Article(id=1320166521947665353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060227, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750262400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681826339, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681826339, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681826339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681826339, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=505, endPage=514, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166522203517899, articleId=1320166521947665353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Application of Proteomics Technology in Food Quality Assessment and Authenticity Verification, columnId=1320166522123826122, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Proteomics, a hallmark of the post-genomic era in life sciences, is found broad application in disciplines such as food science and biomedicine. Its capacity to rapidly, accurately, and comprehensively characterize the content, composition, structural alterations, and metabolic pathways of protein or peptide biomarkers has positioned it as a powerful tool in quality assessment and authenticity verification. This study systematically outlines the proteomics workflow, encompassing extraction, separation, quantification, identification, and subsequent bioinformatics analysis. It further elaborates on the technology's utility in evaluating quality indicator products, elucidating mechanisms of quality change, assessing differential food quality, facilitating novel product development, detecting adulteration, and verifying species identity for authentication purposes. Finally, future developmental trajectories are discussed, providing a reference point for the continued integration of proteomics in food processing.

, authors=Yan YANG1, Xin WANG2, Jiayi YU3, Hongying LI1, Nan ZHANG4, *, Yudong SHI1, *, authorsList=Yan YANG, Xin WANG, Jiayi YU, Hongying LI, Nan ZHANG, Yudong SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Nan ZHANG, Yudong SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166522870412238, articleId=1320166521947665353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=蛋白质组学技术在食品品质评价及真伪鉴别方面的应用, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蛋白质组学作为生命科学进入后基因时代的标志性特征,已广泛应用在食品科学、生物医药等领域,因其可以快速、准确且全面地描述蛋白质或多肽标志物的含量组成、结构变化和代谢途径等,已成为品质评价和真伪鉴别的有力手段。本研究系统地介绍了蛋白质组学技术的提取、分离、定量、鉴定及生物信息学分析流程,详细阐述了其在评价指标产物、阐明品质变化作用机理、评估食品质量差异、开发新产品等品质评价和掺假鉴定、物种鉴别等真伪鉴别方面的应用,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为蛋白质组学在食品加工中的深入应用提供参考。

, authors=杨燕1, 王欣2, 俞嘉毅3, 李红颖1, 张楠4, *, 史玉东1, *, authorsList=杨燕, 王欣, 俞嘉毅, 李红颖, 张楠, 史玉东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张楠, 史玉东, authorNote=

杨燕(1993−),女,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

王欣(1982−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:食品质量安全管理体系研究、质量认证评价制度研发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张楠(1998−),女,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向:食品微生物、肉制品加工等,E-mail:。
史玉东(1981−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=QiB/SfzuGxwEMrb6ocfVqg==, magXml=kzgVsMwh1ryX1zY9C4b1Ig==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=F4zAUkH0sPM0hIfRPAZP8A==, pdfFileSize=1030197, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=h3YSwRboun1C5djRrh/Fyg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/3f8OBcqOsW6Ux+0u4qwvQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320166905843929490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166521947665353, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=827236088@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320166905940398484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166521947665353, authorId=1320166905843929490, language=EN, stringName=Yan YANG, firstName=Yan, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot 011500, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320166906041061781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166521947665353, authorId=1320166905843929490, language=CN, stringName=杨燕, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1内蒙古蒙牛乳业(集团)股份有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 011500, bio={"content":"

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Main technical characteristics and application of quantitative proteomics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定量技术类型方法优势适用范围参考文献
标记定量体内标记SILAC标记效果不受裂解液影响,更加稳定有效;样品用量低,每个样品仅需几十微克蛋白质;体内标记,接近样品真实状态。定量比较差异蛋白的表达、鉴定蛋白质翻译后的修饰、揭示蛋白-蛋白相互作用及信号通路。[27]
Super-SILAC组织、体液等样本能够被标记并定量;大幅度提升了不同样本间定量的便捷性和通量性。组织、体液等样本中蛋白质相互作用和差异表达。[28−29]
体外标记iTRAQ可同时标记4~8个样品,操作简单便捷,适用于多个样品、多种类型的高通量检测,实验设计灵活;重复性好、灵敏度高、可同时进行定性和定量。比较不同条件或不同阶段的组织样品中蛋白质表达水平的差异。[30−31]
TMT灵敏度高、可以检测低丰度蛋白;分离能力强:可以分离酸/碱、小于10 kDa或大于200 kDa以及不溶性蛋白;应用范围广:可以鉴定包括膜蛋白、核蛋白和胞外蛋白等类型的蛋白质;高通量:同时分析鉴定多个样品,特别适合对采用多种处理方法或多种处理时间的样品进行差异蛋白分析。同时比较十余个不同样品中蛋白的相对含量,广泛应用于疾病标志物筛选、药物作用靶标、动植物抗逆或抗逆机制、动植物发育和分化机制等。[32−36]
非标记定量非标记Label-free成本低、实验周期短、适用范围广等优势,但对色谱分离及质谱鉴定的稳定性和重复性要求较高。大规模队列样品的蛋白质组学研究[37−38]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166910197617085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166521947665353, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

定量蛋白质组学主要技术特点与应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定量技术类型方法优势适用范围参考文献
标记定量体内标记SILAC标记效果不受裂解液影响,更加稳定有效;样品用量低,每个样品仅需几十微克蛋白质;体内标记,接近样品真实状态。定量比较差异蛋白的表达、鉴定蛋白质翻译后的修饰、揭示蛋白-蛋白相互作用及信号通路。[27]
Super-SILAC组织、体液等样本能够被标记并定量;大幅度提升了不同样本间定量的便捷性和通量性。组织、体液等样本中蛋白质相互作用和差异表达。[28−29]
体外标记iTRAQ可同时标记4~8个样品,操作简单便捷,适用于多个样品、多种类型的高通量检测,实验设计灵活;重复性好、灵敏度高、可同时进行定性和定量。比较不同条件或不同阶段的组织样品中蛋白质表达水平的差异。[30−31]
TMT灵敏度高、可以检测低丰度蛋白;分离能力强:可以分离酸/碱、小于10 kDa或大于200 kDa以及不溶性蛋白;应用范围广:可以鉴定包括膜蛋白、核蛋白和胞外蛋白等类型的蛋白质;高通量:同时分析鉴定多个样品,特别适合对采用多种处理方法或多种处理时间的样品进行差异蛋白分析。同时比较十余个不同样品中蛋白的相对含量,广泛应用于疾病标志物筛选、药物作用靶标、动植物抗逆或抗逆机制、动植物发育和分化机制等。[32−36]
非标记定量非标记Label-free成本低、实验周期短、适用范围广等优势,但对色谱分离及质谱鉴定的稳定性和重复性要求较高。大规模队列样品的蛋白质组学研究[37−38]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166910281503166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166521947665353, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main technical characteristics and application of mass spectrometry acquisition method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
鉴定技术采集模式工艺流程优势适用范围参考文献
靶向蛋白质
组学
MRM首先通过MS筛选出与目标分子特异性一致的母离子;其次碰撞破裂这些母离子,去除其他离子的干扰;最后只对选定的特异MS/MS2离子进行质谱信号的采集。灵敏度高;通量高,一次性可鉴定高达200多个蛋白;无需依赖抗体,可进行绝对定量分析;高精准度鉴定低丰度蛋白,定量范围跨4个数量级。对Label-free等非靶向蛋白组学研究结果验证;可同时对多个蛋白质/多肽开展绝对定量研究。[39]
PRM首先采用四极(Q1)选择前驱体离子,一般为m/z≤2;其次前体离子在碰撞细胞中破碎(Q2);最后Orbitrap取代Q3,高分辨率和高精度的扫描所有破碎的离子。质量精度可达到ppm级别;无需选择离子对,更易于建立分析方法;较宽的线性范围,增加到5~6个数量级。iTRAQ中差异蛋白的验证;Label-free无标记差异蛋白的验证;多肽和蛋白质绝对定量;量化疾病指标,建立诊断模型;磷酸化蛋白定量,甲基化蛋白定量;其他翻译后修饰蛋白质定量;代谢通路定量分析。[40]
非靶向蛋白质组学DDA依赖于质谱仪的数据依赖模式来选择特定的前体离子进行进一步的碎片分析。操作简便,适用于广泛的样本类型,能有效鉴定和定量多种蛋白质。适用于复杂样本的蛋白质鉴定和定量分析。[41−42]
DIA数据非依赖型扫描模式,是基于静电场轨道阱Orbitrap一种全息式的质谱数据采集模式。理论上可实现蛋白质样品的深度覆盖,同时具有高通量、高重现性和高灵敏度的优点。应用于农林、环境、食品和医药等各种生物科学研究中构建生物样本信息库、发现生物标志物等。[41−42]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166910369583551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166521947665353, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

质谱采集方法主要技术特点与应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
鉴定技术采集模式工艺流程优势适用范围参考文献
靶向蛋白质
组学
MRM首先通过MS筛选出与目标分子特异性一致的母离子;其次碰撞破裂这些母离子,去除其他离子的干扰;最后只对选定的特异MS/MS2离子进行质谱信号的采集。灵敏度高;通量高,一次性可鉴定高达200多个蛋白;无需依赖抗体,可进行绝对定量分析;高精准度鉴定低丰度蛋白,定量范围跨4个数量级。对Label-free等非靶向蛋白组学研究结果验证;可同时对多个蛋白质/多肽开展绝对定量研究。[39]
PRM首先采用四极(Q1)选择前驱体离子,一般为m/z≤2;其次前体离子在碰撞细胞中破碎(Q2);最后Orbitrap取代Q3,高分辨率和高精度的扫描所有破碎的离子。质量精度可达到ppm级别;无需选择离子对,更易于建立分析方法;较宽的线性范围,增加到5~6个数量级。iTRAQ中差异蛋白的验证;Label-free无标记差异蛋白的验证;多肽和蛋白质绝对定量;量化疾病指标,建立诊断模型;磷酸化蛋白定量,甲基化蛋白定量;其他翻译后修饰蛋白质定量;代谢通路定量分析。[40]
非靶向蛋白质组学DDA依赖于质谱仪的数据依赖模式来选择特定的前体离子进行进一步的碎片分析。操作简便,适用于广泛的样本类型,能有效鉴定和定量多种蛋白质。适用于复杂样本的蛋白质鉴定和定量分析。[41−42]
DIA数据非依赖型扫描模式,是基于静电场轨道阱Orbitrap一种全息式的质谱数据采集模式。理论上可实现蛋白质样品的深度覆盖,同时具有高通量、高重现性和高灵敏度的优点。应用于农林、环境、食品和医药等各种生物科学研究中构建生物样本信息库、发现生物标志物等。[41−42]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166910512189888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166521947665353, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Application of proteomics technology in food products research

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用分析目的方法主要研究结果参考文献
食品品质评价评价指标产物Label-free/LC-MS鉴定出7个可作为三文鱼新鲜度评价指标蛋白。[47]
iTRAQ鉴定出25个差异丰度蛋白可作为大西洋鲑鱼新鲜度变化的潜在指标。[48]
阐明品质变化作用机理Label-free鉴定出8种差异表达的蛋白酶体亚基和27种相关差异蛋白质,通过参与泛素依赖性蛋白质分解代谢、骨骼肌收缩、肌肉收缩和糖酵解等生物过程,引起秦川牛肉品质变化。[49]
Label-free筛选出的差异蛋白质与糖酵解相关酶活性呈显著相关,其中己糖激酶活性与磷酸丙酮酸水合酶呈极显著负相关。表明驼肉宰后糖酵解进程主要受能量代谢和氧化还原过程的影响。[50]
评估食品质量
差异
DIA天然富硒鸡蛋中与免疫调节、抗菌、抗氧化相关的蛋白质在表达水平上显著高于非富硒鸡蛋。[51]
TMT/LC-MC/MC筛选出苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂酸4-羟化酶、查尔酮异构酶和查尔酮合酶等4个与宁夏、青海和甘肃枸杞黄酮类化合物生物合成的重要差异表达蛋白。[52]
Label-free燕窝N-糖蛋白主要参与神经退行性变-多发性疾病、细胞黏附分子、肿瘤坏死因子信号和转化生长因子-β信号通路。[53]
开发新产品TMT/LC-MC/MC水牛初乳和常乳乳球蛋白共筛选到49种具有相关免疫功能的差异蛋白质,并通过蛋白质互作网络分析找到一些具有高连接度的免疫蛋白因子。[54]
食品真伪鉴别掺假鉴定MRM在油菜蜜中检测到3种植物来源的肽标记物(GIIIDSGTVITR、NTGSLPLSPK和M(O)EDITLLQTQSAIR),但在其他3种非油菜蜜品种中均未检测到。通过上述3种肽标记物的MRM可以有效区分金合欢蜜、油菜蜜和掺假蜜。[56]
PRM麦卢卡蜂蜜表现出总蛋白质含量与花蜜源肽段丰度/蜂源肽段丰度比值之间存在负相关关系,可作为鉴别真伪的一种替代性方案。[57]
物种鉴别LC-MS基于8个物种奶中6种特征多肽分析筛选出13条特征多肽,成功实现对市售16个奶制品中奶源物种鉴别。[58]
MRM筛选出的大西洋鲑中4条特征肽段、大马哈鱼1条特征肽段和虹鳟2条特征肽段。[8]
), ArticleFig(id=1320166910587687361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166521947665353, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

蛋白质组学在食品研究中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用分析目的方法主要研究结果参考文献
食品品质评价评价指标产物Label-free/LC-MS鉴定出7个可作为三文鱼新鲜度评价指标蛋白。[47]
iTRAQ鉴定出25个差异丰度蛋白可作为大西洋鲑鱼新鲜度变化的潜在指标。[48]
阐明品质变化作用机理Label-free鉴定出8种差异表达的蛋白酶体亚基和27种相关差异蛋白质,通过参与泛素依赖性蛋白质分解代谢、骨骼肌收缩、肌肉收缩和糖酵解等生物过程,引起秦川牛肉品质变化。[49]
Label-free筛选出的差异蛋白质与糖酵解相关酶活性呈显著相关,其中己糖激酶活性与磷酸丙酮酸水合酶呈极显著负相关。表明驼肉宰后糖酵解进程主要受能量代谢和氧化还原过程的影响。[50]
评估食品质量
差异
DIA天然富硒鸡蛋中与免疫调节、抗菌、抗氧化相关的蛋白质在表达水平上显著高于非富硒鸡蛋。[51]
TMT/LC-MC/MC筛选出苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂酸4-羟化酶、查尔酮异构酶和查尔酮合酶等4个与宁夏、青海和甘肃枸杞黄酮类化合物生物合成的重要差异表达蛋白。[52]
Label-free燕窝N-糖蛋白主要参与神经退行性变-多发性疾病、细胞黏附分子、肿瘤坏死因子信号和转化生长因子-β信号通路。[53]
开发新产品TMT/LC-MC/MC水牛初乳和常乳乳球蛋白共筛选到49种具有相关免疫功能的差异蛋白质,并通过蛋白质互作网络分析找到一些具有高连接度的免疫蛋白因子。[54]
食品真伪鉴别掺假鉴定MRM在油菜蜜中检测到3种植物来源的肽标记物(GIIIDSGTVITR、NTGSLPLSPK和M(O)EDITLLQTQSAIR),但在其他3种非油菜蜜品种中均未检测到。通过上述3种肽标记物的MRM可以有效区分金合欢蜜、油菜蜜和掺假蜜。[56]
PRM麦卢卡蜂蜜表现出总蛋白质含量与花蜜源肽段丰度/蜂源肽段丰度比值之间存在负相关关系,可作为鉴别真伪的一种替代性方案。[57]
物种鉴别LC-MS基于8个物种奶中6种特征多肽分析筛选出13条特征多肽,成功实现对市售16个奶制品中奶源物种鉴别。[58]
MRM筛选出的大西洋鲑中4条特征肽段、大马哈鱼1条特征肽段和虹鳟2条特征肽段。[8]
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蛋白质组学技术在食品品质评价及真伪鉴别方面的应用
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杨燕 1 , 王欣 2 , 俞嘉毅 3 , 李红颖 1 , 张楠 4, * , 史玉东 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(11): 505-514
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (11) : 505 -514
蛋白质组学技术在食品品质评价及真伪鉴别方面的应用
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杨燕1 , 王欣2 , 俞嘉毅3, 李红颖1, 张楠4, * , 史玉东1, *
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古蒙牛乳业(集团)股份有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 011500
  • 2中国质量检验检测科学研究院,北京 100176
  • 3中国焙烤食品糖制品工业协会,北京 100833
  • 4天津天食望月清真食品有限公司,天津 300110
通讯作者:
张楠(1998−),女,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向:食品微生物、肉制品加工等,E-mail:。
史玉东(1981−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

杨燕(1993−),女,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

王欣(1982−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:食品质量安全管理体系研究、质量认证评价制度研发,E-mail:

Application of Proteomics Technology in Food Quality Assessment and Authenticity Verification
Yan YANG1 , Xin WANG2 , Jiayi YU3, Hongying LI1, Nan ZHANG4, * , Yudong SHI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot 011500, China
  • 2Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing, Beijing 100176, China
  • 3China Association of Bakery & Confectionery Industry, Beijing 100833, China
  • 4Tianjin Tianshi Wangyue Halal Food Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300110, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060227
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蛋白质组学作为生命科学进入后基因时代的标志性特征,已广泛应用在食品科学、生物医药等领域,因其可以快速、准确且全面地描述蛋白质或多肽标志物的含量组成、结构变化和代谢途径等,已成为品质评价和真伪鉴别的有力手段。本研究系统地介绍了蛋白质组学技术的提取、分离、定量、鉴定及生物信息学分析流程,详细阐述了其在评价指标产物、阐明品质变化作用机理、评估食品质量差异、开发新产品等品质评价和掺假鉴定、物种鉴别等真伪鉴别方面的应用,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为蛋白质组学在食品加工中的深入应用提供参考。

蛋白质组学  /  分析流程  /  品质评价  /  真伪鉴别  /  发展趋势

Proteomics, a hallmark of the post-genomic era in life sciences, is found broad application in disciplines such as food science and biomedicine. Its capacity to rapidly, accurately, and comprehensively characterize the content, composition, structural alterations, and metabolic pathways of protein or peptide biomarkers has positioned it as a powerful tool in quality assessment and authenticity verification. This study systematically outlines the proteomics workflow, encompassing extraction, separation, quantification, identification, and subsequent bioinformatics analysis. It further elaborates on the technology's utility in evaluating quality indicator products, elucidating mechanisms of quality change, assessing differential food quality, facilitating novel product development, detecting adulteration, and verifying species identity for authentication purposes. Finally, future developmental trajectories are discussed, providing a reference point for the continued integration of proteomics in food processing.

proteomics  /  analytical workflow  /  quality assessment  /  authenticity verification  /  development trends
杨燕, 王欣, 俞嘉毅, 李红颖, 张楠, 史玉东. 蛋白质组学技术在食品品质评价及真伪鉴别方面的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 505 -514 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060227
Yan YANG, Xin WANG, Jiayi YU, Hongying LI, Nan ZHANG, Yudong SHI. Application of Proteomics Technology in Food Quality Assessment and Authenticity Verification[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 505 -514 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060227
蛋白质组是指一个细胞或组织基因组所表达的全部蛋白质,这些蛋白质随着时间、环境等因素的变化而改变[1]。蛋白质组学是以蛋白质组为研究对象,从整体的角度分析整个细胞或组织、也可以是特定蛋白中蛋白质的存在状态及活动规律,可以快速、准确地鉴定出蛋白质的含量、组成、结构变化、功能和代谢途径等,为蛋白富含产品的品质评价和真伪鉴别提供了有力的工具[2]。
根据蛋白质是否变性可将蛋白质组学划分为自下而上、自上而下和天然蛋白质组学(图1)[3],前两种类型基于蛋白质变性策略,其中自下而上型基于酶解后释放的肽段或氨基酸,自上而下型无需对蛋白进行酶解、通过质谱(mass spectrometry,MS)技术全面表征完整蛋白质,天然蛋白质组学则是利用MS直接检测未变性、真实状态下的完整蛋白和复合物[4−5]。得益于蛋白质组学技术可以针对性鉴定待测样品中多肽标记物或完整蛋白质,特别是可以定性定量分析复杂样品中的蛋白质、动态监测蛋白质组丰度的变化、精准识别相关作用机理,被广泛应用于蛋白富含产品的品质评价和真伪鉴别方面。本文系统地介绍了蛋白质组学技术的分析流程,包括提取、分离、定量、鉴定及生物信息学分析,综述了其在富含蛋白食品的品质评价和真伪鉴别方面的应用,展望了未来的发展方向并提出了几点建议,以期为蛋白质组学技术在食品品质评价及真伪鉴别等方面的深入研究与应用提供理论基础和技术支撑。
蛋白质组学的分析流程一般包括:蛋白质的提取、凝胶电泳或液相色谱分离、标记或非标记定量、MS鉴定及生物信息学分析。
蛋白质提取是将待测样品均质后,使用适宜的溶剂溶解并提取蛋白质的一种技术[6]。常用的提取技术有冷丙酮沉淀法、裂解液浸提法、饱和硫酸钠沉淀法、蛋白质提取试剂盒等,如董雅静等[7]采用冷丙酮沉淀法提取牛乳中蛋白质;张九凯等[8]利用7 mol/L尿素和2 mol/L硫脲配比的裂解液浸提三文鱼样品中蛋白质;陈聪等[9]利用改良后的蛋白质提取试剂盒提取酱油中蛋白质,但上述提取技术仅适用于提取高丰度蛋白和简单体系中蛋白质。低丰度蛋白作为潜在生物标志物,高丰度蛋白的存在严重阻碍了其提取率[10]。基于此,提出了三种富集低丰度蛋白的机制[11]:(a)基于MS技术提高酶切后肽段识别的灵敏度与准确度;(b)富集低丰度蛋白;(c)消减高丰度蛋白,并在此基础上研发出Proteo Miner蛋白质浓缩试剂盒、基于纳米材料富集低丰度蛋白质试剂盒、Top14高丰度蛋白去除试剂盒等方案[12],如靳登鹏等[13]基于Proteo Miner低丰度蛋白富集试剂盒处理母乳后可鉴定出172种蛋白质,远大于免疫亲和层析法的49种。值得注意的是,经试剂盒处理后可显示出多条新的蛋白条带,同时部分条带变浅,说明试剂盒不仅能富集一些新的低丰度蛋白,一定程度上还能消减高丰度蛋白的含量,这可能与试剂盒制备的抗体关联紧密;赵佳威等[12]对比高选择Top14高丰度蛋白去除试剂盒(Top14)和基于纳米材料富集低丰度蛋白试剂盒(DMB)处理方案优劣时发现:与空白处理组相比,Top14和DMB在去除高丰度蛋白方面均有效,其中DMB处理组鉴定蛋白质数量约是Top14的3倍,且对低丰度蛋白鉴定结果更佳。此外,DMB处理组生物信息学分析结果远比Top14丰富,更有利于鉴定蛋白质的多样性。除了依据上述三种机制研发去除试剂盒外,Sultan等[14]在常规丙酮沉淀法提取技术的基础上,创新性研发出植酸盐/Ca2+分级与三氯乙酸-丙酮沉淀法相结合的改进方法,可从小麦叶中鉴定出758个蛋白质,比传统丙酮沉淀法检测到的多130个。
综上可知,传统蛋白质提取技术可用于高丰度蛋白和简单体系中蛋白质的提取;潜在生物标志物低丰度蛋白的提取可从富集低丰度蛋白、消减高丰度蛋白和提高MS识别灵敏度与准确度三种机制入手,还可将常规提取手段与分离技术相结合,进而提高低丰度蛋白的提取率。
提取后的蛋白质通常先使用试剂盒测定其蛋白浓度,随后根据分离、酶解先后顺序分为两类(图1自下而上型):第一类是凝胶电泳分离获得目标蛋白质、随后酶解成肽段/氨基酸进一步分析鉴定;第二类是先酶解蛋白质混合物,色谱分离肽段后经质谱鉴定分析[15]。研究表明,当前凝胶电泳分离技术主要有二维凝胶电泳(two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE)和二维荧光差异凝胶电泳(two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, 2D-DIGE),同时毛细管电泳(capillary electrophoresis,CE)技术也得到广泛应用。
2-DE利用蛋白质带电性和分子量大小的差异,通过两次凝胶电泳实现分离蛋白质,如Bojórquez-Velázquez等[16]基于极性的分馏技术结合2-DE成功分离出野生和栽培苋菜种子中低丰度差异蛋白点;Emami等[17]基于2-DE前处理技术成功分离亲本和低植酸水稻突变体株系中蛋白质。但2-DE技术在样品前处理、电泳程序设置和凝胶染色等方面无法完全一致进而产生胶间差异,使得试验重复性差、灵敏度低,甚至可能掩盖样品间真正的生物学差异或产生假阳性[18],2D-DIGE技术的出现有效解决了上述问题。在2-DE的基础上,2D-DIGE技术先对蛋白样品进行荧光标记,随后把标记好的样品混合后在同一块凝胶上电泳,并首次引入了内标概念,内标不仅更好地消除了试验的偶然误差、规避了不同凝胶间的差异,还极大地提高了分离效果的准确性和可信度[19];荧光标记技术的引入大幅度提高了蛋白质分离和检测的精确度,可以检测到更细微的蛋白质差异。与传统的2-DE技术相比,2D-DIGE能同时比较多个样品,提高了实验效率和准确性,如Lu等[20]以Cy2标记的样品混合液作为内标,用400 pmol新鲜溶液的Cy3和Cy5标记等量的样品,基于上述2D-DIGE蛋白质组学技术成功鉴定出小麦-中间偃麦草7XL/7DS易位系YW642在干旱胁迫下5个籽粒发育阶段113种特有蛋白对应的146个差异积累蛋白点,成功证实了小麦-中间偃麦草7XL/7DS易位系中携带丰富的抗旱蛋白,这些蛋白对提高小麦耐旱性具有重要应用价值;Magalhães等[21]则是在pH4~7的2D-DIGE凝胶上分离并检测到约373个蛋白质斑点,其中47个在芒果果实跃变前后呈现稳定差异。
CE技术是根据不同组分迁移速度及方向的差异实现有效分离,如Omar等[22]利用CE有效分离了欧洲骆驼乳中α-乳清蛋白、乳铁蛋白、β-酪蛋白和α-酪蛋白。但对于复杂的样品,特别是具有极端分子质量或pH、具有磷酸化蛋白或糖蛋白的蛋白样品,如乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白等,凝胶分离技术无法满足其分离要求,色谱技术的出现有效解决了上述问题[23]。
未经分离的蛋白质经胰蛋白酶酶解后,常利用色谱技术对其肽段混合物进行分离、纯化以实现特征肽段的定量鉴定,液相色谱(liquid chromatography,LC)以其卓越的分离效能和稳定可靠的性能被广泛应用于蛋白的分离[4],常用的有高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)、反相液相色谱(reversed-phase liquid chromatography,RPLC)以及二维或多维液相色谱等,基本工作原理均是利用蛋白质在固定相和流动相间的差异性分布,通过色谱柱实现蛋白质在单个、两个或多个体系中分离[15],如Gu等[24]基于HPLC蛋白质组学技术从蛋白水平上揭示了热加工过程中海参蛋白质的非特异性水解机制,其最常见的水解位点为苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、天冬酰胺和酪氨酸;施若晗等[25]对比强阴离子交换色谱组成的一维色谱和强阴离子交换色谱、RPLC组成的二维色谱分离效能时发现:一维色谱可分离鉴定出628种蛋白质,二维2440种,共同鉴定出的588种蛋白中增加二维分离后序列覆盖率显著提升,由此可见:多维色谱分离蛋白质技术在鉴别蛋白质数量、序列覆盖率等方面应用潜能巨大。
实际应用中,常将凝胶电泳和色谱结合使用,如邓景升等[26]基于凝胶和色谱两类分离技术鉴定枣花蜜中蛋白组成,研究发现:凝胶分离可鉴定出565个蛋白质,其中蜂源蛋白150个、植物源蛋白415个;色谱鉴定出416个,包括118个蜂源和298个植物源。两类分离技术共同鉴定出52个蜂源和118个植物源,且具有较强互补性,可显著提升蛋白质鉴定数量。由此可见:综合利用凝胶电泳和色谱分离两类技术,可鉴定识别出更多蛋白种类,更有利于筛选出核心差异蛋白并识别作用机理。
蛋白质组丰度的动态变化与细胞或组织基因组生命活动的关键时刻息息相关,如疾病的关键发展过程常伴随着差异核心蛋白质的动态变化和异常表达。定量蛋白质组学就是将细胞或组织基因组所表达的全部蛋白质精准定量,主要分为标记(Label)定量和非标记(label-free)定量两大类,其中标记定量可划分为体内标记和体外标记,表1系统总结了近年来定量蛋白质组学的技术类型、优势及适用范围等数据。
体内标记定量技术主要是细胞培养条件下稳定同位素标记法(stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture,SILAC),其在细胞培养过程中掺入稳定同位素标记的必需氨基酸,主要是赖氨酸和精氨酸,通过细胞正常代谢实现标记细胞内全部蛋白的目的,因其采用体内标记技术,测试结果最接近样品真实状态,且标记效率不受裂解液的影响,结果更加稳定有效,如王巍巍等[27]利用轻标氨基酸标记的天然同位素(1H4-L-lysine和12C614N4-L-arginine)和重标标记的稳定同位素(2H4-L-lysine和13C615N4-L-arginine)标记并培养6-10B细胞,经LC-MS鉴定筛选出5个与二亚硝基哌嗪处理鼻咽癌肿瘤转移相关的关键蛋白质,并建立了基于SILAC蛋白质组学研究宿主细胞-化学药物相互作用的方法,为探索转移分子机理提供了实验基础。Super-SILAC作为基于SILAC衍生出来的新技术,其克服了SILAC无法标记并定量组织、体液等样本的困难,以重标标记的蛋白质为定量参照标准,将等量重标标记的样本混入到待测的轻标中,从而实现不同轻标标记样本间的定量分析,大幅度提高了不同样本间定量的便捷性和通量性[28],如刘志晴等[28]在现有SILAC培养基中补充添加重标氨基酸K6和R10,制备的Super-SILAC系统分析了槲皮素调控巨噬细胞中组蛋白翻译后修饰水平的全局性变化;Liu等[29]同样基于Super-SILAC定量蛋白质组学解析出甘草素抗炎作用机制,甘草素通过调节组蛋白修饰后翻译位点H4K5ac、H4K16ac、H3K9ac、H3K27ac和H2BK12ac,经由过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体信号通路调控基因表达,从而发挥抗炎作用。
体外标记定量以同位素标记相对和绝对定量(isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation,iTRAQ)和多肽体外标记定量(tandem mass tag,TMT)为主,两种方法在实验过程中均以试剂盒形式呈现,将样品产生的肽段用iTRAQ/TMT试剂盒进行差异标记,随后将标记好的样品混合后经LC-MS鉴定分析。
iTRAQ可同时对8个以内的样品进行相对定量分析,具有重复性好、灵敏度高的特点,并且操作简单快捷,可同时比较和鉴定蛋白质,如明亮等[30]按照iTRAQ标记试剂盒说明对初乳和常乳驼乳酶解产物进行标记,经定量蛋白质组学鉴定到641个差异显著蛋白,初乳中发现的免疫球蛋白、类胰岛素和乳铁蛋白等高丰度蛋白大部分与免疫应答、抗炎、组织保护与修复、代谢过程有关,更有助于建立幼崽抗微生物感染免疫系统;Gao等[31]同样基于iTRAQ定量蛋白质组学探索出枸杞寡糖合成代谢机制和关键酶,如在S1和S2阶段,枸杞寡糖主要通过光合作用合成,其合成代谢的变化主要与蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶和己糖激酶的表达相关。TMT作为现有定量蛋白质组学的主流分析方法,其兼容性宽、适应性强、特异性高[32−33],如黄宣等[34]基于TMT定量蛋白质组学技术揭示了2种不同产蛋性能母鸡卵巢组织的蛋白质丰度变化,鉴定得到的143种差异表达蛋白经生物信息学分析得出类固醇激素合成通路富集显著;张兰等[35]利用TMT标记定量技术筛选出531个耗牛肺动脉平滑肌细胞低氧和常氧环境条件下差异表达蛋白,其中PGK、HK、LDH、PGAM、pfkA、IL6ST、PDK1共7个差异表达蛋白与缺氧环境适应关系紧密;Li等[36]则利用TMT定量蛋白质组学技术揭示了大黄酸对蜡样芽孢杆菌的抗菌效应及作用机制,鉴定出的288个差异表达蛋白和402种差异代谢物经生物信息学分析进一步揭示了大黄酸破坏了氨基酸/核苷酸代谢、糖酵解/糖异生以及鞭毛结构等关键细胞过程,这些破坏过程显著损害了细胞的代谢功能和运动能力,最终抑制了细菌生长并导致细胞死亡。
标记定量方法需要稳定同位素标记试剂,故其对样本数量有一定限制。非标记定量无需使用昂贵的稳定同位素对内部肽段标记,只需分析大规模鉴定蛋白质所产生的质谱数据,通过比较不同样品中相应肽段的信号强度实现蛋白定量,具有成本低、实验周期短、适用范围广等优势,但对色谱分离及质谱鉴定的稳定性和重复性要求较高[37]。如Zhang等[38]基于Label-free定量蛋白组学揭示了攀枝花块菌和长孢块菌两种中国白块菌在不同成熟度驱动下蛋白质组图谱的变化机理。
使用适宜的溶剂溶解并提取待测样品中蛋白质后,通常先采用试剂盒测定其蛋白浓度,随后利用凝胶电泳/LC分离、胰蛋白酶酶解生成肽段混合物,所得肽段混合物经TMT、iTRAQ定量标记后,经MS进一步分析鉴定。MS卓越的定量能力使其在高通量蛋白鉴定中发挥着不可替代的作用,MS定量采集方法主要分为低分辨率质谱采集和高分辨率质谱采集,表2总结了近年来质谱采集方法的工艺流程、优势及适用范围等数据。
低分辨率质谱采集模式为多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)/选择反应监测(selected reaction monitoring,SRM),常使用三重四极杆质谱或单四极杆质谱对目标离子规则的信号进行采集,可同时对高达200多个蛋白/多肽开展研究,从而实现目标蛋白质的相对或绝对定量[39],如张九凯等[8]基于超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆飞行时间质谱,结合Skyline工具构建所有潜在特征肽段的MRM离子对,筛选得到大西洋鲑、大马哈鱼和虹鳟3个物种中特征肽段,成功建立了不同种类三文鱼的物种精准定性鉴别方法。高分辨率质谱采集模式为平行反应监测(parallel reaction monitoring,PRM),PRM衍生于MRM,常通过飞行时间质谱、离子阱质谱和静电场轨道质谱鉴定分析,其无需选择离子对,更易于建立分析方法,如尹丽等[40]利用TMT定量标记技术进行抑郁模型大鼠海马蛋白质组学分析,筛选潜在差异表达蛋白,并借助PRM对候选蛋白在海马组织中的表达情况进行靶向验证。
但MRM和PRM多用于靶向蛋白质组学的研究,即有针对性的选择离子进行质谱数据采集。针对全局检测尽可能多的非靶向蛋白质组学研究,其扫描模式为数据非依赖性采集(data-independent acquisition,DIA)和数据依赖性采集(data-dependent acquisition,DDA),DIA是基于静电场轨道阱Orbitrap的一种全息式MS数据采集模式,DDA则依靠MS的数据依赖模式选择特定的前体离子进行进一步的碎片分析,如王智博等[41]比较DDA、DIA和PRM质谱数据采集血液样本中蛋白质定性定量特征,结果表明:DIA重复性结果更佳且在单次进样中更有优势,相同条件下其能鉴定出更高蛋白数,但DDA操作更简便。DIA模式下CV值低于20%的比例为42.85%小于PRM下的47.16%,表明PRM结果稳定性更佳。张磊等[42]对DIA、MRM及PRM在临床质谱方面大规模应用的定量方法进行了比较和评估,
评估结果表明:MRM日间日内稳定性、灵敏度和定量精度结果最优,适合临床蛋白应用;PRM的灵敏度最高、稳定性和定量精度较高,适合靶向定量方向;DIA则由于依赖软件和算法解析,定量数目多的同时,对特定肽段定量准确性相对较差。
随着蛋白质组学质谱分析技术的深入发展,所产生的数据规模愈发庞大。虽然详细的质谱数据信息有利于深入研究待测样品,但也给数据分析带来极大挑战。在此背景下,生物信息学分析技术应运而生,其核心任务是对质谱数据进行有效解析,涵盖数据预处理、数据库搜索鉴定以及翻译修饰后的位点定位等环节。借助日益完善的各类生物数据库,通过比对可实现对蛋白质功能的预测与注释,常用的数据库有基因本体(gene ontology,GO)、京都基因与基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)、蛋白质直系同源簇(cluster of orthologous groups of protein,COG)、非冗余蛋白序列数据库(non-redundant protein sequence database,Nr)和STRING等。
以李秋莹等[43]的研究为例,通过Nr数据库对鱼源荧光假单胞菌分泌蛋白进行功能注释,成功识别出13个菌毛蛋白、11个酶类、2个鞭毛蛋白、7个DUFs家族蛋白、17个未知跟拟假定蛋白及16个其它功能蛋白;COG分析显示这些蛋白主要注释到细胞内运输、分泌和囊泡运输,细胞运动,信号转导及细胞壁、膜、生物包膜等功能类别;GO注释则进一步表明这些蛋白在生物过程、细胞成分和分子功能三个类别中注释丰富。
实际应用中,通常先对筛选到的差异表达蛋白进行聚类分析,随后结合GO、KEGG和COG、STRING、Nr等数据库进行联合功能注释,通过对比分析所得蛋白序列与数据库信息,从而全面解析蛋白质功能特征,显著提升功能预测的准确性和完整性。张悦等[44]对水牛初乳和成熟乳筛选到的差异蛋白开展聚类分析,结果显示聚类热图可以很好地聚类2组蛋白,说明初乳和成熟乳中蛋白丰度存在明显差异。76条GO注释结果表明差异蛋白与激活应答、糖基转移、免疫调节和代谢调节关联密切。KEGG通路注释结果发现30个信号通路显著性富集,深入分析后得出初乳乳清中高表达蛋白质能够启动抗炎循环、实现抗炎和免疫控制调控。STRING分析则进一步识别出5个与免疫应答、抗炎抗菌相关的差异表达蛋白。
同时STRING数据库还可用于构建蛋白质相互作用网络分析(protein-protein interaction network,PPIN),通过节点(蛋白质)和边(相互作用)的关系揭示蛋白间的功能联系[45],如王芬等[46]借助STRING数据库构建出茶树生长过程中的关键蛋白互作网络,其中叶与根关键蛋白为53个、叶与茎39个、茎与根42个和根茎叶中53个,并且成功预测出关键蛋白的功能,如TEA003744的功能可能是腺苷酸激酶活性、蛋白质丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶活性和ATP结合,参与光合作用和蛋白质磷酸化过程。这表明PPIN分析能够从互作蛋白的功能背景出发,为未知蛋白的功能推断提供有力支持。
食品品质是影响消费者购买决策的重要因素,品质优劣与食品本身新陈代谢等内在因素和贮藏温度和时间等外在因素息息相关,如何筛选出影响质量好坏的核心差异蛋白对评价食品优劣至关重要。蛋白质组学技术不仅可以精准筛选出核心差异蛋白,还可以深度探究作用机理,为食品品质评价提供了新的技术手段。蛋白质组学在食品研究中的应用见表3。
食品品质评价广泛应用在评价指标产物、阐明品质变化作用机理和开发新产品等方面。新鲜度作为评判食品贮藏期品质优劣的指标,孙姗姗等[47]基于Label-free定量蛋白组学筛选出L-乳酸脱氢酶、肌钙蛋白T型、LDB3蛋白X-2亚型、LDB3蛋白X-1亚型、肌联蛋白亚型和肌原调节蛋白7个三文鱼贮藏期新鲜度评价指标产物;Xuan等[48]则基于iTRAQ标记定量研究4 ℃贮藏的大西洋鲑鱼蛋白质组成的变化与新鲜度的关系,研究结果表明:鉴定到的25个差异丰度蛋白与鱼色泽、感官性状、菌落总数、挥发性碱氮显著相关,可作为反应大西洋鲑鱼新鲜度变化的潜在指标。除了精准筛选出指标产物外,蛋白质组学还可以深度研究品质变化作用机理,如胡丽筠等[49]发现,经非标定量蛋白质组学技术鉴定到的8种差异表达的蛋白酶体亚基及27种相关的差异蛋白质,通过参与泛素依赖性蛋白质分解代谢、骨骼肌收缩、肌肉收缩和糖酵解等生物过程,引起秦川牛肉的品质变化;朱向巍等[50]基于非标定量蛋白质组学技术鉴定到不同成熟期驼肉中的差异蛋白质主要富集在磷酸原代谢、磷酸原生物合成、磷酸肌酸代谢等通路,并与糖酵解相关酶活性显著相关,为宰后驼肉品质变化及控制提供了数据参考。
同时,蛋白质组学广泛应用于评估食品质量差异和新产品开发方面,如袁琳等[51]基于DIA定量蛋白质组学技术鉴定出富硒鸡蛋中与免疫调节、抗菌、抗氧化相关的蛋白质在表达水平上显著高于非富硒鸡蛋,为富硒与非富硒鸡蛋营养成分价值上差异性评估及分子作用机理提供了依据;孙霞芝等[52]利用TMT方法从蛋白质层面鉴定出宁夏、青海和甘肃三个省份“宁杞1号”枸杞果实黄酮类物质生物合成的差异表达蛋白,分别是苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂酸4-羟化酶、查尔酮异构酶和查尔酮合酶,为不同产地枸杞黄酮类差异品质评估奠定了基础;Yu等[53]利用Label-free定量糖蛋白组学技术系统分析不同种类燕窝(屋燕和洞燕)中的N-糖蛋白、N-糖肽和N-糖链,并通过生物信息学手段预测其分子功能,以期为燕窝品质评价指标体系的构建提供科学依据。新产品开发方面,黄子珍等[54]基于TMT蛋白组学从水牛初乳和常乳乳球蛋白中筛选出49种具有相关免疫功能的差异蛋白,通过蛋白互作网络分析找到一些具有高连接度的免疫蛋白因子,为开发增强免疫活性的高端水牛乳制品提供了参考。
随着全球产业链持续壮大以及食品供应链高速发展,食品欺诈事件频发,这对食品安全构成严重威胁,迫切需要制定有效的应对措施。蛋白质组学作为一种高通量工具,MS卓越的定量能力使其在高通量蛋白鉴定中发挥着不可替代的作用,被广泛应用于掺假鉴定和物种鉴别等方面[55]。如Zhang等[56]通过非靶向蛋白质组学初步鉴定出油菜蜜中616种油菜来源蛋白和84种蜜蜂来源蛋白,并在此基础上利用靶向蛋白质组学成功筛选出GIIIDSGTVITR、NTGSLPLSPK和M(O)EDITLLQTQSAIR3种油菜来源的特征肽标记物,3种特征肽标记物结合MRM采集模式可以有效区分金合欢蜜、油菜蜜和掺假蜜,最低掺假检测限和定量限分别为0.36%和1.08%。Bong等[57]选取三种蜜蜂源性主要蜂王浆蛋白的六个胰蛋白酶酶解肽段标记物作为潜在内标,基于PRM蛋白质组学探究麦卢卡蜂蜜和非麦卢卡蜂蜜中特定肽段的相对丰度。结果表明,麦卢卡蜂蜜呈现出总蛋白质含量与花蜜源肽段丰度/蜂源肽段丰度比值负相关关系,可作为鉴别麦卢卡蜂蜜真伪的一种替代方法。
蛋白质组学还可以从蛋白质层面入手,通过寻找表征物种身份的稳定特征肽段,实现乳制品、水产品等蛋白富含食品的物种鉴别,如陈雨湉等[58]基于靶向蛋白组学建立了一种奶牛、水牛、牦牛、山羊、绵羊、马、驴和骆驼共8个物种奶鉴别方法,基于8个物种奶中6种特征多肽分析筛选出13条特征多肽,成功实现对市售16个奶制品中奶源物种鉴别。张九凯等[8]筛选出的大西洋鲑中4条特征肽段、大马哈鱼1条特征肽段和虹鳟2条特征肽段为不同种类三文鱼物种精准定性鉴别提供了理论依据。
本文系统地介绍了蛋白质组学技术的分析流程,根据研究目的选择恰当的提取手段提取样品中高/低丰度蛋白,提取后的蛋白质通常先采用试剂盒测定其蛋白浓度,随后经凝胶或色谱分析,胰蛋白酶酶解所得肽段可选择SILAC体内标记定量、iTRAQ和TMT体外标记定量、Label-free非标记定量,基于研究目的,靶向蛋白质组学可选取质谱的MRM/SRM、PRM采集模式,非靶向蛋白质组学可选取质谱的DDA、DIA采集模式,鉴定出的质谱数据可结合GO、KEGG、COG、Nr和STRING等数据库开展功能注释及富集分析,还可依据STRING数据库构建PPIN从而预测未知蛋白的功能。随着蛋白质组学技术在评价指标产物、阐明品质变化作用机理、评估食品质量差异、开发新产品等品质评价和掺假鉴定、物种鉴别等真伪鉴别方面的广泛应用,其逐渐成为食品加工研究中不可或缺的技术手段,但其仍存在许多不足之处,希望加强以下几方面的研究:a.扩宽研究深度,如:深入挖掘并分析代谢产物,延伸风味物质变化与代谢产物之间的关系;b.完善数据库的建立:在现有数据库的基础上多方位、多角度挖掘并建立新数据库,进一步完善生物标记物的有效鉴别;c.深度融合AI技术与蛋白组学研究:整合感官组学、机器学习及深度学习等前沿人工智能技术,以提升蛋白质组学数据分析的精度与效率,进一步推动食品品质控制的应用与研究。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060227
  • 接收时间:2025-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-19
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    1内蒙古蒙牛乳业(集团)股份有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 011500
    2中国质量检验检测科学研究院,北京 100176
    3中国焙烤食品糖制品工业协会,北京 100833
    4天津天食望月清真食品有限公司,天津 300110

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张楠(1998−),女,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向:食品微生物、肉制品加工等,E-mail:。
史玉东(1981−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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