Article(id=1320175945298854307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060255, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750348800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684073042, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684073042, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684073042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684073042, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=107, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175946523591076, articleId=1320175945298854307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Cellulose Nanocrystal/Corn Starch Composite Particles for Stabilizing Pickering Emulsions Loaded with Mosla chinensis Essential Oil, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, Pickering emulsions (PEs) loaded with Mosla chinensis essential oil (EO) were prepared via the nanoprecipitation method using different mass ratios of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and corn starch (CS). The aim was to construct CNC/CS nanocomposite particles, which regulate interfacial properties and enhance the stability and functionality of the Pickering emulsions. First, CNC/CS nanocomposite particles with different mass ratios were prepared and characterized in terms of their structural properties, surface characteristics, thermal stability, rigidity and morphology. Subsequently, the emulsions stabilized by CNC/CS nanocomposite particles were evaluated for droplet size, Zeta potential, microstructure, stability, rheological behavior, and both in vitro and simulated gastrointestinal release profiles. The results showed that the incorporation of CNC reduced the particle size of CS from 3682.67 nm to a range of 178.77~441.33 nm, while the absolute value of the Zeta potential increased from 7.62 mV to 20.17~45.87 mV, thereby improving dispersion stability. Additionally, CNC improved the interfacial wettability of the composite particles, with contact angles adjusted to between 74.6° and 97.3°, and enhanced their mechanical properties. The emulsions stabilized by CNC/CS nanocomposite particles exhibited excellent physical stability and shear-thinning rheological behavior via a dual stabilization mechanism of interfacial film formation and three-dimensional particle network structure. In vitro release experiments demonstrated that CNC/CS-PE exhibited a slow release of EO, with the release kinetics fitting the Peppas diffusion model. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion results indicated that CNC/CS nanocomposite particles effectively improved the stability of the emulsion and the bioavailability of active components under gastrointestinal conditions. This study provides novel insights and technical support for designing natural polymer-based nanocomposite particles to prepare highly stable and functional emulsions, with promising potential for practical applications.

, authors=Huiqiong WU, Hailian WU, Nan XIAO, Zijian XIAO, Zhe LI*, Liangshan MING*, authorsList=Huiqiong WU, Hailian WU, Nan XIAO, Zijian XIAO, Zhe LI, Liangshan MING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhe LI, Liangshan MING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175952827630014, articleId=1320175945298854307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=纳晶纤维素/玉米淀粉复合粒子协同稳定江香薷挥发油Pickering 乳剂研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究采用纳米沉淀法,以不同比例的纳晶纤维素(cellulose nanocrystals,CNC)与玉米淀粉(corn starch,CS)协同制备载江香薷挥发油Pickering乳剂(Pickering emulsions,PE)。旨在通过构建CNC/CS纳米复合粒子,调控粒子界面特性,提升Pickering乳剂的稳定性与功能性。首先,通过制备不同质量比的CNC和CS纳米复合粒子,并对其结构性能、表面性能、热稳定性、刚性、形貌进行表征。随后,评估不同质量比的CNC/CS纳米复合粒子稳定的PE的粒径、电位、微观结构、稳定性、流变性能、体外及胃肠道释放行为。结果显示,随着CNC的引入,CS粒子的粒径由3682.67 nm降低至178.77~441.33 nm,表面电位绝对值由7.62 mV提高至20.17~45.87 mV,从而增强了分散稳定性。同时,CNC改善了复合粒子的界面润湿性,使接触角调控至74.6°~97.3°之间,并提升了力学性能。CNC/CS复合粒子制备的乳剂通过界面膜构筑与三维粒子网络双重机制协同稳定乳滴,表现出优异的物理稳定性与剪切稀化流变行为。体外释放实验表明,CNC/CS-PE具有缓慢释放挥发油的特性,释放动力学符合Peppas扩散模型。胃肠道模拟消化结果表示,CNC/CS复合粒子能有效提高乳剂在胃肠环境中的稳定性和活性成分生物利用率。本研究为设计天然高分子基纳米复合粒子制备高稳定性和功能性乳剂提供了新的研究思路与技术支撑,具有良好的应用前景推广。

, authors=吴慧琼, 吴海莲, 肖楠, 萧子健, 李哲*, 明良山*, authorsList=吴慧琼, 吴海莲, 肖楠, 萧子健, 李哲, 明良山, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李哲, 明良山, authorNote=

吴慧琼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物纤维工程技术开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李哲(1988−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:活性成分递送,E-mail:。
明良山(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物纤维工程技术开发,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=eE7VxLfl8vr3sJmRwQFQQQ==, magXml=ImSSdNU+UiqcVE3EB9UWSg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=RQyaSeVDqlFFk/yqDS1a4A==, pdfFileSize=12832109, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=oQGWPSHwN1eIZXUqtK5o3Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cFHF2O8Qk+FPeOSabCvzrw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320175955314852291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=17307062839@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320175955688145349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, authorId=1320175955314852291, language=EN, stringName=Huiqiong WU, firstName=Huiqiong, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320175956099187142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, authorId=1320175955314852291, language=CN, stringName=吴慧琼, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=江西中医药大学,高等研究院,现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室,江西南昌 330004, bio={"content":"

吴慧琼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物纤维工程技术开发,E-mail:

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吴慧琼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物纤维工程技术开发,E-mail:

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Food Research International, 2021, 139: 109837., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320175953263837631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175953599381952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, companyId=1320175953263837631, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175953616159169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, companyId=1320175953263837631, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江西中医药大学,高等研究院,现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室,江西南昌 330004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320175967067292141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Morphological appearance of CNC, CS, and CNC/CS nanocomposite particles, figureFileSmall=wo7Y9RsDKd9jptg1OPM4pQ==, figureFileBig=oQGWPSHwN1eIZXUqtK5o3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175968745013744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CNC、CS和CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的外观形貌, figureFileSmall=wo7Y9RsDKd9jptg1OPM4pQ==, figureFileBig=oQGWPSHwN1eIZXUqtK5o3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175969537737201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=FTIR (a) and XRD (b) of CNC, CS and CNC/CS nanocomposites, figureFileSmall=z4numHwvkxB87zLpwhXNHA==, figureFileBig=lH047HBNG2s/f5dH45Yp7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175969655177714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CNC、CS和CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的红外图谱(a)和XRD图谱(b), figureFileSmall=z4numHwvkxB87zLpwhXNHA==, figureFileBig=lH047HBNG2s/f5dH45Yp7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175970393375219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=XPS results and peak fitted C1s spectra, figureFileSmall=5izcOxcuxqnJ3wG7pYJv2Q==, figureFileBig=og7MT/Bm6sFoX+cHQbb5PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175970779251188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=CN, label=图3, caption=XPS光谱和C1s峰拟合图谱

注:(a)为CNC、CS、CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的XPS扫描光谱图;(b)~(h)为 CNC、CS、CNC/CS 纳米复合粒子的C1s峰拟合图谱。

, figureFileSmall=5izcOxcuxqnJ3wG7pYJv2Q==, figureFileBig=og7MT/Bm6sFoX+cHQbb5PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175970867331573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Three-phase contact angle of CNC, CS, and CNC/CS nanocomposites, figureFileSmall=G2/TpY3elBmy+UeVaQzcDg==, figureFileBig=vnjh88T7wEN3ZeosXCFbNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175971261596150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CNC、CS、CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的三相接触角

注:不同小写字母表示不同处理组的数据差异显著性,P<0.05,图5同。

, figureFileSmall=G2/TpY3elBmy+UeVaQzcDg==, figureFileBig=vnjh88T7wEN3ZeosXCFbNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175973283250679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Roughness profile (a~e) and Young's modulus (f) of CNC, CS, and CNC/CS nanocomposites, figureFileSmall=ZMAhFC3tKlXJgwwtM84V5g==, figureFileBig=R28fkVTEcEJ4GjWBQTA3Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175973748818424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CNC、CS、CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的粗糙度(a~e)及杨氏模量(f), figureFileSmall=ZMAhFC3tKlXJgwwtM84V5g==, figureFileBig=R28fkVTEcEJ4GjWBQTA3Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175974155665913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=TEM images of CNC, CS, and CNC/CS nanocomposites, figureFileSmall=k4aMao7bB3ekrhgPTDdP9Q==, figureFileBig=fcC90/kAHktSD5V8By0k0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175974226969082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=CN, label=图6, caption=CNC、CS、CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的TEM图像, figureFileSmall=k4aMao7bB3ekrhgPTDdP9Q==, figureFileBig=fcC90/kAHktSD5V8By0k0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175974658982395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Results of microstructure analysis, figureFileSmall=Ythtddm94MsYpwW/xTzKhA==, figureFileBig=Yv01fzovpMhC2FVjlO+6rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175974990332412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=CN, label=图7, caption=微观结构分析

注:(a) CNC-PE、CS-PE、CNC/CS-PE的显微镜结果;(b) 乳剂的Cryo-SEM结果。

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注:(a)为CNC-PE、CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE的外观形貌图;(b)为CNC、CS、CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的TSI。

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Size and Zeta potential of CNC, CS, and CNC/CS nanocomposites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒子名称粒径(nm)电位(mV)
CNC157.00±2.02c−48.37±1.10e
CS3682.67±329.70a−7.62±0.13a
CNC/CS 9:1178.77±5.52c−45.87±0.91e
CNC/CS 8:2189.33±5.40bc−41.87±2.08d
CNC/CS 6:4231.00±2.39bc−23.20±0.62c
CNC/CS 4:6344.83±11.36bc−20.17±0.76b
CNC/CS 2:8441.33±53.01b−20.57±0.90bc
), ArticleFig(id=1320175979641815557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CNC、CS和CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的粒径与电位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒子名称粒径(nm)电位(mV)
CNC157.00±2.02c−48.37±1.10e
CS3682.67±329.70a−7.62±0.13a
CNC/CS 9:1178.77±5.52c−45.87±0.91e
CNC/CS 8:2189.33±5.40bc−41.87±2.08d
CNC/CS 6:4231.00±2.39bc−23.20±0.62c
CNC/CS 4:6344.83±11.36bc−20.17±0.76b
CNC/CS 2:8441.33±53.01b−20.57±0.90bc
), ArticleFig(id=1320175979708924422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Droplet size distributions and Zeta potential of CNC-PE, CS-PE and CNC/CS-PE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乳剂名称粒径(μm)电位(mV)
CNC-PE3.23±0.01e−45.17±0.31c
CS-PE10.20±0.53a−13.63±0.60a
CNC/CS 9:1-PE3.96±0.03de−53.13±0.47e
CNC/CS 8:2-PE10.41±0.72a−60.9±0.20f
CNC/CS 6:4-PE4.69±0.03d−48.03±1.55d
CNC/CS 4:6-PE5.99±0.12c−45.40±0.40c
CNC/CS 2:8-PE7.46±0.27b−39.40±0.92b
), ArticleFig(id=1320175980459704839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CNC-PE、CS-PE、CNC/CS-PE乳滴的粒径与电位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乳剂名称粒径(μm)电位(mV)
CNC-PE3.23±0.01e−45.17±0.31c
CS-PE10.20±0.53a−13.63±0.60a
CNC/CS 9:1-PE3.96±0.03de−53.13±0.47e
CNC/CS 8:2-PE10.41±0.72a−60.9±0.20f
CNC/CS 6:4-PE4.69±0.03d−48.03±1.55d
CNC/CS 4:6-PE5.99±0.12c−45.40±0.40c
CNC/CS 2:8-PE7.46±0.27b−39.40±0.92b
), ArticleFig(id=1320175982519108104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Kinetic release parameters of CNC-PE, CS-PE, and CNC/CS-PE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型CNC-PECS-PECNC/CS 9:1-PECNC/CS 8:2-PECNC/CS 6:4-PECNC/CS 4:6-PECNC/CS 2:8-PE
Zero orderQ=0.0459t+29.14813Q=0.05061t+28.5111Q=0.04359t+26.45843Q=0.04202t+24.2089Q=0.04203t+26.34736Q=0.04389t+23.82646Q=0.04083t+21.71029
(R2=0.54126)(R2=0.56038)(R2=0.56663)(R2=0.60609)(R2=0.52821)(R2=0.59371)(R2=0.59797)
First order100-Q=100exp
(−0.00276t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.00304t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.0022t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.00181t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.00214t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.00193t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.00159t)
(R2=0.75614)(R2=0.8558)(R2=0.7021)(R2=0.766277)(R2=0.6616)(R2=0.73678)(R2=0.67946)
HiguchiQ=2.13473t1/2+12.39917Q=2.33082t1/2+10.40746Q=2.00418t1/2+10.9182Q=1.89806t1/2+9.76389Q=1.96168t1/2+10.90085Q=1.99383t1/2+8.56104Q=1.85072t1/2+7.5756
(R2=0.82066)(R2=0.83303)(R2=0.83956)(R2=0.8668)(R2=0.80659)(R2=0.85781)(R2=0.86085)
PeppasQ=9.92577t^
0.29602
Q=8.81439t^
0.32098
Q=8.77416t^
0.30345
Q=7.84556t^
0.31071
Q=8.86002t^
0.29925
Q=7.22655t^
0.32659
Q=6.49008t^
0.3306
(R2=0.89909)(R2=0.90216)(R2=0.92016)(R2=0.93851)(R2=0.89357)(R2=0.9214)(R2=0.92097)
), ArticleFig(id=1320175982602994185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175945298854307, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CNC-PE、CS-PE、CNC/CS-PE的动力学释放参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型CNC-PECS-PECNC/CS 9:1-PECNC/CS 8:2-PECNC/CS 6:4-PECNC/CS 4:6-PECNC/CS 2:8-PE
Zero orderQ=0.0459t+29.14813Q=0.05061t+28.5111Q=0.04359t+26.45843Q=0.04202t+24.2089Q=0.04203t+26.34736Q=0.04389t+23.82646Q=0.04083t+21.71029
(R2=0.54126)(R2=0.56038)(R2=0.56663)(R2=0.60609)(R2=0.52821)(R2=0.59371)(R2=0.59797)
First order100-Q=100exp
(−0.00276t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.00304t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.0022t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.00181t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.00214t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.00193t)
100-Q=100exp
(−0.00159t)
(R2=0.75614)(R2=0.8558)(R2=0.7021)(R2=0.766277)(R2=0.6616)(R2=0.73678)(R2=0.67946)
HiguchiQ=2.13473t1/2+12.39917Q=2.33082t1/2+10.40746Q=2.00418t1/2+10.9182Q=1.89806t1/2+9.76389Q=1.96168t1/2+10.90085Q=1.99383t1/2+8.56104Q=1.85072t1/2+7.5756
(R2=0.82066)(R2=0.83303)(R2=0.83956)(R2=0.8668)(R2=0.80659)(R2=0.85781)(R2=0.86085)
PeppasQ=9.92577t^
0.29602
Q=8.81439t^
0.32098
Q=8.77416t^
0.30345
Q=7.84556t^
0.31071
Q=8.86002t^
0.29925
Q=7.22655t^
0.32659
Q=6.49008t^
0.3306
(R2=0.89909)(R2=0.90216)(R2=0.92016)(R2=0.93851)(R2=0.89357)(R2=0.9214)(R2=0.92097)
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纳晶纤维素/玉米淀粉复合粒子协同稳定江香薷挥发油Pickering 乳剂研究
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吴慧琼 , 吴海莲 , 肖楠 , 萧子健 , 李哲 * , 明良山 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(12): 107-118
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (12) : 107 -118
纳晶纤维素/玉米淀粉复合粒子协同稳定江香薷挥发油Pickering 乳剂研究
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吴慧琼 , 吴海莲, 肖楠, 萧子健, 李哲* , 明良山*
作者信息
  • 江西中医药大学,高等研究院,现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室,江西南昌 330004
通讯作者:
李哲(1988−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:活性成分递送,E-mail:。
明良山(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物纤维工程技术开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴慧琼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物纤维工程技术开发,E-mail:

Cellulose Nanocrystal/Corn Starch Composite Particles for Stabilizing Pickering Emulsions Loaded with Mosla chinensis Essential Oil
Huiqiong WU , Hailian WU, Nan XIAO, Zijian XIAO, Zhe LI* , Liangshan MING*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Study, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060255
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本研究采用纳米沉淀法,以不同比例的纳晶纤维素(cellulose nanocrystals,CNC)与玉米淀粉(corn starch,CS)协同制备载江香薷挥发油Pickering乳剂(Pickering emulsions,PE)。旨在通过构建CNC/CS纳米复合粒子,调控粒子界面特性,提升Pickering乳剂的稳定性与功能性。首先,通过制备不同质量比的CNC和CS纳米复合粒子,并对其结构性能、表面性能、热稳定性、刚性、形貌进行表征。随后,评估不同质量比的CNC/CS纳米复合粒子稳定的PE的粒径、电位、微观结构、稳定性、流变性能、体外及胃肠道释放行为。结果显示,随着CNC的引入,CS粒子的粒径由3682.67 nm降低至178.77~441.33 nm,表面电位绝对值由7.62 mV提高至20.17~45.87 mV,从而增强了分散稳定性。同时,CNC改善了复合粒子的界面润湿性,使接触角调控至74.6°~97.3°之间,并提升了力学性能。CNC/CS复合粒子制备的乳剂通过界面膜构筑与三维粒子网络双重机制协同稳定乳滴,表现出优异的物理稳定性与剪切稀化流变行为。体外释放实验表明,CNC/CS-PE具有缓慢释放挥发油的特性,释放动力学符合Peppas扩散模型。胃肠道模拟消化结果表示,CNC/CS复合粒子能有效提高乳剂在胃肠环境中的稳定性和活性成分生物利用率。本研究为设计天然高分子基纳米复合粒子制备高稳定性和功能性乳剂提供了新的研究思路与技术支撑,具有良好的应用前景推广。

纳晶纤维素  /  玉米淀粉  /  纳米复合粒子  /  Pickering乳剂  /  稳定性  /  江香薷挥发油

In this study, Pickering emulsions (PEs) loaded with Mosla chinensis essential oil (EO) were prepared via the nanoprecipitation method using different mass ratios of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and corn starch (CS). The aim was to construct CNC/CS nanocomposite particles, which regulate interfacial properties and enhance the stability and functionality of the Pickering emulsions. First, CNC/CS nanocomposite particles with different mass ratios were prepared and characterized in terms of their structural properties, surface characteristics, thermal stability, rigidity and morphology. Subsequently, the emulsions stabilized by CNC/CS nanocomposite particles were evaluated for droplet size, Zeta potential, microstructure, stability, rheological behavior, and both in vitro and simulated gastrointestinal release profiles. The results showed that the incorporation of CNC reduced the particle size of CS from 3682.67 nm to a range of 178.77~441.33 nm, while the absolute value of the Zeta potential increased from 7.62 mV to 20.17~45.87 mV, thereby improving dispersion stability. Additionally, CNC improved the interfacial wettability of the composite particles, with contact angles adjusted to between 74.6° and 97.3°, and enhanced their mechanical properties. The emulsions stabilized by CNC/CS nanocomposite particles exhibited excellent physical stability and shear-thinning rheological behavior via a dual stabilization mechanism of interfacial film formation and three-dimensional particle network structure. In vitro release experiments demonstrated that CNC/CS-PE exhibited a slow release of EO, with the release kinetics fitting the Peppas diffusion model. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion results indicated that CNC/CS nanocomposite particles effectively improved the stability of the emulsion and the bioavailability of active components under gastrointestinal conditions. This study provides novel insights and technical support for designing natural polymer-based nanocomposite particles to prepare highly stable and functional emulsions, with promising potential for practical applications.

nanocrystalline cellulose  /  corn starch  /  nanocomposite particles  /  Pickering emulsion  /  stability  /  Mosla chinensis essential oil
吴慧琼, 吴海莲, 肖楠, 萧子健, 李哲, 明良山. 纳晶纤维素/玉米淀粉复合粒子协同稳定江香薷挥发油Pickering 乳剂研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 107 -118 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060255
Huiqiong WU, Hailian WU, Nan XIAO, Zijian XIAO, Zhe LI, Liangshan MING. Cellulose Nanocrystal/Corn Starch Composite Particles for Stabilizing Pickering Emulsions Loaded with Mosla chinensis Essential Oil[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 107 -118 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060255
芳香分子是从植物中提取的挥发性芳香油状液体,其以抗菌、抗氧化、抗病毒和生物调节特性而闻名[1]。而江香薷(Mosla chinensis)作为我国南方地区广泛分布的药用植物,资源丰富、成本低廉,其挥发油可通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取得到,具备优异的抗氧化、抗菌和免疫调节等多重生物活性[2−4]。因此,江香薷挥发油(Mosla chinensis essential oil,EO)在功能性食品添加剂领域展现出广阔的应用前景,尤其适用于天然防腐剂与营养强化剂的开发。然而,EO存在不稳定性、水溶性差、易挥发等问题,在食品加工及贮藏过程中易发生活性成分损失,严重限制其在食品工业中的应用[5−6]。为解决上述问题,开发高效、稳定的EO递送体系成为研究关键。
有研究表明,利用环糊精包合、纳米封装以及Pickering乳剂(Pickering emulsion,PE)等技术手段,可有效延缓EO的氧化及降解过程,实现其缓控释放,并在一定程度上掩盖EO的刺激性气味[7−9]。PE作为一种由固体颗粒在油水界面不可逆吸附形成并稳定的特殊乳液系统,其优异的包埋性、抗聚结性、低毒性及不依赖传统表面活性剂等特点,使这种递送活性成分技术在食品工业领域中表现出广泛的应用潜力[10−11]。目前,食品级Pickering乳剂通常采用天然生物纳米粒子作为稳定剂,如壳聚糖、花生蛋白、纳晶纤维素、淀粉及其衍生物等,不仅提高乳剂的环境友好性和可食性,也为活性物质的稳定递送提供了可持续解决方案[12−16]。
淀粉,是最丰富的碳水化合物,具有出色的生物降解性和生物相容性,在生物医学和食品领域作为优良材料发挥着重要作用[17−18]。玉米淀粉(corn starch,CS)在食品工业中经常被用作一种可再生的植物性聚合物,具有良好的生物相容性、可降解性以及价格低廉等优势[19]。然而,玉米淀粉的粒径大和亲水性限制了其在制备Pickering乳剂中的价值[20]。纳晶纤维素(cellulose nanocrystals,CNC)凭借其高比表面积、高结晶度、高可持续性、无毒性,成为制备高稳定性Pickering乳剂的热门候选材料[15,21]。然而,由于CNC结构中含有大量的羟基,导致其亲水性使得单一CNC稳定Pickering乳剂容易出现絮凝,破乳等现象,导致活性物质容易释放出来[8]。将CS与CNC相结合制备复合粒子,有望综合两者的优势增强乳剂稳定性。
本研究通过调控CS与CNC的质量比,制备复合颗粒,用于协同提高负载挥发油Pickering乳剂的稳定性。在此基础上系统评估其结构特性、流变性能、稳定性、体外及胃肠道释放行为等。本文旨在为构建兼具高稳定性、高生物利用率与绿色可食用性等特点的食品乳化系统提供新的研究策略。
微晶纤维素 德国JRS Pharma公司;玉米淀粉(试剂级) 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;溴化钾(光谱级) 上海阿拉丁生物科技有限公司;江香薷 江西江中中药饮片有限公司;乙醇、盐酸、氢氧化钠 西陇科学股份有限公司;硫酸 成都市科隆化学品有限公司;人工胃液、模拟肠液 Coolaber公司;其他所有化学品均为分析纯。
Sorvall Lynx 6000 落地式冷冻离心机、Thermo Scientific K-Alpha X射线光电子能谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;BUCHI 旋转蒸发仪R210 瑞士Buchi有限公司;12~14 kDa 再生纤维素透析袋 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;Nano-S 纳米粒度仪、Mastersizer 2000 激光衍射粒度分析仪 英国Malvern公司;L 1600401 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国PerkinElmer公司;HT7800 透射电子显微镜 日本Hitachi Limited公司;Bruker Multimode 8 原子力显微镜、Bruker D8 Advance X射线衍射仪 德国Bruker公司;OCA20 接触角分析仪 德国DataPhysics公司;Fluko 高速剪切机 德国Essen公司;AHNANO 高压均质机 安拓思纳米技术有限公司;DS-Fi2 光学显微镜 尼康仪器(上海)有限公司;FEI Quanta 450 冷冻扫描电镜 日本日立公司;MCR 101 流变仪 奥地利Anton Paar公司;Turbiscan 稳定性分析仪 法国Formulaction仪器公司;UV-2006 紫外分光光度计 日本岛津公司;雷磁Phs-25 pH计 梅特勒-托利多公司。
采用硫酸水解法制备CNC,参考Wu等[22]的方法。将微晶纤维素以1:20(g/mL)的比例分散于64wt%的硫酸溶液中,在45 ℃下以400 r/min搅拌45 min。随后,加入反应液总体积10倍的超纯水以终止反应。将反应液在5000 r/min、4 ℃下离心10 min分离沉淀物,以洗去多余的酸。使用再生纤维素透析袋对CNC悬液进行透析,透析介质为超纯水,持续7 d并每天按时换水。最后,将CNC悬液旋蒸浓缩至固含量为2.8%(m/v),并将部分CNC悬液稀释后冷冻干燥以备用。
采用纳米沉淀法制备CS粒子。首先,将CS悬浮液(2.8% w/v)置于100 ℃沸水中,在500 r/min下糊化30 min[23]。随后,将糊化后的淀粉与等体积无水乙醇快速混合,并在19000 r/min下高速剪切5 min。通过重复加水旋蒸去除多余乙醇,最终获得CS粒子[24]。
采用纳米沉淀法制备CNC/CS复合粒子。将CNC悬液与CS粉末按不同质量比例(9:1、8:2、6:4、4:6和2:8)混合后加入超纯水至50 mL,使混合物浓度为2.8%(m/v)。将混合悬液置于沸水中水浴,以500 r/min糊化30 min。随后,将糊化后的混合物与等体积无水乙醇混合,并在19000 r/min下高速剪切5 min。最后,通过重复加水旋蒸去除多余乙醇,得到CNC/CS复合粒子。
将CNC、CS及CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的混悬液分别稀释20倍,并进行超声处理使其充分分散。随后,使用Nano-S纳米粒度仪测定样品的粒径与电位。所有测试均在25 ℃条件下进行,并重复三次。
将冻干后的CNC、CS及CNC/CS纳米复合粒子与溴化钾以1:100的质量比混合,充分研磨均匀后压制成透明薄片。采用L 1600401傅里叶变换红外光谱仪采集样品的光谱信息,测试条件为:波数范围4000~400 cm−1,分辨率4 cm−1,扫描次数16次[8]。
使用Bruker D8 Advance X射线衍射仪分析CNC、CS和CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的晶体结构。在40 kV和40 mA下进行Cu-Kα辐射,以2°/min扫描速率记录10°~60°内的XRD数据。结晶度通过式(1)计算[8]:
$ \text{CrI}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{I}}_{\text{cr}}-{\mathrm{I}}_{\text{am}}}{{\mathrm{I}}_{\text{cr}}}\times 100 $
其中,$ {\mathrm{I}}_{\text{cr}} $表示结晶区的最大衍射强度;$ {\mathrm{I}}_{\text{am}} $表示非结晶区的最大衍射强度。
参考Wang等[25]的方法,使用Thermo Scientific K-Alpha X射线光电子能谱仪获取CNC、CS和CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的XPS光谱。测试条件为:12 kV下Al Kα辐射(hv=1486.6 eV)、400 μm束斑、50 eV通过能量和0.1 eV步长。
参考Wang等[26]的方法,采用OCA20接触角测量仪测定CNC、CS及CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的三相接触角(θo/w)。首先,将纳米复合粒子冻干粉压制成表面均匀光滑的薄片;随后,将薄片轻轻浸入装有油相(茶油:EO=8:2)的矩形透明玻璃池中;使用高精度注射器在薄片表面滴加2 µL去离子水,通过高速相机捕捉液滴形态,并采用基线圆拟合法计算三相接触角。
使用Bruker Multimode 8原子力显微镜对CNC、CS及CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的形貌进行表征。取10 μL浓度为0.01%(w/v)的样品溶液滴加于云母片中心,在25 ℃条件下自然干燥2 h。使用捕获模式进行测量,实验参数设置为:共振频率300 kHz,探针尖端长度125 μm,弹性系数42 N/m,以获得样品的表观形貌及弹性模量分布[8]。
使用HT7800透射电子显微镜观察冻干后CNC、CS及CNC/CS纳米复合粒子形态。将10 μL(0.05% w/v)的颗粒悬浮液沉淀滴在铜网格,用醋酸铀酰(1 wt%)染色。样品在室温下自然干燥,然后在80~120 kV加速电压下用电子显微镜检测成像。
使用茶油与EO(8:2 w/w)混合作为油相。连续相分别为CNC悬液、CS悬液和不同比例的CNC/CS(9:1、8:2、6:4、4:6、2:8)纳米复合粒子悬液。乳剂中的粒子浓度均为2%。使用Fluko高速剪切机将油相(30% w/w)和水相(70% w/w)以22000 r/min,5 min制备成O/W乳剂的粗乳。随后,使用高压均质器将乳剂于500 bar下进行30个循环均质为细乳。将制得的乳剂命名为CNC-PE、CS-PE、CNC/CS 9:1-PE、CNC/CS 8:2-PE、CNC/CS 6:4-PE、CNC/CS 4:6-PE、CNC/CS 2:8-PE。
使用Mastersizer 2000激光衍射粒度分析仪测量乳剂液滴的粒径分布,以D0.9表示。将乳剂样品悬浮于超纯水中并且通过仪表流量系统以2200 r/min泵入用于测量。CNC-PE,CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE的电位测定在去离子水中、25 ℃条件下稀释样品,使用Nano-S纳米粒度仪测量。
使用配备NIS Elements的显微镜对新鲜乳剂进行显微图像采集。将稀释10倍的乳剂样品滴加在载玻片表面,以40倍放大捕捉乳剂液滴的微观结构。
参考Liu等[27]的方法,稍作修改。使用FEI Quanta 450冷冻扫描电镜揭示乳剂界面的微观结构。将样品放入−140 ℃的液氮泥中冷冻30 s,随后使用冷冻转移系统在真空下将样品转移至制备室进行升华处理。样品在−90 ℃下升华10 min,采用溅射镀金法进行导电处理,最后在10 mA的加速电流下进行扫描电镜观察,以获取乳剂的表观形貌特征。
使用Turbiscan稳定性分析仪记录乳剂的稳定性。将约20 mL新鲜制备的乳剂放入瓶中,在25 ℃下,每10 min从下到上扫描24 h,记录Turbiscan稳定性指数(TSI)。
为了评估CNC-PE、CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE的流变行为,使用配置了PP-50转子的MCR 101流变仪在25 ℃下测量乳剂的流变行为。
根据Li等[28]的方法,稍作修改。采用透析法测定CNC-PE、CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE的体外释放特性。将0.2 mL乳剂密封于纤维素透析袋(0.5~1 kDa)中,置于37 ℃、20%乙醇介质中以200 r/min搅拌孵育。在0、0.25、0.5、1、2、4、6、8、10、12 h时,从培养基中取出3 mL样品,并补充3 mL等温的释放介质以维持漏槽条件。使用UV-260紫外分光光度计在277 nm处测定各时间点释放介质中EO的含量,每个样品平行测定三次。随后,采用零级动力学模型、一级动力学模型、Higuchi模型和Peppas模型拟合EO在不同介质中的释放动力学模型,并探讨EO在乳剂中的释放机理。
根据Tian等[29]的方法,稍作修改。将乳剂样品依次经过模拟胃液(Simulated Gastric Fluid,SGF)和模拟肠液(Simulated Intestinal Fluid,SIF)消化。模拟胃消化:将乳剂与模拟胃液按1:1(v/v)混合,使用0.1 mol/L HCl溶液调节pH至2.0,随后在37 ℃、150 r/min条件下孵育1 h。消化结束后,用0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液调节pH至7.0以终止反应,并拍摄消化后乳剂液滴的微观结构。模拟肠道消化:将经模拟胃液消化后的乳剂与模拟肠液按1:1(v/v)比例混合,再次调节pH至7.0。将混合液在37 ℃、150 r/min条件下孵育2 h,期间维持pH为7.0。消化结束后,拍摄乳剂液滴的最终形态。
每组样品进行3次平行实验,结果用平均数±标准差表示。采用SPSS 25 软件进行单因素方差分析,P<0.05表示差异显著,用平均值进行统计分析数据曲线,利用Origin 2021 软件绘图。
图1中展示了不同质量比的CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的外观。其中CNC分散液呈现淡蓝色且透光,这与纳米尺度的CNC在水中分散行为相关。CS分散液呈现白色浑浊样,这与CS大粒径在水中溶解性相关,从而影响其透光性。当CS与CNC复合后,相较于CNC分散液,复合粒子分散液的浑浊程度随CS比例提升发生变化。具体表现为,在CNC占比较高的体系(CNC/CS 9:1、8:2)中,分散液仍有一定的透光性,但浑浊度有所增加;随着CS比例进一步增大(CNC/CS 6:4、4:6、2:8),分散液的透光性持续降低,这可能归因于CNC与CS之间存在氢键作用以及CS对CNC分散体系的干扰,从而共同导致了复合粒子分散体系透光性减小。
CNC、CS及CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的粒径和电位结果如表1所示。CNC的粒径较小,为157.00±2.02 nm,相较于CNC,CS的粒径较大,为3682.67±329.70 nm,这可能是由于其表面存在丰富的羟基而以团聚状态存在。CNC/CS纳米复合粒子粒径为纳米级,可能是由于CNC的引入增强了静电排斥,降低了聚合物前体在过饱和区内的碰撞概率,从而抑制了CS粒子的生长[30]。另外,CS与CNC通过氢键、范德华力等分子间作用力结合,CNC可能通过包裹或吸附作用分布于玉米淀粉粒子表面,形成更小的复合结构,从而显著降低整体粒径。不同质量比例的CNC/CS复合粒子的粒径随着CS比例的增加而增加,表明纳米粒子的大小受到CS浓度的影响。当CNC比例较高时,复合粒子粒径接近纯CNC。而随着CS比例的增加,复合粒子粒径显著增大。
CNC的电位为−48.37±1.10 mV,这归因于硫酸水解过程中表面质子化氨基产生的SO42-[31]。CS的电位为−7.62±0.13 mV,这是因为CS是由葡萄糖单元通过α-1,4和α-1,6-糖苷键连接而成的,其分子结构中缺乏可电离基团,因此电位较低[32]。在复合粒子中,随着CNC比例的降低,粒子表面负电荷密度下降,导致电位绝对值减小。复合粒子电位的变化主要归因于CNC的高负电荷特性在复合体系中起主导作用,同时表面电荷叠加、界面相互作用及空间分布等因素共同作用,使CNC含量高的CNC/CS复合粒子的电位升高并接近CNC的电位值。
通过FTIR光谱对CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的结构进行表征,结果如图2(a)所示。CNC在3324 cm−1和2896 cm−1处的特征峰分别对应于纤维素分子中的O-H和C-H伸缩振动[33−34]。所有样品在1626 cm−1处的特征峰可归因于吸附水分子中O-H键弯曲振动,表明CNC与水之间高度相互作用[35]。CS的O-H伸缩振动峰位于3392 cm−1附近,C-H伸缩振动峰约2930 cm−1,H-O-H拉伸吸收峰在1644 cm−1附近[36−37]。此外,CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的光谱中未出现新的特征峰或原有特征峰消失,表明复合过程中未产生新的化学基团,也未形成共价键结合。这一结果证实CNC与CS之间的相互作用主要以氢键、范德华力等物理作用为主。
CNC、CS、CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的XRD结果如图2(b)所示。CNC在14.9°、16.4°、22.7°和34.3°附近有明显的特征峰,分别与纤维素Iβ的晶面(1~10),(110),(200)和(004)相关[38−39]。CS通常以A型晶体结构为主,其特征峰应在15°、17°和23°附近[40]。然而CS经纳米沉淀后,仅在17°和23°附近处有特征峰,且特征峰弱,表明CS的晶体结构被破坏。在纳米沉淀过程中,高速剪切迅速诱导成核,CS分子可能会以无序状态相互结合,使整个结构倾向于无定形[41]。CNC/CS纳米复合粒子均保留了CNC的晶型峰。在不同比例的CNC/CS纳米复合粒子中,随着CNC相对含量的降低,在16.0°和22.7°附近处纤维素I型晶体结构的衍射峰逐渐降低且结晶度减小。这可能是由于CS的粒径和内部孔隙较小使其低结晶度。因此随着CS含量的增加,CNC/CS纳米复合粒子趋于无定形状态。
CNC由D-葡萄糖单元(C6H10O5)n构成,CS由α-1,4-糖苷键连接的葡萄糖[42−43]。CNC、CS、CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的XPS光谱如图3所示,CNC与CS的XPS光谱均仅显示了碳(C)和氧(O)元素的特征峰。CNC、CS和CNC/CS纳米复合粒子分别在约286.5、284.8和285 eV处出现C1的特征峰[44]。为了更好地显示C原子类型的化学环境,对C1s峰进行了基线校正,并以284.8 eV处的C-C峰为基准,进一步拟合出C-O-C、C-C和O-C=O三种典型结构的特征峰(图3(b)~图3(h))将C1s峰被分解为C-O-C、C-C和O-C=O三个峰,表明有羟基存在,这可能是由于CNC和CS的表面基团之间存在非共价键的相互作用。
CNC、CS、CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的三相接触角结果如图4所示。CNC和CS的三相接触角分别为106.73°±3.32°和96.63°±2.07°。CNC和CS在自然条件下是亲水性的,但在油水界面中表现出轻微的疏水性。由于CNC和CS凝聚在一起,使其内部羟基紧密结合在一起或隐藏在油水系统中,从而更容易与油相分子发生相互作用。CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的接触角变化可以归因于其CNC比例、粒子表面性质或微观结构的改变。CNC/CS 9:1的θo/w为97.2°±1.77°,表明其更倾向于油相。随着CNC在CNC/CS纳米复合粒子中相对比例的减少,其三相接触角逐渐降低,亲水性增强,这可能与CNC和CS结合过程中,亲水基团(-OH)暴露在表面有关。
通过AFM测定CNC、CS和CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的粗糙度和杨氏模量,结果如图5所示。CNC和CS的表面粗糙度分别为2.60 nm和27.0 nm。CNC这种较低的表面粗糙度可能与其高度有序结构以及纤维单元的规则排列密切相关。相较之下,CS因其颗粒结构的天然不规则性,表面起伏较大,从而导致其表面粗糙度显著升高。CNC/CS 9:1、CNC/CS 6:4和CNC/CS 2:8的表面粗糙度分别为3.85、4.30和4.94 nm,表明引入更多的CS可增加纳米复合粒子的表面粗糙度。高含量的CS可能覆盖在CNC表面形成复合结构,增加CNC表面的微观不均匀性,导致粗糙度增加。粗糙的表面提供了更大的表面积,以增强在油水界面的吸附,这有利于维持乳剂的稳定性[45]。
CNC、CS、CNC/CS 9:1、CNC/CS 6:4和CNC/CS 2:8纳米复合粒子的杨氏模量结果如图5(f)所示。CNC和CS的杨氏模量分别为5.34±0.16 GPa和3.94±0.12 GPa。这一差异可能来源于CNC中β-1,4-糖苷键连接形成的线性链结构所赋予的高结晶度与分子取向性,从而增强了材料的刚性。而CS则主要由支链淀粉构成,结晶度较低,其分子结构较为松散,整体刚性较低。CNC/CS 9:1、CNC/CS 6:4和CNC/CS 2:8的杨氏模量分别为4.85±0.33、4.31±0.15和4.23±0.04 GPa,表明随着复合粒子中CS相对含量的增加,导致复合粒子体系形变能力越强。粒子的显著变形性赋予了它们在界面处额外的自由度,以覆盖更多的界面面积,抵抗挤压和增加吸附能量[10,46]。
CNC、CS、CNC/CS纳米复合粒子的TEM结果如图6所示。CNC是通过酸水解来去除纤维素的非晶部分,留下比非晶区域具有更高耐酸性的结晶区域,呈现出纳米级的针状结构[10,47]。CS表面相对光滑,为纳米级粒子。而粒径结果为3682.67±329.70 nm,证实了其表面存在丰富的羟基导致团聚,影响结果的测定。CNC/CS 9:1和CNC/CS 8:2纳米复合粒子的形态结构相似,CNC围绕在CS周围。CNC/CS 6:4纳米复合粒子的TEM视野中未见完整的CS粒子,CS完整结构消失,形成无定形的碎片状物质。这一现象可能是由于CNC表面丰富的羟基能够与淀粉分子链形成新的氢键网络,从而破坏淀粉颗粒内部原有的分子间氢键作用,导致其晶区解体和无定形化[48]。此外,由于CNC在体系中占比较高并形成连续的纳米网络,淀粉的独立颗粒状态无法保持,最终以无序碎片的形式嵌入或分散于CNC基体之中,这与XRD证实CNC/CS复合粒子中CS晶体结构被破坏并以无序状态存在的结果相一致。
CNC/CS 4:6 纳米复合粒子中的CNC黏附在了CS表面并作为连接CS之间的桥梁。CNC/CS 2:8纳米复合粒子中仅有少量的CNC黏附或固定在CS表面。CNC的加入可能会通过氢键或其他相互作用增强CNC与CS之间的连接,从而影响纳米复合粒子的形态结构。
CNC-PE、CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE的粒径和电位结果如表2所示。CNC-PE的Zeta电位为−45.17±0.31 mV,这是因为通过酸水解制备CNC,由于SO42−表面的质子胺化使得CNC具有较强的电负性[49]。使油滴之间存在较强的静电排斥作用,使乳剂液滴不易聚集。CS-PE的Zeta电位为−13.63±0.60 mV,是因为CS结构中缺乏可电离的基团,无法在乳滴表面形成电荷层,导致乳剂电位较低。CNC/CS-PE的电位变化与乳剂体系中CNC与CS的比例有关。CS的加入可能略微减弱CNC的电荷屏蔽效应,但这种减弱效果有限。CNC在混合物中分布更广,其高负电荷特性覆盖了CS的低电荷特性,导致乳剂的整体电位更接近CNC-PE。
CNC-PE具有较高的比表面积和较强的空间位阻效应,能够有效阻止乳滴的聚集,因此具有最小的粒径(3.23±0.01 μm)。CS表面缺乏带电基团,无法通过静电斥力稳定乳滴,导致乳滴容易聚集,粒径增大。随着乳剂中CNC比例的增加,玉米淀粉的聚集效应被减弱,导致CNC/CS-PE的粒径减小。CNC具有较强的空间位阻效应,有效阻止CNC/CS-PE的聚集,从而减小了整体粒径。CNC/CS-PE的粒径介于CNC-PE和CS-PE之间,主要是由于CNC的小粒径特性和空间位阻效应起主导作用。
CNC-PE、CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE的显微结果如图7(a)所示。CNC-PE乳滴呈球形,分布较为均匀且无明显聚集现象。CS-PE乳滴的粒径大小差异较大,较小的乳滴接近球形,而较大的乳滴形变明显且存在聚集现象,可能是由于CS-PE乳滴之间的静电排斥能力较弱,导致部分乳滴有融合倾向。随着乳剂体系中的CS比例的变化,视野中的乳滴粒径发生变化。此外,CNC/CS 4:6-PE乳滴出现聚集倾向,CS粒子较大,容易在乳滴表面形成较厚的界面层,但缺乏足够的空间位阻效应,导致乳滴容易聚集,且CNC占比较低,其空间位阻效应和静电稳定作用可能不足以完全抑制乳滴聚集。CNC/CS 2:8-PE的乳滴数量减少,这是因为CNC的量不能满足多余的油水界面的形成。为了深入探讨乳剂的稳定机制,对CNC-PE、CS-PE、CNC/CS 9:1-PE、CNC/CS 6:4-PE 和 CNC/CS 2:8-PE 进行了冷冻扫描电镜观察,结果如图7(b)所示。大量的CNC在CNC-PE乳滴之间形成了大量的三维网格结构,这种三维结构的形成有利于提高乳剂体系的粘度,防止液滴聚结和聚集现象,并提高Pickering乳剂的稳定性[41]。CS-PE乳滴表面有大量的CS粒子吸附在其表面形成一层厚粒子壳状结构,多余的CS粒子在连续相中形成了少量的粒子网络结构。CS粒子由于其较大的粒径和较弱的静电排斥能力,导致连续相中的CS大量聚集形成粗的粒子网络。而CNC/CS纳米复合粒子具有较小粒径和高电位,有利于复合粒子在连续相中形成分散且大量的粒子网络。CNC/CS 9:1和CNC/CS 6:4纳米复合粒子锚定在乳滴的界面上形成界面膜结构,同时形成三维网格结构。而CNC/CS 2:8纳米复合粒子的主要作用可能局限于吸附在乳滴表面,并非在连续相中形成网络结构。
乳剂的外观形貌如图8(a)所示,其中CNC-PE,CS-PE两者在制备后均迅速发生相分离情况,其中CS-PE更为明显,表明其乳化能力和稳定性较差。相比之下,由CNC/CS稳定的PE呈现质地均匀,保持稳定状态,表明CNC的引入有效增强了CS的乳化能力和稳定性,并显著缓解了乳液的相分离问题。为进一步分析乳剂的稳定性,采用Turbiscan稳定性分析仪监测了新制备乳剂24 h内乳滴相分离和粒子迁移情况。通过测定“湍流稳定性指数”(TSI)来评估乳液的稳定性,通常情况下,TSI值越高,乳液体系就越不稳定[50]。如图8(b)所示,CNC-PE、CS-PE的TSI值高于CNC/CS 9:1-PE、CNC/CS 8:2-PE、CNC/CS 6:4-PE和CNC/CS 4:6-PE,说明加入不同比例的CNC可以调控CS-PE的稳定性,这是通过CNC/CS纳米复合粒子提升界面膜的强度,且乳滴间的静电排斥力阻碍乳滴的迁移合并,以提升乳剂稳定性。
CNC-PE、CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE的流变行为如图9(a)所示。所有乳液的粘度随着剪切速率的增加而降低,表明所有乳液都表现出剪切稀变行为,这是非牛顿流体中拟塑性流体的特征[51]。在低剪切速率下,乳滴之间的弱吸引作用使其相互靠近并形成松散聚集,从而产生一定程度的凝胶样网络结构,阻碍连续相流动并导致体系黏度升高。这一现象与Cryo-SEM观察到的三维网络结构相一致。不同类型乳液的黏度差异主要取决于颗粒特性与网络形成能力。在低剪切速率时,对于CNC-PE,由于纳晶纤维素具有高比表面积和刚性结构,易在连续相中构建氢键连接的网络,从而赋予乳液较高黏度;相较之下,CS-PE的淀粉颗粒粒径较大、界面活性有限,会限制其形成稳定的空间网络,从而影响黏度[52]。这表明内部三维网络结构与优异的稳定性之间存在很强的关联。值得注意的是,部分CNC/CS-PE的黏度相较于CNC-PE和CS-PE有所增加,这可能是由于复合颗粒参与了乳液连续相中凝胶网络的形成。凝胶网络增强了乳液的内聚力,从而导致其表观粘度增加[53]。但随着剪切速率的增加,剪切的外力远大于液滴间的弱吸引力,乳剂的网络结构被破坏,导致粘度降低。这可能是由于水相、油相和固体颗粒稳定剂之间的相互作用减少[28]。
CNC-PE、CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE的释放曲线结果如图9(b)所示。乳剂在最初接触外部介质时,其表面或浅层部分的油相与外部介质之间存在较大的浓度梯度,导致精油快速扩散释放。随着时间的推移,乳剂中剩余的油相需要克服更复杂的界面阻碍才能扩散出来,因此乳剂的释放速率逐渐缓慢。并且随着介质中的EO浓度增加,乳剂内外浓度差距不断缩小,扩散驱动力减弱,乳剂的释放进一步被阻碍。CS-PE具有最快的释放速率,可能是由于乙醇渗透到CS粒子内部,破坏CS分子间的氢键等相互作用,使CS内部结构变得疏松,为EO的释放提供了更宽阔的粒子通道。与CNC-PE相比,CNC/CS-PE在20%乙醇中具有缓释行为,这是因为CNC呈刚性纳米棒状,易在界面取向排列,CS则为柔性大分子,其可作为“连接剂”填充CNC间的缝隙,形成连续性更强的复合网络结构。这种协同界面结构显著增强了油滴的物理屏障效果,抑制EO向外扩散。这种CNC与CS形成的网络结构对乳剂液滴的包裹更为紧密且液滴间的相互作用更为复杂,导致EO需要克服更大的阻力才能从乳剂中释放出来。
为了探究EO从CNC/CS-PE中的释放机理,采用零级动力学模型、一级动力学模型、Higuchi模型和Peppas模型研究CNC-PE、CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE的释放机制,结果如表3所示。CNC-PE、CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE在20%乙醇介质中的释放行为更符合Peppa模型。在Peppas模型中,n<0.43表示Fick扩散,0.43<n<0.85表示侵蚀和扩散机制合并释放[54]。本研究中,Peppas模型的n<0.43,CNC-PE、CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE在20%乙醇介质中挥发油的释放时通过Fick扩散机制进行的。这一发现与先前的研究结果相吻合,表明挥发油的生物活性物质以扩散机制被高度分散到乳液微滴中[28]。
由于低pH和消化酶,胃腔是各种食物物质分解的地方。对于理想的递送系统,具有良好的稳定性以保护乳剂中的生物活性化合物免受pH为2.0~3.0的恶劣胃条件的影响非常重要[55]。胃肠道消化后CNC-PE、CS-PE和CNC/CS-PE的显微结构变化如图10所示。在胃消化阶段,由于胃内缺乏有效消化淀粉的酶,CS在胃内基本不发生化学性消化。另外,CNC具有较好的耐酸性,能继续维持乳剂稳定性以防止乳滴的破损。在肠消化阶段,pH升高至7左右,在多种消化酶作用下。CS进一步水解,生成麦芽糖和葡萄糖等小分子糖类,这些糖类可被小肠上皮细胞吸收进入血液循环。而CNC具有较高的刚性和纳米级粒径,在肠内环境能保持相对稳定的结构,继续发挥对乳剂的稳定作用。另外,随着CNC/CS纳米复合粒子中的CS比例增大,保护EO避免在胃液中被消耗,而在肠液中花费更长的消化时间才有可能暴露出油相,从而提高生物利用率。
本研究成功制备了不同质量比的CNC/CS纳米复合粒子。CNC的引入增强了CS的静电排斥,抑制了CS粒子的生长,从而产生纳米级复合粒子。FT-IR结果表明CNC与CS之间为物理相互作用。XRD结果表明随着CS在CNC/CS纳米复合粒子中的相对含量增加,CNC的晶型峰逐渐降低。作为PE稳定剂,CNC/CS纳米复合粒子以界面膜机制和三维网格机制有效地防止乳滴聚集,基于此,CNC/CS-PE具有剪切稀化行为和缓释行为,并在胃肠道消化过程中保持高生物利用率。因此,CNC/CS协同制备的纳米复合粒子可作为高效稳定Pickering乳剂的稳定剂,解决了单一CNC或CS在乳剂体系中稳定性不足的问题,同时实现了对天然挥发油的高效包埋与缓释功能。该研究为功能性挥发油在食品递送体系中的高效利用提供了新思路,也为绿色、可食用乳化体系的构建与应用奠定了理论基础与实践支持。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060255
  • 接收时间:2025-06-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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    江西中医药大学,高等研究院,现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室,江西南昌 330004

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李哲(1988−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:活性成分递送,E-mail:。
明良山(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:植物纤维工程技术开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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