Article(id=1320880339367612825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060234, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750348800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852013675, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852013675, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852013675, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852013675, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=453, endPage=464, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880339577328026, articleId=1320880339367612825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Microbial Fermentation on Functional Properties and Flavor Characteristics of a Penthorum chinense, Pueraria lobata and Hovenia dulcis Compound Formulation, columnId=1320880301220410188, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Food Nutrition and Health Benefits, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the synergistic potential of microbial fermentation technology in enhancing the efficacy of medicinal and edible homologous substances, this study investigated the effects of compound microbial fermentation on bioactive components and flavor profiles of Pueraria lobata, Penthorum chinense, and Hovenia dulcis. Through combined enzymatic hydrolysis (cellulase) and microbial fermentation (Lactobacillus, Acetobacter, yeast), dynamic changes in bioactive compounds, functional activities, and flavor characteristics were systematically analyzed. Results demonstrated that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly increased the content of active compounds such as puerarin (250.43 μg/mL) and afzelin (44.34 μg/mL) (P<0.05), while generating epicatechin (41.16 μg/mL). During fermentation, macromolecules like flavoskyrin A were degraded. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) exhibited an initial decline followed by an upward trend. The enzymolysis-fermentation (M7D) group showed superior ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (76.00 μg TE/mL) and DPPH radical scavenging capacity (IC50=0.2447 mg/mL), significantly outperforming control and other experimental groups (P<0.05), though its ABTS+· scavenging capacity was relatively weaker (IC50=0.3022 mg/mL). Notably, the M7D group retained effective α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50=0.0898 mg/mL). Volatile component analysis revealed: Compared to the control group, substantial increased in alcohols (increase of 299.23% and 230.89%, respectively), aldehydes (increase of 237.78% and 207.02%, respectively), and esters (increase of 51.86% and 46.29%, respectively) in fermented groups (S7D and M7D) (P<0.05). Core aroma compounds, including β-ionone (fruity/floral), phenethyl alcohol (floral/honey), and isoamyl acetate (fruity), synergistically enhanced olfactory complexity. Sensory evaluation indicated that the M7D group achieved optimal flavor integration, balancing herbal characteristics with moderate fermentation acidity, eliminating astringency, and harmonizing medicinal and fermented aromas. This research provides theoretical support for developing fermented beverages with dual antioxidant and flavor-enhancing properties.

, authors=Qian LAI1, Shiyan LIU1, Zhen WANG1, Zhuoya XIANG2, Chen XIA2, Jieqiong DENG3, Xiao YE3, Manyou YU2, Lu GAN2, Yu LI3, Yinghao YUAN2, *, authorsList=Qian LAI, Shiyan LIU, Zhen WANG, Zhuoya XIANG, Chen XIA, Jieqiong DENG, Xiao YE, Manyou YU, Lu GAN, Yu LI, Yinghao YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yinghao YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880342689501609, articleId=1320880339367612825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=微生物发酵对赶黄草-葛根-枳椇子复方功能特性及风味的影响, columnId=1320880301400765262, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=食品营养与健康功效, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于微生物发酵技术对药食同源物质的增效潜力,探究复合微生物发酵对赶黄草-葛根-枳椇子复方的活性成分和风味品质的影响,本研究通过酶解(纤维素酶)和微生物发酵(乳酸菌、醋酸菌、酵母菌)协同作用,系统分析其活性成分动态变化、功能活性及风味品质。结果表明,酶解显著提升样品中葛根素(250.43 μg/mL)、阿福豆苷(44.34 μg/mL)等活性化合物含量(P<0.05),同时生成表儿茶素(41.16 μg/mL);发酵过程中,赶黄草苷A等大分子物质降解,总多酚(TPC)与总黄酮(TFC)含量呈先降后升趋势,酶解发酵(M7D)组铁离子还原能力(76.00 μg TE/mL)及DPPH自由基清除能力(IC50=0.2447 mg/mL)显著优于对照组和其他实验组(P<0.05),但ABTS+∙清除能力相对较弱(IC50=0.3022 mg/mL),同时该组仍保持较好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性(IC50=0.0898 mg/mL)。挥发性成分分析显示:较对照组,发酵组(S7D和M7D)醇类(分别增加299.23%、230.89%)、醛类(分别增加237.78%、207.02%)、酯类(分别增加51.86%、46.29%)等含量显著增加(P<0.05),核心风味物质如β-紫罗兰酮(果香、花香)、苯乙醇(花香、蜜香)及乙酸异戊酯(果香)协同提升香气复杂度。综合感官评价,M7D组口感协调,保留药材特有风味,发酵酸味适中,无涩感,药香与发酵风味融合自然,表现最佳。本研究为开发兼具抗氧化与风味的发酵型饮品提供了理论依据。

, authors=赖谦1, 刘世艳1, 王镇1, 向卓亚2, 夏陈2, 邓洁琼3, 叶霄3, 余鳗游2, 甘露2, 李钰3, 袁英豪2, *, authorsList=赖谦, 刘世艳, 王镇, 向卓亚, 夏陈, 邓洁琼, 叶霄, 余鳗游, 甘露, 李钰, 袁英豪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=袁英豪, authorNote=

赖谦(1992−),男,硕士,农艺师,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
袁英豪(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:功能食品研究,E-mail:。
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赖谦(1992−),男,硕士,农艺师,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

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赖谦(1992−),男,硕士,农艺师,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

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Food and Fermentation Industries, 2024, 50(12): 266−274., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880342899216810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880342907605419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, companyId=1320880342899216810, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Gulin County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Luzhou 646599, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880342915994028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, companyId=1320880342899216810, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1古蔺县农业农村局,四川泸州 646599)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880342983102893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880342991491502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, companyId=1320880342983102893, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880342999880111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, companyId=1320880342983102893, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2四川省农业科学院农产品加工所(四川省农业科学院食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320880343066988976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880343075377585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, companyId=1320880343066988976, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Industrial Corp Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880343083766194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, companyId=1320880343066988976, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3四川省农业科学院经济作物研究所,四川成都 610300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880348557332982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes of total polyphenol (A) and total flavonoid (B) contents in samples at different stages, figureFileSmall=X3qGj2E2MG6x1S5CZpWBlQ==, figureFileBig=97Ay2ilJl7ZVUkbnHj3Ohw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880349807235575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=CN, label=图1, caption=样品不同阶段总多酚(A)和总黄酮(B)含量的变化

注:组内不同小写字母表示存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=X3qGj2E2MG6x1S5CZpWBlQ==, figureFileBig=97Ay2ilJl7ZVUkbnHj3Ohw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350004367864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Reducing capacity of ferric ion in different sample groups, figureFileSmall=uRZSYhHXmafdUIpsKeYc8g==, figureFileBig=15szEIlNZn653d1GcPv4BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350096642553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同组样品铁离子还原能力

注:相同浓度下组内(M或S组)不同小写字母表示存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=uRZSYhHXmafdUIpsKeYc8g==, figureFileBig=15szEIlNZn653d1GcPv4BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350176334330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Scavenging capacity of DPPH (a) and ABTS+ (b) radical in different sample groups, figureFileSmall=ZNTz1S4wkJSF1XOtOTn5eA==, figureFileBig=kk/h0IyVDTp16tm2vIpgkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350230860283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同组样品DPPH(a)、ABTS+(b)自由基清除能力, figureFileSmall=ZNTz1S4wkJSF1XOtOTn5eA==, figureFileBig=kk/h0IyVDTp16tm2vIpgkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350318940668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of different sample groups, figureFileSmall=Q9q7K2j7/7DKB7F1l85oyQ==, figureFileBig=kyG14rJ40BA9V6uA0cxRAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350394438141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同组样品α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力, figureFileSmall=Q9q7K2j7/7DKB7F1l85oyQ==, figureFileBig=kyG14rJ40BA9V6uA0cxRAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350469935614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Volcano plot of differential volatile metabolites, figureFileSmall=ala0aONKKv9o+mYvk10DYg==, figureFileBig=XoRo6t7ax3dr/71zXbKHHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350545433087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=CN, label=图5, caption=差异挥发性代谢物火山图

注:(a)为MCK vs. SCK;(b)为S7D vs. SCK;(c)为M7D vs. SCK;(d)为M7D vs. MCK;(e)为M7D vs. S7D。

, figureFileSmall=ala0aONKKv9o+mYvk10DYg==, figureFileBig=XoRo6t7ax3dr/71zXbKHHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350612541952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=VIP score plot of differential metabolites, figureFileSmall=XGrbRmTT/lmKqHjG+/e9gg==, figureFileBig=pvTd6erBM9TjpgGKI45WLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350692233729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=CN, label=图6, caption=差异代谢物VIP值图

注:(a)为MCK vs. SCK;(b)为S7D vs. SCK;(c)为M7D vs. SCK;(d)为M7D vs. MCK;(e)为M7D vs. S7D。

, figureFileSmall=XGrbRmTT/lmKqHjG+/e9gg==, figureFileBig=pvTd6erBM9TjpgGKI45WLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350759342594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Sensory evaluation analysis of different sample groups, figureFileSmall=e+1nDLUcgJBfube4FTMsXA==, figureFileBig=JCyt2NuEsErcMz//OwA4yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350839034371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同组样品感官品评分析, figureFileSmall=e+1nDLUcgJBfube4FTMsXA==, figureFileBig=JCyt2NuEsErcMz//OwA4yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880350910337540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria of sample solutions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官项目评分标准得分
色泽(10分)色泽透亮,呈现药材发酵后特有的稳定色泽,无杂色8~10
色泽较均匀,但光泽略暗或轻微浑浊4~7
色泽暗淡,有明显浑浊或分层现象或色泽异常0~3
气味(30分)具有浓郁的药材特征香气(如赶黄草的草本清香)与发酵特有的醇香,无杂味25~30
香气较明显,但醇香或药材香稍弱15~24
香气平淡,或有轻微发酵酸味、霉味10~14
有明显异味(如硫臭、焦糊味)或刺激性气味0~9
滋味(40分)口感协调,保留药材特有风味(如葛根甘甜、赶黄草微苦),发酵酸味适中,无涩感30~40
滋味较协调,但酸味或苦味略突出20~29
酸苦味失衡,或有轻微金属味、涩感11~19
滋味混杂,有明显发酵失败导致的腐败味或刺激性异味0~10
口感(10分)口感清爽,细腻润滑8~10
口感不清爽,稍细腻顺滑5~7
口感粗糙0~4
风格与协调性(10分)风格独特,药香与发酵风味融合自然8~10
风格较明显,但某一方面(如酸度)稍显突兀5~7
风味单一,或与传统药材特性脱节0~4
), ArticleFig(id=1320880350985835013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样液感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官项目评分标准得分
色泽(10分)色泽透亮,呈现药材发酵后特有的稳定色泽,无杂色8~10
色泽较均匀,但光泽略暗或轻微浑浊4~7
色泽暗淡,有明显浑浊或分层现象或色泽异常0~3
气味(30分)具有浓郁的药材特征香气(如赶黄草的草本清香)与发酵特有的醇香,无杂味25~30
香气较明显,但醇香或药材香稍弱15~24
香气平淡,或有轻微发酵酸味、霉味10~14
有明显异味(如硫臭、焦糊味)或刺激性气味0~9
滋味(40分)口感协调,保留药材特有风味(如葛根甘甜、赶黄草微苦),发酵酸味适中,无涩感30~40
滋味较协调,但酸味或苦味略突出20~29
酸苦味失衡,或有轻微金属味、涩感11~19
滋味混杂,有明显发酵失败导致的腐败味或刺激性异味0~10
口感(10分)口感清爽,细腻润滑8~10
口感不清爽,稍细腻顺滑5~7
口感粗糙0~4
风格与协调性(10分)风格独特,药香与发酵风味融合自然8~10
风格较明显,但某一方面(如酸度)稍显突兀5~7
风味单一,或与传统药材特性脱节0~4
), ArticleFig(id=1320880351078109702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Content of polyphenol compounds in fermented compound extract (μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称检测波长(nm)保留时间(min)SCKS3DS5DS7DMCKM3DM5DM7D标准曲线
1-没食子酸酰葡萄糖2802.12221.98±0.07b20.09±0.02c19.60±0.06c22.50±0.02a17.95±0.06e14.47±0.02g16.17±0.02f18.79±0.02dy=1.3142x+5.4697
没食子酸2802.9477.16±0.00c7.05±0.01cd6.19±0.01f6.91±0.05d8.12±0.01b6.52±0.02e7.05±0.01cd8.39±0.03ay=15.232x−104.36
儿茶素2808.3934.31±0.03a4.03±0.05b3.43±0.02de3.65±0.03d4.24±0.03a3.59±0.03d3.26±0.03e3.82±0.03cy=1.7993x−9.0296
木麻黄素28010.2415.89±0.23ab6.03±0.26a5.47±0.04c5.88±0.26ab5.42±0.02c5.59±0.05bc5.44±0.05c5.70±0.05by=4.2907x−227.18
葛根素25010.926234.18±0.16c214.76±0.01d189.99±0.1f214.16±0.54d250.43±24.49a202.17±0.01e204.49±0.58e244.77±0.08by=1.8655x+81.093
表儿茶素28011.440\\\\41.16±0.23a24.16±0.08b20.84±0.01c24.45±0.32by=1.9011x−19.069
二氢杨梅素29012.84720.48±0.04a18.81±0.03b15.52±0.02d18.06±0.04b19.82±0.01ab14.5±0.06e13.67±0.05f17.84±0.05cy=7.3342x+151.41
大豆苷25414.127.57±0.01a5.78±0.00c6.14±0.00b7.14±0.01ab0.42±0.00d0.21±0.00f0.19±0.00f0.34±0.00ey=9.0139x+31.036
芦丁25416.3130.30±0.01c0.50±0.00a0.49±0.00a0.53±0.00a0.34±0.00c0.43±0.00b0.47±0.01ab0.52±0.00ay=5.1845x−3.7347
异槲皮苷25416.759\1.13±0.00b1.30±0.03a0.69±0.01c\0.97±0.01b0.96±0.02b1.15±0.00by=6.6006x−14.635
山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷35017.2242.07±0.05b2.55±0.02a1.75±0.00c1.95±0.01b1.15±0.03d0.97±0.00d1.08±0.03d1.13±0.00dy=1.8634x−3.7121
紫云英苷35017.6355.72±0.00a5.42±0.00c4.11±0.00g4.88±0.01e5.62±0.00b4.38±0.01f3.76±0.00h5.1±0.01dy=5.3597x−5.2787
阿福豆苷25417.8541.69±0.01b39.19±0.09c31.51±0.01f36.83±0.05d44.34±0.01a33.14±0.01e30.38±0.02f39.69±0.01cy=4.3082x−11.461
乔松素-7-O-葡萄糖苷28018.8011.94±0.01a1.86±0.01b1.47±0.01d1.75±0.01c1.92±0.00a1.47±0.00d1.29±0.00e1.77±0.00cy=5.1296x−0.7974
槲皮素25419.8181.60±0.01a1.38±0.08c1.17±0.08d1.45±0.00b1.31±0.04c1.03±0.00e0.84±0.00f1.22±0.00dy=6.5491x−27.581
山奈酚35020.7370.86±0.00c0.98±0.04b0.45±0.00e0.71±0.00d1.33±0.04a0.86±0.00c0.41±0.01e0.99±0.01by=7.8365x−20.653
PGHG28022.2262.59±0.32c3.41±0.04a0.8±0.05f1.69±0.11e3.18±0.03b2.36±0.03c0.69±0.01f2.27±0.03dy=3.9848x−4.8992
乔松素28023.9440.21±0.02g1.04±0.01d0.38±0.01f0.68±0.00e1.21±0.02c1.43±0.01b0.68±0.02e1.66±0.00ay=8.1363x−3.4096
赶黄草苷A28024.21673.26±1.51b58.79±0.64d38.89±1.16f28.50±0.31g86.95±0.57a67.86±0.69c44.33±0.21e44.23±0.54ey=3.9471x−16.577
), ArticleFig(id=1320880351182967303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

发酵复方提取液中多酚化合物含量(μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称检测波长(nm)保留时间(min)SCKS3DS5DS7DMCKM3DM5DM7D标准曲线
1-没食子酸酰葡萄糖2802.12221.98±0.07b20.09±0.02c19.60±0.06c22.50±0.02a17.95±0.06e14.47±0.02g16.17±0.02f18.79±0.02dy=1.3142x+5.4697
没食子酸2802.9477.16±0.00c7.05±0.01cd6.19±0.01f6.91±0.05d8.12±0.01b6.52±0.02e7.05±0.01cd8.39±0.03ay=15.232x−104.36
儿茶素2808.3934.31±0.03a4.03±0.05b3.43±0.02de3.65±0.03d4.24±0.03a3.59±0.03d3.26±0.03e3.82±0.03cy=1.7993x−9.0296
木麻黄素28010.2415.89±0.23ab6.03±0.26a5.47±0.04c5.88±0.26ab5.42±0.02c5.59±0.05bc5.44±0.05c5.70±0.05by=4.2907x−227.18
葛根素25010.926234.18±0.16c214.76±0.01d189.99±0.1f214.16±0.54d250.43±24.49a202.17±0.01e204.49±0.58e244.77±0.08by=1.8655x+81.093
表儿茶素28011.440\\\\41.16±0.23a24.16±0.08b20.84±0.01c24.45±0.32by=1.9011x−19.069
二氢杨梅素29012.84720.48±0.04a18.81±0.03b15.52±0.02d18.06±0.04b19.82±0.01ab14.5±0.06e13.67±0.05f17.84±0.05cy=7.3342x+151.41
大豆苷25414.127.57±0.01a5.78±0.00c6.14±0.00b7.14±0.01ab0.42±0.00d0.21±0.00f0.19±0.00f0.34±0.00ey=9.0139x+31.036
芦丁25416.3130.30±0.01c0.50±0.00a0.49±0.00a0.53±0.00a0.34±0.00c0.43±0.00b0.47±0.01ab0.52±0.00ay=5.1845x−3.7347
异槲皮苷25416.759\1.13±0.00b1.30±0.03a0.69±0.01c\0.97±0.01b0.96±0.02b1.15±0.00by=6.6006x−14.635
山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷35017.2242.07±0.05b2.55±0.02a1.75±0.00c1.95±0.01b1.15±0.03d0.97±0.00d1.08±0.03d1.13±0.00dy=1.8634x−3.7121
紫云英苷35017.6355.72±0.00a5.42±0.00c4.11±0.00g4.88±0.01e5.62±0.00b4.38±0.01f3.76±0.00h5.1±0.01dy=5.3597x−5.2787
阿福豆苷25417.8541.69±0.01b39.19±0.09c31.51±0.01f36.83±0.05d44.34±0.01a33.14±0.01e30.38±0.02f39.69±0.01cy=4.3082x−11.461
乔松素-7-O-葡萄糖苷28018.8011.94±0.01a1.86±0.01b1.47±0.01d1.75±0.01c1.92±0.00a1.47±0.00d1.29±0.00e1.77±0.00cy=5.1296x−0.7974
槲皮素25419.8181.60±0.01a1.38±0.08c1.17±0.08d1.45±0.00b1.31±0.04c1.03±0.00e0.84±0.00f1.22±0.00dy=6.5491x−27.581
山奈酚35020.7370.86±0.00c0.98±0.04b0.45±0.00e0.71±0.00d1.33±0.04a0.86±0.00c0.41±0.01e0.99±0.01by=7.8365x−20.653
PGHG28022.2262.59±0.32c3.41±0.04a0.8±0.05f1.69±0.11e3.18±0.03b2.36±0.03c0.69±0.01f2.27±0.03dy=3.9848x−4.8992
乔松素28023.9440.21±0.02g1.04±0.01d0.38±0.01f0.68±0.00e1.21±0.02c1.43±0.01b0.68±0.02e1.66±0.00ay=8.1363x−3.4096
赶黄草苷A28024.21673.26±1.51b58.79±0.64d38.89±1.16f28.50±0.31g86.95±0.57a67.86±0.69c44.33±0.21e44.23±0.54ey=3.9471x−16.577
), ArticleFig(id=1320880351250076168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Content of volatile substances in compound fermentation broth (μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质种类挥发性物质含量
SCKMCKS7DM7D
醇类11.75±0.59c11.59±0.49c46.91±1.61a38.88±1.22b
醛类8.55±0.24c8.51±0.37c28.88±1.20a26.25±0.89b
酸类3.58±0.09c3.53±0.11c4.74±0.00a4.46±0.30b
酯类14.00±0.79c13.94±0.29c21.26±0.48a20.48±1.09b
酮类11.29±1.00b11.20±0.99b10.82±0.89c11.53±0.99a
萜类17.36±1.09b17.40±1.03b20.54±2.12a20.78±1.53a
胺类2.09±0.01c2.13±0.02c25.9±1.02a20.67±2.46b
芳烃0.27±0.02b0.27±0.04b0.39±0.00a0.38±0.05a
酚类1.85±0.01c1.89±0.04c3.37±0.01b7.06±0.68a
醚类1.21±0.06c1.23±0.02c2.69±0.01a2.45±0.42b
卤代烃0.25±0.01a0.27±0.04a0.26±0.00a0.26±0.05a
烃类3.99±0.02d4.25±0.11c6.79±0.10b7.22±0.10a
杂环类6.87±0.11c6.79±0.06c8.15±0.90b8.55±0.24a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880351321379337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

复方发酵液中挥发性物质含量(μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质种类挥发性物质含量
SCKMCKS7DM7D
醇类11.75±0.59c11.59±0.49c46.91±1.61a38.88±1.22b
醛类8.55±0.24c8.51±0.37c28.88±1.20a26.25±0.89b
酸类3.58±0.09c3.53±0.11c4.74±0.00a4.46±0.30b
酯类14.00±0.79c13.94±0.29c21.26±0.48a20.48±1.09b
酮类11.29±1.00b11.20±0.99b10.82±0.89c11.53±0.99a
萜类17.36±1.09b17.40±1.03b20.54±2.12a20.78±1.53a
胺类2.09±0.01c2.13±0.02c25.9±1.02a20.67±2.46b
芳烃0.27±0.02b0.27±0.04b0.39±0.00a0.38±0.05a
酚类1.85±0.01c1.89±0.04c3.37±0.01b7.06±0.68a
醚类1.21±0.06c1.23±0.02c2.69±0.01a2.45±0.42b
卤代烃0.25±0.01a0.27±0.04a0.26±0.00a0.26±0.05a
烃类3.99±0.02d4.25±0.11c6.79±0.10b7.22±0.10a
杂环类6.87±0.11c6.79±0.06c8.15±0.90b8.55±0.24a
), ArticleFig(id=1320880351388488202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

OAV of key volatile flavor compounds (OAV>1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质OAV
SCKS7DMCKM7D
醇类苯乙醇0.04±0.01d234.26±14.25a0.46±0.15c178.68±7.66b
1-庚烯-3-醇0.09±0.00c2.42±0.04a0.08±0.01c1.62±0.07b
反式,顺式-2,6-壬二烯-1-醇827.95±19.71b942.56±35.94a816.27±28.11c940.2±17.62a
二甲萘烷醇8.32±0.36b13.09±0.45a8.65±0.05b13.95±0.47a
苯甲硫醇639.93±21.81d652.79±6.6c673.82±113.3b778.69±27.97a
葑醇/34.10±3.16a0.05±0.01c26.37±1.05b
左旋龙脑30.41±0.51a24.20±0.81c29.94±0.98b23.71±0.46d
醛类2-己烯醛160.1±7.65b188.42±3.53a157.81±5.75b185.32±6.31a
(E)-2-己烯醛887.22±39.16c1037.91±19.46a872.89±29.1d1020.64±34.55b
(E)-4-壬烯醛0.52±0.19d5957.46±317.24a10.42±4.51c4454.58±154.81b
(E,E)-2,6-壬二烯醛87.97±2.09a70.98±2.53b85.88±2.46a70.88±1.76b
3-甲基戊醛114.46±3.88c2257.02±146.79b111.84±7.7c2525.78±110.65a
8-壬烯醛1678.19±23.19a1202.83±45.63c1647.69±42.22a1333.75±26.48b
4-甲氧基苯甲醛181.92±0.93a155.38±5.71c176.46±2.56b150.33±2.64c
2-辛烯醛121.3±14.66b161.78±13.57a114.6±9.57c167.8±5.62a
(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛77.06±10.73c99.63±9.44b70.83±5.32d115.68±18.91a
2-壬烯醛333.6±12.81a275.65±9.6d323.84±10.91b281.04±4.63c
(E)-2-壬烯醛417±16.02a344.57±12d404.81±13.63b351.3±5.79c
(Z,Z)-3,6-壬二烯醛2033.31±26.03a1432.46±50.22d2012.89±51.38b1550.72±19.57c
2,4-壬二烯醛246.58±34.34c318.81±30.20b226.65±17.03d370.18±60.5a
(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛4398.4±104.72a3549.17±126.66c4293.91±123.23b3543.75±88.22c
酸类壬酸0.05±0.05c43.56±25.86a0.02±0.00c28.93±1.09b
酯类顺式-3-己烯基异戊酸酯23.12±0.4a19.93±0.68c22.56±0.78b19.40±0.39c
乙酸-2-戊酯8.35±0.56c10.02±0.15a8.29±0.43c9.87±0.34b
丙酸己酯/17.7±1.05a0.06±0.05c13.44±0.57b
2-羟基苯甲酸丁酯15.44±0.3b17.48±0.73a15.22±0.54b17.17±0.3a
2-甲基丁基乙酸酯0.01±0.00c85.48±0.98a0.01±0.00c63.95±3.27b
月桂酸甲酯11.66±0.17c13.42±2.15b11.41±0.40c14.26±1.08a
乙酸异戊酯0.02±0.00c213.69±2.45a0.02±0.00c159.86±8.18b
3-甲基丁酸乙酯45.34±2.1b52.08±2.70a45.74±1.24b53.21±2.12a
3-巯基乙酸酯222.79±5.17a168.13±7.43b220.81±8.86a159.84±3.3b
酮类5-乙基-2(5H)-呋喃酮10.62±0.16a8.12±0.21b10.44±0.21a7.79±0.21b
4-庚酮64.41±2.56c75.06±1.14a63.2±1.86c73.77±2.46b
6-甲基-2-庚酮218.79±2.16a166.3±5.04c216.56±4.37b156.28±3.12d
(Z)-3-甲基-2-(2-戊烯基)-2-环戊烯-1-酮22.59±1.01d29.34±0.78a24.01±1.43c28.36±0.39b
5-乙基-3-羟基-4-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮392846.25±7526.05a387700.81±17822.93b378875.4±13723.37d383267.67±9233.36c
1-壬烯-3-酮5556.39±706.8c6379.54±632.48b4824.89±316.18d7412.05±336.15a
D-香芹酮13.87±0.23a11.93±0.44b13.45±0.47a11.67±0.27b
(E)-β-紫罗兰酮1154.71±20.82b1072.52±64.18d1226.43±89.77a1084.83±50.85c
β-紫罗兰酮32991.65±594.91b30643.45±1833.74d35040.84±2564.86a30995.08±1452.99c
), ArticleFig(id=1320880351468179979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880339367612825, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

挥发性风味关键物质OAV(OAV>1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质OAV
SCKS7DMCKM7D
醇类苯乙醇0.04±0.01d234.26±14.25a0.46±0.15c178.68±7.66b
1-庚烯-3-醇0.09±0.00c2.42±0.04a0.08±0.01c1.62±0.07b
反式,顺式-2,6-壬二烯-1-醇827.95±19.71b942.56±35.94a816.27±28.11c940.2±17.62a
二甲萘烷醇8.32±0.36b13.09±0.45a8.65±0.05b13.95±0.47a
苯甲硫醇639.93±21.81d652.79±6.6c673.82±113.3b778.69±27.97a
葑醇/34.10±3.16a0.05±0.01c26.37±1.05b
左旋龙脑30.41±0.51a24.20±0.81c29.94±0.98b23.71±0.46d
醛类2-己烯醛160.1±7.65b188.42±3.53a157.81±5.75b185.32±6.31a
(E)-2-己烯醛887.22±39.16c1037.91±19.46a872.89±29.1d1020.64±34.55b
(E)-4-壬烯醛0.52±0.19d5957.46±317.24a10.42±4.51c4454.58±154.81b
(E,E)-2,6-壬二烯醛87.97±2.09a70.98±2.53b85.88±2.46a70.88±1.76b
3-甲基戊醛114.46±3.88c2257.02±146.79b111.84±7.7c2525.78±110.65a
8-壬烯醛1678.19±23.19a1202.83±45.63c1647.69±42.22a1333.75±26.48b
4-甲氧基苯甲醛181.92±0.93a155.38±5.71c176.46±2.56b150.33±2.64c
2-辛烯醛121.3±14.66b161.78±13.57a114.6±9.57c167.8±5.62a
(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛77.06±10.73c99.63±9.44b70.83±5.32d115.68±18.91a
2-壬烯醛333.6±12.81a275.65±9.6d323.84±10.91b281.04±4.63c
(E)-2-壬烯醛417±16.02a344.57±12d404.81±13.63b351.3±5.79c
(Z,Z)-3,6-壬二烯醛2033.31±26.03a1432.46±50.22d2012.89±51.38b1550.72±19.57c
2,4-壬二烯醛246.58±34.34c318.81±30.20b226.65±17.03d370.18±60.5a
(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛4398.4±104.72a3549.17±126.66c4293.91±123.23b3543.75±88.22c
酸类壬酸0.05±0.05c43.56±25.86a0.02±0.00c28.93±1.09b
酯类顺式-3-己烯基异戊酸酯23.12±0.4a19.93±0.68c22.56±0.78b19.40±0.39c
乙酸-2-戊酯8.35±0.56c10.02±0.15a8.29±0.43c9.87±0.34b
丙酸己酯/17.7±1.05a0.06±0.05c13.44±0.57b
2-羟基苯甲酸丁酯15.44±0.3b17.48±0.73a15.22±0.54b17.17±0.3a
2-甲基丁基乙酸酯0.01±0.00c85.48±0.98a0.01±0.00c63.95±3.27b
月桂酸甲酯11.66±0.17c13.42±2.15b11.41±0.40c14.26±1.08a
乙酸异戊酯0.02±0.00c213.69±2.45a0.02±0.00c159.86±8.18b
3-甲基丁酸乙酯45.34±2.1b52.08±2.70a45.74±1.24b53.21±2.12a
3-巯基乙酸酯222.79±5.17a168.13±7.43b220.81±8.86a159.84±3.3b
酮类5-乙基-2(5H)-呋喃酮10.62±0.16a8.12±0.21b10.44±0.21a7.79±0.21b
4-庚酮64.41±2.56c75.06±1.14a63.2±1.86c73.77±2.46b
6-甲基-2-庚酮218.79±2.16a166.3±5.04c216.56±4.37b156.28±3.12d
(Z)-3-甲基-2-(2-戊烯基)-2-环戊烯-1-酮22.59±1.01d29.34±0.78a24.01±1.43c28.36±0.39b
5-乙基-3-羟基-4-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮392846.25±7526.05a387700.81±17822.93b378875.4±13723.37d383267.67±9233.36c
1-壬烯-3-酮5556.39±706.8c6379.54±632.48b4824.89±316.18d7412.05±336.15a
D-香芹酮13.87±0.23a11.93±0.44b13.45±0.47a11.67±0.27b
(E)-β-紫罗兰酮1154.71±20.82b1072.52±64.18d1226.43±89.77a1084.83±50.85c
β-紫罗兰酮32991.65±594.91b30643.45±1833.74d35040.84±2564.86a30995.08±1452.99c
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微生物发酵对赶黄草-葛根-枳椇子复方功能特性及风味的影响
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赖谦 1 , 刘世艳 1 , 王镇 1 , 向卓亚 2 , 夏陈 2 , 邓洁琼 3 , 叶霄 3 , 余鳗游 2 , 甘露 2 , 李钰 3 , 袁英豪 2, *
食品工业科技 | 食品营养与健康功效 2026,47(18): 453-464
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食品工业科技 |食品营养与健康功效 2026 , 47 (18) : 453 -464
微生物发酵对赶黄草-葛根-枳椇子复方功能特性及风味的影响
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赖谦1 , 刘世艳1, 王镇1, 向卓亚2, 夏陈2, 邓洁琼3, 叶霄3, 余鳗游2, 甘露2, 李钰3, 袁英豪2, *
作者信息
  • 1古蔺县农业农村局,四川泸州 646599
  • 2四川省农业科学院农产品加工所(四川省农业科学院食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066
  • 3四川省农业科学院经济作物研究所,四川成都 610300
通讯作者:
袁英豪(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:功能食品研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赖谦(1992−),男,硕士,农艺师,研究方向:农产品加工,E-mail:

Effects of Microbial Fermentation on Functional Properties and Flavor Characteristics of a Penthorum chinense, Pueraria lobata and Hovenia dulcis Compound Formulation
Qian LAI1 , Shiyan LIU1, Zhen WANG1, Zhuoya XIANG2, Chen XIA2, Jieqiong DENG3, Xiao YE3, Manyou YU2, Lu GAN2, Yu LI3, Yinghao YUAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Gulin County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Luzhou 646599, China
  • 2Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health), Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
  • 3Industrial Corp Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610300, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060234
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基于微生物发酵技术对药食同源物质的增效潜力,探究复合微生物发酵对赶黄草-葛根-枳椇子复方的活性成分和风味品质的影响,本研究通过酶解(纤维素酶)和微生物发酵(乳酸菌、醋酸菌、酵母菌)协同作用,系统分析其活性成分动态变化、功能活性及风味品质。结果表明,酶解显著提升样品中葛根素(250.43 μg/mL)、阿福豆苷(44.34 μg/mL)等活性化合物含量(P<0.05),同时生成表儿茶素(41.16 μg/mL);发酵过程中,赶黄草苷A等大分子物质降解,总多酚(TPC)与总黄酮(TFC)含量呈先降后升趋势,酶解发酵(M7D)组铁离子还原能力(76.00 μg TE/mL)及DPPH自由基清除能力(IC50=0.2447 mg/mL)显著优于对照组和其他实验组(P<0.05),但ABTS+∙清除能力相对较弱(IC50=0.3022 mg/mL),同时该组仍保持较好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性(IC50=0.0898 mg/mL)。挥发性成分分析显示:较对照组,发酵组(S7D和M7D)醇类(分别增加299.23%、230.89%)、醛类(分别增加237.78%、207.02%)、酯类(分别增加51.86%、46.29%)等含量显著增加(P<0.05),核心风味物质如β-紫罗兰酮(果香、花香)、苯乙醇(花香、蜜香)及乙酸异戊酯(果香)协同提升香气复杂度。综合感官评价,M7D组口感协调,保留药材特有风味,发酵酸味适中,无涩感,药香与发酵风味融合自然,表现最佳。本研究为开发兼具抗氧化与风味的发酵型饮品提供了理论依据。

微生物发酵  /  酶解  /  药食同源  /  活性成分  /  抗氧化活性  /  挥发性风味物质

Based on the synergistic potential of microbial fermentation technology in enhancing the efficacy of medicinal and edible homologous substances, this study investigated the effects of compound microbial fermentation on bioactive components and flavor profiles of Pueraria lobata, Penthorum chinense, and Hovenia dulcis. Through combined enzymatic hydrolysis (cellulase) and microbial fermentation (Lactobacillus, Acetobacter, yeast), dynamic changes in bioactive compounds, functional activities, and flavor characteristics were systematically analyzed. Results demonstrated that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly increased the content of active compounds such as puerarin (250.43 μg/mL) and afzelin (44.34 μg/mL) (P<0.05), while generating epicatechin (41.16 μg/mL). During fermentation, macromolecules like flavoskyrin A were degraded. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) exhibited an initial decline followed by an upward trend. The enzymolysis-fermentation (M7D) group showed superior ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (76.00 μg TE/mL) and DPPH radical scavenging capacity (IC50=0.2447 mg/mL), significantly outperforming control and other experimental groups (P<0.05), though its ABTS+· scavenging capacity was relatively weaker (IC50=0.3022 mg/mL). Notably, the M7D group retained effective α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50=0.0898 mg/mL). Volatile component analysis revealed: Compared to the control group, substantial increased in alcohols (increase of 299.23% and 230.89%, respectively), aldehydes (increase of 237.78% and 207.02%, respectively), and esters (increase of 51.86% and 46.29%, respectively) in fermented groups (S7D and M7D) (P<0.05). Core aroma compounds, including β-ionone (fruity/floral), phenethyl alcohol (floral/honey), and isoamyl acetate (fruity), synergistically enhanced olfactory complexity. Sensory evaluation indicated that the M7D group achieved optimal flavor integration, balancing herbal characteristics with moderate fermentation acidity, eliminating astringency, and harmonizing medicinal and fermented aromas. This research provides theoretical support for developing fermented beverages with dual antioxidant and flavor-enhancing properties.

microbial fermentation  /  enzymolysis  /  medicinal-food homology  /  bioactive components  /  antioxidant activity  /  volatile flavor compounds
赖谦, 刘世艳, 王镇, 向卓亚, 夏陈, 邓洁琼, 叶霄, 余鳗游, 甘露, 李钰, 袁英豪. 微生物发酵对赶黄草-葛根-枳椇子复方功能特性及风味的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 453 -464 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060234
Qian LAI, Shiyan LIU, Zhen WANG, Zhuoya XIANG, Chen XIA, Jieqiong DENG, Xiao YE, Manyou YU, Lu GAN, Yu LI, Yinghao YUAN. Effects of Microbial Fermentation on Functional Properties and Flavor Characteristics of a Penthorum chinense, Pueraria lobata and Hovenia dulcis Compound Formulation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 453 -464 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060234
药食同源物质兼具营养与药用价值,现代研究证明,多数药食同源物质对调节心脑血管疾病[1]、修复神经系统[2]、调节糖脂代谢、糖尿病干预[3]等具有显著作用,但其活性成分(如黄酮类、多酚)的生物利用度及功能活性受加工技术显著影响,且对药食同源物质的利用方式较为单一,主要以粉剂、蒸煮等方式为主。在中药现代化进程中,酶解技术作为生物转化的重要手段,通过纤维素酶、果胶酶等生物催化剂对植物细胞壁的定向解构,显著提高了活性成分的溶出效率,李清筱[4]通过优化纤维素酶处理马齿苋的条件,其黄酮提取率提高1.14%;刘京等[5]为探究酶解法对山楂多糖提取率的影响,经多因素优化后木瓜蛋白酶对多糖的提取率可达11.72%。传统酶解技术虽能通过破坏植物细胞壁提升提取效率[6−7],但单一处理难以实现成分深度转化;微生物发酵可通过代谢酶系(如β-葡萄糖苷酶)将结合态活性物质转化为游离态,同时生成酯类、醇类等风味物质[8],Zhou等[9]利用枯草芽孢杆菌和两歧双歧杆菌发酵山茱萸,结果表明发酵显著增加了没食子酸的含量。然而,酶解与发酵协同机制尚不明确,且发酵过程中活性成分的动态变化及风味调控缺乏系统性研究。
该研究选取赶黄草(Penthorum chinense Pursh)、葛根(Puerariae Lobatae Radix)与枳椇子(Hoveniae semen)三种原料进行复配。其中,葛根富含葛根素、大豆苷等异黄酮类物质,具有抗氧化、解酒护肝及调节血糖等功能[10];赶黄草含赶黄草苷A、槲皮素等多种活性成分,具显著的保肝作用[11];枳椇子则因其解酒毒、止渴除烦的功效被广泛应用,其活性成分如二氢杨梅素等同样具有保肝与抗氧化活性[12]。三者均常用于解酒护肝类食品或药物的开发,在功能上具有协同增效的潜力。前期预实验表明,按赶黄草粉:葛根粉:枳椇子粉=1.5:5:1的比例复配,其总黄酮、总多酚得率及体外抗氧化活性优于其他配比,故以此比例进行后续研究。
本文以赶黄草(新食品原料)、葛根、枳椇子为研究对象,选择具有代谢互补特性的复合菌系(乳酸菌Lactobacillus sp.、醋酸菌Acetobacter sp.、酵母菌Saccharomyces sp.)进行发酵,该菌系中乳酸菌主导有机酸合成并降低pH,酵母菌产乙醇及高级醇类,醋酸菌则催化乙醇氧化为乙酸并参与酯化反应,该组合在药食同源基质发酵中已被证实可协同提升风味复杂度与功能活性[13−14],通过酶解(纤维素酶)联合微生物发酵技术进行处理,系统分析其活性成分动态变化及功能活性,为药食同源发酵产品的开发提供了科学依据。鉴于菌酶协同处理的复杂性,该研究旨在通过设置酶解后发酵(M组)与直接发酵(S组)的对比,初步探讨纤维素酶预处理对后续微生物发酵过程及最终发酵品质(包括活性成分与风味)的影响,以明确是否存在协同增效作用,并为后续优化酶解与发酵工艺参数提供基础数据与理论依据。
微生物菌种(乳酸菌Lactobacillus sp. R-1、醋酸菌Acetobacter sp. C-1、酵母菌Saccharomyces sp. J-1)  保存于四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所功能食品研究中心;赶黄草、葛根、枳椇子、红茶叶 市售;纤维素酶(10000 U/g) 广东广泰食品科技;乙腈、甲醇(色谱纯)、2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)、2,2'-联氮基双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid,ABTS)(分析纯)、1-没食子酸酰葡萄糖、没食子酸、儿茶素、木麻黄素、葛根素等标准品(分析纯) 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
SW-CJ-1D超净工作台 苏州净化设备有限公司;LHS-250HC-I恒温培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;DHG-9075A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司;FY-250粉碎机 永康市久品工贸有限公司;FDU-2110冷冻干燥机 东京理化器械;KQ5200DE型数控超声波清洗器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;3K15冷冻离心机 Sigma公司;LX-800多功能酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;1290 Infinity Ⅱ高效液相色谱仪、8890-7000D GC-MS/MS 美国Agilent公司。
茶汤培养基:取红茶叶1 g,加入100 mL蒸馏水煮沸提取30 min,过滤,补水至100 mL,再加入10 g白砂糖,充分溶解,得到茶汤培养基,用于发酵菌剂制备。发酵培养基:将干燥后的赶黄草(叶)、葛根、枳椇子进行粉碎,过60目筛,按照1.5:5:1的比例称取赶黄草粉、葛根粉、枳椇子粉共20 g,加入1000 g蒸馏水煮沸提取60 min,提取完成后补水至1000 g,再加入100 g白砂糖,充分溶解,得到培养基S;同上述步骤,区别在于煮沸提取前先加入纤维素酶(0.5 g/L),适宜温度下(55~70 ℃)酶解30 min,再进行相同步骤的煮沸提取,最后得到培养基M,均用于发酵试验。
分别将活化后的乳酸菌、醋酸菌、酵母菌使用无菌生理盐水调整活菌数为107 CFU/mL,按照1:1:1的比例(总接种量5%)接入茶汤培养基,28 ℃,150 r/min条件下培养24 h,得到复合微生物发酵菌剂。
按照体积分数5%接种量将发酵菌剂接种于培养基S和培养基M中,置于28 ℃培养箱静止发酵7 d,发酵3、5、7 d时对发酵液进行取样。
将培养基S组发酵3、5、7 d的样品组分别命名S3D、S5D、S7D,未发酵组即对照组命名为SCK;将培养基M组发酵3、5、7 d的样品组分别命名M3D、M5D、M7D,未发酵组命名为MCK。发酵完成后对样本进行冷冻干燥处理(升华温度为35 ℃、预冻温度为−80 ℃,真空度1 Pa,隔板温度20 ℃,干燥时间36~48 h)。取冻干样本1 g(精确至0.01 g),加入10 mL体积分数80%甲醇,充分溶解,以40 ℃超声处理30 min,再以6000 r/min离心15 min,收集上清液,以相同方法重复提取2次并合并上清液,使用体积分数80%甲醇定容至50 mL,4 ℃保存,备用。
参照向卓亚等[15]方法并稍作修改,取1.2.4中得到的提取液,过0.22 μm有机滤膜过滤至进样瓶。称取1-没食子酸酰葡萄糖、没食子酸、儿茶素、木麻黄素、葛根素、表儿茶素、表儿茶素等共计19个标准品各20 mg,使用甲醇溶解并定容至10 mL作为标准品母液,以二倍稀释法配制不同质量浓度梯度(10~200 μg/mL)的标准溶液。
色谱条件:色谱柱,Poroshell 120 PFP(4.6 mm×100 mm,2.7 μm);DAD检测器,检测波长254、280、290、350 nm;柱温30 ℃;进样量5 μL;流速0.8 mL/min;流动相:A相为体积分数0.1%的甲酸水溶液,B相为乙腈。梯度洗脱程序:0~10 min,5%~10% B;10~15 min,10%~20% B;15~20 min,20%~35% B;20~30 min,35%~75% B;30~32 min,75%~95% B。
定性定量方法:目标化合物的定性依据为其与相应对照品保留时间的一致性。各目标化合物的定量分析采用外标法,以相应标准工作溶液的浓度-峰面积绘制标准曲线进行计算。
TPC测定参照文献[15]方法。将提取液稀释至适当浓度(5 mg/mL),取1 mL稀释液和1 mL福林酚溶液(2 mol/L)混合反应5 min,加入8 mL质量分数5%的Na2CO3,涡旋,室温条件下暗处放置60 min,以充分反应,于波长765 nm处测定吸光度。样品中的总多酚含量以没食子酸当量(mg GAE/g)表示;同时以不同没食子酸质量浓度(μg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线y=0.0041x+0.3956,R2=0.9997。根据标准曲线及稀释倍数即可计算样液中总多酚含量。
TFC测定参照文献[15]方法。将提取液稀释至适当浓度(5 mg/mL),取0.2 mL提取液和0.15 mL质量分数5% NaNO2混合,室温条件下暗处反应6 min,加入0.15 mL质量分数10% AlCl3∙6H2O,室温反应5 min,最后加入1 mL NaOH(1 mol/L),于波长510 nm处测定吸光度。总黄酮含量以芦丁当量(mg RE/g)表示;同时以不同芦丁质量浓度(μg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线y=0.0006x+0.051,R2=0.9994。根据标准曲线及稀释倍数计算样液中总黄酮含量。
参照文献[16]方法。将提取液稀释为不同浓度备用(0.01、0.025、0.05、0.10、0.25、0.50、1.0、2.5 mg/mL),取40 μL稀释液和260 μL FRAP工作液(0.3 mol/L醋酸钠溶液(pH3.6)、10 mmol/L三吡啶基三嗪(TPTZ)与20 mmol/L FeCl3按照体积比10:1:1混合即得),轻轻振荡混匀,在37 ℃条件下水浴30 min,于波长593 nm处测定吸光度。铁离子还原能力以水溶性维生素E(Trolox)当量(mg TE/g)表示;以不同Trolox溶液质量浓度(μg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,得到标准曲线y=0.0201x+0.0875,R2=0.9991。根据标准曲线计算测定液中Trolox当量。
参照文献[17]方法,并稍作修改。将提取液稀释为不同浓度备用(0.05、0.10、0.25、0.50、1.0、2.5 mg/mL),取待测液100 μL,加入100 μL DPPH溶液(128.50 μg/mL,体积分数80%的甲醇溶液为溶剂),室温反应30 min后,于波长517 nm处测定吸光度(As)。使用体积分数80%甲醇溶液替代样液为空白组(A0),使用体积分数80%甲醇溶液替代DPPH溶液为对照组(Ae),同时以维生素E(Trolox)为阳性对照。DPPH自由基清除率计算见式(1)。
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率= \left(1-\frac{A_\text{s}-A_\text{e}}{A_0}\right)\times 100 $
式中:As为待测液或阳性组吸光度;Ae为对照组吸光度;A0为空白组吸光度。
参考文献[17]方法,并稍作修改。取7 mmol/L ABTS溶液和2.45 mmol/L K2S2O8溶液各10 mL,室温避光放置16 h,得到ABTS储备液;将ABTS储备液用体积分数80%甲醇溶液稀释,使得此溶液的吸光度在波长734 nm处为0.70±0.02,得到ABTS工作液。将提取液稀释为不同浓度备用(0.05、0.10、0.25、0.50、1.0、2.5 mg/mL),取待测液40 μL,加入160 μL ABTS工作液,室温反应6 min,于波长734 nm处测定吸光度(Ar)。使用体积分数80%甲醇溶液替代样液为空白组(A1),使用体积分数80%甲醇溶液替代ABTS溶液为对照组(Ah),同时以Trolox为阳性对照。ABTS+自由基清除率计算见式(2)。
$\rm ABTS^+自由基清除率= \left(1-\frac{A_\text{r}-A_\text{h}}{A_l}\right)\times 100$
式中:Ar为待测液或阳性组吸光度;Ah为对照组吸光度;A1为空白组吸光度。
参考文献[18]方法。取40 µL不同浓度(0.01、0.025、0.05、0.10、0.25、0.50、1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/mL)的待测液和30 µL α-葡萄糖苷酶溶液(0.5 U/mL,需预实验确定合适的酶使用浓度),轻轻振荡混匀,37 ℃恒温水浴10 min,加入30 µL 5 mmol/L的对硝基苯-β-D-半乳糖苷(pNPG),混匀,37 ℃恒温水浴30 min后加入100 µL的1 mol/L Na2CO3溶液,于波长405 nm处测吸光度Aa,以阿卡波糖为阳性对照品。α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制率计算见式(3)。
$ \rm \alpha\text{-}葡萄糖苷酶抑制率= \left(1-\frac{A_\text{a}-A_\text{b}}{A_\text{c}-A_\text{d}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:Aa为样品和酶溶液吸光度;Ab为磷酸盐缓冲液替代酶溶液的吸光度;Ac为磷酸盐缓冲液替代样品的吸光度;Ad为磷酸盐缓冲液替代样品和酶溶液的吸光度。
参考Ruan等[19]方法,适当修改。取复方发酵液2 mL置于15 mL的顶空瓶中,同时加入20 μL内标溶液(正己烷,10 μg/mL)和1 mL饱和NaCl溶液,将顶空瓶置于60 ℃水浴锅中恒温5 min,使用120 μm DVB/CWR/PDMS萃取头插入样品顶空瓶,顶空萃取15 min,于250 ℃解析5 min,然后进行GC-MS分离鉴定。
GC条件:DB-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)色谱柱,载气为高纯氦气(纯度不小于99.999%),恒流流速1.2 mL/min,进样口温度250 ℃。程序升温:40 ℃保持3.5 min,以10 ℃/min升至100 ℃,再以7 ℃/min 升至180 ℃,最后以25 ℃/min升至280 ℃,保持5 min。MS条件:传输线温度280 ℃;离子源为电子轰击源(EI源);离子源温度230 ℃;四极杆温度150 ℃;电子能量70 eV;扫描模式为全扫描(Full Scan);质量扫描范围(m/z)为35~500。
定性定量分析:将测得的未知化合物质谱图与NIST标准质谱库(NIST 20)进行比对,选择匹配度(Similarity)大于80%的物质,并结合色谱保留时间进行初步鉴定。为校正样品前处理及仪器分析过程中的潜在误差,采用内标法进行半定量分析。目标挥发性化合物的相对含量以“μg/mL样品,以内标当量计”表示,计算公式如下:
$\rm 目标化合物相对含量(\text{μ}g/mL)= \frac{B_\text{h}}{B_f}\times \frac{C_f\times V_f}{M_i} $
式中:Bh为目标化合物的色谱峰面积;Bf为内标物的色谱峰面积;Cf为加入的内标物溶液浓度(μg/mL);Vf为加入的内标物体积(mL);Mi为样品量(mL)。
气味活性值(OAV)可由物质在样本中的浓度(Ci)比上物质的嗅觉阈值(Ti)获得,即Ci/Ti。
参照文献[20],并针对液态发酵复方的特性进行修改。审评员(n=12,6男6女,年龄25~40岁)均经过专业培训,熟悉发酵饮的风味特征且感官灵敏度测试合格。审评前,将离心并灭菌后的发酵液置于品鉴杯中,由审评员独立进行盲评(样品随机编号),评价标准见表1。
所有试验均独立重复3次,实验结果以平均值±标准差表示。使用Microsoft Excel 2016进行数据整理和初步计算。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和组间显著性检验。使用Origin 2022和GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件进行图形绘制。通过迈维云平台(https://cloud.metware.cn)对挥发性代谢物分析。为有效区分不同发酵处理组间挥发性代谢物的整体差异并筛选关键差异代谢物,进行了正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)。
该研究对样品中多酚类物质定性定量分析共计19个,测定结果如表2所示。分析表明,各组样品中活性化合物主要为葛根素(189.99~250.43 μg/mL)、阿福豆苷(30.38~44.34 μg/mL)、赶黄草苷A(28.50~86.95 μg/mL)、1-没食子酸酰葡萄糖(14.47~22.50 μg/mL)、二氢杨梅素(13.67~20.48 μg/mL)等,没食子酸(6.19~8.39 μg/mL)、木麻黄素(5.44~6.03 μg/mL)等含量相对较低,其次为芦丁(0.30~0.53 μg/mL)、异槲皮苷(0.69~1.30 μg/mL)、山奈酚-3-O-芸香糖苷(0.97~2.55 μg/mL)等。
对比MCK与SCK,纤维素酶处理显著促进了部分结合态物质的释放。酶解后葛根素含量由234.18 μg/mL(SCK)提升至250.43 μg/mL(MCK)(P<0.05),可能是纤维素酶通过破坏植物细胞壁的纤维网状结构,释放了更多结合态异黄酮[21];表儿茶素在此过程生成量达41.16 μg/mL。同时,酶解导致大豆苷含量减少94.45%(从7.57 μg/mL降至0.42 μg/mL),分析是糖苷键被纤维素酶水解为苷元[22]。此外,MCK组赶黄草苷A含量较SCK组提高18.67%,表明酶解可能部分裂解赶黄草苷A的前体大分子,释放游离苷类[8]。
在发酵过程中,活性成分呈现差异性波荡变化:葛根素在S组中随发酵时间延长呈波动下降趋势(SCK:234.18→S7D:214.16 μg/mL),相似的,MCK发酵后减少2.26%(发酵末期含量回增),表明乳酸菌与酵母菌可能通过分泌糖苷酶催化其脱糖基化,生成大豆苷元等小分子产物[23]。赶黄草苷A在SCK组中含量由73.26 μg/mL降至28.50 μg/mL(S7D),MCK组由86.95 μg/mL降至44.23 μg/mL(S7D),可能与其被微生物氧化裂解为二氢杨梅素等简单酚酸有关[24]。此外,异槲皮苷在SCK、MCK组未检出,发酵终产物增加至0.69~1.15 μg/mL,可能源于芦丁的脱鼠李糖基化反应[25]。发酵后期,微生物代谢减缓或底物耗尽,部分成分(如葛根素、槲皮素)因合成-降解平衡而出现含量回升。纤维素酶预处理通过促进植物细胞壁释放结合态活性成分,为微生物发酵提供可转化底物;而复合菌群通过分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶等代谢酶,进一步将苷类转化为苷元,同时可合成酯类、醇类等风味物质,形成酶解-发酵协同增效机制。
测定不同组在发酵过程中总多酚含量变化,如图1(A)所示,S组在发酵期间TPC含量呈波荡性变化,于发酵第3 d达到峰值(730.29±27.63 μg/mL),随后含量下降,至发酵结束(第7 d)时TPC含量显著下降。反之,M组TPC含量呈先下降后上升的趋势,在发酵前5 d显著降低,之后略有回升。这一先降后升的趋势可能与微生物代谢活动的阶段性激活及底物利用的动态平衡有关[26]。值得注意的是,在整个发酵过程中,M组的TPC含量始终低于S组,这可能是由于M组中微生物的代谢活动更为活跃,导致了对多酚类物质的转化或利用。
总黄酮的变化趋势如图1(B)所示,S组与M组TFC含量整体均呈下降趋势。S组TFC含量在发酵第3 d时达到最高(356±19.04 μg/mL),而M组的初始TFC最高。至发酵结束时,M组的TFC含量(296±19.60 μg/mL)显著高于S组(P<0.05),高出约16.54%。一个关键的共同发现是,两个发酵组的TPC和TFC含量均在发酵第5 d达到最低点,并在第7 d略有回升,这一现象提示最佳的发酵周期可能并非7 d,有待进一步研究确定。
铁离子还原能力(FRAP)测定结果(图2)表明,发酵处理能显著地增强样品的抗氧化能力。在样品浓度0.01~1.0 mg/mL范围内,发酵7 d的样品(M7D,S7D)的FRAP值均显著高于其相应的未发酵对照组(MCK,SCK)(P<0.05)。在低浓度(0.1 mg/mL)下,这种增强效应尤为突出,M7D的活性(10.14±1.81 μg TE/mL)约为MCK的3.86倍,而S7D的活性(6.60±1.04 μg TE/mL)更是SCK的4倍以上,在所测样品中铁离子还原能力最高可达76±1.43 μg/mL,这很可能源于发酵过程中微生物代谢将抗氧化前体物质转化为活性更高的小分子。
同时,酶解预处理也显示出一定的积极影响。未发酵的酶解组(MCK)活性始终高于未酶解组(SCK)。当与发酵联用时,“酶解-发酵”组(M7D)在大部分浓度下表现出最强的抗氧化活性,特别是在活性相对较低的0.1 mg/mL浓度下,其FRAP值仍高于其他各组。这表明酶解预处理可能通过提高底物可利用性,与发酵过程产生了协同增效作用。综上所述,“酶解-发酵”联用(M7D)是提升该复合物铁离子还原能力的最佳处理方式。
DPPH与ABTS+自由基清除能力测定结果(图3)揭示了不同处理方式的差异化影响。对于DPPH自由基清除能力,发酵处理显示出明确的增强效果,其中经过酶解预处理后发酵的样品(M7D)清除能力最强(IC50=0.2447 mg/mL),显著优于未发酵的酶解组(MCK)(P<0.05)。这表明“酶解-发酵”联用对提升DPPH清除能力具有协同效应。然而,对于ABTS+自由基,酶解预处理的影响占主导地位。无论发酵与否,酶解组(MCK,M7D)的清除能力均优于未酶解组(SCK,S7D),且未发酵的酶解组(MCK)活性最强,与发酵酶解组(M7D)无显著差异,其IC50值=0.3022 mg/mL。这可能因为酶解直接释放了大量能有效中和ABTS+自由基的抗氧化成分,而发酵对此途径的额外贡献相对有限。两种自由基清除实验的不同结果,反映了样品中抗氧化成分的多样性与作用机制的差异性。总体而言,“酶解-发酵”联用(M7D)赋予了样品最均衡且强大的自由基清除能力,尤其是在DPPH模型中优势明显。
测定不同组样品对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力结果如图4,结果为SCK(IC50=0.0538 mg/mL)、MCK(IC50=0.0813 mg/mL)、M7D(IC50=0.0898 mg/mL)、S7D(IC50=0.1285 mg/mL),组间均不具有显著性差异。发酵复方提取液对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力影响不明显,相较于SCK组,M7D组保持良好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制能力;尽管发酵组α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性在数值上略有所降低,其活性仍优于多数报道的植物提取物[27−28],表明发酵对降糖活性保留有效。相关文献报道,多糖、酚类鞣质类物质(如没食子酸、柯里拉京)、黄酮类(如芦丁、槲皮素、山奈酚)等物质均对α-葡萄糖苷酶具有较好的抑制作用[29−30],各样品组中含多种活性物质,对α-葡萄糖苷酶具较好抑制能力。
本文利用HS-SPME-GC-MS对样品组的挥发性成分进行半定量分析,结果如表3所示。选取匹配度>80%的物质为代表,在全部样本中共检测到1337种挥发性代谢物,包括醇类120种、醛类85种、酸类73种、酯类247种、酮类150种、萜类256种及其它共计406种。分析发现,SCK和MCK组的核心风味物质包括醇类(11.59~11.75 μg/mL)、醛类(8.51~8.55 μg/mL)、酯类(13.94~14.00 μg/mL)、酮类(11.20~11.29 μg/mL)、萜类(17.36~17.40 μg/mL)、及杂环类物质(6.79~6.87 μg/mL),SCK和MCK组比较,酶解处理后挥发性代谢物未发生明显改变,而未发酵组(SCK、MCK)和发酵组(S7D、M7D)比较,风味成分存在显著差异(P<0.05)。经复合微生物发酵,挥发性代谢物含量显著增加(P<0.05),其中醇类(S7D:46.91 μg/mL,M7D:38.88 μg/mL)、醛类(S7D:28.88 μg/mL,M7D:26.25 μg/mL)、酯类(S7D:21.26 μg/mL,M7D:20.48 μg/mL)等物质变化显著(P<0.05),与对照组SCK相比,发酵后的样品组醇类物质含量增加230.89%~299.23%,醛类增加207.02%~237.78%,酯类增加46.29%~51.86%,由此可见微生物发酵对挥发性风味代谢物的产生具有重要作用。相关研究表明,乳酸菌可通过同型或异型乳酸发酵生成乳酸、乙酸、琥珀酸等有机酸,同时分泌酯酶和脂肪酶,催化酸与醇的酯化反应,形成酯类风味物质(如乳酸乙酯)[31−32],酵母菌经酒精发酵将糖源物质转化为乙醇和二氧化碳,同时代谢产生高级醇(如异戊醇、苯乙醇)、酯类(如乙酸乙酯)及醛类(如乙醛)等关键风味物质[33],而醋酸菌代谢产生的酸类物质进一步参与酯化反应,同时伴随挥发性酸类(如丙酸、丁酸)和酮类化合物合成[34]。该研究表明,通过微生物发酵与酶协同作用,显著提升了发酵样品中醇类、醛类及酯类等核心风味物质的含量,为优化发酵工艺、定向调控风味提供了理论依据。
基于气味活性值(OAV)的分析表明,发酵处理显著增强了样品的整体香气复杂度。发酵组(S7D和M7D)中OAV>1的关键风味物质数量(120~125种)明显多于未发酵组(SCK和MCK,85~89种),这证实微生物发酵是产生新风味化合物的主要驱动力。如表4所示,在未发酵组中,香气主要由酮类(如β-紫罗兰酮)和醛类(如(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛)物质主导,共同构成甜香与青香的基调[35]。相比之下,发酵处理新增了多种对香气有重要贡献的醇类和酯类物质。最为显著的是,苯乙醇(具花香、蜂蜜香)和乙酸异戊酯(具甜果香)等物质在发酵组中的OAV从可忽略不计急剧上升至数百(P<0.05),这些典型发酵产物的生成极大地丰富了香气的果香与花香层次[36]。比较M7D与S7D、MCK与SCK可发现,经过酶解预处理的样品中,部分关键醛酮类物质的OAV存在细微但显著的差异(P<0.05),例如M7D中的1-壬烯-3-酮含量最高。这表明酶解可能通过预先降解底物,为发酵微生物提供了不同的前体物质,从而微调了最终的风味轮廓。综合来看,“酶解-发酵”联用策略(M7D)在丰富香气物质种类和优化关键成分含量上效果最佳,证实该处理是提升产品风味品质的有效手段。
利用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析法(Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)对4个样本组进行展示,不同样本呈现显著分离(72.10%解释率),说明不同处理方式使样品组挥发性代谢物发生显著变化。在此基础上,利用火山图对样品组差异挥发性代谢物进行多组比对分析,如图5所示。由图5(a)展示结果显示,酶解处理后共计184个代谢物上调,仅有少数物质下调(24个),结合图6(a)分析(仅展示显著变化VIP值前15个物质),2-庚烯酸、D-马鞭草酮、2,6,6-三甲基-2,4-环庚二烯-1-酮、顺式-二氢香芹酮等代谢物显著上调,2-庚烯酸、荜澄茄油宁烯等代谢物显著下调。将发酵组S7D、M7D样品和SCK对比,挥发性代谢物组分发生较大变化,其中4-甲氧基苯甲醇、4-甲基戊酸甲酯、乙酸异戊酯、2-甲基丁基乙酸酯等代谢物在S7D组显著上调,3,4-二甲基-2-己酮、2-丙基戊酸、3-(甲硫基)丙酸乙酯、S-戊硫代甲酯、S-3-甲基丁硫代甲酯、1(3H)-异苯并呋喃酮、辛酸甲酯等代谢物在M7D组显著上调,并发现酯类物质在发酵组的上调物质中最为突出。同时,对M7D和MCK组进行比较,共有519个代谢物上调(主要为醇类、酯类等物质,如4-甲氧基苯甲醇、4-甲基戊酸甲酯、乙酸异戊酯、2-甲基丁基乙酸酯、3-己烯酸乙酯等),327个代谢物下调;M7D和S7D两个发酵组对比分析,共有204个代谢物上调,152个代谢物下调,两组差异代谢物主要集中在酮类、醛类等物质(如二氢-3-甲基-2,5-呋喃二酮、1-(2,4-二甲基苯基)乙酮、4-(1-甲基乙基)苯甲醛、4-苯基-2-丁酮等),说明酶解发酵显著增加了酮、醛类物质积累,即酶解发酵方式更利于风味物质的形成。
感官结果如图7所示。在色泽方面,未发酵组(SCK、MCK)颜色呈红褐色,得分较低(5~6分);经微生物发酵后,样品颜色明显变浅,呈浅绿色,S7D与M7D组得分均提升至8分以上,表明发酵过程改善了产品色泽,更符合消费者对发酵饮品的视觉期待。在气味方面,SCK具有较明显的药材固有气味及赶黄草清香,得分较低(14.2);MCK经酶解后药材气息略有减弱,呈清香(15.8);而发酵处理显著丰富了香气组成,S7D和M7D组得分大幅提高(22.6和26.5),尤其M7D组表现出最佳风味协调性。该结果与其挥发性成分数据高度吻合:苯乙醇(ROAV=178.68)赋予其蜂蜜与花香底蕴,乙酸异戊酯(ROAV=159.86)提供清新果香,β-紫罗兰酮(ROAV=30995.08)则贡献温和的木质和花香基调,共同构成层次丰富、协调统一的香气特征。
在滋味方面,未发酵组SCK和MCK具有较强药材本味,得分居中(25.5和26.3);发酵后,S7D与M7D组得分显著提升(32.5和36.4),表明发酵有效改善了口感接受度。M7D组滋味最佳,表现为酸味适中、甜苦协调、涩感减弱,原有药材风味与发酵产生的有机酸、醇类物质融合良好。在口感方面,发酵组(S7D、M7D)的得分(8.4、8.5)明显高于未发酵组(3.2、4.1),说明发酵过程使饮品口感更趋清爽、细腻。最终,在整体风味协调性上,M7D组获得最高分(8.2),显著优于其他组别,证明酶解与发酵协同处理不仅保留了原料特性,更促进了药香、果香、发酵香的自然融合,形成了愉悦和谐的感官体验。
本试验表明,酶解与微生物发酵协同处理可显著优化葛根-赶黄草-枳椇子复方的活性成分与风味品质。酶解预处理有效释放葛根素、阿福豆苷等活性物质;复合微生物发酵进一步促进赶黄草苷A等大分子转化为小分子酚酸,并显著提升抗氧化能力(FRAP及DPPH清除率)。挥发性成分分析显示,发酵后醇、醛、酯类物质大幅增加,β-紫罗兰酮、乙酸异戊酯等关键风味物赋予体系优良果香与花香气。感官评价确认酶解发酵组(M7D)风味协调性最佳。该研究为药食同源发酵饮品的开发提供了有效策略,并为后续优化酶解与发酵工艺参数提供基础数据与理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060234
  • 接收时间:2025-06-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-20
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    1古蔺县农业农村局,四川泸州 646599
    2四川省农业科学院农产品加工所(四川省农业科学院食物与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066
    3四川省农业科学院经济作物研究所,四川成都 610300

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袁英豪(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:功能食品研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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