Article(id=1320881357727838213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060288, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750608000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852256470, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852256470, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852256470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852256470, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=493, endPage=504, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881357929164806, articleId=1320881357727838213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Production Mechanism and Control Strategy of Higher Alcohols in Baijiu, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Baijiu is one of the most famous traditional fermented food in China, and its quality depends on the interaction of flavor substances. Among the flavor substances, higher alcohols are one of the important aroma and flavor components in Baijiu. Higher alcohols could enrich the aroma and increase the hierarchy and harmony of Baijiu at moderate amount. However, it not only negatively affect the sensory experience of consumers, but also pose potential risks to human health at high levels. Therefore, clarifying the production mechanism of various higher alcohols in Baijiu is crucial to fine control the content of higher alcohols, maintain the specific proportion of different flavor Baijiu, and ensure the quality and safety of Baijiu. In this review, the production mechanisms of the main higher alcohols in Baijiu, such as isoamyl alcohol, isobutanol, n-propanol, phenylethyl alcohol and so on, are comprehensively summarized, and the control strategies of higher alcohols in Baijiu is discussed, including raw material selection, microbial community regulation, environmental factor control, and production technologies improvement, which would provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for the production of Baijiu and scientific drinking. Furthermore, the research direction of Baijiu flavor improvement is prospected in order to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the Baijiu industry.

, authors=Caiying ZHANG1, Yuncheng LI1, Jia ZHENG2, Xuejun LEI2, Zheng FENG2, Fanbing MENG1, 2, *, authorsList=Caiying ZHANG, Yuncheng LI, Jia ZHENG, Xuejun LEI, Zheng FENG, Fanbing MENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fanbing MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881360596742161, articleId=1320881357727838213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=白酒中高级醇产生机制及调控策略研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

白酒是中国著名的传统发酵食品之一,其品质的优劣取决于酒体中各风味物质的交互作用。其中,高级醇是白酒中重要的呈香呈味成分之一。适宜含量的高级醇能丰富酒体香气,增加酒的层次感与协调性,而高级醇含量过高,不仅影响饮用者的感官感受,对人体健康也会造成一定的潜在风险。因此,明晰白酒中各类高级醇的产生机制,对于精细化控制高级醇含量、维持不同香型白酒的特异性比例及保障白酒品质和安全性至关重要。本文系统概述了白酒中异戊醇、异丁醇、正丙醇、苯乙醇等主要高级醇的产生机制,同时从原料选取、微生物群落调控、环境因素控制、生产工艺改进几个方面讨论了白酒中高级醇的调控策略,为生产酿酒和科学饮酒提供理论参考和实践指导,并进一步就白酒风味提升的研究方向进行展望,以期推进白酒行业的可持续健康发展。

, authors=张才英1, 李云成1, 郑佳2, 雷学俊2, 冯政2, 孟凡冰1, 2, *, authorsList=张才英, 李云成, 郑佳, 雷学俊, 冯政, 孟凡冰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孟凡冰, authorNote=

张才英(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孟凡冰(1985−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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张才英(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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张才英(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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注:不同线条代表不同路径的代谢合成通路。

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注:红点和蓝点分别代表元素“O”和“N”,不同线条代表不同路径的代谢合成通路。

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Aroma and flavor characteristics of higher alcohols in Baijiu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高级醇对应的氨基酸沸点(℃)气味阈值(mg/L)气味特征
异戊醇缬氨酸或亮氨酸1326.5微带甜苦、苦杏仁味,杂醇油气味、刺舌
异丁醇缬氨酸10875苦味、杂醇油味、脂肪香、刺激性较大
正丙醇苏氨酸97>720苦涩味、类似乙醇香味、似醚臭
正己醇/155/青草味、豆腥味、果香味,强烈刺激性气味
苯乙醇苯丙氨酸2067.5蜜香、玫瑰香
正丁醇/117>5杂醇油香、稍有茉莉香、味微涩微苦
活性戊醇异亮氨酸128/似异戊醇香味、带汗臭味
仲丁醇/99/较强芳香味,爽口
庚醇/1751.1淡芳香、脂肪气息,辛辣味
正戊醇/13710略有奶油味和灼烧味,弱于乙醇气味
酪醇酪氨酸195(18 mmHg)/似苯酚的气味、强烈的胆汁苦
色醇色氨酸174(2 mmHg)/微苦、轻微的苯酚味
), ArticleFig(id=1320881718907752480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881357727838213, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

白酒中高级醇的呈香呈味特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高级醇对应的氨基酸沸点(℃)气味阈值(mg/L)气味特征
异戊醇缬氨酸或亮氨酸1326.5微带甜苦、苦杏仁味,杂醇油气味、刺舌
异丁醇缬氨酸10875苦味、杂醇油味、脂肪香、刺激性较大
正丙醇苏氨酸97>720苦涩味、类似乙醇香味、似醚臭
正己醇/155/青草味、豆腥味、果香味,强烈刺激性气味
苯乙醇苯丙氨酸2067.5蜜香、玫瑰香
正丁醇/117>5杂醇油香、稍有茉莉香、味微涩微苦
活性戊醇异亮氨酸128/似异戊醇香味、带汗臭味
仲丁醇/99/较强芳香味,爽口
庚醇/1751.1淡芳香、脂肪气息,辛辣味
正戊醇/13710略有奶油味和灼烧味,弱于乙醇气味
酪醇酪氨酸195(18 mmHg)/似苯酚的气味、强烈的胆汁苦
色醇色氨酸174(2 mmHg)/微苦、轻微的苯酚味
), ArticleFig(id=1320881718966472737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881357727838213, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of microbial community structure on higher alcohols content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株种类筛选方法高级醇含量变化其他香气成分变化参考文献
S. cerevisiae 1-11J酿酒酵母自然筛选降低了68.31%总酯产量提高了174.60%[86]
LJ-07酵母菌株自然筛选降低了23.53%其他香气成分产量几乎没有影响[97]
ARTP5菌株常温常压等离子体诱变降低了20%−[98]
MS-11菌株紫外诱变降低了25.47%−[40]
“Hybrid 5”酵母菌株杂交育种降低了10.3%其他风味物质基本没有影响[99]
), ArticleFig(id=1320881719046164514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881357727838213, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌群结构对高级醇含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株种类筛选方法高级醇含量变化其他香气成分变化参考文献
S. cerevisiae 1-11J酿酒酵母自然筛选降低了68.31%总酯产量提高了174.60%[86]
LJ-07酵母菌株自然筛选降低了23.53%其他香气成分产量几乎没有影响[97]
ARTP5菌株常温常压等离子体诱变降低了20%−[98]
MS-11菌株紫外诱变降低了25.47%−[40]
“Hybrid 5”酵母菌株杂交育种降低了10.3%其他风味物质基本没有影响[99]
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白酒中高级醇产生机制及调控策略研究进展
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张才英 1 , 李云成 1 , 郑佳 2 , 雷学俊 2 , 冯政 2 , 孟凡冰 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(16): 493-504
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (16) : 493 -504
白酒中高级醇产生机制及调控策略研究进展
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张才英1 , 李云成1, 郑佳2, 雷学俊2, 冯政2, 孟凡冰1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1成都大学食品与生物工程学院,四川成都 610106
  • 2宜宾五粮液股份有限公司,四川宜宾 644000
通讯作者:
孟凡冰(1985−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张才英(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Production Mechanism and Control Strategy of Higher Alcohols in Baijiu
Caiying ZHANG1 , Yuncheng LI1, Jia ZHENG2, Xuejun LEI2, Zheng FENG2, Fanbing MENG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
  • 2Wuliangye Yibin Co., Ltd., Yibin 644000, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060288
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白酒是中国著名的传统发酵食品之一,其品质的优劣取决于酒体中各风味物质的交互作用。其中,高级醇是白酒中重要的呈香呈味成分之一。适宜含量的高级醇能丰富酒体香气,增加酒的层次感与协调性,而高级醇含量过高,不仅影响饮用者的感官感受,对人体健康也会造成一定的潜在风险。因此,明晰白酒中各类高级醇的产生机制,对于精细化控制高级醇含量、维持不同香型白酒的特异性比例及保障白酒品质和安全性至关重要。本文系统概述了白酒中异戊醇、异丁醇、正丙醇、苯乙醇等主要高级醇的产生机制,同时从原料选取、微生物群落调控、环境因素控制、生产工艺改进几个方面讨论了白酒中高级醇的调控策略,为生产酿酒和科学饮酒提供理论参考和实践指导,并进一步就白酒风味提升的研究方向进行展望,以期推进白酒行业的可持续健康发展。

白酒  /  高级醇  /  产生机制  /  调控策略

Baijiu is one of the most famous traditional fermented food in China, and its quality depends on the interaction of flavor substances. Among the flavor substances, higher alcohols are one of the important aroma and flavor components in Baijiu. Higher alcohols could enrich the aroma and increase the hierarchy and harmony of Baijiu at moderate amount. However, it not only negatively affect the sensory experience of consumers, but also pose potential risks to human health at high levels. Therefore, clarifying the production mechanism of various higher alcohols in Baijiu is crucial to fine control the content of higher alcohols, maintain the specific proportion of different flavor Baijiu, and ensure the quality and safety of Baijiu. In this review, the production mechanisms of the main higher alcohols in Baijiu, such as isoamyl alcohol, isobutanol, n-propanol, phenylethyl alcohol and so on, are comprehensively summarized, and the control strategies of higher alcohols in Baijiu is discussed, including raw material selection, microbial community regulation, environmental factor control, and production technologies improvement, which would provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for the production of Baijiu and scientific drinking. Furthermore, the research direction of Baijiu flavor improvement is prospected in order to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the Baijiu industry.

Baijiu  /  higher alcohols  /  production mechanism  /  regulating strategy
张才英, 李云成, 郑佳, 雷学俊, 冯政, 孟凡冰. 白酒中高级醇产生机制及调控策略研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 493 -504 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060288
Caiying ZHANG, Yuncheng LI, Jia ZHENG, Xuejun LEI, Zheng FENG, Fanbing MENG. Research Progress on the Production Mechanism and Control Strategy of Higher Alcohols in Baijiu[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 493 -504 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060288
中国白酒,作为世界六大蒸馏酒之一,具有独特的酿造工艺,是以粮谷为原料,以大曲、小曲或麸曲为糖化发酵剂,采用固态糖化、发酵工艺,经甑桶蒸馏、瓷坛陈酿,勾调而成的蒸馏酒[1]。自古以来,人们就有以饮白酒提神解疲、祛寒镇痛、强身健体的传统习俗。《本草纲目》记载,适量饮用白酒,能减缓感冒、疲劳、痰湿等症状。一些临床数据表明,适量饮酒可以加速血液循环、改善心血管[2]。
高级醇是指具有两个以上碳原子的一元醇[3]。白酒中的高级醇以正丙醇、异丁醇、异戊醇、苯乙醇、正丁醇、正戊醇等低碳链醇为主,具有一定毒性[4−5]。在这些成分中,多为无色液体,混溶于乙醇、乙醚等其他有机溶剂,其毒性以异戊醇、异丁醇比较高,对人体影响最大,会给酒带来邪杂味[6]。此外,除异戊醇带些许微涩外,其余高级醇成分都呈苦味,例如,仲丁醇、异丁醇和正丁醇含量过高,白酒会带明显的苦味[7]。高级醇作为白酒的重要组成部分,对白酒品质和风味具有重要影响,不同高级醇有不同风味特征(如表1),适量的高级醇不仅可以使酒体醇甜,与酸类等风味成分反应生成酯类物质,丰满酒的风味,还能在一定程度上赋予或增强白酒生理功能。相反,过量的高级醇不仅会使得白酒出现白色浑浊,酒体呈苦、涩、辣之味,影响饮用者的感官体验,同时,较之乙醇,高级醇的挥发性更高,在人体氧化速率较慢,这会致使人脑神经疼痛,严重危害人体健康[8−9]。其中,异戊醇含量过高是引起白酒饮后“上头”的主要原因之一,异丁醇过多会对人体的眼、鼻产生刺激作用。高级醇不足,酒的风味淡薄,口感较差[10]。因此,了解发酵过程中高级醇的产生机理,根据不同香型白酒的特征性,合理调控高级醇比例及醇酯比,促进酸、酯和醇发生有益于风味的转化反应,对酒体风格趋于稳定协调和产品品质的改善具有重要意义。
近年来,关于白酒中高级醇的研究主要是高级醇成分测定与危害性、发酵过程中各醇类成分形成机理与变化规律、影响因素及调控,对于高级醇的两条核心代谢通路经国内外学者不断探索、验证已得到了充分解析,但不同的高级醇其风味和产生机制存在一定的特异性,深入解析酒中各类高级醇的生成机理对未来实现各成分精准调控和优化产品品质具有关键意义。本文系统阐述了白酒酿造过程中主要高级醇的形成机制,总结与讨论造成白酒中高级醇含量较高的因素及控制措施,以期改良白酒风味与营养价值,促进消费者健康饮酒,同时为未来白酒生产、品控及白酒行业转型升级提供思路。
白酒中的高级醇与酒体风味和安全性密切相关,醇类成分的形成主要取决于酿造过程中微生物利用氨基氮和糖类物质的程度及相互作用。研究表明,白酒中高级醇的生成主要与酵母菌密切相关,其次是根霉属、曲霉属、乳酸杆菌属等[11−13]。在白酒主发酵阶段,酿酒酵母通过α-酮酸经过脱羧和还原反应生成高级醇类物质,因此,高级醇的代谢途径根据前体来源分为氨基酸分解代谢途径和糖合成代谢途径[14−16]。其中,白酒中大约75%的高级醇来自糖代谢途径[17]。除此之外,有研究表明,部分细菌还可以通过丙酸代谢途径合成正丙醇[18]。
氨基酸分解代谢途径是高度冗杂的,酿酒酵母在利用游离氨基酸合成蛋白质时,氨基酸(例如支链氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸和L-甲硫氨酸)在转氨酶的作用下转移氨基,产生相应的α-酮酸,α-酮酸通过细胞质或线粒体脱羧酶脱羧为醛类化合物,最后在脱氢酶催化下氧化或还原为高级醇[14,19]。白酒中的高级醇无论是从头合成还是在生物转化过程中产生,都与氨基酸代谢过程紧密相关;特定的氨基酸可形成特定的高级醇(如表1)[20]。
糖合成代谢途径是由糖类提供氨基酸的生物合成骨架,在反应的中间阶段生成α-酮酸,此时α-酮酸主要来源于两个途径。一个途径是葡萄糖通过三羧酸循环途径直接生成;另一途径,氮源的耗尽触发糖酵解途径关键酶(如磷酸果糖激酶、己糖激酶等)诱导表达,葡萄糖代谢活跃,通过糖酵解途径生成丙酮酸,在乙酰羟基酸合酶的催化下,丙酮酸与氨基酸反应,生成相应的α-酮酸和另一种氨基酸,α-酮酸在相应酶的参与下,脱羧、还原生成相应的高级醇[21−22],同时,α-酮酸也可在转氨作用下生成相应的氨基酸[19],在氨基酸含量达到一定阈值后再通过Ehrlich代谢途径生成高级醇(图1)[23]。
在白酒发酵生产过程中,高级醇的形成与酿酒酵母中主要基因的表达相关[26−28]。两种代谢机制在酵母中参与高级醇的合成中存在一定比例,由于糖合成代谢机制中的中间体丙酮酸较易转变为低分子的α-酮酸,所以大部分低碳链醇是由糖代谢途径产生。葡萄糖被用于形成高级醇的利用率相对较小,随着高级醇分子中碳原子数量的增加,糖合成代谢途径的贡献也会降低[15]。此外,两条路径属于竞争抑制关系,通常情况下,当糟醅中可同化氮源丰裕时,糖合成代谢通路受抑,高级醇合成主要依赖于氨基酸降解代谢;当氮源不足时,Ehrlich代谢途径关键酶活性受底物限制性调控,间接促进糖合成高级醇的代谢通路[29−30]。例如,在发酵后期氮源限制条件下,转氨作用因氨基供体匮乏受阻,致使合成的α-酮酸积累,此时积累的α-酮酸就会在相应酶的作用下发生脱羧还原反应,通过糖合成代谢途径产生高级醇[31]。因此,白酒中高级醇的最终含量通常与两条代谢通路的动态平衡结果密切相关。
异戊醇是白酒中高级醇的主要成分之一,具有典型的高级醇类香气、味微涩稍苦、刺舌,有香蕉味,适量异戊醇可以使酒体更加醇厚、丰富,同时在乙酰基转移酶作用下,与乙酸形成具有清新优雅香气的乙酸异戊酯,协调酒的口感[32−33]。白酒中的异戊醇主要由α-酮异己酸转化而来,α-酮异己酸是葡萄糖合成代谢途径和亮氨酸代谢途径的中间体。研究发现,糖代谢和氨基酸分解代谢两条途径对酒中异戊醇的贡献程度与酵母菌的种类和发酵液的组成相关[34]。当环境中缬氨酸或亮氨酸含量较高而其他氨基酸较低时,缬氨酸或亮氨酸在转氨酶的催化下通过转氨作用生成相应的α-酮异戊酸或α-酮异已酸,α-酮酸在脱羧酶作用下转化成异戊醛,最后由醇脱氢酶还原为异戊醇[35]。当体系中氨基供应不足时,糖酵解产生的丙酮酸在乙酰乳酸合酶、乙酰羟酸还原异构酶和二羟酸脱水酶的作用下形成α-酮异戊酸,该中间体再通过2-异丙基苹果酸合成酶、3-异丙基苹果酸脱水酶和3-异丙基苹果酸脱氢酶的作用转化为α-酮异己酸,然后经过脱羧、还原反应生成异戊醇[36−37]。此外,异戊醇亦可经过谷氨酸代谢途径合成,谷氨酸经酵母菌和细菌的作用脱氨形成α-酮戊酸,α-酮戊酸随后被还原成戊酸,最后戊酸再被氧化成异戊醇[38]。
在不同的发酵阶段,参与异戊醇合成的主要微生物和异戊醇的生成量有所不同,每种微生物合成异戊醇的水平也存在较大差异[4]。就浓香型白酒发酵而言,在发酵初期,异戊醇在以酵母菌为主的优势真菌代谢作用下合成,而发酵中期合成的异戊醇含量相对较低,参与代谢的主要微生物也并不明确,异戊醇可能通过菌间协作合成(图2)[39−40]。
异丁醇是一种支链高级醇,适量异丁醇可赋予白酒绿草和花香、烤坚果香、麦芽香以及脂肪香,过量时刺激性大,酒体呈苦味、臭味[42]。研究表明,异丁醇主要在酿酒酵母、芽孢杆菌属、片球菌属和变形杆菌属的代谢推动下合成[43]。根据2-酮异戊酸酯的来源差异,白酒中异丁醇可从糖代谢和缬氨酸分解代谢途径获得[15,44](图3)。以缬氨酸为底物合成异丁醇分为三步:缬氨酸经支链氨基酸转氨酶作用转氨生成2-酮异戊酸酯,随后通过2-酮异戊酸脱羧酶作用脱羧形成异丁醛,最终由醇脱氢酶还原为异丁醇[45−47]。在糖代谢途径中,葡萄糖经糖酵解途径生成的两分子丙酮酸,丙酮酸在乙酰乳酸合酶作用下形成2-乙酰乳酸;2-乙酰乳酸经乙酰羟基酸还原异构酶作用异构为2,3-二羟基异戊酸酯,随后由二羟基脱水酶催化脱水生成2-酮异戊酸酯;2-酮异戊酸酯既可以直接通过脱羧、还原合成异丁醇,也可以在支链氨基酸转氨酶催化下转化为缬氨酸,再通过缬氨酸代谢通路生成异丁醇[48−50]。
正丙醇,似乙醇香气,适量能增加白酒的甜味和醇厚感,当含量过高时会导致酒体辛辣苦涩、带有醚臭,影响饮用[51]。据研究推断,白酒中的正丙醇主要源于厌氧条件下酵母菌糖酵解代谢合成[51]。在糟醅发酵体系中,正丙醇的生物合成存在3条代谢通路(如图4),即2-甲基苹果酸代谢、苏氨酸代谢和丙酸代谢,以乳杆菌为主的细菌、真菌、酵母菌等微生物通过这3条途径合成正丙醇具有显著偏好性和阶段特异性[18]。酵母菌通过2-甲基苹果酸代谢途径和苏氨酸代谢途径生成正丙醇的前体2-酮丁酸,2-酮丁酸经丙酮酸脱羧酶(催化脱羧生成丙醛)及醇脱氢酶(催化丙醛还原)作用下脱羧、还原合成正丙醇[52]。具体而言,2-甲基苹果酸代谢途径中,2-酮丁酸的合成始于糖酵解途径产生的丙酮酸,随后依次通过2-甲基苹果酸合酶、2-异丙基苹果酸水解酶和3-异丙基苹果酸脱氢酶催化作用完成[53]。在苏氨酸代谢过程中,苏氨酸通过苏氨酸转氨酶或苏氨酸脱水酶的转氨作用生成2-酮丁酸[52−53]。此外,丙酸代谢途径是通过乳杆菌、芽孢杆菌及梭菌利用糖酵解产生的1,2-丙二醇经丙二醇脱水酶催化转化为丙醛,随后丙醛在1,3-丙二醇脱氢酶或1-丙醇脱氢酶作用下还原为正丙醇[54−56]。
苯乙醇,呈玫瑰香气,略味苦,是白酒中重要的特征香气成分。在糟醅发酵过程中,苯丙氨酸通过芳香族氨基酸转移酶、苯丙酮酸脱羧酶和乙醇脱氢酶参与苯乙醇的形成,苯丙氨酸经苯丙氨酸脱氢酶或转氨酶的催化形成苯丙酮酸,苯丙酮酸又在苯丙酮酸脱羧酶的作用形成苯乙醇。苯丙氨酸也可脱羧生成苯乙胺,苯乙胺进一步氧化生成苯乙醛,苯乙醛在芳醇脱氢酶的催化下生成苯乙醇。其中,苯乙醛也可以由苯丙氨酸经过氧化氢酶-过氧化物酶的催化形成2-苯基乙酰胺,2-苯基乙酰胺酰胺化形成苯乙酸,然后由苯乙酸脱氢形成[57]。在糖代谢过程中,葡萄糖通过糖酵解生成丙酮酸,再转化成苯丙酮酸,苯丙酮酸在芳香族转氨酶的作用下转化为苯乙醛,最后苯乙醛在乙醇脱氢酶作用下生成苯乙醇(图5)[22]。
正丁醇,味微涩,稍有茉莉香,主要通过乙酸代谢途径形成,微生物利用碳源产生乙酸,通过乙酰辅酶A依赖途径合成正丁醇[58−59]。正缬氨酸的前体2-酮戊酸可以通过脱羧和还原作用产生正丁醇[53]。研究显示,谷氨酸和天冬氨酸对正丁醇的生成呈现显著促效作用,氨基酸种类差异性能够调控正丁醇的合成通路[60−61]。以梭菌属及部分芽孢杆菌属为代表的功能菌株具有完整的丁醇合成途径[62−63]。丁醇发酵时,需梭菌属细菌严格依次执行产酸期和产溶剂期这两个代谢阶段[53,64]。
活性戊醇,似异戊醇的香味、带汗臭味,能通过葡萄糖代谢和异亮氨酸代谢生成。在糖代谢中,葡萄糖糖酵解产生丙酮酸,丙酮酸在异丙基苹果酸合成酶作用下生成α-酮丁酸,α-酮丁酸再在乙酰乳酸合成酶、二羟酸脱水酶和乙酰羟基酸还原异构酶催化下生成α-酮基-β-甲基戊酸,α-酮酸通过脱羧酶生成2-甲基丁醛,最后醛经过脱氢形成活性戊醇[65]。在氨基酸合成代谢途径中,异亮氨酸在转氨酶催化下生成α-酮基-β-甲基戊酸中间体,α-酮基-β-甲基戊酸脱羧还原合成活性戊醇。其次,白酒中的高级醇还有酪醇、色醇、异丙醇等,在芳香族转氨酶、芳香族脱羧酶作用下,酪氨酸可生成酪醇,色氨酸可生成色醇。
随着健康饮食理念的普及,消费者对酒精饮料的需求日益多样化,对口感、品质、健康和功效等愈加重视,消费也逐渐趋于理性。其中,降低高级醇以保持产品的易饮性并进行产品提质创新是白酒行业发展的又一重要发展趋势。基于白酒中高级醇的产生机制,一方面从原料和发酵剂两大源头出发,降低高级醇的生成量,另一方面通过控制环境因素和优化生产工艺等策略,进一步降低成品酒中的高级醇含量,为提升白酒品质、满足消费者对高品质健康饮品的需求提供有力支持。
“粮为酒之肉”,酿酒专用粮在酿酒生产中提供营养物质、风味前体和附着微生物方面发挥着核心作用。原料中的糖氮组分通过调控微生物代谢和改变微生物群落,影响白酒酿造过程中风味物质的产生[66−67]。结合不同香型白酒的特点与风格,因地制宜选择质优且低氮含量的酿酒原料投入生产是降低酒中高级醇的首要途径。一般来说,高粱是酿酒的首选原料,糯高粱优于粳高粱,国内粮优于国外粮。不同原料酿酒产生的风味物质不同,同种或同一原料也会因组分异质性、加工程度、地域差异、贮藏时效而致使蛋白质含量和氨基酸种类存在差异,产生的高级醇种类及含量就有所不同[68−69]。李宝生等[70]通过对不同高粱发酵产酒关联性研究证实,高蛋白质含量的G5品种高粱酿酒产高级醇物质最高。张小娜等[71]比较了不同产地高粱和高粱整碎粒比例对酒中主要高级醇的影响,结果表明,淀粉含量高的高粱发酵产生的高级醇含量明显更高,整碎比为0:10时高级醇含量最高,整碎比影响淀粉分子结构,淀粉分子结构通过影响白酒生产阶段浸出淀粉量和结构,进而影响高级醇生成[72]。所以,对酿酒原料进行适当预处理也是一条调控酒中高级醇的有效途径[73]。
研究表明,可同化氮素的种类和添加量在一定程度上会影响发酵产物中高级醇的含量[74]。酿酒酵母中可同化氮素包括无机氮源和有机氮源两种[75−76]。在不破坏发酵体系和维持酒品质的情况下,适当添加氮源,能促进酵母的生长,通过调节高级醇合成的两条代谢通路来抑制高级醇的生成。Zhong等[17]采用铵补偿法降低米酒中的高级醇,外源添加磷酸二氢铵可激活谷氨酸脱氢酶活性,抑制支链氨基酸向高级醇的Ehrlich代谢分流,从而减少高级醇的累积。Liu等[75]通过外源添加可同化氮素降低黄酒中高级醇含量,结果表明,补充无机氮显著抑制了酒中的高级醇,而多数有机氮对酵母产高级醇无明显调控作用,这可能是源于酵母更偏好于代谢利用无机氮[75]。基于Ehrlich途径,关键前体氨基酸的添加也会促进特定高级醇成分的生物合成,而当发酵液中可同化氮素达到一定浓度时,继续外源添加可同化氮源会负反馈作用抑制糖代谢途径合成高级醇,从而达到减控的目的[77]。此外,发酵体系中碳氮比的控制也十分关键,研究表明,发酵液中的碳氮比的升高会促进高级醇的生成[78]。在发酵前期添加可同化氮素会导致发酵液中碳氮比降低,影响酵母正常的生理活动,此时在不扰动混菌发酵体系的前提下,添加适宜的碳源,重新调节碳氮比,使两条合成高级醇的代谢途径保持相对平衡,降低高级醇的生成。
近年来,利用微生物扰动改变发酵系统中微生物群落的分类组成、结构和种间相互作用,以及干扰相关酶编码基因的表达,对控制白酒中风味物质的生成和提高产品质量具有关键性作用。“曲乃酒之骨”,它含有多种微生物和酶及部分粮食底物,具菌源供给、糖化发酵、投粮和生香四大作用,能够促进各种香气物质的形成。所以,在白酒酿造过程中,酒曲添加量和菌种组成会影响高级醇的生成及酒体质量[79]。孙金旭等[80]发现增大曲粮比可以降低高级醇的生成量,最大降低幅度可达一半以上。目前研究证实,在酿造过程中,80%的高级醇也是由酵母产生的[81],增加大曲添加量,也就加大了酵母接种量,减少了酵母的增殖和营养利用,酵母菌生长代谢受到抑制,从氨基酸合成途径产生的高级醇也会相应减少[82]。有研究比较了传统工艺和新工艺制曲生产的白酒中高级醇含量差异,宏基因组测序结果显示,在高级醇生产的主要阶段,传统工艺产生的高级醇含量低,其主要原因可能是新工艺中酵母含量高[4]。在酒精饮料发酵过程中,高级醇的含量随酵母接种量的提高会有所增多[83]。酵母接种浓度对风味物质生成的影响与酵母菌株的种类、生理状态及繁殖条件息息相关[83−84]。在同一发酵体系中,不同酵母菌株的发酵性能呈现菌株特异性,其高级醇合成水平和成分组成亦存在差异[20],选择适宜的酵母菌种可以明显降低高级醇的生成量[85]。
因此,选育低产高级醇菌株和菌群调控是一种可在源头解决高级醇产量高的方式。其中,一种公认的安全高效的策略是:通过从食品基质中筛选出具有优良代谢特性的天然菌株,应用于定向发酵生产,利用微生物之间的相互扰动作用调控高级醇的生成。不同酿酒酵母菌株产高级醇含量不同(如表2),汪晗等[86]研究从6株酿酒酵母中筛选到一株低产高级醇的酿酒酵母S. cerevisiae 1-11J,其高级醇总量最低,为165.41 mg/L。余莉等[87]制得一种低产高级醇的复合酵母菌剂,在发酵饮料中具有良好的应用效果。屈春云等从广东小曲酒厂筛选出8种产酯酵母,其中,用酿酒酵母CM15强化曲酿造白酒,不仅能降低白酒中的高级醇含量,还能提高酒的酯类比例[88]。某研究模拟固态发酵生产白酒,通过加菌株W. anomalus Y3604到发酵样品中也达到了降低高级醇的同等效果[89]。研究表明,将非酿酒酵母和酿酒酵母接种在一起混合发酵,通过增加酵母间的接触来调节微生物代谢,有助于降低酒中的高级醇和改善白酒风味[90−92]。例如,酒球菌与酿酒酵母之间的相互作用及营养物质竞争会影响异戊醇的合成[93]。其次,在实际酿造过程中,多种菌株的接种比例、接种顺序以及酵母状态对调控高级醇生成也十分关键。相较于鲜酵母发酵,干粉酵母酿造的白酒中高级醇含量会更高[94]。同时,应从菌株发酵性能、耐受性、混菌发酵的效果进一步考虑,真正实现白酒降醇提质[65]。此外,还有通过诱变筛选改良菌株以及基因调控的降高级醇手段。不同诱变方法对高级醇生成量影响不同,诱变的定向性和可控性也还有待进一步探索与优化[95]。基于酿酒酵母中高级醇合成通路受多基因调控网络特性,利用基因工程技术能促成对高级醇代谢通路进行精准定向调控[23,31]。通过控制基因的表达来控制相关酶的合成及活性,进而减弱高级醇合成的两条代谢路径,在降低高级醇的同时还能增加酯类的产生[96]。
在酿酒生产中,酒醅中环境因素的动态变化会扰动酵母菌的生长代谢活动,把控微生物的生长消减以及代谢活动的不规律变化,能减少高级醇的产生。酵母可同化氮(简称YAN)含量是影响高级醇合成的主要参数之一,其影响程度受温度的调控[100]。发酵温度通过影响两条高级醇合成途径中相关基因表达、菌种代谢以及酶水解,影响原料利用率,实现酒中的高级醇减控。Yin等[101]通过响应面法研究发现,在32 ℃条件下,白酒糟醅发酵产生的高级醇含量最低。温度对于高级醇各组分生成的影响也存在差异,研究表明,温度对2-苯乙醇的影响效果最为显著,发酵温度从20 ℃降至10 ℃,2-苯乙醇的含量降低76.4%,而异戊醇和异丁醇分别只降低43.8%和18%[102],这可能与氨基酸代谢途径和糖代谢途径中相关酶活力对温度的敏感度不同有关[103]。温度变化对酵母数量影响显著,在一定范围内,温度的升高会加速酵母菌自溶作用产生氨基酸,同时促进对氨基酸的脱氨基作用,导致高级醇的合成量提高。
酒液初始pH会影响酵母菌和果胶酶的活性程度,酵母菌的活性决定了酒液发酵时间长短、发酵程度,间接影响酒中高级醇的生成。适当降低酒液初始pH,有助于抑制高级醇的合成。罗高建等[104]在分析小曲酒中缺陷性成分影响因素时得出,高级醇生成量随入窖糟醅水分适当减少而降低。在混菌发酵体系中,为使发酵得以顺利进行,达到优质高产的目的,妥善掌握水分变化和保证水质十分重要,尤其是酿造用水。
我国白酒的酿造工艺主要包括发酵、蒸馏、陈化以及勾调四大版块,其中,微生物发酵是白酒呈香呈味最重要的一环。路瑞等[38]采用气相色谱分析法对北方某浓香型白酒车间2022年新、老窖池生产基酒中的五类主要高级醇含量进行了比较分析,得出老窖池中的正丙醇、仲丁醇和异丁醇含量显著高于新窖池。与新窖池相比,老窖池中的温度、湿度、氧气等发酵条件更加稳定,这有助于酵母菌更好地生长和代谢,促进乙醇和其他化学物质转化生成各类高级醇。有研究学者通过优化浓香型白酒发酵工艺(加曲量、加糠量、发酵温度等),使高级醇总量降低了1.42%~14.81%[105−106]。Zhong等[17]为降低米酒中的高级醇,对发酵工艺进行了优化,结果表明,发酵液中加入200 mg/L(NH4)2HPO4、5%酵母和11%小麦曲时,异丁醇、异戊醇和2-苯乙醇的生成量分别显著降低19.27%、23.03%、19.43%,且酒中的酯类物质、游离氨基酸、有机酸等重要品质参数不变。发酵过程中糟糠的适当投入有助于酒中高级醇的减控。一般而言,高级醇总量随着加糠量的增加而相应增加,这是由于加入稻壳越多,糟醅越疏松,氧气含量越高,促进了酵母在前期的增殖,氨基酸代谢途径旺盛,高级醇生成量增大。
在蒸酒过程中,常常通过掐头去尾加浆、大汽蒸粮、中小汽蒸酒、绒布过滤等方式来降低基酒中的高级醇含量。研究表明,对于不同馏段酒中高级醇含量分析,正丙醇、异丁醇、异戊醇含量在3~6馏段呈下降趋势,截取酒头部分可以明显降低高级醇含量[107]。郭梅君等[108]结合慢速蒸馏与精馏的方法,将高级醇富集在酒头,通过精馏中试装置将其中的高级醇进行富集并去除,这在降低高级醇含量的同时也保留了白酒的原有风格,可显著提升酒的香气和口感。在蒸馏过程中,适当控制工艺参数尤为重要。陈雪鹏等[109]为降低新酒中高级醇含量,采用单因素实验对浓香型固态法新酒进行液态重蒸馏,分析出重蒸馏温度、酒样体积、时间、压力对新酒中高级醇分离减控具有显著影响,为缩短固态法新酒贮存时间和改善酒质提供了新的途径。其中,蒸馏温度的适宜控制能有效减少酒中高级醇[110]。然而酒头中总酯的含量也高,尤其是乙酸乙酯含量最高,在蒸馏过程中截取酒头时,需要进一步验证酒中其他风味组分变化对酒体风味品质的影响。虽然有效的工艺优化固然可以减少高级醇的生成量,但大多数酒厂在某种程度上存在投资成本高、风险大等问题,通过工艺优化来降低基酒中的高级醇有待进一步研究。
此外,刚蒸馏的新白酒,一般都带有粗糙、辛辣、冲鼻等刺激性气味,需要经过一段时间的贮存,使酒液变得醇香、柔和,这个过程称为自然老熟,又称陈酿[111]。白酒中的高级醇经长期储存会被氧化分解,优质的白酒储存期一般都在3年以上[112]。在白酒老熟过程中,合理选择储存容器、严控储存时间与环境条件对高级醇减控具有积极作用。研究表明,储存容器中的金属离子会影响酒的风味和口感[113]。在选择储存容器时,应遵循几个基本原则,即因地制宜选取,保证储存期间可催化酒体老熟、不发生变质、损耗少。林园等[114]采用气相离子迁移谱技术构建了不同年份浓香型白酒的指纹图谱,发现正己醇物质含量与储存时间呈正相关。随着科技进步,催陈技术逐渐为白酒产业注入新的活力,该技术通过借用外力来加快老熟过程,影响高级醇的合成与转化,调节醇酸酯的比例。目前人工催陈方法主要有物理催陈法、化学催陈法和生物催陈法。吴知非等[115]探究了不同催陈方法对酱香型白酒的影响,1:100(g/mL)活性炭处理,高级醇含量下降7.25%,超声处理样品超声处理4 min时,高级醇含量下降了12.01%,超声处理的样品中高级醇含量随超声时间的延长而下降。其中,超声波催陈是一种绿色加工技术,与传统自然陈酿方法相比,它具有高效、节能的优点,对降低酒中高级醇具有良好的效果。超高压均质也是一种加速白酒陈酿的新技术,但是该技术在白酒陈酿中的应用研究甚少,高压剪切粉碎为白酒提供了高压高温环境,加速了风味物质的形成和有害物质的分解。有研究表明,在400 bar下,新蒸馏的白酒可以达到6.43年的自然陈酿效果[116]。此外,新酒使用大孔吸附树脂和活性炭材料进行适当处理,能进一步降低或去除高级醇成分。林蜜彬等[117]探究了同种树脂对酒中不同高级醇成分的吸附性能,结果表明,HCP树脂对异戊醇的吸附选择性较高,对异戊醇的平衡吸附量可达25.28 mg/L。吴月娜[118]采用大孔吸附树脂对酒液进行吸附处理,酒中的正丙醇、异戊醇、异丁醇、仲丁醇、正丁醇均有所下降,酒体显得更净。但是,树脂中难以去除的不良气味易带入酒体,影响白酒口感与风格。活性炭是一种疏水吸附剂,除了吸附一些大分子之外,活性炭表面富含各种金属离子和微量元素,可加速酒中一系列复杂的陈酿反应,从而促进酒的陈化。据报道,在小曲白酒中添加0.5‰的活性炭时,能使酒中高级醇的含量降低10.20%,但与此同时活性炭也可能会吸附白酒中较少的酯类物质[119]。此外,吸附剂的颗粒状态也会影响高级醇的吸附效果。研究表明,粉末状活性炭的吸附效果优于颗粒状,但粉末状活性炭的添加会造成后期过滤去除困难[120]。所以,在实际应用中,可以根据不同情况将不同形态的活性炭按一定比例混合再用于催陈酒体。其次,白酒经吸附处理,再进行适当的勾调,减少成品中的高级醇比例,使酒的风味达到新的平衡,创新设计酒体风味和酒类产品。
基于白酒中高级醇生成的两条代谢途径,本文总结了白酒发酵过程中主要高级醇成分的代谢通路,并从原料、微生物、环境条件、生产工艺等几个方面来调控酒中的高级醇含量,提升白酒品质。
近年来,国内外学者通过深入研究逐渐揭示了白酒中高级醇生成的复杂过程,但各组分的产生机制以及各个代谢通路的相互作用还有待进一步探究。对于白酒中高级醇的减控,通过分离筛选和定向改造菌株功能依然是最有效的一种源头阻断方法,目前已培育出大量适产高级醇的优质酿酒酵母,但此方面研究工作量大、效率低、耗时费力且成本高,且培育菌株的稳定性和安全性还有待进一步研究,筛选分离菌株的方法也存在一定的局限性。另外,白酒是多菌混合发酵和共同作用下的产物,对发酵糟醅中各微生物相互作用机制不明晰,利用基因调控促使高级醇的降低可能只是一两种醇类物质含量降低,而其他高级醇含量可能不变甚至升高,同时还可能导致酒中各风味成分比例失调。其次,不同香型白酒由于其酿酒原料、生产环境以及工艺的不同,导致其酿造体系中微生物群落和酶系存在一定差异,原料作为酿酒源头之源,但目前关于原料对糟醅对发酵过程各风味物质影响的研究不够深入。此外,现今对高级醇的调控难以形成统一的操作规程,大多数减控策略在实践生产中的应用还面临诸多挑战。
随着国民生活水平的提升,对白酒风味、口感以及质量的要求也日益提高。以白酒中的高级醇为例,未来的研究应聚焦于各醇类成分代谢通路、酿酒专用粮、微生物群落变化、酿酒生产工艺优化与智能化等方面,提升白酒品质,满足消费者需求。首先,不断剖析高级醇产生的两条代谢途径及相互影响机制,探究酒中各高级醇类成分在酿造各阶段的变化规律及相互作用,挖掘微生物与白酒风味品质和产量之间的关系。其次,通过基因控制相关酶的表达和以酵母为主的菌株控制手段仍是当前实现低产高级醇的关键手段和热门方向,未来应深入解析发酵过程中原料微生物、环境微生物以及酒曲微生物的作用与作用机制,继续探究微生物群落变化对高级醇乃至酯类、醛类、酮类成分变化影响。最后,结合现代化科学技术和多学科融合,不断突破快速在线检测技术实时监测酒中风味成分变化,同时节能降耗,继续优化生产工艺、培育高品质酿酒专用粮和制曲专用原料,指导高舒适度白酒酒体设计,创新打造健康白酒产品和国酒品牌,为中国白酒赋值增值,推动白酒产业的科技创新与可持续发展。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060288
  • 接收时间:2025-06-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-23
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    1成都大学食品与生物工程学院,四川成都 610106
    2宜宾五粮液股份有限公司,四川宜宾 644000

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孟凡冰(1985−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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