Article(id=1320883606034166167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060299, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750780800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852792508, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852792508, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852792508, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852792508, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=43, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883606218715544, articleId=1320883606034166167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Dynamic Change of Fatty Acids and Volatile Compounds during Processing of Sea Buckthorn Whole Fruit Powder and Their Correlation Analysis, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the changes in fatty acid compounds and volatile compounds during the processing of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder, this study used sea buckthorn as the research object and employed targeted metabolomics combined with gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology, along with principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis (CorrA) and other chemometric methods to preliminarily investigate the dynamic changes and correlations of fatty acids and volatile components during the processing of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder. The results showed that 34 fatty acid compounds in sea buckthorn whole fruit powder were identified from sea buckthorn whole fruit powder by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS), among which Linoleic acid (0.48~10.78 ng/mg) and palmitoleic acid (0.03~5.91 ng/mg) were the main fatty acid compounds. The total fatty acid content (2.48~114.84 ng/mg) in sea buckthorn whole fruit powder showed an overall decreasing trend during processing, with particularly significant decreases during the pulping and drying stages (P<0.05). These decreases represent reductions of 40.67% and 62.6%, respectively, compared to the raw material thawing stage. A total of 41 volatile compounds were identified by GC-IMS, showing an overall trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Based on VIP values>1, 12 key volatile compounds were screened, including hexanal, aromatic alcohols, and butyl 2-methylbutyrate. Combined with ROVA analysis, hexanal was identified as the primary characteristic volatile compound. Correlation analysis revealed that oxidized linalool was positively correlated with all fatty acid compounds. Further KEGG pathway analysis of the production pathways of major volatile compounds clarified that degraded lipids are primarily enriched in the fatty acid metabolism pathway, and fatty acid compounds derived from the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway contribute to the formation of characteristic volatile flavor compounds such as hexanal, 2-pentanone, and 2-hexanone in sea buckthorn whole fruit powder. This study lays the foundation for improving the quality of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder.

, authors=Rong HAN1, 2, Yan MA1, 2, *, Yan PAN1, 2, Jian ZHANG1, 2, Ting ZHANG1, 2, Mingqiang XU1, 2, authorsList=Rong HAN, Yan MA, Yan PAN, Jian ZHANG, Ting ZHANG, Mingqiang XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883609167311275, articleId=1320883606034166167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=沙棘全果粉加工过程中脂肪酸和挥发性化合物的动态变化及其相关性分析, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究沙棘全果粉加工过程中脂肪酸化合物和挥发性化合物的变化,本研究以沙棘为研究对象,采用靶向代谢组学与气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用技术(Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectromet Ry,GC-IMS)结合主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)、相关性分析(Correlation Analysis,CorrA)等化学计量法初探了沙棘全果粉加工过程中脂肪酸和挥发性成分的动态变化及其相关性。结果表明,应用超高效液相三重四极杆质谱联用仪(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry,UPLC-QQQ-MS)从沙棘全果粉中共鉴定出34种脂肪酸化合物,其中亚油酸(0.48~10.78 ng/mg)和棕榈油酸(0.03~5.91 ng/mg)为主要脂肪酸化合物。沙棘全果粉在加工过程中的总脂肪酸含量(2.48~114.84 ng/mg)整体呈下降趋势,在打浆和干燥阶段下降尤为显著(P<0.05),较原料解冻阶段分别下降了40.67%和62.6%。应用GC-IMS共鉴定出41种挥发性物质,整体呈先下降后上升趋势;基于变量重要性投影值(Variable Importance in Projection,VIP)>1筛选得到正己醛、芳香醇、2-甲基丁酸丁酯等12种关键挥发性化合物,结合ROVA判定正己醛为主要特征挥发性化合物;经相关性分析发现氧化芳樟醇与所有脂肪酸化合物均呈正相关。进一步对主要挥发性化合物的产生途径进行KEGG通路分析,明确了降解的脂质主要富集在脂肪酸代谢途径中,且不饱和脂肪酸生物合成途径得到的脂肪酸化合物有助于沙棘全果粉中的正己醛、2-戊酮、2-己酮等特征挥发性风味化合物生成。本研究为沙棘全果粉的品质提升奠定了基础。

, authors=韩蓉1, 2, 马燕1, 2, *, 潘俨1, 2, 张健1, 2, 张婷1, 2, 许铭强1, 2, authorsList=韩蓉, 马燕, 潘俨, 张健, 张婷, 许铭强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马燕, authorNote=

韩蓉(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马燕(1984−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=cqUkvO0za1V0NQbF4u8uMA==, magXml=fZZ6RCmevW6KGU0oP6L0jw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=kXtTnoS2g02s9Vx2y8SJxQ==, pdfFileSize=11809324, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Te1/EnrYcohz+LXAgM0esA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=P2QhOTc7m/8+svzSaSkwbQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883609704182195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2118897643@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883609955840438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, authorId=1320883609704182195, language=EN, stringName=Rong HAN, firstName=Rong, middleName=null, lastName=HAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
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韩蓉(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

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Hangzhou: Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, 2024.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883627295093301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG S Y. Ca2+-mediated high temperature stress resistance of typical monoterpenes in Cinnamomum camphora[D]. 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注:解冻清洗(JD)、打浆破碎(DJ)、胶体磨(JTM)、调配均质(JZ)、真空冷冻干燥(GZ)、粉碎过筛(FS)。

, figureFileSmall=6O73pL/upxnZNsXWQ3aqlA==, figureFileBig=5sh3UmvwKAR6xuVq97zUNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883617757245925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=PCA plots and clustered heat maps of fatty acids in different processing stages, figureFileSmall=NwGSI39V3nGInJxzbdrfew==, figureFileBig=LTXohJB2VpwSIQrhyKiHZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883617828549094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同加工工段脂肪酸PCA图和聚类热图, figureFileSmall=NwGSI39V3nGInJxzbdrfew==, figureFileBig=LTXohJB2VpwSIQrhyKiHZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883617895657959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Proportion of different types of volatile compounds in different processing stages, figureFileSmall=oBsNbwD+UzC+O8AZWEb86A==, figureFileBig=VTs7QiJNTJliiA2sRdqgDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883617954378216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同加工工段挥发性化合物的种类占比, figureFileSmall=oBsNbwD+UzC+O8AZWEb86A==, figureFileBig=VTs7QiJNTJliiA2sRdqgDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883618017292777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Fingerprints of volatile compounds in different processing stages, figureFileSmall=VZ1QzKP7JjiG01t+IPTD6w==, figureFileBig=fhRczWT3q1zIeVC67qEzaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883618092790250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同加工工段的挥发性化合物指纹图谱, figureFileSmall=VZ1QzKP7JjiG01t+IPTD6w==, figureFileBig=fhRczWT3q1zIeVC67qEzaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883618159899115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Analysis of OPLS-DA and displacement test for volatile compounds in different processing stages, figureFileSmall=fLW6scxNRlozr/js0DVVTg==, figureFileBig=jZ9XvocguSvZbnJ+cntgng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883618218619372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同加工工段挥发性化合物OPLS-DA和置换检验分析, figureFileSmall=fLW6scxNRlozr/js0DVVTg==, figureFileBig=jZ9XvocguSvZbnJ+cntgng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883618302505453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Combined analysis of main VIP values and heat map (peak intensity) for different processing stages, figureFileSmall=VkMMNQpxoHf/Bu4kpPJ9aw==, figureFileBig=lWBjWHOT+kvWMsrtRNRoGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883618369614318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同加工工段的主要VIP值及热图(峰强度)组合分析, figureFileSmall=VkMMNQpxoHf/Bu4kpPJ9aw==, figureFileBig=lWBjWHOT+kvWMsrtRNRoGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883618466083311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Combined heat map of correlation between fatty acid compounds and key volatile compounds of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder, figureFileSmall=hSirF5K6CYKuFKsd9zujuA==, figureFileBig=A0I0vukiJGbHxLjeTsz5Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883618524803568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=CN, label=图8, caption=沙棘全果粉的脂肪酸化合物与关键挥发性化合物之间的相关性组合热图

注:图中“*”表示P<0.05,“**”表示P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=hSirF5K6CYKuFKsd9zujuA==, figureFileBig=A0I0vukiJGbHxLjeTsz5Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883618591912433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Translational pathway map between KEGG pathway of fatty acid compounds and key volatile compounds of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder, figureFileSmall=OzTG0H2A+dJWVMIMiz3m6w==, figureFileBig=o/laZLAqoDgzwQ7OL4OpyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883618679992818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=CN, label=图9, caption=沙棘全果粉的脂肪酸化合物KEGG通路图与关键挥发性化合物之间的转化途径图

注:黑字体为化合物名称,红色字体为挥发性化合物名称,蓝色字体为酶名称,实箭头表示化合物合成途径,虚箭头表示挥发性化合物生成途径。

, figureFileSmall=OzTG0H2A+dJWVMIMiz3m6w==, figureFileBig=o/laZLAqoDgzwQ7OL4OpyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883618751295987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Analysis of fatty acid compounds content in different processing stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物名称化合物含量(ng/mg)
JDDJJTMJZGZFS
饱和脂肪酸81.68±0.01a21.40±0.02c30.00±0.01b20.23±0.01c1.00±0d1.14±0d
1己酸0.4±0.01a0.36±0.02b0.23±0c0.16±0d0.06±0e0.07±0e
2庚酸0.1±0c0.14±0b0.16±0a0.07±0d0.04±0e0.05±0e
3辛酸0.07±0c0.11±0.01a0.09±0.01b0.05±0d0.01±0e0.01±0e
4癸酸0.0025±0b0.00341±0a0.0018±0c0.0018±0c0.0006±0d0.0005±0d
5十二烷酸0.03±0a0.02±0c0.02±0b0.01±0dndnd
6十三烷酸ndndndndndnd
7肉豆蔻酸0.21±0.01b0.27±0a0.15±0.01c0.12±0.01d0.01±0e0.01±0e
8十五烷酸0.31±0.02a0.13±0.01b0.13±0b0.07±0.04c0.01±0d0.01±0d
9珠光脂酸0.33±0.02a0.2±0.02b0.23±0b0.09±0.05c0.01±0d0.01±0d
10花生酸0.18±0.01a0.04±0c0.06±0b0.03±0dndnd
11二十一烷酸0.13±0.01c0.17±0.02b0.32±0.03a0.12±0c0.12±0.01c0.07±0.01d
12木蜡酸0.03±0a0.02±0bnd0.01±0cndnd
13棕榈酸20.33±0.33a10.88±0.18d14.91±0.28b11.61±0.17c0.57±0.03e0.7±0.02e
14硬脂酸59.55±0.6a9.05±0.53c13.71±0.82b7.88±0.22d0.17±0.01e0.23±0.01e
单不饱和脂肪酸20.61±0.11a12.39±0.1b10.35±0.1c7.71±0.1c0.35±0d0.23±0d
15棕榈油酸5.91±0.12a3.15±0.09b2.01±0.02c1.88±0.11c0.04±0d0.03±0d
16反棕榈油酸6.39±0.12a3.42±0.11b2.17±0.02c2.06±0.1c0.04±0d0.03±0d
17岩芹酸1.97±0.07a1.47±0.04b1.45±0.03b0.88±0.03c0.04±0d0.02±0d
18反式岩芹酸1.25±0.04a0.99±0.03b0.97±0.02b0.6±0c0.05±0d0.02±0d
19异油酸1.03±0.03a0.76±0.03b0.79±0.01b0.49±0.01c0.04±0d0.02±0d
20反异油酸0.98±0.01a0.73±0.02b0.74±0.01b0.45±0.01c0.05±0d0.02±0d
21反油酸1.32±0.04a0.96±0.05b1.01±0.02b0.6±0.03c0.04±0d0.02±0e
22顺-11-二十烯酸0.24±0.01a0.05±0b0.05±0b0.02±0cndnd
23芥酸0.11±0a0.04±0c0.05±0b0.02±0d0.01±0.01e0±0f
24巴惟酸0.08±0a0.03±0c0.04±0b0.01±0dndnd
25神经酸0.15±0a0.12±0.01b0.06±0c0.05±0d0.01±0e0.01±0e
26油酸1.18±0.01a0.66±0.02b1±0.03c0.65±0.01c0.05±0d0.06±0d
多不饱和脂肪酸12.5512.9116.1511.681.121.15
27反亚油酸2.54±0.05b2.72±0.06a2.65±0.1ab1.7±0.03c0.29±0.01d0.26±0.01d
28α-亚麻酸0.67±0.05d1.07±0.06b1.22±0.01a0.78±0.02c0.08±0e0.08±0e
29γ-亚麻酸0.56±0.02d0.94±0.02b0.99±0a0.63±0.01c0.07±0e0.07±0e
30花生四烯酸0.16±0a0.05±0b0.06±0b0.03±0c0.02±0d0.01±0e
31二十碳五烯酸(顺-5,8,11,14,17)0.01±0c0.02±0b0.04±0a0.01±0dndnd
32二十二碳三烯酸0.13±0.01c0.24±0.02b0.31±0.02a0.06±0d0.15±0c0.14±0.01c
33二十二碳六烯酸0.09±0b0.1±0a0.1±0a0.06±0c0.04±0d0.01±0e
34亚油酸8.39±0.15b7.77±0.21c10.78±0.18a8.4±0.04b0.48±0.01d0.57±0.01d
总脂肪酸含量114.84±0.1a46.70±0.12c56.49±0.15b39.62±0.07d2.48±0.01e2.52±0.01e
), ArticleFig(id=1320883618839376372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同加工工段脂肪酸化合物含量分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物名称化合物含量(ng/mg)
JDDJJTMJZGZFS
饱和脂肪酸81.68±0.01a21.40±0.02c30.00±0.01b20.23±0.01c1.00±0d1.14±0d
1己酸0.4±0.01a0.36±0.02b0.23±0c0.16±0d0.06±0e0.07±0e
2庚酸0.1±0c0.14±0b0.16±0a0.07±0d0.04±0e0.05±0e
3辛酸0.07±0c0.11±0.01a0.09±0.01b0.05±0d0.01±0e0.01±0e
4癸酸0.0025±0b0.00341±0a0.0018±0c0.0018±0c0.0006±0d0.0005±0d
5十二烷酸0.03±0a0.02±0c0.02±0b0.01±0dndnd
6十三烷酸ndndndndndnd
7肉豆蔻酸0.21±0.01b0.27±0a0.15±0.01c0.12±0.01d0.01±0e0.01±0e
8十五烷酸0.31±0.02a0.13±0.01b0.13±0b0.07±0.04c0.01±0d0.01±0d
9珠光脂酸0.33±0.02a0.2±0.02b0.23±0b0.09±0.05c0.01±0d0.01±0d
10花生酸0.18±0.01a0.04±0c0.06±0b0.03±0dndnd
11二十一烷酸0.13±0.01c0.17±0.02b0.32±0.03a0.12±0c0.12±0.01c0.07±0.01d
12木蜡酸0.03±0a0.02±0bnd0.01±0cndnd
13棕榈酸20.33±0.33a10.88±0.18d14.91±0.28b11.61±0.17c0.57±0.03e0.7±0.02e
14硬脂酸59.55±0.6a9.05±0.53c13.71±0.82b7.88±0.22d0.17±0.01e0.23±0.01e
单不饱和脂肪酸20.61±0.11a12.39±0.1b10.35±0.1c7.71±0.1c0.35±0d0.23±0d
15棕榈油酸5.91±0.12a3.15±0.09b2.01±0.02c1.88±0.11c0.04±0d0.03±0d
16反棕榈油酸6.39±0.12a3.42±0.11b2.17±0.02c2.06±0.1c0.04±0d0.03±0d
17岩芹酸1.97±0.07a1.47±0.04b1.45±0.03b0.88±0.03c0.04±0d0.02±0d
18反式岩芹酸1.25±0.04a0.99±0.03b0.97±0.02b0.6±0c0.05±0d0.02±0d
19异油酸1.03±0.03a0.76±0.03b0.79±0.01b0.49±0.01c0.04±0d0.02±0d
20反异油酸0.98±0.01a0.73±0.02b0.74±0.01b0.45±0.01c0.05±0d0.02±0d
21反油酸1.32±0.04a0.96±0.05b1.01±0.02b0.6±0.03c0.04±0d0.02±0e
22顺-11-二十烯酸0.24±0.01a0.05±0b0.05±0b0.02±0cndnd
23芥酸0.11±0a0.04±0c0.05±0b0.02±0d0.01±0.01e0±0f
24巴惟酸0.08±0a0.03±0c0.04±0b0.01±0dndnd
25神经酸0.15±0a0.12±0.01b0.06±0c0.05±0d0.01±0e0.01±0e
26油酸1.18±0.01a0.66±0.02b1±0.03c0.65±0.01c0.05±0d0.06±0d
多不饱和脂肪酸12.5512.9116.1511.681.121.15
27反亚油酸2.54±0.05b2.72±0.06a2.65±0.1ab1.7±0.03c0.29±0.01d0.26±0.01d
28α-亚麻酸0.67±0.05d1.07±0.06b1.22±0.01a0.78±0.02c0.08±0e0.08±0e
29γ-亚麻酸0.56±0.02d0.94±0.02b0.99±0a0.63±0.01c0.07±0e0.07±0e
30花生四烯酸0.16±0a0.05±0b0.06±0b0.03±0c0.02±0d0.01±0e
31二十碳五烯酸(顺-5,8,11,14,17)0.01±0c0.02±0b0.04±0a0.01±0dndnd
32二十二碳三烯酸0.13±0.01c0.24±0.02b0.31±0.02a0.06±0d0.15±0c0.14±0.01c
33二十二碳六烯酸0.09±0b0.1±0a0.1±0a0.06±0c0.04±0d0.01±0e
34亚油酸8.39±0.15b7.77±0.21c10.78±0.18a8.4±0.04b0.48±0.01d0.57±0.01d
总脂肪酸含量114.84±0.1a46.70±0.12c56.49±0.15b39.62±0.07d2.48±0.01e2.52±0.01e
), ArticleFig(id=1320883618961011189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of the relative content of volatile compounds in different processing stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物保留时间(s)气味描述相对含量(%)
JDDJJTMJZGZFS
1乙醇96.677甜果味3.63±0.07d3.66±0.03d4.77±0.06b3.23±0.09e4.37±0.04c5.04±0.07a
2正己醛-M236.696果香、脂肪味2.34±0.08b2.22±0.06c2.68±0.02a2.23±0.03c1.85±0.02d1.8±0.01d
31-戊烯-3-醇-D331.166黄油味2.42±0.04c2.27±0.04d3.13±0.08b2.51±0.01c3.3±0.03a3.24±0.03a
4己酸丁酯695.516果味2.48±0.06b2.31±0.03c2.84±0.02a2.29±0.02c2.09±0.02d2.1±0.01d
5正己醛-D274.484果香、脂肪味10.44±0.07a8.69±0.12b8.4±0.05c6.07±0.32e7.03±0.03d8.2±0.03b
6丁酸异丁酯465.454甜果味9.81±0.12a9.14±0.09c9.7±0.03b8.29±0.01d5.58±0.04f5.76±0.05e
7氧化芳樟醇280.242花香味15.04±0.24b13.59±0.06c15.6±0.1a12.71±0.02d11.53±0.01e9.61±0.06f
8辛酸乙酯696.909果香味1.63±0.02c1.6±0.02c2.02±0.03a1.68±0.02b0.73±0.01d0.76±0.02d
9正丙醇200.202酒精味3.09±0.02b2.69±0.01c3.3±0.04a2.43±0.03d1.28±0.03f1.46±0.01e
10水芹烯-M152.724辛辣味3.08±0.02a2.89±0.03b3.15±0.04a2.59±0.03c1.22±0.03d1.17±0.02d
11仲丁醇146.065薄荷味7.94±0.18d13.59±0.17a11.89±0.34b10.23±0.26c1.64±0.03e1.62±0.04e
12莰烯243.23木质香味1.81±0.13c2.16±0.02b2.87±0.03a2.09±0.2b0.65±0.01d0.22±0e
13苯甲醇198.751水煮樱桃味2.99±0.06b2.91±0.01b3.66±0.01a2.93±0.06b0.61±0.03d1.01±0.01c
14苯乙醇-D354.985玫瑰花香2.98±0.03a2.93±0.06a1.94±0.03b1.92±0.03b0.24±0.01c0.23±0.02c
15芳樟醇-M305.33香菜、柠檬味0.75±0.03d0.81±0.01c1.8±0.03a1.06±0.02b0.17±0.01e0.09±0.01f
16二乙基三硫醚392.397咸味1.16±0.04c1.14±0.03c1.05±0.14cd0.95±0.04d2.18±0.01a1.83±0.01b
171-戊烯-3-醇-M468.826黄油味2.83±0.04a2.3±0.1b2.98±0.05a0.85±0.11c2.87±0.03a2.79±0.02a
18α-蒎烯177.218雪松味2.84±0.02a0.58±0.06e1.31±0.13d0.23±0.05f2.19±0.03b1.65±0.02c
19甲基麦芽酚389.521甜焦糖味2.02±0.01b1.26±0.11e1.53±0.03d0.28±0.09f1.8±0.02c2.79±0.01a
20芳樟醇-D327.163柑橘花香、甜玫瑰气味4.17±0.25c1.86±0.33e2.65±0.18d0.22±0.04f7.92±0.04a6.97±0.06b
21水芹烯-D355.468辛辣味0.64±0.02b0.19±0.02d0.16±0.01d0.34±0.01c0.9±0.02a0.57±0.08b
222-乙基己醇163.273玫瑰花香0.49±0.04e2.17±0.03c0.95±0.04d2.06±0.2c8.26±0.01a5.32±0.02b
23反-2-辛烯醛187.68蒲公英味0.67±0.06c0.49±0.05d0.63±0.01c0.4±0.03d3.92±0.1a3.17±0.02b
24苯乙醇-M210.843玫瑰香0.09±0.03c0.08±0.02d0.12±0.02d0.07±0.01c1.56±0.03a0.84±0.01a
25乙酸异戊酯392.245梨味0.71±0.1c0.77±0.01c0.36±0.07d0.33±0d1.71±0.03b1.89±0.02b
26对甲基苯酚294.597辛辣味0.09±0.02c0.08±0cd0.1±0.01c0.06±0.01d1.73±0.02a1.25±0.01a
272-壬酮199.166热牛奶味0.75±0.04d0.71±0.02d0.88±0.02c0.64±0.01e2.05±0.04b2.46±0.04a
283-异丙基甲苯160.549柑橘味0.49±0.01cd0.59±0.03c0.35±0.17d0.33±0.15d1.04±0.02b1.49±0.07a
292-戊酮103.99辛辣味1.08±0.11e2.72±0.03d2.54±0.06d5.09±0.11c6.03±0.04b9.25±0.24a
30(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛-M159.715油脂味、坚果味1.32±0.06e1.97±0.05c1.48±0.04d1.88±0.06c2.42±0.01b3.77±0.06a
312-甲基丁酸丁酯175.602草本香0.28±0.07d2.08±0b0.79±0.08c2.42±0.03a0.26±0.02d0.33±0.13d
324-己内酯235.852椰子味0.28±0.02c0.73±0.06b0.25±0.05c1.39±0.05a0.1±0.03d0.12±0.02d
33β-蒎烯318.124松树味0.53±0.04f3.94±0.09b0.86±0.05d8.2±0.04a0.64±0.01e1.33±0.01c
342-己酮229.87果味0.72±0.02b0.47±0.02b0.5±0.08b2.19±0.36a0.48±0.05b0.48±0.02b
35辛醇204.687苦杏仁味0.18±0.03b0.29±0.03b0.23±0.1b2.6±0.08a0.26±0.01b0.23±0.02b
362-乙酰基噻唑173.677坚果味0.44±0.03bc0.36±0.02cd0.29±0.04d5.4±0.12a0.45±0.01bc0.47±0.03b
37月桂烯118.346胡椒辣香5.34±0.05a0.88±0.08b0.54±0.06d0.53±0.05d0.7±0.03c0.37±0.01e
38(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛-D110.356坚果味、油脂味0.41±0.03c1.97±0.31a0.46±0.1c0.7±0.03c1.13±0.02b1.17±0.03b
39苯乙醇208.986玫瑰花香0.24±0.01c0.23±0.01cd0.27±0.02c0.2±0.01d5.81±0.04a0.48±0.01b
40正戊酸异戊酯390.719水果香0.66±0.01b0.25±0.05d0.28±0.03d0.09±0.01e0.5±0.01c1.85±0a
412,3-戊二酮173.608黄油味、奶油味1.13±0.02b0.42±0.02e0.66±0.04d0.28±0.01f0.82±0c4.81±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1320883619049091574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同加工工段挥发性化合物相对含量分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物保留时间(s)气味描述相对含量(%)
JDDJJTMJZGZFS
1乙醇96.677甜果味3.63±0.07d3.66±0.03d4.77±0.06b3.23±0.09e4.37±0.04c5.04±0.07a
2正己醛-M236.696果香、脂肪味2.34±0.08b2.22±0.06c2.68±0.02a2.23±0.03c1.85±0.02d1.8±0.01d
31-戊烯-3-醇-D331.166黄油味2.42±0.04c2.27±0.04d3.13±0.08b2.51±0.01c3.3±0.03a3.24±0.03a
4己酸丁酯695.516果味2.48±0.06b2.31±0.03c2.84±0.02a2.29±0.02c2.09±0.02d2.1±0.01d
5正己醛-D274.484果香、脂肪味10.44±0.07a8.69±0.12b8.4±0.05c6.07±0.32e7.03±0.03d8.2±0.03b
6丁酸异丁酯465.454甜果味9.81±0.12a9.14±0.09c9.7±0.03b8.29±0.01d5.58±0.04f5.76±0.05e
7氧化芳樟醇280.242花香味15.04±0.24b13.59±0.06c15.6±0.1a12.71±0.02d11.53±0.01e9.61±0.06f
8辛酸乙酯696.909果香味1.63±0.02c1.6±0.02c2.02±0.03a1.68±0.02b0.73±0.01d0.76±0.02d
9正丙醇200.202酒精味3.09±0.02b2.69±0.01c3.3±0.04a2.43±0.03d1.28±0.03f1.46±0.01e
10水芹烯-M152.724辛辣味3.08±0.02a2.89±0.03b3.15±0.04a2.59±0.03c1.22±0.03d1.17±0.02d
11仲丁醇146.065薄荷味7.94±0.18d13.59±0.17a11.89±0.34b10.23±0.26c1.64±0.03e1.62±0.04e
12莰烯243.23木质香味1.81±0.13c2.16±0.02b2.87±0.03a2.09±0.2b0.65±0.01d0.22±0e
13苯甲醇198.751水煮樱桃味2.99±0.06b2.91±0.01b3.66±0.01a2.93±0.06b0.61±0.03d1.01±0.01c
14苯乙醇-D354.985玫瑰花香2.98±0.03a2.93±0.06a1.94±0.03b1.92±0.03b0.24±0.01c0.23±0.02c
15芳樟醇-M305.33香菜、柠檬味0.75±0.03d0.81±0.01c1.8±0.03a1.06±0.02b0.17±0.01e0.09±0.01f
16二乙基三硫醚392.397咸味1.16±0.04c1.14±0.03c1.05±0.14cd0.95±0.04d2.18±0.01a1.83±0.01b
171-戊烯-3-醇-M468.826黄油味2.83±0.04a2.3±0.1b2.98±0.05a0.85±0.11c2.87±0.03a2.79±0.02a
18α-蒎烯177.218雪松味2.84±0.02a0.58±0.06e1.31±0.13d0.23±0.05f2.19±0.03b1.65±0.02c
19甲基麦芽酚389.521甜焦糖味2.02±0.01b1.26±0.11e1.53±0.03d0.28±0.09f1.8±0.02c2.79±0.01a
20芳樟醇-D327.163柑橘花香、甜玫瑰气味4.17±0.25c1.86±0.33e2.65±0.18d0.22±0.04f7.92±0.04a6.97±0.06b
21水芹烯-D355.468辛辣味0.64±0.02b0.19±0.02d0.16±0.01d0.34±0.01c0.9±0.02a0.57±0.08b
222-乙基己醇163.273玫瑰花香0.49±0.04e2.17±0.03c0.95±0.04d2.06±0.2c8.26±0.01a5.32±0.02b
23反-2-辛烯醛187.68蒲公英味0.67±0.06c0.49±0.05d0.63±0.01c0.4±0.03d3.92±0.1a3.17±0.02b
24苯乙醇-M210.843玫瑰香0.09±0.03c0.08±0.02d0.12±0.02d0.07±0.01c1.56±0.03a0.84±0.01a
25乙酸异戊酯392.245梨味0.71±0.1c0.77±0.01c0.36±0.07d0.33±0d1.71±0.03b1.89±0.02b
26对甲基苯酚294.597辛辣味0.09±0.02c0.08±0cd0.1±0.01c0.06±0.01d1.73±0.02a1.25±0.01a
272-壬酮199.166热牛奶味0.75±0.04d0.71±0.02d0.88±0.02c0.64±0.01e2.05±0.04b2.46±0.04a
283-异丙基甲苯160.549柑橘味0.49±0.01cd0.59±0.03c0.35±0.17d0.33±0.15d1.04±0.02b1.49±0.07a
292-戊酮103.99辛辣味1.08±0.11e2.72±0.03d2.54±0.06d5.09±0.11c6.03±0.04b9.25±0.24a
30(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛-M159.715油脂味、坚果味1.32±0.06e1.97±0.05c1.48±0.04d1.88±0.06c2.42±0.01b3.77±0.06a
312-甲基丁酸丁酯175.602草本香0.28±0.07d2.08±0b0.79±0.08c2.42±0.03a0.26±0.02d0.33±0.13d
324-己内酯235.852椰子味0.28±0.02c0.73±0.06b0.25±0.05c1.39±0.05a0.1±0.03d0.12±0.02d
33β-蒎烯318.124松树味0.53±0.04f3.94±0.09b0.86±0.05d8.2±0.04a0.64±0.01e1.33±0.01c
342-己酮229.87果味0.72±0.02b0.47±0.02b0.5±0.08b2.19±0.36a0.48±0.05b0.48±0.02b
35辛醇204.687苦杏仁味0.18±0.03b0.29±0.03b0.23±0.1b2.6±0.08a0.26±0.01b0.23±0.02b
362-乙酰基噻唑173.677坚果味0.44±0.03bc0.36±0.02cd0.29±0.04d5.4±0.12a0.45±0.01bc0.47±0.03b
37月桂烯118.346胡椒辣香5.34±0.05a0.88±0.08b0.54±0.06d0.53±0.05d0.7±0.03c0.37±0.01e
38(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛-D110.356坚果味、油脂味0.41±0.03c1.97±0.31a0.46±0.1c0.7±0.03c1.13±0.02b1.17±0.03b
39苯乙醇208.986玫瑰花香0.24±0.01c0.23±0.01cd0.27±0.02c0.2±0.01d5.81±0.04a0.48±0.01b
40正戊酸异戊酯390.719水果香0.66±0.01b0.25±0.05d0.28±0.03d0.09±0.01e0.5±0.01c1.85±0a
412,3-戊二酮173.608黄油味、奶油味1.13±0.02b0.42±0.02e0.66±0.04d0.28±0.01f0.82±0c4.81±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1320883619120394743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ROAV of key volatile compounds in different processing stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物香气阈值(mg/kg)ROAV
JDDJJTMJZGZFS
1仲丁醇5.10.0040.0090.0080.0090.0010.001
22-甲基丁酸丁酯0.0170.0770.4120.1870.5601.9361.068
3月桂烯0.01660.8620.1710.1080.1460.1680.077
4苯乙醇0.0450.0140.0160.0200.0200.5140.036
52-戊酮0.0280.1040.3130.3020.8380.8581.128
62-乙基己醇0.0130.1000.5390.2440.7322.5311.397
72-己酮0.0240.0490.0490.0401.0380.0740.067
82,3-戊二酮0.0290.1040.0460.0760.0440.1130.567
9芳樟醇-D0.00157.4634.0005.8810.66721.02315.862
10正己醛-D0.00028100100100100100100
11(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛-D−−−−−−−
12氧化芳樟醇0.0770.5240.5690.6750.7620.5960.426
), ArticleFig(id=1320883619212669432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883606034166167, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同加工工段中关键挥发性化合物的ROAV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物香气阈值(mg/kg)ROAV
JDDJJTMJZGZFS
1仲丁醇5.10.0040.0090.0080.0090.0010.001
22-甲基丁酸丁酯0.0170.0770.4120.1870.5601.9361.068
3月桂烯0.01660.8620.1710.1080.1460.1680.077
4苯乙醇0.0450.0140.0160.0200.0200.5140.036
52-戊酮0.0280.1040.3130.3020.8380.8581.128
62-乙基己醇0.0130.1000.5390.2440.7322.5311.397
72-己酮0.0240.0490.0490.0401.0380.0740.067
82,3-戊二酮0.0290.1040.0460.0760.0440.1130.567
9芳樟醇-D0.00157.4634.0005.8810.66721.02315.862
10正己醛-D0.00028100100100100100100
11(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛-D−−−−−−−
12氧化芳樟醇0.0770.5240.5690.6750.7620.5960.426
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沙棘全果粉加工过程中脂肪酸和挥发性化合物的动态变化及其相关性分析
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韩蓉 1, 2 , 马燕 1, 2, * , 潘俨 1, 2 , 张健 1, 2 , 张婷 1, 2 , 许铭强 1, 2
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(8): 43-54
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (8) : 43 -54
沙棘全果粉加工过程中脂肪酸和挥发性化合物的动态变化及其相关性分析
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韩蓉1, 2 , 马燕1, 2, * , 潘俨1, 2, 张健1, 2, 张婷1, 2, 许铭强1, 2
作者信息
  • 1新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农产品加工研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
  • 2新疆主要农副产品精深加工工程技术研究中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
通讯作者:
马燕(1984−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

韩蓉(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:农产品贮藏与加工,E-mail:

Dynamic Change of Fatty Acids and Volatile Compounds during Processing of Sea Buckthorn Whole Fruit Powder and Their Correlation Analysis
Rong HAN1, 2 , Yan MA1, 2, * , Yan PAN1, 2, Jian ZHANG1, 2, Ting ZHANG1, 2, Mingqiang XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
  • 2Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Major Agricultural and Sideline Products, Urumqi 830091, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060299
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为探究沙棘全果粉加工过程中脂肪酸化合物和挥发性化合物的变化,本研究以沙棘为研究对象,采用靶向代谢组学与气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用技术(Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectromet Ry,GC-IMS)结合主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)、相关性分析(Correlation Analysis,CorrA)等化学计量法初探了沙棘全果粉加工过程中脂肪酸和挥发性成分的动态变化及其相关性。结果表明,应用超高效液相三重四极杆质谱联用仪(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry,UPLC-QQQ-MS)从沙棘全果粉中共鉴定出34种脂肪酸化合物,其中亚油酸(0.48~10.78 ng/mg)和棕榈油酸(0.03~5.91 ng/mg)为主要脂肪酸化合物。沙棘全果粉在加工过程中的总脂肪酸含量(2.48~114.84 ng/mg)整体呈下降趋势,在打浆和干燥阶段下降尤为显著(P<0.05),较原料解冻阶段分别下降了40.67%和62.6%。应用GC-IMS共鉴定出41种挥发性物质,整体呈先下降后上升趋势;基于变量重要性投影值(Variable Importance in Projection,VIP)>1筛选得到正己醛、芳香醇、2-甲基丁酸丁酯等12种关键挥发性化合物,结合ROVA判定正己醛为主要特征挥发性化合物;经相关性分析发现氧化芳樟醇与所有脂肪酸化合物均呈正相关。进一步对主要挥发性化合物的产生途径进行KEGG通路分析,明确了降解的脂质主要富集在脂肪酸代谢途径中,且不饱和脂肪酸生物合成途径得到的脂肪酸化合物有助于沙棘全果粉中的正己醛、2-戊酮、2-己酮等特征挥发性风味化合物生成。本研究为沙棘全果粉的品质提升奠定了基础。

沙棘全果粉  /  加工过程  /  脂肪酸  /  挥发性化合物  /  相关性分析

In order to investigate the changes in fatty acid compounds and volatile compounds during the processing of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder, this study used sea buckthorn as the research object and employed targeted metabolomics combined with gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology, along with principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis (CorrA) and other chemometric methods to preliminarily investigate the dynamic changes and correlations of fatty acids and volatile components during the processing of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder. The results showed that 34 fatty acid compounds in sea buckthorn whole fruit powder were identified from sea buckthorn whole fruit powder by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS), among which Linoleic acid (0.48~10.78 ng/mg) and palmitoleic acid (0.03~5.91 ng/mg) were the main fatty acid compounds. The total fatty acid content (2.48~114.84 ng/mg) in sea buckthorn whole fruit powder showed an overall decreasing trend during processing, with particularly significant decreases during the pulping and drying stages (P<0.05). These decreases represent reductions of 40.67% and 62.6%, respectively, compared to the raw material thawing stage. A total of 41 volatile compounds were identified by GC-IMS, showing an overall trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Based on VIP values>1, 12 key volatile compounds were screened, including hexanal, aromatic alcohols, and butyl 2-methylbutyrate. Combined with ROVA analysis, hexanal was identified as the primary characteristic volatile compound. Correlation analysis revealed that oxidized linalool was positively correlated with all fatty acid compounds. Further KEGG pathway analysis of the production pathways of major volatile compounds clarified that degraded lipids are primarily enriched in the fatty acid metabolism pathway, and fatty acid compounds derived from the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway contribute to the formation of characteristic volatile flavor compounds such as hexanal, 2-pentanone, and 2-hexanone in sea buckthorn whole fruit powder. This study lays the foundation for improving the quality of sea buckthorn whole fruit powder.

seabuckthorn whole fruit powder  /  processing process  /  fatty acids  /  volatile compounds  /  correlation analysis
韩蓉, 马燕, 潘俨, 张健, 张婷, 许铭强. 沙棘全果粉加工过程中脂肪酸和挥发性化合物的动态变化及其相关性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 43 -54 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060299
Rong HAN, Yan MA, Yan PAN, Jian ZHANG, Ting ZHANG, Mingqiang XU. Dynamic Change of Fatty Acids and Volatile Compounds during Processing of Sea Buckthorn Whole Fruit Powder and Their Correlation Analysis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 43 -54 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060299
沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)因其独特的营养和药用特性而备受关注。前期研究发现,沙棘果实中含有约5.2%的油脂[1],且富含对人体健康有益的必需脂肪酸(如亚油酸、亚麻酸和油酸)和omega-7不饱和脂肪酸[2−3],而这些脂肪酸在加工过程中发生氧化降解对加工产品的香气(挥发性气味物质)和风味(滋味与香气的综合感知)形成起着关键作用。研究表明,脂质不仅可作为气味和风味化合物(例如醇、醛和酮)的前体或改变其他化合物气味和味道的底物,同时也可促进理想和不良气味的形成[4−5],且脂质主要通过脂肪酶将脂质水解成游离脂肪酸,再进一步分解成不同的挥发性化合物[6]。Dippon等[7]通过在茶叶干燥中发现,脂肪酸作为样品的香气前体在加工过程中受到胁迫作用而导致脂氧合酶(LOX)途径激活,从而促进脂肪酸氧化降解产生多种挥发性物质。Guo等[8]发现在乌龙茶生产过程中脂肪酸衍生挥发物与总脂肪酸呈显著负相关,且占主导地位的不饱和脂肪酸是乌龙茶制造过程中的主要降解前体。因此,研究沙棘全果粉加工生产过程中脂肪酸和挥发性化合物动态变化对其风味品质的控制非常重要。
沙棘果粉中的挥发性成分对其果粉的风味品质至关重要,而挥发性化合物含量主要受加工原料、收获时间、加工条件和储存时间等因素的影响。本团队前期研究发现,新疆不同品种大果沙棘粉的主要特征挥发性物质为丁酸丙酯、3-甲基-2-丁醇、正己酸乙酯和2,3-戊二酮等[9]。沙棘全果粉中挥发性化合物含量主要受加工原料、收获时间、加工条件和储存时间等因素的影响,但是现仅见对不同品种沙棘粉挥发性成分[10]或单一加工工段[11]对其风味品质的相关研究,未见关于沙棘全果粉加工全过程脂肪酸和挥发性成分变化的研究,尤其脂肪酸与挥发性成分变化规律及其内在关联尚不明晰。
现今,脂肪酸分析技术主要采用液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术(Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)和超高效液相三重四极杆质谱联用(UPLC-QQQ-MS)技术进行测定,其中UPLC-QQQ-MS作为一种新型高分辨分析技术,相较于传统LC-MS/MS,在分离度、灵敏度、分析速度及同分异构体区分能力等方面均具有显著优势,特别适合复杂基质的精准分析[12]。挥发性化合物分析技术主要为利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)和气相色谱-离子迁移色谱(GC-IMS)技术,其中GC-IMS作为新兴分析技术,通过结合气相色谱(GC)的高分离效能和离子迁移谱(IMS)的快速检测优势,为食品脂肪酸与风味研究提供了高效解决方案[13]。
因此,为了探究沙棘全果粉加工过程中脂肪酸与挥发性成分的变化,本文运用超高效液相三重四极杆质谱联用仪(UPLC-QQQ-MS)分析沙棘果粉不同加工工段(原料解冻、打浆、胶体磨、调配均质、真空干燥和粉碎过筛)脂肪酸组分和含量变化,同时通过气相色谱-离子迁移色谱联用(GC-IMS)分析测定沙棘粉加工过程中的挥发性化合物含量变化,并解析脂肪酸与挥发性化合物之间的相关性,从而为沙棘全果粉脂肪酸化合物的生物合成和风味品质调控提供一定的理论参考。
沙棘果实 由新疆慧华沙棘生物科技有限公司提供。样品成熟度一致、无病虫害损伤,经采摘后经液氮速冻后置于−30 ℃冰箱待测;甲醇(methanol)、乙腈(acetonitrile)、54种脂肪酸标准品、戊酮(2-pentanone)、2-己酮(2-hexanone)、2-庚酮(2-heptanone)、2-辛酮(2-octanone)、2-壬酮(2-nonanone)、2-丁酮(2-butanone)等优级纯 Sigma-Aldrich公司;甲酸(formic acid) 色谱醇,阿拉丁公司。
DHG-9053A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海精宏试验设备有限公司;HR83-P快速水分测定仪 瑞士梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;Waters Acquity UPLC液相色谱、AB SCIEX 5500 QQQ-MS质谱 美国Agilent公司;Centrifge5810R型高速冷冻离心机 德国Eppendorf公司;IKA MS3漩涡混合器 德国IKA公司;Flavour Spec气相离子迁移谱联用仪 德国G.A.S公司。
挑选色泽均匀、成熟饱满、无病害的沙棘冻果(2000 g),将经清洗解冻(60±2 ℃,2~3 min)、沥干(沙棘的初始含水率为82.34%±0.58%,以湿基计)、打浆机初破碎(10 min)、胶体磨二次破碎(15 min)、调配均质(5 min)、真空干燥、粉碎过筛(80目)后的沙棘全果粉置于干燥器内待测。每个工段各取240 g。不同加工阶段沙棘全果粉的关键营养指标含量均统一以鲜重计。
如图1所示,沙棘全果粉加工过程主要分为:沙棘果实→筛选并解冻清洗(JD)→打浆破碎(DJ)→胶体磨(JTM)→调配均质(JZ)→真空低温干燥(GZ)→粉碎过筛(FS)。
参考Shi等[14]的方法并略作修改。样本于60 ℃水浴锅解冻,同组样本混匀,称取50 mg样本置于2 mL离心管中,加入0.40 mL 50%乙腈-水,漩涡混合1 min,于4 ℃下超声30 min;加入3-NPH(0.2 mol/L、含内标400 ng/mL)和EDC(0.12 mol/L;含6%吡啶)溶液(2:1:1,v/v/v)涡旋1 min混匀(总体积0.80 mL),40 ℃反应1 h,期间5 min震荡一次;反应完成后12000 r/min,4 ℃离心15 min取上清过0.22 μm滤膜后上机和稀释40倍上机作LC-MS/MS分析。色谱条件:柱温(40 ℃),流速:(0.30 mL/min),流动相组成(A-水(0.01%甲酸),B-乙腈(0.01%甲酸)),运行时间(20 min),进样量(4 µL),样本梯度洗脱(0.0~1.0 min,60% A;1.0~5.0 min,20% A;5~16 min,1% A;16~17 min,1% A;17~18 min,60% A;18~20 min,60% A)。质谱条件:ESI离子源;气帘气(35 arb);碰撞气(7 arb);离子喷雾电压(4200 V);离子源温度(450 ℃);离子源气体(35 arb);进样量:1 μL;进样温度:260 ℃。将样品中各脂肪酸的保留时间与34种脂肪酸混合标准品的进行比对来定性。定量方法采用标准曲线法以色谱峰面积计算各脂肪酸含量,单位以ng/mg脂肪表示。
参考Wu等[15]的方法测定。准确称取3±0.02 g的沙棘果粉置于顶空进样瓶中,在80 ℃、500 r/min下孵育10 min后注射;进样针吸取顶空瓶中样品1 mL,不分流模式进样;载气为氮气(≥99.999%),载气流速为150 mL/min。色谱柱型号:MXT-5(15 m,0.53 mm ID),进样温度保持在85 ℃;载气的流速梯度剖面设置为:0~2 min,2 mL/min;2~10 min,2~10 mL/min;10~20 min,10~100 mL/min;20~30 min,100~150 mL/min;30~35 min,150 mL/min。
戊酮(2-Pentanone)、2-己酮(2-Hexanone)、2-庚酮(2-heptanone)、2-辛酮(2-Octanone)、2-壬酮(2-nonanone)作为标准品,按照1:1:1:1:1(v:v)取样品液,稀释5000倍后,再稀释50倍,最后吸取1 mL 标准品建立标准曲线,确定样品中挥发性物质的保留时间和漂移时间。
采用ROAV法评估挥发性组分对样品气味的影响,并识别关键香气成分。其中,ROAV值为100的组分贡献最大,其余组分的ROAV值按公式计算得出。C代表某挥发性成分的相对百分含量,T为该挥发性成分的感觉阈值(μg/kg),Cmax表示对样品气味贡献最大的挥发性成分的相对百分含量,Tmax为该成分的感觉阈值(μg/kg)。
$\rm ROAV=\frac{ {T}_{\max }}{T}\times \frac{C}{C_{\max }} \times 100$
采用SPSS 20.0进行差异性显著分析(P<0.05)。采用XCMS程序进行峰对齐、保留时间校正和提取峰面积。代谢物鉴定采用精确质量数匹配和二级谱图匹配的方式,检索自建数据库。对XCMS提取得到的数据,删除组内缺失值>50%的离子峰。运用R XCMS(V3.12.0)软件包进行峰检测、过滤和对齐处理,得到代谢物定量列表;采用总峰面积归一化的方法进行数据矫正。使用SIMCA软件对鉴定的代谢物数据进行对数和中心化处理,建立主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)模型和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)模型;通过变量投影重要度(variable importance in the projection,VIP)值、P值筛选差异物。采用Origin 2021软件绘图并利用京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)Enrichment数据库进行分析。所有实验重复三次,结果表示为平均值±标准差。
沙棘全果粉加工过程中脂肪酸化合物的动态变化如图2所示。在不同加工工段中共鉴定出34种脂肪酸化合物,其中饱和脂肪酸14种、单不饱和脂肪酸12种、多不饱和脂肪酸8种。由表1可知,沙棘全果粉加工过程中的总脂肪酸含量整体呈下降趋势,其在原料解冻阶段脂肪酸化合物的含量最高(114.84 ng/mg),而在真空冷冻干燥和粉碎阶段含量较低,分别为2.48 ng/mg和2.52 ng/mg。原料解冻阶段的不饱和脂肪酸含量较少,这可能是由于不饱和脂肪酸亚甲基上的氢原子较为活泼,易被自由基夺走形成脂质自由基,解冻阶段的沙棘果受温度影响导致其细胞膜破裂,易与氧气结合后形成脂质过氧自由基,从而减少细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸含量[16]。饱和脂肪酸中含量较高的为硬脂酸(0.17~59.55 ng/mg),其次是棕榈酸(0.57~20.33 ng/mg),其整体变化趋势可反映饱和脂肪酸的总含量。沙棘全果粉加工过程中的饱和脂肪酸含量显著下降(P<0.05),这可能是由于加工过程中发生了脂肪酸去饱和[17],如脂肪酸去饱和酶(fatty acid desaturases,FADs)在一定条件下可将饱和脂肪酸转化成不饱和脂肪酸[18]。打浆阶段相较于前阶段的脂肪酸下降了40.67%,说明沙棘果实打浆破碎后改变了脂肪酸的某些生物合成途径,使其含量降低。在干燥阶段脂肪酸含量下降显著,相较于前工段下降了62.6%,说明在干燥期间的水分胁迫可能导致其降解[19]。结果表明,脂肪酸化合物在不同加工工段中均存在差异性,需在此基础上进行工段的聚类分析。
应用具有分层聚类分析(Cluster Analysis,CA)的热图表征不同化合物在加工过程中的分布。如图3A所示,颜色程度越接近红色,强调含量越高,越接近蓝色,含量越低。花生四烯酸(0.16 ng/mg)、顺-11-二十烯酸(0.24 ng/mg)、硬脂酸(59.55 ng/mg)、花生酸(0.18 ng/mg)和十五烷酸(0.31 ng/mg)等含量在原料解冻阶段较高(P<0.05);在打浆阶段肉豆蔻酸(0.27 ng/mg)和反式亚油酸(2.72 ng/mg)等含量较高(P<0.05)。在胶体磨阶段发现,多不饱和脂肪酸在此阶段整体呈现出上升趋势,这可能是由于沙棘果在胶体磨阶段受到机械破碎损伤从而激活了部分酶的活性,从而提高其含量[17]。在调配均质阶段,脂肪酸化合物的含量开始呈现下降趋势,这可能是由于沙棘果中细胞膜受损导致脂肪酸的溶出,并增加了其与氧气的接触面积,从而导致含量的降低[20]。通过热图也可分析得到打浆和胶体磨聚为同一类,真空冷冻干燥和粉碎聚为同一类,表明它们分别具有类似的脂肪酸化合物。PCA评分散点图如图3B所示,前两个分量分别解释了总方差的87.8%(PC1)和5.6%(PC2),表明两个主成分贡献了不同样本的绝大部分特征信息。点的紧凑距离也表明在同一组中具有良好的可重复性。此外,真空冷冻干燥和粉碎阶段紧密分布在小区域内,表明两组样品具有相似的主要成分,并且在化合物中的差异不显著。综上所述,沙棘果实在加工过程中因受到不同程度的机械力作用、水分迁移和氧化反应等因素影响,从而导致脂肪酸的合成和降解。此外,不同加工工段不仅使样品脂肪酸成分发生变化,也导致脂肪酸衍生出挥发性化合物[21],如不饱和脂肪酸被脂氧合酶氧化生成氢过氧化物,氢过氧化物可进一步降解为醛类和酮类[22]。
采用GC-IMS技术测定沙棘全果粉不同加工工段中的挥发性物质。通过对不同加工工段的挥发性成分进行气味分类、相对含量计算和气味描述(表2),共鉴定出41种挥发性化合物,包括14种醇类、5种醛类、6种萜类、6种酮类、7种酯类及醚类、噻唑类和烃类各1种。其中有5对化合物由单体和二聚体组成。其二聚体是单体在漂移区时被分析离子和中性分子加合成的结构[23],这些化合物在沙棘果实加工过程中的变化差异显著(P<0.05)。在原料解冻阶段特征香气化合物主要有3种,分别是氧化芳樟醇、正己醛二聚体和丁酸异丁酯;在打浆阶段、胶体磨阶段和调配均质阶段相对含量较高的主要为氧化芳樟醇(12.71%~15.6%)、仲丁醇(10.23%~13.59%)、丁酸异丁酯(8.29%~9.7%)和正己醛二聚体(6.07%~8.69%);在真空冷冻干燥阶段的特征香气化合物主要为氧化芳樟醇、2-乙基己醇和芳樟醇二聚体;在粉碎阶段主要的特征化合物为氧化芳樟醇、2-戊酮和正己醛二聚体。基于此,初步判断沙棘果粉的主体香气物质有氧化芳樟醇、正己醛二聚体和丁酸异丁酯等,主要呈甜果味、苹果香和花香味。
为更系统全面地分析不同加工工段中挥发性化合物类别的风味信息,通过百分比柱状图对其类别占比进行分析。如图4所示,根据峰强度和种类划分得到不同加工工段样品中的醇类挥发性物质较为丰富,占比在39%~53%之间,其主要来源于不饱和脂肪酸的氧化和氨基酸代谢,具有较高的气味阈值[24];原料解冻阶段、打浆阶段、胶体磨阶段、调配均质阶段的酯类化合物占比(17%~23%)居第二高;真空冷冻干燥阶段醛类物质占比较高,为16%;粉碎阶段酮类化合物占比较高,为21%。萜类化合物呈现“下降-上升-下降”的趋势,在原料解冻阶段的含量较高,其次是调配均质阶段,这归因于破碎打浆产生的机械应力对沙棘果实造成了不同程度的细胞损伤,并促进了底物和酶的相互作用。在调配均质阶段添加的麦芽糊精可使葡萄糖苷被水解以释放出游离的萜类化合物[21,25]。此外,烃类、噻唑类和醚类的占比均低于2%,尽管某些种类的化合物的占比较小,但它们在某种程度上也起着至关重要的作用。
指纹图谱可以清晰地观察出沙棘全果粉不同加工工段的挥发性物质差异,图中每一列代表挥发性物质,其颜色越亮表示挥发性物质的含量越高[26]。由图5可得,不同加工工段可根据挥发性化合物明显区分成四个区域(A区、B区、C区和D区)。A区为不同加工工段共有的主要挥发性物质10种,分别为乙醇、正己醛单体、1-戊烯-3-醇二聚体、己酸丁酯、正己醛二聚体、丁酸异丁酯、氧化芳樟醇、辛酸乙酯、正丙醇、水芹烯单体;B区为前四个加工工段的主要挥发性化合物区域,呈现出较为相似的化合物,分别为仲丁醇、莰烯、苯甲醇、苯乙醇二聚体、芳樟醇单体、二乙基三硫醚、1-戊烯-3-醇单体,但不同化合物之间的含量略有不同。C区为调配均质阶段主要的特征挥发性化合物,分别为2-乙酰基噻唑、辛醇、2-甲基丁酸丁酯、4-己内酯、β-蒎烯、2-己酮;D区显示的是在真空冷冻干燥阶段和粉碎阶段主要的挥发性化合物,分别为二乙基三硫醚、1-戊烯-3-醇单体、α-蒎烯、甲基麦芽酚、芳樟醇二聚体、水芹烯二聚体、2-乙基己醇、反-2-辛烯醛、苯乙醇单体、乙酸异戊酯、对甲基苯酚、2-壬酮、3-异丙基甲苯、2-戊酮、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛单体。在原料解冻阶段α-蒎烯和月桂烯的相对含量较高,分别为2.84%和5.34%,其中α-蒎烯多来自脂肪酸烷基的裂解,主要呈现出雪松味。(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛二聚体在打浆阶段的相对含量最高(1.97%),呈现出坚果味。苯乙醇化合物在干燥阶段表现出较高的峰强度(P<0.05),相对含量为5.81%,呈现出玫瑰花香。在粉碎阶段正戊酸异戊酯和2,3-戊二酮的相对含量较高,分别为1.85%和4.81%,呈现出水果香和黄油味。
通过挥发性化合物的峰强度进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA),如图6所示,得到R2X=0.995,R2Y=0.997,Q2=0.994,其中解冻阶段(JD)、胶体磨阶段(JTM)和打浆阶段(DJ)位于右上象限,真空冷冻干燥阶段(GZ)和粉碎阶段(FS)位于左下象限。调配均质阶段(JZ)位于右下象限,在空间上与其他加工工段分离明显。具有200次排列的交叉验证表明OPLS-DA模型具有良好的性能(R2=0.146,Q2=−0.799)。因此,原始模型具有良好的稳定性,没有过拟合现象,可用于进一步筛选得到贡献率VIP值>1的值。
为了确定不同加工工段中的关键挥发性化合物变化,从OPLS-DA模型中应用了VIP值>1的标准,从而选择了12种关键的挥发性化合物,如图7所示。沙棘全果粉的总体风味由其挥发性成分的峰强度及香气阈值共同决定。为分析关键挥发性化合物对沙棘全果粉风味的贡献程度并进一步辨别不同加工工段挥发性化合物的差异,计算其ROAV进行分析(表3)。一般而言,醇类主要来源于多不饱和脂肪酸的降解,其可分为饱和醇和不饱和醇。不饱和醇较饱和醇具有更低的气味阈值,对食品的贡献更大[27−28]。图中仲丁醇的VIP值最大(1.86),但香气阈值较高(5.1 mg/kg),其作为低分子量醇是由碳水化合物的微生物发酵产生[29],且在加工过程中整体呈现出先上升后下降趋势,其在打浆阶段峰强度最高。苯乙醇是通过莽草酸途径形成的挥发性风味物质。苯丙氨酸是芳香族氨基酸脱羧酶家族(AADCs)、苯乙醛还原酶家族(PARs)等的共同催化作用下合成的风味物质。苯丙氨酸在AADC作用下脱羧产生苯乙胺,在胺氧化酶的作用下产生苯乙醛,随后在PARs的作用下生成苯乙醇[30]。
芳樟醇是一种链状萜烯醇类化合物,在人体中芳樟醇可以控制体内脂质代谢[31]。表3中芳樟醇作为不饱和醇,具有较小的香气阈值(0.0015 mg/kg),呈现出先下降后上升的趋势。在沙棘全果粉加工过程中,受损植物组织中的芳樟醇被糖苷水解酶水解,释放出游离芳樟醇,其在氧化酶的催化氧化下形成氧化芳樟醇并产生挥发性香气[32]。图7中氧化芳樟醇的VIP值为1.03,呈现出花香味。酮类源于多不饱和脂肪酸的热氧化,具有独特的香气和果味[33]。其中2-戊酮和2-己酮作为甲基酮,它们的产生可能与脂质氧化和醛有关,是参与美拉德反应的重要风味前体物质[33]。脂肪醛通常是通过脂质氧化形成的,C3~C4醛有刺激性气味,C5~C9醛有芳香气味,长链饱和醛通常具有较高的香气阈值,不会对样品产生较大影响[3]。图7中的正己醛二聚体和(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛二聚体均为C5~C9醛,为沙棘全果粉提供关键气味。正己醛二聚体在加工过程中呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,作为亚油酸的氧化产物,其含量变化受亚油酸的影响,正己醛作为VIP值>1的化合物,香气阈值较低(0.00028 mg/kg),气体描述主要为果味和脂肪味。(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛二聚体是亚麻酸的氧化产物,由氢过氧化物生成[33],呈坚果味和油脂味(VIP值=1.17)。2-甲基丁酸丁酯的VIP值为1.62,主要提供草本香,在调配均质阶段的峰强度最高。简而言之,不同加工工段显著改变了沙棘全果粉加工过程中挥发性化合物的类型、结构和峰强度,在整个加工过程中,脂肪酸的氧化降解对主要挥发性化合物影响较大。
为了评估沙棘全果粉加工过程中关键降解脂肪酸化合物与关键挥发性化合物峰强度之间的相关性,构建了相关性热图(图8)。颜色强度越高表示相关系数越高,总体上相关系数为0.8~1.0,表示相关性极强;0.6~0.8,相关性强;0.4~0.6,相关性中等;0.2~0.4,相关性较弱;0.0~0.2,表示相关性非常弱或无相关性[34]。仲丁醇与庚酸、α-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与癸酸、肉豆蔻酸、反亚油酸、二十二碳六烯酸C22:6和亚油酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05),表明仲丁醇的形成与脂肪酸的合成降解呈现出正向趋势。月桂烯与十三烷酸、十五烷酸、棕榈油酸、反棕榈油酸、芥酸和巴惟酸之间呈现出显著正相关(P<0.05),与花生酸、硬脂酸、顺-11-二十烯酸和花生四烯酸之间呈现出极显著正相关(P<0.01),表明其含量的变化归因于脂肪酸含量的增加。2-戊酮整体上与脂肪酸含量之间呈显著负相关(P<0.05),在二十二碳六烯酸和反异油酸中相关性较高,分别为r=−0.95379和−0.93941,说明其产生归因于脂肪酸含量的降低。相似的2-乙基己醇与大部分脂肪酸化合物之间呈显著的负相关(P<0.05),如油酸(r=−0.9357)、棕榈酸(r=−0.93012)和亚油酸(r=−0.92731)等,也说明其含量的变化与脂肪酸降解有关。正己醛含量与棕榈酸含量(r=0.37523)和亚油酸含量(r=0.08629)的相关性不强,说明正己醛含量的变化与沙棘全果粉加工过程中的初氧化有关[33]。氧化芳樟醇和二十二碳六烯酸表现出极显著的正相关(r=0.93687,P<0.01),其次是亚油酸(r=0.90543,P<0.05),且整体上所有的脂肪酸化合物均与此呈现正相关。由于沙棘全果粉脂肪酸组成的复杂性,需要深入验证以阐明沙棘全果粉加工中单个脂肪酸化合物与挥发性化合物之间的关系。
采用KEGG富集条形图分析沙棘全果粉不同加工工段脂肪酸化合物的相关代谢途径见图9。纵坐标为代谢途径,横坐标为该通路数目占所有脂肪酸化合物数目的百分比,颜色越深Q值越小。其中参与脂肪酸生物合成途径的代谢物有棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸、癸酸、十二烷酸和肉豆蔻酸;参与不饱和脂肪酸生物合成的代谢物有花生四烯酸、棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、十二烷酸、二十碳五烯酸酯、二十二碳六烯酸酯和二十碳烯酸。如图9所示,脂肪酸及其衍生挥发物在沙棘全果粉加工过程中均经历了阶段特异性变化。脂肪酸首先通过脂氧合酶转化为氢过氧化物,然后由氢过氧化物裂解酶裂解生成醛,再由羧化酶将醛转化为醇[35]。一些醛类也来源于脂肪酸α-氧化或β-氧化[36]。油酸和亚油酸是醛(如正己醛)和酮(包括2-戊酮和2-己酮)形成过程中最重要的前体物质[37−38]。对于含有(Z,Z)-1,4-戊二烯结构的多不饱和脂肪酸(如亚麻酸和亚油酸),可通过脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)氧化途径生成相应共轭多不饱和酸的氢过氧化物。沙棘全果粉加工过程中的脂肪酸在氢过氧化物裂解酶、乙醇酰基转移酶、乙醇脱氢酶等作用下生成了正己醛和(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛,当亚油酸的异裂分解发生在13-氢过氧化亚油酸的C12~C13位时,则形成正己醛,当9-氢过氧亚麻酸的C8~C9位发生异裂时,可能由于还原反应生成了(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛[39]。特别是氢过氧化物裂解酶的介导途径在沙棘全果粉加工过程中的脂质氧化和风味积累起着至关重要的作用,氢过氧化物裂解酶在食品体系中能在各种pH条件下使脂肪氧化产生挥发性化合物[40]。
脂肪酸还可能参与Streker降解和美拉德反应,形成一系列挥发性风味成分,这些成分是产品整体风味的重要贡献者,其中α-酮酸是游离氨基酸产生挥发性风味物质的关键中间体[41]。沙棘果粉在加工过程中的支链脂肪酸在羟化酶的作用下氧化生成α-羟脂酸,转变成α-酮酸。α-酮酸脱羧酶随后与α-酮酸反应生成醛、醇和酮,而α-酮酸脱羧酶是体内外生成高级醇的关键酶,具有较好的热稳定性,因此在加工过程中能保持较好的生物活性[42−43]。在植物的次生代谢过程中,芳樟醇是由二磷酸香叶基(GPP)在萜烯合成酶的催化作用下生成[44]。研究发现,温度的升高可使氢过氧化物裂解酶,显著激活萜烯合成酶的生物活性,进而有效促进单萜类化合物的生物合成与挥发释放[45],这也解释了沙棘全果粉在加工过程中受机械破碎、干燥处理等环节的影响可能导致物料温度上升,从而激活氢过氧化物裂解酶,使其能更高效地催化底物分解,并进一步激活萜烯合成酶的活性生成芳樟醇的原因。
总体而言,通过主要挥发性化合物的产生途径可以得到降解的脂质主要富集在脂肪酸代谢途径中,这些均有助于沙棘全果粉中特有挥发性风味化合物的生成。
沙棘全果粉在不同加工工段中共鉴定出34种脂肪酸化合物,其中调配均质阶段的沙棘全果粉中脂肪酸化合物含量开始呈现出下降趋势,打浆阶段和干燥阶段的脂肪酸化合物含量均较前工段分别下降了40.67%和62.6%。通过挥发性化合物的相对含量初步判断沙棘全果粉的主体香气物质为氧化芳樟醇、正己醛二聚体和丁酸异丁酯等,主要呈甜果味、苹果香和花香味,依据VIP值>1筛选结合ROAV判定沙棘全果粉在真空冷冻干燥和粉碎阶段中的主要特征挥发性化合物—正己醛促成了沙棘全果粉具有的果香味和脂肪味;经相关性分析得出所有脂肪酸化合物与关键挥发性物质均呈正相关;进一步解析脂肪酸和关键挥发性化合物生成途径得到降解的脂质主要富集在脂肪酸代谢途径,且有助于沙棘全果粉中特有挥发性风味化合物生成。研究为沙棘全果粉生产加工过程中的风味品质调控提供了新的科学依据。后期可在此基础上有针对性地合理调控沙棘全果粉关键加工工段中的脂肪酸,以优化挥发性化合物的形成与保留,为企业生产高品质沙棘果粉提供理论依据。此外,本研究仅解析了沙棘全果粉加工过程中的脂肪酸与挥发性化合物变化及其关联特征,二者之间的相互作用机制、关键调控因子及分子层面的代谢调控网络仍有待深入探究。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060299
  • 接收时间:2025-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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    1新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农产品加工研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
    2新疆主要农副产品精深加工工程技术研究中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830091

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马燕(1984−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及副产物综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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