定量分析:采用外标法,以16种氨基酸混标绘制标准曲线,根据保留时间定性,峰面积定量。
TAV为呈味物质含量值与呈味物质滋味阈值的比值,按如下公式计算TAV[20−22]:
$ \mathrm{TAV}=\frac{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{X}} $
其中,C为样品中呈味氨基酸含量(mg/g);X为氨基酸味道阈值(mg/g)。TAV代表相应氨基酸对核桃雄花呈味特性的贡献度,TAV>1时,则表明该氨基酸对整体风味有贡献,TAV<1时,即该氨基酸对其贡献较小。
每个样品重复测定3次,结果表示为“平均值±标准差(Means±SD)”。采用Microsoft Excel进行数据分析,采用SPSS 21.0软件进行单因素方差分析(Duncan多重比较)和Pearson相关性分析,显著性水平为P<0.05。采用Origin 2024软件进行PCA和聚类分析。
由表2可知,11个地区的核桃雄花中均检测出了16种氨基酸,包括赖氨酸(Lys)、蛋氨酸(Met)、苏氨酸(Thr)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、缬氨酸(Val)、酪氨酸(Tyr)7种必需氨基酸,组氨酸(His)和精氨酸(Arg)2种半必需氨基酸以及天冬氨酸(Asp)、谷氨酸(Glu)、丝氨酸(Ser)、甘氨酸(Gly)、脯氨酸(Pro)、丙氨酸(Ala)、胱氨酸(Cys)7种非必需氨基酸[23]。核桃雄花中水解氨基酸的平均含量由高到低依次为Leu>Glu>Asp>Arg>His>Lys>Pro>Gly>Ser>Val>Ala>Thr>Ile>Tyr>Met>Cys。其中Leu的含量最高,达到了3.13%;Cys的含量最低,仅有0.04%。Leu是一种苦味氨基酸,其含量最高,可能与核桃雄花天然的苦涩味有关。
在11个不同地区中,HB的氨基酸总含量最高,达到了16.61%,而YN的氨基酸总含量最低,为10.53%。各个地区核桃雄花氨基酸的含量之间存在显著的差异性(P<0.05),可能是由于其所处的地理环境不同而导致。有研究表明,种植地区的气候因子对植物生长、发育、代谢起着调节作用,并参与了多种生理过程,包括氨基酸的积累和消耗利用,所以不同地区的气候差异会导致氨基酸含量的差异性[24]。
上述结果表明,尽管不同地区核桃雄花氨基酸的组成一致,但是由于所处的环境差异,导致其氨基酸含量仍有很大的差异性,存在显著的地区多样性。
氨基酸在赋予食物独特风味中起着关键性作用。核桃雄花有天然独特的风味,与其所含丰富的呈味氨基酸和调味氨基酸有关。根据呈味特点[25−26],发挥作用的呈味氨基酸可分为4类[27]:鲜味氨基酸(Glu、Asp、Lys)、甜味氨基酸(Thr、Gly、His、Ala、Pro、Ser)、苦味氨基酸(Met、Arg、Val、Leu、Ile)和芳香族氨基酸(Phe、Tyr、Cys)。在调味方面,起主要作用的是增香与着色氨基酸(Flavoring and coloring amino acids,FCAA),包括Glu、Cys、Val、Leu、Lys、His、Arg。
由表3可知,核桃雄花中FCAA的含量最高,在6.61%~10.10%之间,平均值为8.10%,其中HB是FCAA含量最高的地区,含量达到了10.10%,约占氨基酸总量的60.18%。有研究表明,FCAA可以通过美拉德反应生成具有特定香味的褐色物质,影响食品的风味,促进食品的增香与着色[28],故HB核桃雄花的感官品质较好,可以作为原料加入到食品中。其次是苦味氨基酸的含量较高,为4.30%~6.39%,平均值为5.33%,其中HB是苦味氨基酸含量最多的地区,含量达到了6.39%,约占氨基酸总量的38.08%;苦味氨基酸中含量最高的为Leu,苦味氨基酸具有抗炎、抗氧化等生理作用[29],从而使核桃雄花具有相应的药用价值。核桃雄花中甜味氨基酸含量为3.09%~5.12%,平均含量为4.01%,其中HB是甜味氨基酸含量最高的地区,含量达到了5.12%,约占氨基酸总量的30.50%。核桃雄花中鲜味氨基酸含量为2.79%~4.80%,平均值为3.58%,其中HB是鲜味氨基酸含量最高的地区,含量达到了4.80%,约占氨基酸总量的28.58%;鲜味氨基酸中含量最高的是Glu,其与鲜味核苷酸的协同作用可以加强食品的鲜味强度[30]。而核桃雄花中芳香族氨基酸含量较少,为0.31%~0.52%,平均值为0.40%,其中HN是芳香族氨基酸含量最高的地区,含量达到了0.52%,约占氨基酸总量的3.21%。在11个地区中,HB是苦味氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸和增香与着色氨基酸含量最高的地区,并且芳香族氨基酸也处于较高水平,说明此地区的核桃雄花呈味均衡,食用口感较好。
各类氨基酸所具有的不同的呈味特征与其阈值存在直接关联,高含量的氨基酸对食品的风味贡献未必显著,因此,需要根据各氨基酸阈值计算其TAV,其值越大,对样品的呈味贡献越大,反之亦然。由表4可知,Asp、Glu、Lys、His、Arg、Val和Leu的TAV值均大于1,对各地区核桃雄花滋味的贡献较大;Cys除在SC的TAV值小于1外,在其余各地区TAV值均大于1;Ala仅在GZ、SD、HN、JS、HB及SX的TAV值大于1,在其他地区TAV值小于1;其余氨基酸的TAV值均小于1,对各地区核桃雄花滋味影响较小。在所有氨基酸中,Glu的TAV值最大,平均值可达5.42,说明其为最主要的呈鲜物质,对其风味具有突出贡献。
综合分析表明,不同地区核桃雄花的风味氨基酸含量由高到低依次为:增香与着色氨基酸>苦味氨基酸>甜味氨基酸>鲜味氨基酸>芳香族氨基酸。在11个地区中,HB的风味氨基酸总含量最高,且苦味氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸和增香与着色氨基酸含量也为最高。在所有氨基酸中,Glu对核桃雄花的滋味贡献最大,其TAV值在4.09~7.54之间,平均值为5.42,属于鲜味氨基酸,可以有效增加核桃雄花的鲜味特征。
氨基酸是构成人体基本物质的重要组分,除了在呈味方面有显著作用外,其在调节人体机能和医疗健康中也起着不可估量的作用。对人体有益的特殊功效的氨基酸包括支链氨基酸(Branched chain amino acids,BCAA)、芳香族氨基酸(Aromatic amino acids,AAA)、药用氨基酸(Medicinal amino acids,MAA)、抗菌氨基酸(Antibacterial amino acids,ABAA)、伯胺基氨基酸(Primary amine amino acids,PAAA)和儿童必需氨基酸(Essential amino acids in children,CE)等[31]。
由表5可知,不同地区的MAA平均含量最高,可达9.79%,其中MAA含量最高的是HB(11.88%),最低的是SC(7.71%)。有研究表明[32],MAA可以用于术后恢复的蛋白质补充,也是肠外营养的基本成分,并且可以调节代谢,帮助治疗部分特异性疾病,因此,核桃雄花中的MAA为其开发出各种保健食品和药品提供了一定的物质基础。其次,PAAA、BCAA的平均含量仅次于MAA,分别达到了7.09%、4.31%,其中HB的PAAA含量最高,为9.54%,SX的BCAA含量最高,为5.61%。AAA的平均含量为0.36%,其中HN的AAA含量最高,为0.46%。AAA、PAAA和BCAA在排毒、免疫、防治肝肾功能衰竭、心血管健康和运动表现中起着关键性的作用[28]。CE对儿童的生长发育尤其重要,能够促进其神经系统和机体的发育[33]。CE的平均含量为1.94%,其中HB的CE含量最高,为2.76%,提示HB地区核桃雄花可以被用于儿童保健食品。一定浓度的抗菌氨基酸ABAA能够抑制导致食物腐败的微生物[33],不同地区ABAA的平均含量为0.64%,其中JS的ABAA含量最高,为0.85%,说明此地区核桃雄花在抑菌方面具有一定潜力。特殊功效氨基酸总含量最高的地区是HB,最低的地区是YN,说明HB的核桃雄花氨基酸具有多种特殊功效,为功能性食品的进一步研究和开发提供了可能。
综合分析表明,HB的MAA、PAAA、CE的含量均达到最高水平,且其特殊功效氨基酸的总含量也为最高,这表明该地区的核桃雄花具有巨大的潜在药用价值,并且在儿童食品领域中具有一定的应用前景。
对不同地区核桃雄花16种氨基酸含量进行相关性分析,结果如表6所示。Tyr含量与Asp、Ser、Gly、Thr、Pro、Ala、Val、Ile、Lys含量均极显著相关(P<0.01),与Glu、His含量显著相关(P<0.05)。Tyr是一种重要的芳香族氨基酸,在神经、内分泌、代谢和细胞调控中均发挥着重要的作用[34],其与其他氨基酸之间有着高度的相关性,这体现了生物系统的协同性,为进一步探究人体氨基酸代谢背后的分子机制以及营养干预和疾病治疗均具有促进作用。Lys含量与Asp、Glu、Ser、Gly、Thr、Pro、Ala、Val、Ile含量均极显著相关(P<0.01),与其他氨基酸含量无显著相关关系。Lys作为一种必需氨基酸,与其他氨基酸的相关性揭示了生物体在能量代谢、结构维持和功能调控上的高度整合,对理解蛋白质工程、代谢疾病和营养干预策略有重要意义。Met、Cys含量均与其他氨基酸含量无显著相关,说明他们的代谢过程比较独立,可能更依赖于特定生理需求。His含量仅与Gly、Thr、Ala、Val、Ile、Leu含量显著相关(P<0.05)。Ile含量与Asp、Ser、Gly、Thr、Pro、Ala、Val含量极显著相关(P<0.01),与Glu含量显著相关(P<0.05)。Asp含量与Glu、Ser、Gly、Thr、Pro、Ala、Val含量极显著相关(P<0.01)。Ser含量与Gly、Thr、Pro、Ala、Val含量极显著相关(P<0.01)。Gly含量与Thr、Pro、Ala、Val含量极显著相关(P<0.01)。Glu含量与Arg极显著相关(P<0.01),与Thr、Ala、Val含量显著相关(P<0.05),与Gly含量无显著相关关系。Leu含量仅与His含量显著相关(P<0.05),与其他氨基酸含量相关性不显著。其他氨基酸之间均为极显著相关(P<0.01)。
综合分析说明,各种氨基酸之间均存在不同程度的相关性,部分氨基酸之间有着高度的协同性,而另一些则保持着代谢独立性,不同相关性的氨基酸存在不同的信息重叠现象[35],因此通过某一种氨基酸指标评价核桃雄花的优劣是不客观的,可以使用PCA来对其进行综合评价。
对不同地区核桃雄花的氨基酸含量进行主成分分析发现,不同地区的核桃雄花氨基酸分别集中在不同的区域,如图1所示。SX和SD位于第一象限,YN、GS和GZ位于第二象限,AH、BJ和SC位于第三象限,HN和HB位于第四象限,JS位于横轴上。JS位于横轴上,AH距离横轴较近,说明其主要受PC1影响;GZ、SD距离横轴和纵轴均比较近,说明其受PC1和PC2的影响都比较大。但是SX远离其他地区,说明这个地区的核桃雄花氨基酸组成和含量与其他地区的差异较大。在SX地区,由于其气候特征表现为炎热干燥,降水量稀少,以及一些地理条件的不利因素[24],导致该地区核桃雄花的氨基酸含量相较于其他地区普遍偏低;相比之下,SD、JS、HN、HB地区的气候条件较为相似,降水量和温度均比较适宜,因此这些地区的氨基酸总含量普遍较高,且药用氨基酸含量较高;其他地区的氨基酸含量呈现出围绕平均水平的波动。
对不同地区核桃雄花氨基酸进行综合评价,结果如表7和表8所示。
由表7可知,前3个PC累计方差贡献率达到了96.51%,因此使用前3个PC来对不同地区核桃雄花进行综合评价是可行的,具有一定的可信度[20]。以16个水解氨基酸指标为初始自变量,经过PCA最终得到的3个PC因子的方程表达式如下:
Y1=0.172X1+0.157X2+0.187X3+0.172X4+0.273X5+0.162X6+0.094X7+0.295X8+0.164X9+0.249X10+0.204X11+0.392X12+0.276X13+0.571X14+0.019X15+0.003X16
Y2=0.021X1+0.029X3+0.052X4+0.130X5+0.031X6+0.029X7+0.185X8+0.002X9−0.107X10+0.128X11+0.385X12+0.510X13−0.712X14−0.035X15+0.002X16
Y3=0.204X1+0.176X2+0.226X3+0.195X4+0.158X5+0.208X6+0.127X7+0.235X8+0.262X9−0.032X10+0.308X11−0.077X12−0.661X13−0.321X14+0.308X15+0.050X16
以3个PC对应的方差相对贡献率为权重,将各个地区的PC得分和相应的权重进行线性加权求和建立综合评价函数Y=0.547Y1+0.374Y2+0.078Y3,计算各个地区核桃雄花的综合评价得分,以反映其氨基酸综合品质,综合得分越高,说明该地区核桃雄花的氨基酸营养品质越好[27]。结果如表8所示,综合得分前4的地区分别为HB、HN、JS和SD,说明这4个地区的核桃雄花的氨基酸综合品质较好。
对不同地区核桃雄花中的氨基酸进行聚类分析,结果如图2所示。所有的地区可以分为3类:第一类为SX,SX在PCA中远离其他地区,说明SX和其他地区的核桃雄花氨基酸组成和含量差异性较大;第二类为HN、HB、SD和JS,这些地区的核桃雄花的氨基酸综合品质均比较好;第三类为BJ、SC、YN、AH、GS和GZ,这些地区的核桃雄花中的药用氨基酸含量相近,且都低于其他地区的药用氨基酸含量,并且他们的氨基酸综合品质靠后。聚类结果和前述PCA结果一致。因此,此分析结果可为核桃雄花的种植地区推广、加工利用以及氨基酸营养价值评价提供良好参考。
食物中蛋白质营养价值的优劣主要取决于其中所含必需氨基酸的种类、数量和组成比例。2013年世界卫生组织(WHO)和联合国粮农组织(FAO)对人类理想的蛋白质模型进行了修订,并提出了评价食物的必需氨基酸模式图[36]。在理想模式中,必需氨基酸(essential amino acids,EAA)占总氨基酸(total amino acid,TAA)的比值(EAA/TAA)为40%,必需氨基酸占非必需氨基酸(non essential amino acid,NEAA)的比值(EAA/NEAA)为60%,食物中氨基酸的组成比例越接近FAO/WHO的氨基酸模式要求,其蛋白质和氨基酸营养价值越高,越能满足人体的需求[33]。
EAA的组成和含量与氨基酸的营养价值密切相关,EAA含量越高,代表氨基酸的营养价值越高[37]。如表9所示,在11个地区中,7种EAA种类齐全,其中Leu含量最高,Met含量最低,与姜仲茂等[38]的结果一致,说明Leu在EAA中起着关键性的作用。从表9可知,EAA含量最高的地区是SX,其次是HN、HB、JS和SD,EAA含量最低的地区为SC;所有地区核桃雄花中的氨基酸均达到了FAO/WHO标准值,说明这些地区核桃雄花中必须氨基酸的营养均衡值达标,具有较好的开发利用价值。
本研究针对11个不同地区核桃雄花中的氨基酸组成、含量、呈味特性以及特殊功效等进行多样性分析,结果表明:不同地区核桃雄花中均含有16种氨基酸,TAA含量在10.53%~16.61%,其中平均含量最高的氨基酸为Leu,TAA含量最高的地区是河北地区。11个地区核桃雄花中氨基酸的组成一致,但是其氨基酸含量具有显著差异性(P<0.05)。核桃雄花中呈味与调味氨基酸含量由高到低依次是增香与着色氨基酸、苦味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和芳香族氨基酸,其中河北地区的风味氨基酸总含量最高,风味较为均衡。进一步计算各氨基酸的TAV值发现,在所有氨基酸中,Glu的TAV值最大,平均值可达5.42,对核桃雄花的滋味贡献最大。在特殊功效氨基酸中,河北地区核桃雄花的药用氨基酸含量最高,说明此地区核桃雄花具有巨大的潜在药用价值。PCA和聚类分析结果表明,3个PC累计方差贡献率达到了96.51%,11个地区核桃雄花可以分为3类。进行综合评价可得,核桃雄花品质较好的地区依次为河北地区、河南地区、江苏地区和山东地区。本研究成果为以后核桃雄花的种植领域提供了新的选择,有助于对其在食品和医药等领域中进行更进一步的加工和利用,对后续研究具有一定的启发意义。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060315
  • 接收时间:2025-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-25
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    1河南省林业科学研究院,河南郑州 450002
    2河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002
    3卢氏县原荣农业有限公司,河南三门峡 472200

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李倩(1983−)(ORCID:0000−0002−6782−9521),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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