Article(id=1320883586882973961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060223, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750262400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852787943, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852787943, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852787943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852787943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883587067523338, articleId=1320883586882973961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Influence of Different Sterilization Methods on the Physicochemical Properties, Functional Components and Metabolites of Grape Juice, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study systematically compared the impact of traditional pasteurization (TP), thermosonication combined with nisin (TSN), and irradiation (IR) on the physicochemical properties, functional components, and sensory quality of grape juice. In addition, widely targeted metabolomics was employed to assess changes in the metabolite profile. Results showed that TP significantly increased the viscosity of the juice and led to noticeable color deterioration (P<0.05), while the IR group exhibited the lowest color difference, indicating its superior performance in color stability maintenance. All sterilization methods significantly increased the total phenolic and anthocyanin contents of the juice by 12.1%~21.7% and 27.8%~47.9%, respectively (P<0.05). The total flavonoid content decreased by 22.7%~36.0% in the TP and TSN groups, whereas it increased by 10% in the IR group. Metabolomics analysis revealed that TP induced the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids (α-linolenic acid and γ-linolenic acid) and essential amino acids (leucine and isoleucine), and the marked accumulation of furfural derivatives such as 2-furoic acid, which ultimately contributed to nutrition and flavor deterioration. TSN and IR had limited effects on organic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, but IR led to a marked down-regulation of specific anthocyanin monomers, including cyanidin-3-O-glucosylrutinoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside. In summary, IR outperformed thermal sterilization in enhancing the sensory quality and preserving the stability of functional components in grape juice, demonstrating its superior processing adaptability and application potential. These results provided theoretical basis and technical references for the high-value processing of grape juice.

, authors=Xirui PI1, Jiaqi WANG2, Luyao KANG3, Jiachao LI1, Yizhe LIU1, Xiangyu SUN2, Tingting MA1, *, authorsList=Xirui PI, Jiaqi WANG, Luyao KANG, Jiachao LI, Yizhe LIU, Xiangyu SUN, Tingting MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tingting MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883590548795677, articleId=1320883586882973961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同杀菌方式对葡萄汁理化特性、功能性指标及代谢物的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究系统对比了巴氏杀菌(Traitional pasteurization,TP)、声热联合乳酸链球菌素杀菌(Thermosonication combined with nisin,TSN)和辐照杀菌(Irradiation,IR)对葡萄汁理化特性、功能性指标及感官品质的影响,并基于广泛靶向代谢组学技术解析其代谢物轮廓变化。结果表明,TP处理后葡萄汁粘度显著上升,色泽劣变严重(P<0.05)。IR组色差值最小,在维持色泽稳定方面具有显著优势。灭菌后葡萄汁的总酚和总花色苷含量分别显著提升12.1%~21.7%和27.8%~47.9%(P<0.05)。TP与TSN处理导致总黄酮含量显著降低22.7%~36.0%,而IR组显著提升10%。广泛靶向代谢组学结果表明,TP处理导致α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸等不饱和脂肪酸和亮氨酸、异亮氨酸等必需氨基酸损失,糠醛类化合物(2-呋喃甲酸)显著积累,营养风味劣变。TSN和IR处理对有机酸、不饱和脂肪酸及酚类物质的影响较小,但IR处理会导致矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖基芸香糖苷和矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷等花青素单体显著下调。综上,IR在提升葡萄汁感官品质与功能成分稳定性方面优于热杀菌,在葡萄汁的高值化加工中展现出良好的适应性与应用潜力,结果为葡萄汁高值化加工提供了理论依据和技术参考。

, authors=皮西瑞1, 王家琪2, 康璐瑶3, 李嘉超1, 刘易哲1, 孙翔宇2, 马婷婷1, *, authorsList=皮西瑞, 王家琪, 康璐瑶, 李嘉超, 刘易哲, 孙翔宇, 马婷婷, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马婷婷, authorNote=

皮西瑞(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

王家琪(1999−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马婷婷(1987−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与品质调控,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=idr/s0sK7+f3SBfQn47UeQ==, magXml=kQwVYBQ1+oI2XmbMq/ouog==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=t40fDlfzuVHn6KSlj/mKbQ==, pdfFileSize=11610691, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=fRSyl0SfUFWEI98dQWNF9g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=3XIGfjW68U+AH2ygP8KMfQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883591039529256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=15213444756@nwafu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883591135998250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, authorId=1320883591039529256, language=EN, stringName=Xirui PI, firstName=Xirui, middleName=null, lastName=PI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320883591207301419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, authorId=1320883591039529256, language=CN, stringName=皮西瑞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100, bio={"content":"

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Effects of different doses of electron beam irradiation on the quality of sorbus nigricans juice[J]. 2025, 46(5): 272−280.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883605551821206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LÜ X R, WANG S J, ZHANG D, et al. Effects of different doses of electron beam irradiation on the quality of sorbus nigricans juice[J]. 2025, 46(5): 272−280., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883590771093790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883590779482399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, companyId=1320883590771093790, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883590787871008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, companyId=1320883590771093790, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320883590854979873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883590871757090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, companyId=1320883590854979873, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883590880145699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, companyId=1320883590854979873, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院,陕西杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320883590951448868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883590959837477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, companyId=1320883590951448868, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883590968226086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, companyId=1320883590951448868, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3杨凌核盛辐照技术有限公司,陕西杨凌 712100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883595133170004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Preparation and sterilization of grape juice, figureFileSmall=KwyC7YpmHbtQ/o+R2dag1Q==, figureFileBig=fRSyl0SfUFWEI98dQWNF9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883595196084565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=CN, label=图1, caption=葡萄汁的制备及灭菌过程, figureFileSmall=KwyC7YpmHbtQ/o+R2dag1Q==, figureFileBig=fRSyl0SfUFWEI98dQWNF9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883595368051030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different sterilization treatments on physicochemical properties of grape juice, figureFileSmall=mkAV07rB5m29Xh47wxLq4A==, figureFileBig=G/rBuirTX5XCbet21Py3Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883595439354199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同杀菌处理对葡萄汁理化性质的影响

注:图中不同小写字母表示差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),图5同。

, figureFileSmall=mkAV07rB5m29Xh47wxLq4A==, figureFileBig=G/rBuirTX5XCbet21Py3Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883595510657368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Color characteristics of grape juice under different sterilization methods, figureFileSmall=2gEGkpYNsB8i279kHFAHow==, figureFileBig=5R9chlvjTWYCjjDRoio+GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883595686818137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同杀菌方式下葡萄汁的颜色特性

注:(a)a*和b*色度分布图;(b)L*、C、h和∆E值;(c)PCA图;(d)聚类树图;图中不同小写或大写字母表示相应指标差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=2gEGkpYNsB8i279kHFAHow==, figureFileBig=5R9chlvjTWYCjjDRoio+GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883595774898522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Radar chart of electronic nose response values and LDA for grape juice under different sterilization methods, figureFileSmall=1It+Rumolqsb19FR131TfA==, figureFileBig=frXoNjJjJvcTYaiX4KQwTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883595846201691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同杀菌方式下葡萄汁的电子鼻响应值雷达图和LDA分析, figureFileSmall=1It+Rumolqsb19FR131TfA==, figureFileBig=frXoNjJjJvcTYaiX4KQwTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883596106248540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different sterilization treatments on functional indexes and antioxidant capacity of grape juice, figureFileSmall=XgYzp+0gCRon1KalKLlq7Q==, figureFileBig=tsU+HZwbVL7HDp2dxtOkrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883596185940317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同杀菌处理对葡萄汁功能指标及抗氧化能力的影响, figureFileSmall=XgYzp+0gCRon1KalKLlq7Q==, figureFileBig=tsU+HZwbVL7HDp2dxtOkrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883596529873246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Metabolomic profiles of grape juice subjected to different sterilization treatments, figureFileSmall=7fwzgC65Siz1FXl2v3CZrA==, figureFileBig=Yc6DRy62rjZjMx2m/TOItw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883596592787807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同杀菌处理的葡萄汁代谢组学图谱

注:(a)代谢物种类;(b)PCA;(c)聚类分析图。

, figureFileSmall=7fwzgC65Siz1FXl2v3CZrA==, figureFileBig=Yc6DRy62rjZjMx2m/TOItw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883596680868192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Differential metabolomic analysis of grape juice subjected to different sterilization treatments, figureFileSmall=tmS0koWCbhL+R534qxNM4A==, figureFileBig=NXa1xi+tgHVJEoA49awR3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883596982858081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同杀菌处理的葡萄汁代谢谱差异分析, figureFileSmall=tmS0koWCbhL+R534qxNM4A==, figureFileBig=NXa1xi+tgHVJEoA49awR3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883597049966946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Classification statistics and cluster heat map analysis of DAMs, figureFileSmall=BI08i04WQ6QEaWOzlt8Bjg==, figureFileBig=1oEZehz4eZt2qaRhh/MwEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883597108687203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=CN, label=图8, caption=DAMs的分类统计及聚类热图分析

注:(a)糖和有机酸类DAMs变化情况;(b)糖类;(c)有机酸类;(d)氨基酸类DAMs变化情况;(e)氨基酸及其衍生物;(f)脂质类;OT为糖,O为有机酸。

, figureFileSmall=BI08i04WQ6QEaWOzlt8Bjg==, figureFileBig=1oEZehz4eZt2qaRhh/MwEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883597356151140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Changes of classified differential metabolites and cluster thermogram, figureFileSmall=DTLPUKZUa6TZx6u8rBijDA==, figureFileBig=CSnWwLflc2i9ji+UbVxZ+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883599042261349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=CN, label=图9, caption=酚类差异代谢物变化情况和聚类热图

注:(a)酚酸类DAMs变化情况;(b)黄酮类DAMs变化情况;(c)木脂素和香豆素类DAMs变化情况;(d)酚酸类;(e)黄酮类;(f)木脂素和香豆素类。

, figureFileSmall=DTLPUKZUa6TZx6u8rBijDA==, figureFileBig=CSnWwLflc2i9ji+UbVxZ+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883599117758822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883586882973961, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Name and main performance of each sensor in electronic nose (PEN3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器名称性能描述
1W1C苯类和芳香烃类
2W5S对氮氧化合物敏感
3W3C氨类,对芳香类物质敏感
4W6S对氢化物敏感
5W5C烷烃,芳香族化合物
6W1S对甲基类敏感,范围广泛
7W1W对硫化物和萜烯敏感
8W2S醇类和醛酮类,对芳香族化合物敏感
9W2W芳香族化合物和含硫有机化合物
10W3S对长链烷烃敏感
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电子鼻(PEN3)中各传感器的名称和主要性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器名称性能描述
1W1C苯类和芳香烃类
2W5S对氮氧化合物敏感
3W3C氨类,对芳香类物质敏感
4W6S对氢化物敏感
5W5C烷烃,芳香族化合物
6W1S对甲基类敏感,范围广泛
7W1W对硫化物和萜烯敏感
8W2S醇类和醛酮类,对芳香族化合物敏感
9W2W芳香族化合物和含硫有机化合物
10W3S对长链烷烃敏感
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不同杀菌方式对葡萄汁理化特性、功能性指标及代谢物的影响
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皮西瑞 1 , 王家琪 2 , 康璐瑶 3 , 李嘉超 1 , 刘易哲 1 , 孙翔宇 2 , 马婷婷 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(8): 20-31
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (8) : 20 -31
不同杀菌方式对葡萄汁理化特性、功能性指标及代谢物的影响
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皮西瑞1 , 王家琪2 , 康璐瑶3, 李嘉超1, 刘易哲1, 孙翔宇2, 马婷婷1, *
作者信息
  • 1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 2西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 3杨凌核盛辐照技术有限公司,陕西杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
马婷婷(1987−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与品质调控,E-mail:。
作者简介:

皮西瑞(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

王家琪(1999−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Influence of Different Sterilization Methods on the Physicochemical Properties, Functional Components and Metabolites of Grape Juice
Xirui PI1 , Jiaqi WANG2 , Luyao KANG3, Jiachao LI1, Yizhe LIU1, Xiangyu SUN2, Tingting MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 3Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Yangling 712100, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060223
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本研究系统对比了巴氏杀菌(Traitional pasteurization,TP)、声热联合乳酸链球菌素杀菌(Thermosonication combined with nisin,TSN)和辐照杀菌(Irradiation,IR)对葡萄汁理化特性、功能性指标及感官品质的影响,并基于广泛靶向代谢组学技术解析其代谢物轮廓变化。结果表明,TP处理后葡萄汁粘度显著上升,色泽劣变严重(P<0.05)。IR组色差值最小,在维持色泽稳定方面具有显著优势。灭菌后葡萄汁的总酚和总花色苷含量分别显著提升12.1%~21.7%和27.8%~47.9%(P<0.05)。TP与TSN处理导致总黄酮含量显著降低22.7%~36.0%,而IR组显著提升10%。广泛靶向代谢组学结果表明,TP处理导致α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸等不饱和脂肪酸和亮氨酸、异亮氨酸等必需氨基酸损失,糠醛类化合物(2-呋喃甲酸)显著积累,营养风味劣变。TSN和IR处理对有机酸、不饱和脂肪酸及酚类物质的影响较小,但IR处理会导致矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖基芸香糖苷和矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷等花青素单体显著下调。综上,IR在提升葡萄汁感官品质与功能成分稳定性方面优于热杀菌,在葡萄汁的高值化加工中展现出良好的适应性与应用潜力,结果为葡萄汁高值化加工提供了理论依据和技术参考。

葡萄汁  /  杀菌方式  /  品质特性  /  广泛靶向代谢组学  /  差异代谢物

This study systematically compared the impact of traditional pasteurization (TP), thermosonication combined with nisin (TSN), and irradiation (IR) on the physicochemical properties, functional components, and sensory quality of grape juice. In addition, widely targeted metabolomics was employed to assess changes in the metabolite profile. Results showed that TP significantly increased the viscosity of the juice and led to noticeable color deterioration (P<0.05), while the IR group exhibited the lowest color difference, indicating its superior performance in color stability maintenance. All sterilization methods significantly increased the total phenolic and anthocyanin contents of the juice by 12.1%~21.7% and 27.8%~47.9%, respectively (P<0.05). The total flavonoid content decreased by 22.7%~36.0% in the TP and TSN groups, whereas it increased by 10% in the IR group. Metabolomics analysis revealed that TP induced the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids (α-linolenic acid and γ-linolenic acid) and essential amino acids (leucine and isoleucine), and the marked accumulation of furfural derivatives such as 2-furoic acid, which ultimately contributed to nutrition and flavor deterioration. TSN and IR had limited effects on organic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, but IR led to a marked down-regulation of specific anthocyanin monomers, including cyanidin-3-O-glucosylrutinoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside. In summary, IR outperformed thermal sterilization in enhancing the sensory quality and preserving the stability of functional components in grape juice, demonstrating its superior processing adaptability and application potential. These results provided theoretical basis and technical references for the high-value processing of grape juice.

grape juice  /  sterilization method  /  quality characteristics  /  widely targeted metabolomics  /  differential metabolites
皮西瑞, 王家琪, 康璐瑶, 李嘉超, 刘易哲, 孙翔宇, 马婷婷. 不同杀菌方式对葡萄汁理化特性、功能性指标及代谢物的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 20 -31 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060223
Xirui PI, Jiaqi WANG, Luyao KANG, Jiachao LI, Yizhe LIU, Xiangyu SUN, Tingting MA. Influence of Different Sterilization Methods on the Physicochemical Properties, Functional Components and Metabolites of Grape Juice[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 20 -31 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060223
‘烟73’(Vitis vinifera L.)是我国自主培育的染色型葡萄品种,其果皮和果肉中含有丰富的花青素、多酚和黄酮等物质,其中花青素含量高达3.10 mg·g−1鲜重(Fresh weight,FW)[1],显著高于蓝莓(1.33 mg·g−1 FW)[2]和黑桑葚(1.85 mg·g−1 FW)[3],这些活性成分在抗氧化、抑制炎症及降低患心血管疾病风险等方面具有重要作用[4−5]。然而,葡萄鲜果的易腐性严重影响其贮藏运输性能,制约产业经济效益。因此,大力发展优质、营养、健康的葡萄精深加工产品,已成为解决鲜果采后损耗问题和推动特色水果资源高值化利用的有效途径。
葡萄汁是葡萄深加工的主要产品之一,因其丰富的营养价值和卓越的健康功效深受消费者的青睐,具有抗氧化、调节血脂以及预防心血管疾病等多种生理功能[6]。杀菌是葡萄汁加工过程的关键环节,科学选择杀菌方式对保障果汁营养与感官特性至关重要。传统巴氏杀菌(Traditional pasteurization,TP)虽然能有效抑制微生物生长,但高温会导致功能成分降解、风味损耗及品质劣变。近年来,声热杀菌、辐照、脉冲电场和高静压杀菌等非热杀菌技术凭借其低温短时处理特性和营养风味双效保留优势,在果汁杀菌领域展现出卓越的应用潜力[7]。辐照(Irradiation,IR)是利用高能射线诱导微生物中生物大分子氧化降解,导致细胞结构损伤及生理功能丧失。研究表明2~4 kGy辐照处理可有效保证苹果汁[8]和野樱莓汁[9]的微生物安全性。声热联合乳酸链球菌素杀菌(Thermosonication combined with nisin,TSN)作为一种新型栅栏技术,通过超声波空化效应和热效应破坏微生物细胞膜结构,加速胞内物质泄漏[10]。乳酸链球菌素(Nisin Z)属于天然抗菌肽,可高效抑制多种革兰氏阳性菌的生长繁殖。物理杀菌和生物抑菌的协同效应使TSN在高效杀菌的同时减少热敏性成分的损失。
目前葡萄汁杀菌多采用热杀菌,但高温会导致花色苷、黄酮等关键功能成分降解。相比之下,新型非热杀菌技术凭借低温处理特性可实现营养与风味的双效保留。目前已有研究报道鲜食葡萄汁在灭菌过程中理化特性与感官品质的变化规律,但对于富含花青素的‘烟73’葡萄汁在不同杀菌方式下的综合品质评价及代谢轮廓变化仍缺乏系统研究。因此,本研究以‘烟73’葡萄汁为对象,系统比较三种杀菌技术对其理化特性、功能性指标和感官品质的影响,并基于广泛靶向代谢组学全面解析不同杀菌处理下葡萄汁代谢物轮廓的变化,研究结果旨在为高质量葡萄汁的生产提供理论依据和科学指导。
‘烟73’葡萄 采自陕西省咸阳市张裕瑞那城堡酒庄,果实成熟度一致、无损伤、无病害,保存于−40 ℃冰箱直至榨汁;标准品没食子酸、儿茶酚、6-羟基-2,5,7,8-四甲基色烷-2-羧酸(Trolox)、福林酚、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,4,6-三吡啶基三嗪(TPTZ) 购自美国Sigma公司;Nisin Z(900 IU/mg)、果胶酶(50 U/mg)、纤维素酶(50 U/mg)、β-葡聚糖酶(40 U/mg) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司;其他试剂均为分析纯。
PAL-1手持糖度仪 日本爱拓公司;雷磁PHS-3E pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;NDJ-5S旋转粘度仪 上海平轩科技仪器有限公司;ATPIO-1000D超声波处理器、XODC-0515-II恒温器 江苏南京先欧有限公司;Ci7600色度仪 爱色丽(上海)色彩科技有限公司;PEN3电子鼻 德国AIRSENSE公司;UV-2800A紫外可见分光光度计 上海尤尼柯仪器有限公司。
将葡萄解冻后洗净、晾干、榨汁。将皮渣移至循环袋中,加入0.02%果胶酶、0.02%纤维素酶和0.04% β-葡聚糖酶(均为w/v),置于果汁中在室温下酶解6 h。酶解结束后,挤出循环袋中的果汁,分离果皮残渣,将葡萄汁置于4 ℃冰箱冷藏,以备后续灭菌处理。
参照Ma等[11]的方法稍作修改,取0.5 g 900 IU/mg Nisin Z溶解于10 mL无菌水中,用0.22 µm无机膜过滤去除所有微生物,于4 ℃下保存备用。
灭菌过程见图1,对照组(CK)为未杀菌葡萄汁,实验组采用三种杀菌方式处理。TP处理:将分装的葡萄汁置于90 ℃恒温水浴锅中灭菌10 min[12]。TSN处理:向葡萄汁中加入Nisin Z抑菌液至终浓度为120 mg/L,然后置于超声波处理器中,在55 ℃、700 W功率下超声15 min。IR处理:依托杨凌核盛辐照技术有限公司完成,将葡萄汁灌装至高密度聚乙烯瓶内,采用3 kGy辐照剂量进行杀菌处理。每个处理组进行三次平行试验,分装体积为200 mL/瓶。
使用PAL-1型手持糖度仪检测葡萄汁的可溶性固形物(Total soluble solid,TSS),以°Brix表示。pH使用PHS-3E型pH计测定。粘度使用NDJ-5S旋转粘度计测定,结果用mPa·s表示。褐变指数(Browning index,BI)的测定参考Sultana等[13]的方法并做适当修改,向5 mL葡萄汁中加入5 mL 95%乙醇溶液,在25 ℃、5000 r/min条件下离心10 min,随后使用UV-2800紫外分光光度计测定样品在420 nm处的吸光度。
采用Ci7600色度计在全透射模式下测定葡萄汁的颜色特征。所测参数:亮度(L*)、红绿值(a*)、黄蓝值(b*)、饱和度(C*)以及色度角(h),以CK为对照,色差(ΔE)按照公式(1)计算。每组样品重复测定5次。
$ \Delta E=\sqrt{{({{L}^{\text{*}}}{{-{{L}_{0}}}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}+{({{a}^{\text{*}}}{{-{{a}_{0}}}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}+{({{b}^{\text{*}}}{{-{{b}_{0}}}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}} $
式中,ΔE为色差,$ {L}^{\mathrm{*}}\mathrm{、}{a}^{\mathrm{*}}{\mathrm{、}b}^{\mathrm{*}} $为处理组的值;$ {{{L}_{0}}}^{\mathrm{*}} $、$ {{{a}_{0}}}^{\mathrm{*}} $、$ {{{b}_{0}}}^{\mathrm{*}} $为CK的值。
使用PEN3型电子鼻对不同处理的葡萄汁的整体风味进行分析,该设备包含十个金属氧化物半导体。运行参数:载气速度300 mL/min,检测时间60 s,清洗时间240 s。每组样品进行8次平行检测。电子鼻10个传感器的相关信息见表1。
参考Bao等[14]的方法,采用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定样品中总酚含量(Total polyphenol content,TPC)。在试管中依次加入0.2 mL经10倍稀释的样品、2 mL 10%福林酚试剂和1.8 mL 7.5%碳酸钠溶液,混匀后置于室温(25±1 ℃)避光条件下反应1 h,反应结束后立即使用紫外分光光度计测定其在765 nm波长处的吸光度,用无水乙醇标零。总酚含量以mg没食子酸当量(Gallic acid equivalent,GAE)/L表示。
总黄酮含量(Total flavonoid content,TFC)的测定采用氯化铝比色法[14]。取0.5 mL经10倍稀释的样品和4.5 mL 15%乙醇溶液于试管中,依次加入0.3 mL 0.5 mol/L亚硝酸钠溶液、0.3 mL 0.3 mol/L氯化铝溶液,混匀后静置5 min,然后加入2 mL 1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,最后用15%乙醇溶液定容到10 mL,用紫外分光光度计测定其在506 nm波长处的吸光度,以不加氯化铝的反应液为空白。结果以mg儿茶素当量(Catechin equivalents,CAE)/kg表示。
采用双波长pH差法[14]测定葡萄汁中的总花色苷含量(Total anthocyanin content,TAC),取0.5 mL葡萄汁分别用pH为1.0的盐酸-氯化钠缓冲液及pH为4.5的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液稀释20倍,然后使用1 cm光程的比色皿分别在510 nm与700 nm下测定样品的吸光度。结果根据公式(2)计算,以mg花青素-3-葡萄糖苷当量(Cyanoside-3-glycoside equivalents,CGE)/L表示:
$ \begin{split} & \mathrm{TAC}= \\ &\frac{[(\mathrm{A}_{510\text{nm}}-\mathrm{A}_{700\text{nm}})_{\mathrm{pH}1.0}-(\mathrm{A}_{510\text{nm}}-\mathrm{A}_{700\text{nm}})_{\mathrm{pH}4.5}]\times \mathrm{Mr}\times \mathit{\mathit{\mathrm{f}}}\times 1000}{\varepsilon\mathrm{\times }\mathrm{L}}\end{split} $
其中,Mr为花青素-3-葡萄糖苷的平均分子量,值为449 g/mol;f为稀释倍数;$ \varepsilon $为消光系数,数值为29600 L/(mol·cm);L为比色皿光程,cm。
DPPH自由基的清除能力的测定参考Sun等[15]的方法并加以修改。取0.25 mL经10倍稀释的样品溶液,与4 mL DPPH工作液充分混匀,避光反应30 min后于517 nm波长处测定吸光度。按上述步骤,使用不同浓度梯度的Trolox标准溶液替代样品绘制标准曲线,以Trolox溶液浓度为横坐标,对应的吸光度值为纵坐标,建立线性回归方程。最终结果以mmol Trolox/L表示。
FRAP铁离子还原能力的测定方法[15]如下:取0.25 mL经10倍稀释的待测样品与8 mL TPTZ工作液充分混匀,于37 ℃水浴中反应10 min后于593 nm波长下测定其吸光度,并以蒸馏水调零。按上述步骤,使用不同浓度梯度的Trolox标准溶液替代样品绘制标准曲线,以Trolox溶液浓度为横坐标,对应的吸光度值为纵坐标,建立线性回归方程。最终结果以mmol Trolox/L表示。
将100 μL葡萄汁和100 μL萃取剂(含0.1%盐酸的甲醇溶液)加入到1.5 mL离心管中,涡旋15 min,在4 ℃、12000 r/min条件下离心3 min。上清液经0.22 μm有机微孔滤膜过滤后存于进样瓶中以备用。
数据采集仪器系统包括ExionLC™ AD超高效液相色谱和Applied Biosystems 4500 QTRAP串联质谱。
液相条件主要包括:流动相A为超纯水,流动相B为乙腈,两者均含1%甲酸;色谱柱为Agilent SB-C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 µm);洗脱梯度:0~9.00 min,95%~5% A、5%~95% B,保持1 min;10.0~11.1 min,5%~95% A、95%~5% B,平衡至14.0 min;柱温40 ℃;流速0.35 mL/min;进样量4 μL。
质谱条件主要包括:离子喷雾电压正离子模式为5.5 kV,负离子模式为−4.5 kV,电喷雾离子源的温度维持在550 ℃,离子源气体I、气体II和气帘气压力分别设置为50、60和25 psi,碰撞诱导电离参数设置为高。
依托MVDB数据库(metware database,武汉迈维生物科技有限公司),并根据二级谱信息进行物质定性。定量分析是利用三重四极杆质谱的多反应监测模式对不同代谢产物对应的特征碎片离子进行选择性监测并记录其信号强度,通过MultiQuant软件处理下机质谱数据,完成各代谢物色谱峰的自动识别、积分及校正。
所有试验均进行不少于3次的独立重复测定,结果用平均值±标准差来表示。使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27对实验数据进行单因素方差分析及显著性分析(P<0.05)、邓肯多重比较,聚类分析以及线性判别分析(Llinear discriminant analysis,LDA),Origin 2022用于数据可视化。代谢组学数据使用迈维云平台(https://cloud.metware.cn)进行分析并可视化。
如图2(a)所示,不同灭菌处理均显著提升葡萄汁的TSS(P<0.05),其中,IR组TSS值最高,为18.23°Brix,可能是辐照引发的低聚糖水解促进单糖释放,使可溶性固形物含量增加[16]。而CK组由于微生物生长代谢消耗,所以TSS值最低[17]。pH是维持花色苷稳定性的关键调控因子,如图2(b)所示,相较于CK,IR组pH显著升高(P<0.05),Naresh等[18]也发现3 kGy辐照导致芒果汁pH升高。尽管辐照后葡萄汁pH上升,但体系仍维持酸性环境(pH<4.0),此时花色苷以稳定态烊盐离子形式分布,可有效避免花色苷的不可逆降解[19]。如图2(c)所示,TP组黏度较CK(4.25 mPa·S)显著提升了23.76%(P<0.05),而其他组无显著变化(P>0.05),类似现象亦见于TP处理的百香果汁,这可能是热效应诱导果胶等大分子发生复杂聚合反应所致[11,20]。褐变指数是衡量果汁品质的关键参数,其动态变化会对产品的表观色泽属性和感官吸引力产生直接影响。与CK相比,TP和TSN处理显著提高了葡萄汁的褐变指数(P<0.05),这与高温诱导美拉德反应加剧导致褐色色素积累有关[21]。IR组褐变指数无显著变化,表明IR作为新型非热杀菌方式可有效避免热处理引发的色泽劣变(图2(d))。
花色苷作为‘烟73’葡萄汁的主要呈色物质,在高温和辐照等条件下易发生氧化降解,进而影响果汁的色泽属性。因此,探究不同杀菌方式对葡萄汁颜色特征的影响具有重要意义。不同灭菌处理葡萄汁的CIELAB颜色特征如图3(a)所示。相较于CK,TP处理后葡萄汁的a*和b*值显著升高(P<0.05),色泽褐变严重。花色苷的吡喃环结构因热效应水解生成查尔酮等浅色或无色物质,导致TP组L*值显著上升[19]。与CK组相比,TSN组各颜色参数(L*、a*、b*、h及C*)显著降低(P<0.05)(图3(b)),导致葡萄汁色泽暗淡,视觉感官质量下降。IR组a*和b*值显著下降(P<0.05),L*值显著升高(P<0.05)。∆E可表征样品间的颜色差异程度,当∆E>3时肉眼视觉感知显著[22]。IR和TSN组的ΔE值分别为3.45和3.71,而TP处理后ΔE升高至5.90,较IR组增加71.0%。因此IR和TSN处理表现出更好的色泽稳定性。
主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)结果如图3(c)所示,在该模型中,PC1和PC2共同解释了总方差的99.96%。IR与CK组位置较为接近,表明IR对葡萄汁颜色特征的影响较小,有效保持了其原有色泽;然而,TP与CK组显著分离,颜色特征变化明显。聚类分析结果表明(图3(d)),当欧氏距离小于5时,CK、TSN和IR组被归为一类,而TP组独立成簇,这一结果与PCA结果一致。
基于电子鼻多传感器阵列的气味轮廓分析,各传感器对不同杀菌处理葡萄汁的气味特征响应模式相似,但强度存在一定差异。W1W、W5S、W2S和W1S传感器响应值较高,表明葡萄汁中的主体气味成分包括甲基化合物、醇酮类、硫化物与萜烯类物质和氮氧化物(图4(a))。Lukić等[23]研究表明葡萄中挥发性硫醇类、甲氧基吡嗪类、萜烯类和高级醇含量较高,与电子鼻响应结果相类似。
进一步通过LDA分析不同处理葡萄汁的气味特征差异。LD1和LD2共解释了总方差的88.0%,表明模型稳定可靠。CK位于第四象限,IR组沿LD1负半轴偏移,TP和TSN组沿LD2正半轴偏移,不同杀菌处理组间分离显著(图4(b))。热杀菌组的显著变化与杀菌过程中产生的蒸煮异味相关,该结论在哈密瓜汁的热杀菌研究中得到了证实[24]。IR组气味轮廓也发生显著变化。Deshaware等[25]发现当辐照剂量为2.5 kGy时,苦瓜汁的香气特征变化显著,可能是高剂量辐照改变了挥发性成分组成导致风味特性的重构。
如图5(a)、图5(b)所示,相较CK(TPC=3014.67 mg GAE/L,TAC=830.66 mg CGE/L),灭菌后葡萄汁的TPC和TAC分别显著(P<0.05)提升了12.1%~21.7%和27.8%~47.9%,其中TSN组增幅最高,因为超声空化效应和热诱导基质软化的协同作用促进了酚类释放[10]。TP和TSN处理导致TFC分别显著(P<0.05)降低了36.0%和22.7%,而IR组则使TFC显著(P<0.05)提高了10.0%(图5(c)),这一趋势与辐照后软枣猕猴桃中黄酮含量升高结果相符[26]。葡萄中的黄酮类化合物包括黄酮醇、黄烷酮及花色苷等[27],在杀菌过程中,温度升高会增加细胞膜的通透性,从而促进细胞内结合态花色苷的释放,Xie等[28]研究也表明热处理后蓝莓汁中的花色苷含量显著提升。但果汁中部分热敏性黄酮如槲皮素和山奈酚等在加热过程中易发生氧化降解,从而导致果汁中总黄酮含量降低,这一结论在热杀菌处理的番茄汁[29]中得到了验证。辐照作为一种非热杀菌技术,在促进功能成分释放的同时,有效避免了热敏性成分的降解。
如图5(d)所示,TP和TSN处理后DPPH值显著升高(P<0.05),与Siguemoto等[30]关于巴氏杀菌苹果汁的报道一致。相反,IR处理后DPPH值显著降低(P<0.05)。此外,所有灭菌处理均显著提升了葡萄汁FRAP值(P<0.05),其中TSN增幅最高,为33.88%。一方面是高温破坏细胞膜促进了酚类物质的释放,另一方面是空化作用增加了抗氧化活性物质的提取效率[10]。综上所述,TSN处理在不同抗氧化机制作用下展现出最优效果,主要得益于多酚、黄酮及其他多种抗氧化组分的协同作用,从而全面增强了葡萄汁的抗氧化性能与功能品质。
如图6(a)所示,所有样品共鉴定出1958种代谢物,分为12类,包括462种黄酮、366种氨基酸及其衍生物、329种酚酸、155种生物碱、109种有机酸、85种木脂素和香豆素及84种脂质类,共占代谢物总数的81.2%。PCA结果显示,不同处理组间分离明显。CK、IR和TSN位于PC1负半轴,TP组位于PC1正半轴,表明TP的代谢物轮廓与其余三组差异明显,这与样本总体聚类模式一致(图6(b)~图6(c))。
为进一步探究不同灭菌处理对葡萄汁代谢物的影响,采用OPLS-DA模型对四组样本进行建模区分。结果表明该模型拟合度较高(R2Y>0.9),预测能力良好(Q2>0.5),且四组样品在模型中分离趋势明显(图7(a)),具备筛选差异代谢物(Differentially Accumulated Metabolites,DAMs)的可靠性。以差异倍数(fold-change,FC)≤0.5或≥2,变量重要性投影值(variable importance in project,VIP)≥1且差异显著性(P-value)<0.05为筛选标准,共筛选出329种DAMs。与CK相比,TP组鉴定出269种DAMs,其中199种显著上调(P<0.05),70种显著下调(P<0.05);TSN组鉴定出79种DAMs,其中48种显著上调(P<0.05),31种显著下调(P<0.05);IR组鉴定出75种DAMs,其中40种显著上调(P<0.05),35种显著下调(P<0.05)(图7(b)~图7(d))。维恩图显示(图7(e)),各处理组共有13种DAMs,主要包括酚酸、黄酮和生物碱类化合物。其中12种在杀菌处理后显著上调(P<0.05),仅Val-Ala-His-Glu一种显著下调(P<0.05)。此外,不同处理组的特有DAMs数量差异显著(P<0.05):TP组独有的DAMs多达195种,而TSN组和IR组分别仅有19种和34种,表明TP对‘烟73’葡萄汁代谢物组成的影响更为显著。这些DAMs的动态变化可能对葡萄汁的功能特性及感官品质产生重要影响,因此对其进行进一步分析。
糖和有机酸作为果汁核心呈味物质,通过调控感官属性与理化特性对果汁质量产生多方面影响,其含量受加工方式影响发生变化。由图8(a)~图8(b)所示,共有6种糖类被鉴定为DAMs,分别是愈创木酚甘油醚(OT22)、蔗果四糖(OT19)、水苏糖(OT4)、山梨糖醇-6-磷酸(OT13)、葡萄糖-1-磷酸(OT15)和D-葡萄糖-6-磷酸(OT21)。在TP中,葡萄糖-1-磷酸、D-葡萄糖-6-磷酸和山梨糖醇-6-磷酸显著上调(P<0.05),蔗果四糖显著下调(P<0.05)。蔗果四糖作为益生元型低聚糖,其含量的减少降低了对肠道健康的潜在益处[31]。在TSN中水苏糖显著下调(P<0.05),水苏糖能够有效助力肠道内双歧杆菌等有益菌的增殖,从而帮助改善肠道环境及提升肠道自身的适应力[32],这表明TSN处理会对葡萄汁中有益低聚糖稳定性产生负面影响。而IR未引起葡萄汁中糖类变化,辐照主要是影响细胞膜的通透性或诱导细胞膜脂过氧化,而对碳水化合物的影响较小[33]。
不同灭菌方式对葡萄汁中关键有机酸具有显著调控作用,如图8(c)所示,相较于CK,处理组中共鉴定出11种有机酸类DAMs,其中有9种显著上调(P<0.05),分别为DL-3-苯基乳酸(O2)、2-呋喃甲酸(O11)、丙二酸单乙酯(O7)、橄榄苦苷酸(O8)、3-羟基丁酸甲酯(O6)、L-酒石酸(O1)、2-氧庚二酸(O4)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基肉桂酸(O3)和2-羟基异己酸(O5)。L-酒石酸和DL-3-苯基乳酸在TP与TSN组中均显著上调(P<0.05)。热处理和超声空化作用促进络合态酒石酸解离,提高了游离L-酒石酸的含量[10,34]。TP导致2-呋喃甲酸显著上调(P<0.05),2-呋喃甲酸作为糠醛的主要氧化产物,其积累表明热处理促进了糠醛类化合物的生成,可能引发潜在食品安全风险,这与Gao等[35]关于巴氏杀菌显著增加苹果汁中糠醛类物质的研究结果一致。在IR中2-氧庚二酸、3-羟基丁酸甲酯和橄榄苦苷酸显著上调(P<0.05)。
在杀菌过程中,外源能量可诱导蛋白质降解生成短肽、游离氨基酸或糖基化产物,从而影响氨基酸的整体含量和分布[36]。葡萄是多种氨基酸的良好来源,在366种氨基酸类化合物中鉴定出96种DAMs,占总DAMs的29.2%(图8(d))。如图8(e)所示,氨基酸类DAMs在热图中被划分为三个特征簇。簇Ⅰ中L-异亮氨酸(AA58)和L-正亮氨酸(AA75)等支链氨基酸表现出明显的热不稳定性,在TP中显著下调(P<0.05);簇Ⅱ中物质在TP中显著上调(P<0.05),且主要为氨基酸衍生物,这归因于高温使蛋白质空间结构松散,加速水解反应生成短肽;簇Ⅲ中的物质在灭菌组中显著高于CK。对单体氨基酸而言,亮氨酸和异亮氨酸在TP组中显著下调(P<0.05),而在TSN和IR处理中未发生显著变化。亮氨酸和异亮氨酸作为合成各种香气成分的关键前体物质[37],该变化可能导致TP组葡萄汁的香气不足。TSN和IR处理并未改变葡萄汁中人体必需的8种氨基酸的含量,有效维持了其营养品质特性。
所有葡萄汁样品共鉴定到26种脂质类DAMs,其中游离脂肪酸占17种。不饱和脂肪酸作为葡萄汁的关键功能成分,具有调节血脂平衡、抗血栓形成及抗动脉粥样硬化等生理功能[38]。如图8(f)所示,与CK相比,TP导致α-亚麻酸(L18)、γ-亚麻酸(L15)和9,10,11-三羟基-12-十八碳烯酸(L7)等13种不饱和脂肪酸显著下调(P<0.05),该变化不仅对葡萄汁的功能特性造成了一定负面影响,而且脂肪酸氧化分解会引起风味劣变和酸败现象,Jia等[39]研究表明热杀菌处理后橘子汁脂肪味化合物积累,导致其风味特性发生明显改变。TSN中9,12,13-三羟基-10,15-十八碳二烯酸(L4)、9,10,11-三羟基-12-十八碳烯酸(L7)等6种不饱和脂肪酸显著下调(P<0.05),IR处理仅引起2R-羟基-9Z,12Z,15Z-十八碳三烯酸(L8)和油酸酰胺(L9)显著下调(P<0.05)。表明低温处理通过抑制氧化反应能够显著减少葡萄汁中不饱和脂肪酸的降解,并有效维持其营养价值和生物活性。综上,相较于TP,TSN和IR因其低温处理特性在维持多不饱和脂肪酸稳定性方面展现出明显优势。
酚类化合物可调控植物色泽、香气及风味等感官质量,同时兼具抗氧化、抗炎与抗细胞毒性等生物活性,这些生物活性对维持人体健康至关重要[40]。酚类物质在总DAMs中具有优势地位,占比高达41.3%。在所有样品中共鉴定出60种黄酮、59种酚酸和17种木脂素及香豆素。
酚酸是一类具有重要生物活性功能的芳香族次生代谢物,包括抗氧化、调节胆固醇水平和抗动脉粥样硬化等。如图9(a)、图9(d)所示,以对香豆酸(PA2)、咖啡酸(PA4)和2-羟基肉桂酸(PA5)为主的12种酚酸在TP和TSN中均显著上调(P<0.05),该现象与超声波空化效应协同热效应破坏细胞结构,酚酸大量溶出有关。Çöl等[41]研究表明,巴氏杀菌和声热杀菌均使葡萄汁的酚类含量增加,本文的研究结果与之有相似。而IR对酚酸类物质影响较小,仅有15种物质显著变化(P<0.05),其中9种表现显著上调(P<0.05)。这些酚酸的上调在一定程度上解释了上文中TPC显著升高的现象,表明酚酸是TPC升高的主要贡献成分之一。
黄酮类DAMs主要包括黄酮醇、黄酮和花青素等。如图9(b)所示,TP处理后以根皮苷(PF1)和表没食子儿茶素(PF3)为主的26种物质显著上调(P<0.05),以六羟黄酮(PF25)为主的10种物质显著下调(P<0.05)。Xie等[28]在蓝莓汁的热加工过程中也观察到黄酮类化合物的显著积累。IR处理导致天竺葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(PF29)、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖基芸香糖苷(PF35)和矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷(PF36)等花青素单体显著下调(P<0.05)。吕欣然等[42]研究表明辐照处理下花青素的稳定性与其结构密切相关,矢车菊素类花青素羟基化程度较高,使其在辐照下的稳定性较差。
如图9(c)、图9(f)所示,TP处理后茵芋苷(PC1)、蟛蜞菊内酯(PC3)和伞形酮(PC5)等9种物质显著上调,异秦皮素(PC2)和瑞香素(PC4)等5种物质显著下调(P<0.05)。TP处理导致的木脂素及香豆素显著变化可能与热引起的结构水解相关。TSN和IR处理对木脂素及香豆素的影响较小,分别只有3和1种物质下调,表明其在维持功能性成分稳定性方面具有显著优势。
本研究通过对比分析TP、TSN、IR三种杀菌方式对葡萄汁理化特性、功能性指标及感官品质的影响,并结合广泛靶向代谢组学解析差异代谢物变化规律。结果表明,TP导致果汁粘度增加,褐变严重。IR在维持葡萄汁色泽表现最优,TSN次之,TP最差。三种杀菌处理均会引起葡萄汁气味特征发生一定程度变化,未来可进一步结合挥发性代谢组学探究其特征香气物质。灭菌后葡萄汁TPC和TAC显著增加(P<0.05),其中TSN增幅高达21.7%和47.9%。TP和TSN处理导致TFC显著下降,而IR组显著提升10%(P<0.05)。与CK相比,TP处理后功能性低聚糖蔗果四糖、必需氨基酸和不饱和脂肪酸显著下调,糠醛类化合物2-呋喃甲酸显著上调,对葡萄汁的营养和风味造成负面影响。TSN和IR处理基于低温处理优势,可减少不饱和脂肪酸降解,维持营养价值与生物活性,且对酚酸类、氨基酸类及黄酮影响较小。但IR处理会致使矢车菊素类花青素单体显著下调。综上所述,IR相较于热杀菌在维持葡萄汁感官品质和保留功能成分方面具有显著优势。通过进一步优化杀菌工艺参数,IR有望为质优、营养型葡萄精深加工产品的开发提供关键技术支撑,展现出良好的应用潜力。本研究为葡萄汁的杀菌方式选择提供了理论基础和技术参考,有利于葡萄汁的高值化加工处理。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060223
  • 接收时间:2025-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-19
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    1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
    2西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院,陕西杨凌 712100
    3杨凌核盛辐照技术有限公司,陕西杨凌 712100

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马婷婷(1987−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工与品质调控,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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