Article(id=1320166647579656694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060204, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750176000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681856293, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681856293, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681856293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681856293, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=445, endPage=458, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166647801954807, articleId=1320166647579656694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Purification Process, Structural Characterization, and in Vivo Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Malus doumeri Pectin, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To establish the purification process of Malus doumeri pectin (MDP), and to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the pectin on ulcerative colitis (UC) mice. Methods: The weighted composite score of galacturonic acid retention and protein removal was used as the response value, the pectin purification process was optimized through response surface methodology. The structural features of the pectin before and after purification were comparatively analyzed, by using ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) was used to establish the UC mouse model, and to investigate the protective mechanism of pectin against UC. Results: X-5 resin was used as the purification medium, and the optimal conditions for purification were as follows: loading solution concentration of 7.5 mg/mL, pH5, and elution agent concentration of 10%. The deproteinization rate was 83.25%±1.35%, and the galacturonic acid recovery rate was 88.29%±1.39%. The galacturonic acid content of the purified pectin increased from 58.81%±0.75% to 67.04%±0.42%, meeting national food safety regulations. This process effectively removed protein and nucleic acid impurities, maintained the core polysaccharide structure and crystalline nature of the pectin, and homogenized its morphology. The pectin significantly improved the disease activity and colon histopathological injury in UC mice, effectively reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, increased the level of IL-10, inhibited the inflammatory response, and down-regulated the expression of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions: The purification process obtained in this study is suitable for the purification of broad Malus doumeri pectin, and the purified pectin may protective effects against UC by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the in-depth development and application of Malus doumeri pectin.

, authors=Yingying XU1, Yuanhe HUANG1, 2, 3, *, Qiaodan PAN3, 4, *, Bing'an WEI1, Weirui WANG1, Tianyang JI1, Xiliang HE5, Lingying ZHU1, authorsList=Yingying XU, Yuanhe HUANG, Qiaodan PAN, Bing'an WEI, Weirui WANG, Tianyang JI, Xiliang HE, Lingying ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanhe HUANG, Qiaodan PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166653049029148, articleId=1320166647579656694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=广山楂果胶纯化工艺优化、结构表征及体内抗炎机制研究, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:建立广山楂果胶的纯化工艺,并对其缓解溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative Colitis,UC)小鼠抗炎机制开展初步研究。方法:以半乳糖醛酸保留率、蛋白质去除率的加权综合评分作为响应值,运用响应面法建立果胶的纯化工艺。利用紫外光谱(UV-vis)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X-衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对纯化前后果胶的结构特征进行对比分析;采用硫酸葡聚糖钠盐(Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt,DSS)构建UC小鼠模型,研究果胶对UC的保护作用机制。结果:以X-5树脂为纯化介质,纯化最佳条件为:上样溶液浓度7.5 mg/mL,pH为5,洗脱剂浓度10%。其蛋白质去除率为83.25%±1.35%,半乳糖醛酸保留率为88.29%±1.39%,纯化后的果胶半乳糖醛酸含量由原来的58.81%±0.75%提高至67.04%±0.42%;该工艺可以有效去除蛋白质、核酸杂质,保持果胶的核心多糖结构及结晶性质,并使其形貌均一化。果胶可显著改善UC小鼠的疾病活动度及结肠组织病理损伤,有效降低TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平,提高IL-10的水平,抑制炎症反应,下调 TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路表达。结论:本研究得到的纯化工艺适用于广山楂果胶纯化,纯化后的果胶可能通过调节TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路,从而发挥对UC的保护作用。本研究结果为广山楂果胶的深度开发与应用提供理论依据。

, authors=徐影影1, 黄元河1, 2, 3, *, 潘乔丹3, 4, *, 卫炳安1, 王葳锐1, 姬天洋1, 何锡亮5, 朱玲瑛1, authorsList=徐影影, 黄元河, 潘乔丹, 卫炳安, 王葳锐, 姬天洋, 何锡亮, 朱玲瑛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄元河, 潘乔丹, authorNote=

徐影影(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:民族特色植物资源的功能性研究,E-mail:

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黄元河(1979−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:民族特色植物资源的功能性研究,E-mail:。
潘乔丹(1980−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:民族特色植物资源的活性物质基础研究,E-mail:。
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注:不同字母表示CS在各组间差异显著,P<0.05;图3~图7同。

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label=Fig.12, caption=Infrared scanning of MDP before and after purification, figureFileSmall=788P0UY+rE6IhVM9dP+k8A==, figureFileBig=iRBWyGQzNYXCq6+lupy3sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007136367375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=图12, caption=广山楂果胶纯化前后的红外光谱扫描图, figureFileSmall=788P0UY+rE6IhVM9dP+k8A==, figureFileBig=iRBWyGQzNYXCq6+lupy3sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007203476240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Electron microscope scanning of MDP before and after purification, figureFileSmall=wMo+xJCZnf9v24k1VZ+InQ==, figureFileBig=oOVvAuaU4MZ76d5fWRI43A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007270585105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=图13, caption=广山楂果胶纯化前后的电镜扫描图

注:A 为广山楂粗果胶;B 为广山楂纯果胶。

, figureFileSmall=wMo+xJCZnf9v24k1VZ+InQ==, figureFileBig=oOVvAuaU4MZ76d5fWRI43A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007333499666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=XRD patterns of MDP before and after purification, figureFileSmall=GCav6CNQtEAYTJgiwDgbrA==, figureFileBig=5mEkub/Rs1lhBpwZXc/K2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007413191443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=图14, caption=广山楂果胶纯化前后的XRD谱图, figureFileSmall=GCav6CNQtEAYTJgiwDgbrA==, figureFileBig=5mEkub/Rs1lhBpwZXc/K2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007497077524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Changes in body weight and DAI scores of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=KSQEoDgJQo9lO/RSGBY2Xg==, figureFileBig=Y8JvJ+9o3UvrOt+aZO/Smg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007580963605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=图15, caption=各组小鼠体重变化及 DAI 评分情况

注:与正常组(Normal)比较,###P<0.001;与模型组(Model)比较,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=KSQEoDgJQo9lO/RSGBY2Xg==, figureFileBig=Y8JvJ+9o3UvrOt+aZO/Smg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007652266774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Colon length (A, B) and colonic histopathological sections (C) of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=FnnvPBG4QgXUIo4cBe0QWQ==, figureFileBig=ZMcuTCCEFryFbUBgSCuQ0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007727764247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=图16, caption=各组小鼠的结肠长度(A、B)和结肠组织病理学切片(C)

注:与正常组(Normal)比较,##P<0.01,###P<0.001;与模型组(Model)比较,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,ns P>0.05;图17、图18同;HE染色,黑色箭头显示结肠组织中隐窝结构;红色箭头显示结肠组织中炎性细胞浸润。

, figureFileSmall=FnnvPBG4QgXUIo4cBe0QWQ==, figureFileBig=ZMcuTCCEFryFbUBgSCuQ0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007811650328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Effects of MDP on serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 in UC mice, figureFileSmall=MuxqQk5mlL+fWiONATfw8Q==, figureFileBig=BRX+uay2XmlFlND1MZxobw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007882953497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=图17, caption=广山楂果胶对 UC 小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10水平的影响, figureFileSmall=MuxqQk5mlL+fWiONATfw8Q==, figureFileBig=BRX+uay2XmlFlND1MZxobw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167007958450970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Effects of MDP on mRNA levels of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6 and NF-κB in the colon of UC mice, figureFileSmall=7DqcnAcOzZ+1EiwuH34t2w==, figureFileBig=8Nai8gZ7FYeEPwBL6vGy5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167008025559835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=图18, caption=广山楂果胶对 UC 小鼠结肠中TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6和NF-κB mRNA水平的影响, figureFileSmall=7DqcnAcOzZ+1EiwuH34t2w==, figureFileBig=8Nai8gZ7FYeEPwBL6vGy5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320167008117834525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Response surface test design factor level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A上样浓度(mg/mL)B上样溶液pHC洗脱剂乙醇浓度(%)
−1640
08510
110620
), ArticleFig(id=1320167008205914910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验设计因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A上样浓度(mg/mL)B上样溶液pHC洗脱剂乙醇浓度(%)
−1640
08510
110620
), ArticleFig(id=1320167008298189599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Standard for evaluation of DAI

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分体重下降(%)粪便性状粪便潜血
0<1量少、硬、干、不黏、不散无颜色
11~5量少、硬、湿、黏颜色反应为点状
26~10量多、软、很黏持续蓝色
311~15量多、软、散深色粪便+潜血蓝色
4>15稀便血便+深蓝反应
), ArticleFig(id=1320167008390464288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

DAI评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分体重下降(%)粪便性状粪便潜血
0<1量少、硬、干、不黏、不散无颜色
11~5量少、硬、湿、黏颜色反应为点状
26~10量多、软、很黏持续蓝色
311~15量多、软、散深色粪便+潜血蓝色
4>15稀便血便+深蓝反应
), ArticleFig(id=1320167008453378849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Specific primer sequences used for Real-Time qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5′-3′)产物长度(bp)
GAPDHF:AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTT100
R:ATGAAGGGGTCGTTGATGGC
TLR4F:TCCCTGCATAGAGGTAGTTCC119
R:TCAAGGGGTTGAAGCTCAGA
MyD88F:GCATGGTGGTGGTTGTTTCTG108
R:GAATCAGTCGCTTCTGTTGG
TRAF-6F:CATCTTCAGTTACCGACAGCTCAG131
R:TGGTCGAGAATTGTAAGGCGTAT
NF-κBF:ATGGCAGACGATGATCCCTAC167
R:CGGAATCGAAATCCCCTCTGTT
), ArticleFig(id=1320167008524682018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实时定量 PCR 所用引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5′-3′)产物长度(bp)
GAPDHF:AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTT100
R:ATGAAGGGGTCGTTGATGGC
TLR4F:TCCCTGCATAGAGGTAGTTCC119
R:TCAAGGGGTTGAAGCTCAGA
MyD88F:GCATGGTGGTGGTTGTTTCTG108
R:GAATCAGTCGCTTCTGTTGG
TRAF-6F:CATCTTCAGTTACCGACAGCTCAG131
R:TGGTCGAGAATTGTAAGGCGTAT
NF-κBF:ATGGCAGACGATGATCCCTAC167
R:CGGAATCGAAATCCCCTCTGTT
), ArticleFig(id=1320167008595985187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Adsorption performance of seven kinds of macroporous adsorption resins on the crude pectin of MDP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
型号极性粒径(mm)孔径(nm)比表面积(m2/g)DPR(%)GARR(%)CS(%)
X-5弱极性0.30~1.2529~30500~60080.52±1.19a81.77±1.69a81.02±1.12a
HPD 400中极性0.30~1.207.5~8500~55078.32±0.75ab63.22±1.65d72.28±1.10c
D101非极性0.30~1.208.5~9650~70042.40±1.68d68.56±0.77c52.87±1.10d
AB-8弱极性0.30~1.2512~16480~52081.85±1.73a71.85±1.76b77.85±1.68b
NKA非极性0.30~1.208.5~9650~70056.99±1.14c64.98±1.67d60.19±1.35d
NKA-9极性0.30~1.259~10500~55043.51±0.88d68.67±0.93c53.58±0.88d
S-8极性0.30~1.2514~16100~12059.87±1.18c63.34±1.15d61.26±1.11d
), ArticleFig(id=1320167008684065572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

7 种大孔吸附树脂对广山楂粗果胶的吸附性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
型号极性粒径(mm)孔径(nm)比表面积(m2/g)DPR(%)GARR(%)CS(%)
X-5弱极性0.30~1.2529~30500~60080.52±1.19a81.77±1.69a81.02±1.12a
HPD 400中极性0.30~1.207.5~8500~55078.32±0.75ab63.22±1.65d72.28±1.10c
D101非极性0.30~1.208.5~9650~70042.40±1.68d68.56±0.77c52.87±1.10d
AB-8弱极性0.30~1.2512~16480~52081.85±1.73a71.85±1.76b77.85±1.68b
NKA非极性0.30~1.208.5~9650~70056.99±1.14c64.98±1.67d60.19±1.35d
NKA-9极性0.30~1.259~10500~55043.51±0.88d68.67±0.93c53.58±0.88d
S-8极性0.30~1.2514~16100~12059.87±1.18c63.34±1.15d61.26±1.11d
), ArticleFig(id=1320167012282778405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Box-Behnken response surface experimental design and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号试验因素Y:CS(%)
A:上样浓度
(mg/mL)
B:上样溶液pHC:洗脱剂浓度
(%)
18.005.0010.0086.95
28.005.0010.0083.48
36.005.000.0079.81
48.005.0010.0084.36
58.004.0020.0078.52
610.004.0010.0074.26
78.006.0020.0076.48
88.005.0010.0084.53
96.005.0020.0072.82
108.004.000.0078.96
1110.005.0020.0077.48
128.005.0010.0085.83
136.004.0010.0081.61
1410.006.0010.0073.37
156.006.0010.0072.73
1610.005.000.0064.93
178.006.000.0073.16
), ArticleFig(id=1320167012375053094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Box-Behnken响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号试验因素Y:CS(%)
A:上样浓度
(mg/mL)
B:上样溶液pHC:洗脱剂浓度
(%)
18.005.0010.0086.95
28.005.0010.0083.48
36.005.000.0079.81
48.005.0010.0084.36
58.004.0020.0078.52
610.004.0010.0074.26
78.006.0020.0076.48
88.005.0010.0084.53
96.005.0020.0072.82
108.004.000.0078.96
1110.005.0020.0077.48
128.005.0010.0085.83
136.004.0010.0081.61
1410.006.0010.0073.37
156.006.0010.0072.73
1610.005.000.0064.93
178.006.000.0073.16
), ArticleFig(id=1320167012484104999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Analysis of variance for response surface experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源总方差自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型547.93960.8841.25<0.0001**
A35.83135.8324.280.0017**
B38.76138.7626.260.0014**
C8.9018.906.030.0437*
AB15.96115.9610.810.0133*
AC95.45195.4564.67<0.0001**
BC3.5313.532.390.1657不显著
A2165.991165.99112.47<0.0001**
B244.71144.7130.300.0009**
C2104.901104.9071.07<0.0001**
残差10.3371.48
失拟项2.9030.96780.52120.6903
绝对误差7.4341.86
总离差558.2616
), ArticleFig(id=1320167012584768296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

响应面试验的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源总方差自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型547.93960.8841.25<0.0001**
A35.83135.8324.280.0017**
B38.76138.7626.260.0014**
C8.9018.906.030.0437*
AB15.96115.9610.810.0133*
AC95.45195.4564.67<0.0001**
BC3.5313.532.390.1657不显著
A2165.991165.99112.47<0.0001**
B244.71144.7130.300.0009**
C2104.901104.9071.07<0.0001**
残差10.3371.48
失拟项2.9030.96780.52120.6903
绝对误差7.4341.86
总离差558.2616
), ArticleFig(id=1320167012698014505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Physicochemical properties of MDP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品颜色粒径(nm)酯化度(%)蛋白质含量(%)半乳糖醛酸含量(%)水分含量(%)
粗果胶亮红色665.40±8.2051.15±0.375.20±0.2558.81±0.7511.42±1.15
纯果胶浅灰585.23±4.6254.46±0.130.51±0.0467.04±0.428.57±0.75
《食品安全国家标准》白色、淡黄色、浅灰、浅棕色−≥50 高酯−≥65≤12
), ArticleFig(id=1320167012781900586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166647579656694, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

广山楂果胶理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品颜色粒径(nm)酯化度(%)蛋白质含量(%)半乳糖醛酸含量(%)水分含量(%)
粗果胶亮红色665.40±8.2051.15±0.375.20±0.2558.81±0.7511.42±1.15
纯果胶浅灰585.23±4.6254.46±0.130.51±0.0467.04±0.428.57±0.75
《食品安全国家标准》白色、淡黄色、浅灰、浅棕色−≥50 高酯−≥65≤12
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广山楂果胶纯化工艺优化、结构表征及体内抗炎机制研究
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徐影影 1 , 黄元河 1, 2, 3, * , 潘乔丹 3, 4, * , 卫炳安 1 , 王葳锐 1 , 姬天洋 1 , 何锡亮 5 , 朱玲瑛 1
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(11): 445-458
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (11) : 445 -458
广山楂果胶纯化工艺优化、结构表征及体内抗炎机制研究
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徐影影1 , 黄元河1, 2, 3, * , 潘乔丹3, 4, * , 卫炳安1, 王葳锐1, 姬天洋1, 何锡亮5, 朱玲瑛1
作者信息
  • 1右江民族医学院基础医学院,广西百色 533000
  • 2广西金钟山森林生态系统野外科学观测研究站,广西隆林 533400
  • 3广西高校右江流域特色民族药研究重点实验室,广西百色 533000
  • 4右江民族医学院药学院,广西百色 533000
  • 5东方康延堂(巴马)中医诊所有限公司,广西巴马 547500
通讯作者:
黄元河(1979−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:民族特色植物资源的功能性研究,E-mail:。
潘乔丹(1980−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:民族特色植物资源的活性物质基础研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

徐影影(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:民族特色植物资源的功能性研究,E-mail:

Optimization of Purification Process, Structural Characterization, and in Vivo Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Malus doumeri Pectin
Yingying XU1 , Yuanhe HUANG1, 2, 3, * , Qiaodan PAN3, 4, * , Bing'an WEI1, Weirui WANG1, Tianyang JI1, Xiliang HE5, Lingying ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Basic Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
  • 2Guangxi Jinzhongshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Reserch Station, Longlin 533400, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Right River Basin Characteristic Ethnic Medicine Research in Guangxi, Baise 533000, China
  • 4College of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
  • 5Dongfang Kangyantang (Bama) Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinic Co., Ltd., Bama 547500, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060204
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目的:建立广山楂果胶的纯化工艺,并对其缓解溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative Colitis,UC)小鼠抗炎机制开展初步研究。方法:以半乳糖醛酸保留率、蛋白质去除率的加权综合评分作为响应值,运用响应面法建立果胶的纯化工艺。利用紫外光谱(UV-vis)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X-衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对纯化前后果胶的结构特征进行对比分析;采用硫酸葡聚糖钠盐(Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt,DSS)构建UC小鼠模型,研究果胶对UC的保护作用机制。结果:以X-5树脂为纯化介质,纯化最佳条件为:上样溶液浓度7.5 mg/mL,pH为5,洗脱剂浓度10%。其蛋白质去除率为83.25%±1.35%,半乳糖醛酸保留率为88.29%±1.39%,纯化后的果胶半乳糖醛酸含量由原来的58.81%±0.75%提高至67.04%±0.42%;该工艺可以有效去除蛋白质、核酸杂质,保持果胶的核心多糖结构及结晶性质,并使其形貌均一化。果胶可显著改善UC小鼠的疾病活动度及结肠组织病理损伤,有效降低TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平,提高IL-10的水平,抑制炎症反应,下调 TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路表达。结论:本研究得到的纯化工艺适用于广山楂果胶纯化,纯化后的果胶可能通过调节TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路,从而发挥对UC的保护作用。本研究结果为广山楂果胶的深度开发与应用提供理论依据。

广山楂  /  果胶  /  大孔树脂  /  纯化  /  溃疡性结肠炎  /  TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB

Objective: To establish the purification process of Malus doumeri pectin (MDP), and to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the pectin on ulcerative colitis (UC) mice. Methods: The weighted composite score of galacturonic acid retention and protein removal was used as the response value, the pectin purification process was optimized through response surface methodology. The structural features of the pectin before and after purification were comparatively analyzed, by using ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) was used to establish the UC mouse model, and to investigate the protective mechanism of pectin against UC. Results: X-5 resin was used as the purification medium, and the optimal conditions for purification were as follows: loading solution concentration of 7.5 mg/mL, pH5, and elution agent concentration of 10%. The deproteinization rate was 83.25%±1.35%, and the galacturonic acid recovery rate was 88.29%±1.39%. The galacturonic acid content of the purified pectin increased from 58.81%±0.75% to 67.04%±0.42%, meeting national food safety regulations. This process effectively removed protein and nucleic acid impurities, maintained the core polysaccharide structure and crystalline nature of the pectin, and homogenized its morphology. The pectin significantly improved the disease activity and colon histopathological injury in UC mice, effectively reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, increased the level of IL-10, inhibited the inflammatory response, and down-regulated the expression of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions: The purification process obtained in this study is suitable for the purification of broad Malus doumeri pectin, and the purified pectin may protective effects against UC by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the in-depth development and application of Malus doumeri pectin.

Malus doumeri  /  pectin  /  macroporous resin  /  purification  /  ulcerative colitis (UC)  /  TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB
徐影影, 黄元河, 潘乔丹, 卫炳安, 王葳锐, 姬天洋, 何锡亮, 朱玲瑛. 广山楂果胶纯化工艺优化、结构表征及体内抗炎机制研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 445 -458 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060204
Yingying XU, Yuanhe HUANG, Qiaodan PAN, Bing'an WEI, Weirui WANG, Tianyang JI, Xiliang HE, Lingying ZHU. Optimization of Purification Process, Structural Characterization, and in Vivo Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Malus doumeri Pectin[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 445 -458 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060204
广山楂作为广西道地药材,其来源为蔷薇科植物台湾林檎(Malus doumeri(Bois.)Chev)或光萼林檎(Malus leiocalyx S Z Huang)的干燥成熟果实[1]。以往研究多集中在黄酮类化合物上,而对广山楂中的果胶(Malus doumeri Pectin,MDP)研究较少。果胶是广山楂中主要成分,已被证实具有多种生物活性,包括抗氧化、调节糖脂代谢、抗肿瘤、抗炎以及调节肠道菌群等功效[2−5]。果胶是一种天然且无毒的食品添加剂,其应用范围广泛,涵盖食品工业及其他多个领域。我国主要的果胶资源包括苹果渣、柑橘果皮和甜菜等,这些果胶产业多集中于中国的东部,大多都作为食品添加剂,而功能性的产品较少。因此,在广西挖掘新的果胶资源,扩展其应用领域,具有重要的现实意义。然而,从广山楂果渣中提取的粗果胶含有蛋白质、色素等杂质,这些杂质对果胶的纯化和后续应用造成了挑战。传统果胶纯化除杂工艺包含多种方法,例如双氧水氧化法、活性炭吸附法、Sevage法、生物酶法以及三氯乙酸法等,尽管这些方法能够去除部分杂质,但存在操作复杂、效率低下和环境污染等问题。相比之下,大孔吸附树脂法以其不破坏多糖结构、脱色范围广、稳定性、经济性和环保性等优点使其在天然产物的分离与纯化中得到广泛应用[6−9]。
炎症性肠病(Inflammatory Bowel Disease,IBD)是一类复杂的慢性炎症性胃肠道疾病,主要包括克罗恩病(Crohn's Disease,CD)与溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative Colitis,UC)[10]。UC的具体发病机制虽尚未完全阐明,但目前研究普遍认为其与遗传易感性、免疫调节异常、感染因素及环境暴露密切相关[11]。现有的非靶向疗法和生物靶向疗法存在不良反应、易复发或对部分患者无效等问题,因此开发更安全有效的治疗策略迫在眉睫。天然植物多糖因其低毒性及显著的抗炎、免疫调节特性,在缓解UC方面展现出巨大潜力,其作用机制多样:如覆盆子果胶多糖可通过抑制氧化应激发挥作用[12],裸藻多糖能调节肠黏膜T细胞免疫[13],而银耳多糖则可调控肠道上皮细胞的炎症因子及紧密连接蛋白表达[14]。果胶作为一类可溶性膳食纤维,可经肠道微生物的发酵作用,转化为具备抗炎活性的短链脂肪酸(Short-chain Fatty Acids,SCFAs),促进有益菌群生长,并保护UC患者的肠道黏膜屏障[15−17],但其具体分子作用机制及在UC治疗中的效果,仍有待进一步科学研究予以阐明。TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路在UC发病中扮演关键角色:TLR4识别病原体相关分子模式后,会激活下游的信号传导分子MyD88,与其结合后进一步激活NF-κB,进而引起一系列炎症因子的“爆发”,IL-1β、TNF-α 等前炎性因子的表达会进一步促进二级细胞因子IL-6、IL-8等表达,导致炎症介质大量产生和结肠黏膜屏障破坏,加剧UC炎性反应[18−20]。因此,靶向该通路可能为UC治疗提供新思路。果胶资源天然安全,具有抗炎和调节肠道菌群作用,在益生元产业中开发潜力广阔。但目前尚无研究明确广山楂果胶能否通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路缓解UC,系统开展其分离纯化、结构解析及体内抗炎机制研究,对拓展其药用价值及推动益生元应用具有重要意义。
本研究对常用于天然产物分离纯化的7种大孔吸附树脂在广山楂果胶纯化中的效果展开比较,通过单因素及响应面法明确了纯化广山楂果胶的最优条件,为大孔吸附树脂吸附法纯化广山楂果胶的工业化生产提供理论依据,并结合化学与仪器分析技术,初步剖析了广山楂果胶的结构特性。采用硫酸葡聚糖钠盐(Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt,DSS)构建UC动物模型,从体内层面探究广山楂果胶对UC的作用机制。这一研究不仅为广山楂赋予新的科学价值,而且为开发新型功能性食品提供了理论基础,同时也为UC新药研发提供科学依据,具备重要的科学价值与应用前景。
广山楂 广西靖西梁鹏食品有限公司,经右江民族医学院基础医学院黄元河教授鉴定为蔷薇科植物广山楂的成熟果实;X-5、HPD400、D101、AB-8、NKA、NKA-9、S-8大孔吸附树脂 陕西乐博生化科技有限公司;D-半乳糖醛酸 纯度≥98%,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;考马斯亮蓝G250、磷酸 上海士锋生物科技有限公司;咔唑 纯度98%,上海阿达玛斯试剂有限公司;柠檬酸、98%浓硫酸、无水乙醇 分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司;美沙拉嗪肠溶片 黑龙江天宏药业股份有限公司;葡聚糖硫酸钠(MW:36000~50000) Biomedicals公司;白细胞介素(IL)-10、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)ELISA检测试剂盒 上海凡科维生物科技有限公司;RNA提取试剂盒、HE染色试剂盒、粪便隐血测试盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;反转录试剂盒、4%多聚甲醛固定液 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;2×SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix 翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司;GAPDH、TLR4、MyD88、TRAF-6、NF-κB引物 生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;水为蒸馏水 实验室自制;雄性昆明小鼠 50只,于12 h的昼夜交替环境中饲养,温度为22~26 ℃,湿度为60%~70%,自由饮水、摄食,适应性饲养7 d,来源于右江民族医学院医学实验动物中心,动物许可证号:SYXK 桂2022-004。
Nicolet iS傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、NanoDrop One微量紫外可见分光光度计 美国 Thermo Fisher公司;UV5100紫外可见分光光度计 上海元析仪器有限公司;布鲁克D8 X射线衍射仪 德国Bruker公司;KYKY-EM8100扫描电子显微镜 北京中科科仪股份有限公司;WK-2000A粉碎机 上海新诺仪器有限公司;Mastersizer 3000马尔文粒度仪 英国 Malvern公司;TS-1脱色摇床振荡器 上海其林贝尔仪器有限公司;MB 90水分检测仪 奥豪斯仪器(上海)有限公司;DF-101S集热式磁力搅拌器 河南予华仪器有限公司;BSA224S-CW赛多利斯万分之一电子天平 德国赛多利斯公司;IX73+DP80正置荧光显微镜 奥林巴斯株式会社;KZ-III-F高速低温组织研磨仪 武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司;Microfuge20R小型台式冷冻离心机 美国Beckman公司;Alpha1-2LD-Plus冷冻干燥机 德国Christ公司;Spark 多功能微孔板检测仪 瑞士Tecan公司;A300 普通梯度PCR仪 杭州朗基科学仪器有限公司;LightCycler96 实时荧光定量PCR仪 德国Roche Diagnostics公司;生物安全柜 上海力康生物医疗科技控股有限公司。
将干燥后的广山楂果实粉碎过80~100目筛,广山楂粉末按料液比1:16加入pH为2的柠檬酸溶液,随后将其置于85 ℃水浴中浸泡2 h,对抽滤所得残渣再次进行浸提操作,收集两次浸提产生的滤液合并。将合并后的滤液于减压条件下浓缩至一定体积,加入等体积的75%乙醇溶液,在4 ℃环境中醇沉12 h。经5000 r/min离心15 min后,收集沉淀物质,冷冻干燥后即得到广山楂粗果胶。
广山楂果胶中半乳糖醛酸含量的测定采用硫酸-咔唑法,参考卫炳安等[21]的方法略作修改。精密称取D-半乳糖醛酸标准品,用蒸馏水溶解并定容,配制成一定浓度的标准母液,再稀释成6个浓度梯度,分别移至试管中。于冰浴条件下,沿试管壁缓慢加入浓硫酸,充分振荡混匀后,置于85 ℃水浴中反应15 min。取出试管,流水冷却至室温,加入0.15%咔唑-乙醇溶液,混匀后于暗处静置30 min。采用紫外可见分光光度计,在530 nm波长处测定吸光度。以D-半乳糖醛酸浓度(X)和吸光度(Y)分别作为横、纵坐标绘制标准曲线,得到回归方程Y=0.5136X+0.0846(R2=0.9923)。
半乳糖醛酸含量计算公式如下:
$ \rm {W}({\text{%}})=\frac{{C}\times {V}\times {D}}{{m}}\times 100 $
式中:W表示半乳糖醛酸质量分数,%;C表示半乳糖醛酸质量浓度,mg/mL;V表示样品溶液体积,mL;D表示溶液稀释倍数;m表示样品质量,mg。
GARR计算公式如下:
$\rm {GARR}({\text{%}})=\frac{{C_1}\times {V_1}}{{C_0}\times {V}_0}\times 100 $
式中:C0表示纯化前果胶溶液中半乳糖醛酸质量浓度,mg/mL;V0表示纯化前果胶溶液体积,mL;C1表示纯化后果胶溶液中半乳糖醛酸质量浓度,mg/mL;V1表示纯化后果胶溶液体积,mL。
广山楂果胶中蛋白含量的测定采用考马斯亮蓝法,具体操作在刘冲英等[22]的方法基础上优化调整。精确称取适量考马斯亮蓝G-250,用95%乙醇溶液溶解后,加入85%磷酸溶液,再用纯水稀释定容,制得考马斯亮蓝G-250显色液。配制一定浓度的蛋白标准品母液,稀释成7个不同浓度梯度的蛋白标准品溶液,分别转移至具塞比色管中,加入显色液,充分振荡混匀后,于30 ℃水浴中反应10 min。反应结束后,自然冷却至室温,于595 nm波长处测定吸光度。以蛋白质浓度(X)为横轴、吸光度(Y)为纵轴构建标准曲线,获得回归方程Y=0.2366X−0.0232(R2=0.9853)。将样品吸光度代入方程,计算蛋白质量浓度。
DPR计算公式如下:
$\rm {DPR}({\text{%}})=\frac{{C_0}\times {V_0}-{C}_1\times {V_1}}{{C_0}\times {V_0}}\times 100 $
式中:C0表示纯化前果胶溶液中蛋白质量浓度,mg/mL;V0表示纯化前果胶溶液体积,mL;C1表示纯化后果胶溶液中蛋白质量浓度,mg/mL;V1表示纯化后果胶溶液体积,mL。
在多糖纯化工艺中,采用加权综合评分法的核心依据在于科学化解多目标间的固有矛盾:多糖保留率(Polysaccharide Recovery Rate,PRR)和蛋白脱除率(DPR)常呈负相关(如强吸附树脂提高DPR但降低PRR),需通过权重分配实现最优平衡[23−24]。因此采用加权综合评分(Comprehensive Score,CS)评价树脂对广山楂果胶的纯化效果,CS越大,代表树脂吸附能力越强。本研究中是针对广山楂果胶,所以侧重活性保留,因此GARR权重占比0.6,DPR权重占比0.4,具体计算公式如下:
$\rm {CS}({\text{%}})=(GRR\times 0.6+{DPR}\times {0.4})\times {100} $
式中:CS表示综合评分,%;GARR表示半乳糖醛酸保留率,%;DPR表示蛋白去除率,%。
将7种不同型号的大孔吸附树脂浸没于95%乙醇溶液中,使其完全溶胀24 h。溶胀完成后,先用无水乙醇冲洗树脂至洗液无白色浑浊,再用纯水冲洗至无乙醇气味。随后,将树脂浸泡于5%HCl溶液中3 h,水洗至中性;最后,将树脂置于5%NaOH溶液中浸泡3 h,同样水洗至中性,干燥备用。
精密称取X-5、HPD400、D101、AB-8、NKA、NKA-9、S-8七种型号大孔吸附树脂各10 g,分别置于150 mL三角瓶中。将1.2.1中提取的广山楂粗果胶,加入蒸馏水充分溶解后定容,配制成浓度为10 mg/mL的溶液,取10 mL加入各三角瓶,于室温下以150 r/min的转速振荡吸附24 h,随后用布氏漏斗抽滤,收集滤液,计算GARR与DPR。吸附完成后,向树脂中加入10 mL 45% 乙醇溶液作为洗脱剂,以相同振荡条件(180 r/min,室温)洗脱24 h,抽滤收集洗脱液,并同样测定GARR与DPR。最终,将水洗(吸附液)与醇洗(洗脱液)两部分对应的GARR与DPR分别进行加和,得到总体GARR与DPR,再按权重系数(GARR:0.6,DPR:0.4)计算CS,并据此比较确定最佳大孔吸附树脂型号。
基于静态吸附实验筛选出适宜的树脂类型后,采用湿法装柱(柱径1.5 cm×柱高20 cm)开展动态吸附实验。柱床体积(Bed Volume,BV)定义为1 BV=10 mL。本研究通过单因素实验设计,在固定上样浓度(8 mg/mL)、上样体积(1.5 BV)、上样溶液pH(4.0)、洗脱剂乙醇浓度(20%)、洗脱体积(4.0 BV)及洗脱流速(1.5 mL/min)的条件下,分别系统考察上样浓度(4、6、8、10、12 mg/mL)、上样体积(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 BV)、上样溶液pH(2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0)、洗脱剂乙醇浓度(0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)、洗脱体积(2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0 BV)和洗脱流速(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mL/min)等单因素进行实验,收集洗脱液,计算GARR与DPR,通过加权求和得到CS。通过分析各单因素对CS的影响,确定各变量的最优作用范围,为后续工艺优化试验提供参数依据。
根据中心组合设计(CCD)试验设计原理,在单因素实验的基础上,筛选出影响最为显著的三个关键因素。借助Design-Expert 12.0软件,按照Box-Behnken方法开展3因素3水平的响应面优化布局,共构建17组实验组合。A:上样浓度,B:上样溶液pH,C:洗脱剂乙醇浓度,3个因素为自变量(表1),以CS为指标,对大孔吸附树脂纯化广山楂果胶工艺进行优选。
按照1.2.1的方法提取广山楂粗果胶,后按照大孔吸附树脂纯化最佳工艺处理得到广山楂纯果胶。色泽:按GB 25533-2010《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂 果胶》执行;粒径:参考陶雯等[25]方法,采用马尔文粒度仪对果胶样品进行检测;酯化度:参考万力等[26]方法按照滴定法测定;水分:按GB/T 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》执行。
取少量纯化前后的广山楂果胶样品配制成10 mg/mL 溶液,在200~800 nm波长范围内进行扫描,检测广山楂果胶中是否含有核酸及蛋白质。
取少量纯化前后的广山楂果胶样品分别与KBr以1:100的配比充分研磨后压片制样。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对样品进行扫描检测,设定扫描光谱范围为中红外区域4000~400 cm−1。
取少量纯化前后的广山楂果胶样品,喷金处理后,用热场发射扫描电镜在500倍镜下观察二者的表面微观结构。
取少量纯化前后的广山楂果胶样品,均匀平铺在样品台中心。靶元素选用Cu Kα,波长为1.54Å,设定管电压40 kV、管电流40 mA,以10°/min 的扫描速率在2θ=5°~95°范围内进行扫描。
为避免雌性小鼠生理周期对实验结果的潜在影响,本研究选用雄性昆明小鼠50只,于12 h的昼夜交替环境中饲养,温度为22~26 ℃,湿度为60%~70%,自由饮水、摄食,适应性饲养7 d后,随机分为5组:正常组(Normal)、模型组(Model)、广山楂果胶低剂量组(80 mg/kg,low-dose Malus doumeri Pectin group,MDP-L)、广山楂果胶高剂量组(160 mg/kg,high-dose Malus doumeri Pectin group,MDP-H)和5-氨基水杨酸阳性对照组(300 mg/kg,5-ASA),每组n=10。果胶灌胃剂量参照Sabater等[27]和Pacheco等[28]的方法稍作修改。除正常组外,其余各组连续7 d自由饮用新配制的3%DSS(葡聚糖硫酸钠)溶液进行造模,第8 d更换为自由饮用纯水。从第8 d起,MDP给药组每日灌胃相应浓度的广山楂果胶溶液,5-ASA组灌胃美沙拉嗪溶液,正常组和模型组以100 μL/g体重的体积灌胃生理盐水,持续7 d。该动物实验通过右江民族医学院实验动物伦理委员会审查(2024030602)。UC小鼠的造模及给药流程见图1。
参照侯佳丽等[29]的研究方法,每日定时记录各组小鼠体重变化、粪便形态及便血情况。待实验结束,通过脊椎脱臼法处死小鼠后测量结肠长度。疾病活动指数(Disease Activity Index,DAI)评分依据Zhang等[30]建立的标准,按表2对各实验组开展DAI评分。各组DAI评分取体重、粪便性状与粪便潜血三项评分总和的平均值。
取距离肛门约2 cm处的远端结肠组织,经4%多聚甲醛溶液固定后,依次进行脱水、透明、透蜡、包埋及切片处理。组织切片通过二甲苯和不同浓度乙醇梯度浸泡脱蜡水化后,分别用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,最后用中性树胶封片,晾干后置于正置光学显微镜下观察结肠组织形态学变化并拍照记录。
实验结束后,小鼠眼球取血,血液室温静置2 h后,3000 r/min离心10 min,收集血清于−80 ℃保存备用。每组随机选取5只小鼠血清,采用ELISA法根据说明书测定各组小鼠血清中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-10水平。
从每组冻存样本中随机选取5只小鼠的结肠组织,置于冰上解冻后,使用试剂盒分别提取总RNA,用微量紫外可见分光光度计测定RNA浓度及纯度。使用反转录试剂盒,将提取的RNA反转录为cDNA。采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术进行扩增,以GAPDH为内参基因,反应体系为20 μL:2×SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix(10 μL)、搭配上游引物(0.8 μL)、下游引物(0.8 μL)、模板cDNA(2 μL),再用无菌无酶水补足至20 μL。扩增条件:95 ℃预变性30 s,95 ℃变性5 s、60 ℃退火30 s,共40个循环。通过2−ΔΔCt法计算TLR4、MyD88、TRAF-6和NF-κB目的基因的相对表达量。引物序列列于表3。
实验数据以均值±标准差(n=5)呈现,采用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行分析处理。当P<0.05时,认定组间差异具有统计学显著性,采用Origin 2024和GraphPad Prism 8进行绘图。
研究显示,大孔吸附树脂的极性、粒径、孔径、比表面积以及待吸附分子的极性和尺寸等因素均会对广山楂果胶的纯化效果产生影响[31]。通过对7种树脂开展静态吸附实验(具体结果见表4),发现非极性树脂X-5的CS最高,显著高于其他组别(P<0.05)。根据实验结果,最终选定X-5树脂开展后续动态吸附实验。
由图2可知,当上样浓度增加到一定程度后,广山楂果胶的GARR和DPR呈现下降趋势,当上样浓度为8 mg/mL时CS最高。分析其原因可能是当样品质量浓度较高时,广山楂果胶与大孔树脂的接触面积增加,加剧了其与蛋白质、半乳糖醛酸、色素及其他化合物之间的吸附竞争。所以当广山楂果胶的质量浓度增加到一定程度时,大孔树脂表面的吸附逐渐饱和,使GARR和DPR下降。最终确定8 mg/mL为最优上样浓度。
由图3可知,随着上样体积的增加,树脂的吸附容量呈上升趋势。当上样体积增至2.0 BV时,CS 达到最大值。而当上样体积超过该阈值后,树脂对蛋白的吸附逐渐趋于饱和,继续增加上样体积会导致蛋白去除率下降。这是因为较大的上样体积使更多广山楂果胶分子与大孔树脂发生相互作用,虽短期内增加了吸附量,但树脂表面吸附位点被快速占据,导致蛋白杂质无法被有效吸附。最终确定2.0 BV为最优上样体积。
如图4所示,在一定pH范围内,GARR随pH升高呈上升趋势,而DPR则呈相反变化趋势。当上样溶液 pH超过5以后,GARR呈下降趋势。在上样溶液pH为5时,CS达到最大值。果胶是由半乳糖醛酸通过糖苷键连接而成的多糖,在低pH环境中会使糖苷键水解反应加速,从而导致分子链缩短,进而降低果胶的分子量和功能特性[32]。所以最终确定最优上样溶液pH为5。
由图5可知,当乙醇洗脱剂浓度为10%时CS最高,显著高于其他组别(P<0.05)。从多糖溶解特性来看,其在30%以下乙醇或热水中溶解性较好,故柱层析常选用30%及以下乙醇作为解析剂以保证分离效果[32]。乙醇可通过减弱树脂与吸附物间的范德华力或氢键作用实现解吸。对比10%、20%、30%、40%、50%乙醇浓度的洗脱效果,10%乙醇条件下树脂对广山楂果胶的CS显著高于其他浓度(P<0.05),因此确定10%乙醇溶液为最优洗脱剂浓度。
由图6可知,当乙醇洗脱体积为3.0 BV时CS达最大值,显著高于其他组别()。乙醇洗脱体积是影响大孔树脂动态解吸效果的关键因素,洗脱体积不足会导致目标化合物解吸不充分,而体积过大不仅浪费溶剂,还会增加后续纯化复杂度[33]。随着洗脱体积增加,树脂对广山楂果胶中蛋白质和色素的吸附能力降低,导致DPR逐渐下降。当洗脱体积达到4.0 BV时,继续增加体积对GARR的提升不再显著。根据CS,最终确定3.0 BV为10%乙醇溶液最优洗脱体积。
由图7可知,随着洗脱流速增加,广山楂果胶的GARR与DPR都呈先上升后下降趋势。推测其原因可能是洗脱流速加快会缩短广山楂果胶与大孔树脂的接触时间,导致其尚未充分吸附即被洗脱,从而影响吸附与解吸过程。综合来看,CS随洗脱流速变化呈先升高后降低趋势,在1.0 mL/min时达到最大值,且与其他流速处理相比差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。因此,确定1.0 mL/min为10%乙醇溶液的最优洗脱流速。
综合单因素实验结果,以上样浓度(A)、上样溶液pH(B)及洗脱剂浓度(C)为自变量,以CS为响应值,对X-5大孔吸附树脂纯化广山楂果胶的响应面优化方案及结果进行分析,相关内容见表5。通过Design-Expert 13.0.1 统计软件对试验数据进行回归分析,构建了CS与上样浓度(A)、上样溶液pH(B)以及洗脱剂浓度(C)之间的回归方程:
Y=85.03−2.12A−2.20B+1.05C+2.00AB+4.89AC+0.94BC−6.28A2−3.26B2−4.99C2。
表6为CS的方差分析结果。模型P值<0.0001,表明模型具有极显著统计学意义;失拟项P=0.6903(P>0.05),说明模型与实验数据拟合良好。线性项A(上样浓度)、B(上样溶液pH)、C(洗脱剂浓度)及其二次项A2、B2、C2对结果有显著影响(P<0.05),交互项AB(P<0.05)对结果有显著影响,AC(P<0.01)对结果有极显著影响,其余项无统计学意义。根据F值排序,各因素对CS的影响程度为:上样溶液pH(B)>上样浓度(A)>洗脱剂浓度(C)。实验变异系数(CV)为0.8960%(<5%),表明实验精度高,外部因素对响应值影响小,模型预测可靠性强。模型决定系数R2=0.9815,调整决定系数R2Adj=0.9577,显示真实值与预测值拟合度高,可有效用于X-5大孔吸附树脂纯化广山楂果胶工艺中CS的预测。
图8~图10展示了各因素交互项的响应面等高线图及三维关系图。通过分析响应面曲面的坡度及等高线的形态与疏密程度,可明确各因素对CS的影响及交互作用:响应面越陡峭、等高线越密集,表明因素影响越显著。如图8所示,当上样浓度固定时,CS随上样溶液pH增加呈先上升后下降趋势;在相同pH条件下,CS随上样浓度增大呈先升高后降低趋势,且等高线呈椭圆形,提示上样浓度与上样溶液pH存在显著交互效应,与回归模型方差分析结果一致。图9中,CS随上样浓度和洗脱剂浓度的变化显著,响应面坡度陡峭:洗脱剂浓度固定时,CS随上样浓度增加呈先上升后下降趋势;上样浓度固定时,CS随洗脱剂浓度增加呈先升高后降低趋势,其等高线呈明显椭圆形,验证了两因素间的显著交互作用。图10的响应面较为平滑,等高线接近圆形,表明上样溶液pH与洗脱剂浓度的交互作用不显著,与方差分析结论一致。
采用Design-Expert 13.0.1软件的中心组合设计(CCD)优化分析,确定X-5大孔吸附树脂纯化广山楂果胶的理论最优条件为:上样浓度7.48 mg/mL,上样溶液pH4.57,洗脱剂浓度9.38%,理论CS为85.74%。考虑实际操作可行性,将条件调整为:上样浓度7.5 mg/mL、上样溶液pH5.0、洗脱剂浓度10.0%。三次平行验证实验结果显示,CS为86.27%±1.32%,DPR为83.25%±1.35%,GARR为88.29%±1.39%。实测值与理论预测值吻合良好,表明所构建的回归模型能有效反映各因素与响应值的关系,验证了该纯化工艺的稳定性和可行性。
近年来,大孔吸附树脂因其优异的吸附性能、简便的洗脱操作、可重复利用性及经济环保的再生处理优势,在天然产物有机成分的分离纯化领域得到广泛应用。依据GB 25533-2010《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂 果胶》标准,对工艺优化提取的广山楂果胶进行理化指标检测,结果显示各项指标均符合国家标准要求。由表7可见,经X-5大孔吸附树脂纯化后,果胶颜色由粗果胶的亮红色变为浅灰色,表明树脂有效去除了大部分色素及杂质。与粗果胶相比,纯化后果胶粒径减小,蛋白质含量降低4个百分点,水分含量下降3个百分点,半乳糖醛酸含量提高9个百分点,且酯化度超过50%,属于高酯型果胶。采用X-5树脂纯化粗果胶,不仅能有效降低蛋白质和色素含量,还可改善果胶的理化性质。
在紫外光谱分析中,核酸在260 nm处具有特征吸收峰,蛋白质在280 nm处具有特征吸收峰,因此可通过紫外扫描法检测果胶中蛋白质、核酸及肽类等杂质的含量。如图11所示,广山楂粗果胶在260~280 nm 波长范围内存在吸收峰,表明未纯化果胶中含有蛋白质、核酸和肽类等杂质;而纯化后的广山楂果胶在260~280 nm波长范围内无明显吸收峰,说明果胶中的蛋白质、核酸及肽类等杂质已被有效去除。
果胶作为植物细胞壁中的结构性多糖,其组成结构受来源物种、果实成熟度及提取条件影响[34]。FT-IR可揭示果胶主要官能团特征,如图12所示:3325 cm−1和2930 cm−1处为多糖特征吸收峰,其中3325 cm−1强吸收峰归因于果胶分子中O-H基团的伸缩振动(源于分子间/内氢键作用),2930 cm−1峰对应C-H基团(CH、CH2和CH3)的对称与非对称伸缩振动。1604 cm−1和1740 cm−1处峰分别对应游离羧基(-COO-)和酯化羧基(-COO-R),且粗果胶在此处的吸收强度显著弱于纯果胶,表明大孔吸附树脂纯化可改变广山楂果胶的酯化度。此外,纯化前后果胶均含吡喃糖环结构,其C-H弯曲振动在1334 cm−1 处呈现吸收特征。纯果胶在1420 cm−1和1604 cm−1 处的吸收峰对应糖醛酸羧基的不对称与对称拉伸振动,1740 cm−1 和1237 cm−1 处峰分别指示酯化羧基(-COOR)和甲氧基(-O-CH3)基团存在。高半乳糖醛酸含量使果胶在1014~1098 cm−1区间出现强吸收峰[35],1200~1900 cm−1为特征指纹区[36]。结合化学组成分析,推断广山楂果胶是以半乳糖醛酸为主链的结构。FT-IR谱图显示,纯化前后果胶的多糖特征吸收峰信号一致,表明主要官能团结构未改变;但纯化后吸收信号增强,杂质干扰减少,说明该工艺在有效清除杂质的同时,未导致果胶结构显著变化。
采用扫描电镜(SEM)对广山楂果胶微观结构进行分析,图13(A)为粗果胶表观形貌。SEM观察显示,粗果胶微观形态呈丝状与球状结合,这可能是酸性环境改变果胶分子的空间排列,形成不规则网状结构,其中包含大量密集且粗大的纤维状构造。Chen等[37]提取的覆盆子果胶微观形态呈细丝状缠绕连接,与广山楂粗果胶的微观特征相似。图13(B)为X-5树脂纯化后的果胶形貌,其微观结构呈现完整的片状结构,且表面积较大,这与Fu等[38]和张婷等[39]报道的山楂果胶微观形态相似。纯化前后果胶微观结构的差异,可能源于纯化过程中果胶溶液pH从酸性调节至中性,该过程通过影响果胶的离子化状态、分子间相互作用及凝胶性质等因素,最终导致微观结构发生改变。
采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析大孔吸附树脂纯化对广山楂果胶晶体状态的影响。晶体物质通常表现为尖锐窄幅的衍射峰,而非晶体则呈现宽散的峰形特征。XRD结果(图14)显示,纯化前后的广山楂果胶在2θ=21.28°、33.47°和38.91°处均出现宽衍射峰,并且衍射峰整体较宽、峰形不尖锐且强度弱,表明果胶呈非晶态,可能是果胶分子间羟基氢键作用减弱所致。Arab等[40]也指出大多数多糖为无定形状态,这使得多糖有更高的溶解度与吸水率,能够更好地被生物利用。说明广山楂果胶经过大孔树脂纯化后并未对其晶体结构造成破坏。
临床上,UC主要表现为腹泻、直肠出血、腹痛及体重减轻等症状。由于DSS诱导小鼠产生与人类UC相似的症状和病理特征,故其被广泛用于UC发病机制及治疗方法的研究[41]。动物实验中,常以体重变化和疾病活动指数(DAI)评分作为量化评估UC小鼠的指标。如图15A所示,造模期间正常组小鼠体重持续增长,饮食饮水正常,被毛光滑。与正常组相比,从DSS造模给药第3 d起,模型组及各实验组小鼠逐渐出现活动减少、软便、腹泻、便血及体重下降等表现,表明急性肠炎模型构建成功。第15 d时,与模型组相比,MDP-L、MDP-H 组小鼠体重均显著增加(P<0.05),5-ASA组小鼠体重高度显著增加(P<0.01),但MDP-L与MDP-H组间差异不显著,表明无剂量依赖性。结果证明广山楂果胶可改善小鼠体重减轻。
DAI评分是根据小鼠的体重下降、粪便性状以及粪便潜血三个指标来评估UC水平。图15B显示,正常组在整个实验期间体重持续增加,且无粪便隐血或不成形现象,所以DAI非常低。在造模的第3~7 d,除正常组外,其余处理组DAI均升高。而在治疗后,MDP和5-ASA组的DAI降低;第15 d时,与模型组相比,MDP-L、MDP-H 组的DAI评分均高度显著降低(P<0.01),5-ASA 组的DAI评分极显著降低(P<0.001)。
UC的炎性反应可导致结肠粘膜损伤并形成溃疡,进而引起小鼠结肠萎缩[42]。因此,结肠长度可作为评估UC严重程度的指标之一。如图16A~B所示,与正常组相比,模型组小鼠的结肠长度极显著缩短(P<0.001),表明DSS诱导的UC模型构建成功。经广山楂果胶干预后,小鼠结肠症状明显改善。与模型组相比,MDP组和5-ASA组小鼠的结肠长度均极显著增加(P<0.001)。
结肠组织充血、坏死和水肿是UC的典型病理特征。已有大量研究表明,DSS诱导的UC小鼠模型可出现粘膜溃烂、隐窝结构破坏及杯状细胞缺失等病理症状[43]。如图16C所示,正常组小鼠的结肠组织结构完整,杯状细胞和柱状细胞排列整齐,肠绒毛形态正常,隐窝结构清晰。相比之下,模型组小鼠表现出明显的病理损伤:肠绒毛缩短变形,隐窝结构加深,炎性细胞浸润明显,杯状细胞数量减少且排列紊乱。经广山楂果胶和5-ASA干预后,各组小鼠的结肠组织病理损伤显著减轻,具体表现为组织形态结构改善、炎性细胞浸润减少。说明经大孔树脂纯化后的果胶对UC的缓解效应更显著,这可能与树脂纯化过程中去除了粗果胶中残留的蛋白质、色素等小分子杂质及非活性成分,并显著提高半乳糖醛酸含量有关,从而增强其对肠道炎症的调控及屏障修复作用。此外,广山楂果胶的改善效果呈剂量依赖性,MDP-H组的效果更显著。
促炎细胞因子的异常高表达在肠道炎性反应及肠黏膜损伤过程中起核心驱动作用。多项研究表明,肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)作为关键炎症介质,通过级联放大炎症信号通路,在炎症反应的起始、进展及持续阶段均发挥不可或缺的作用。这些细胞因子的失衡不仅会直接损伤肠黏膜上皮细胞,还能通过激活免疫细胞诱发持续性炎症级联反应,进而加剧组织损伤程度,成为介导UC病理进程的重要分子靶点。其中,IL-1β作为核心促炎细胞因子,可促进炎症细胞募集与活化,增加肠道通透性,并加剧炎症级联反应[44]。TNF-α是肠道炎症的重要标志物,主要由T淋巴细胞分泌,并通过激活NF-κB信号通路进一步上调IL-1β的表达[45]。此外,IL-1β 在急慢性炎症及自身免疫反应中均发挥重要作用,其表达水平与炎症程度呈正相关。相比之下,抗炎因子白细胞介素-10(IL-10)可有效抑制促炎细胞因子(如IL-1β和TNF-α)的生成,从而缓解炎性反应并维持肠道免疫稳态[46]。如图17所示,与正常组相比,模型组小鼠血清中IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6水平均极显著升高(P<0.001),而IL-10水平极显著降低(P<0.001),表明DSS诱导的UC小鼠模型成功建立了炎性反应失衡。经广山楂果胶和5-ASA干预后,与模型组相比,MDP-L、MDP-H组小鼠血清中TNF-α水平极显著降低(P<0.001),5-ASA组小鼠血清中TNF-α水平高度显著降低(P<0.01);MDP-H、5-ASA组小鼠血清中IL-1β水平极显著降低(P<0.001),MDP-L组小鼠血清中IL-1β 水平高度显著降低(P<0.01);MDP-L、MDP-H组小鼠血清中IL-6水平高度显著降低(P<0.01),5-ASA组小鼠血清中IL-6水平显著降低(P<0.05);MDP-H组小鼠血清中IL-10水平高度显著升高(P<0.01),5-ASA组小鼠血清中IL-10水平显著升高(P<0.05),MDP-L组无显著变化,原因可能是低剂量果胶可能因肠道吸收效率有限或在消化过程中降解较多,到达病变肠黏膜的活性组分含量不足,无法有效作用。根据以上实验结果可知,纯化后的广山楂果胶可显著抑制促炎因子IL-1β、TNF-α及IL-6的异常高表达,并上调抗炎因子IL-10的表达水平,通过平衡促炎/抗炎因子的表达失衡,减轻局部炎症反应并促进结肠组织的修复进程。
TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路是介导炎症反应的关键通路之一,在调控促炎基因表达过程中起到决定性作用。该通路主要由TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6和NF-κB等关键分子组成。其中,TLR4是最早被鉴定的Toll样受体蛋白,在先天免疫系统激活过程中起关键作用[47−48]。当TLR4与配体结合后,可募集MyD88并激活IRAK激酶,进而通过TRAF6-TAK1-IKK级联反应促使IκBα降解,最终导致NF-κB的释放和核转位。活化的NF-κB可诱导IL-1β、TNF-α 等促炎因子的表达,而后者又可进一步促进IL-6、IL-8等次级炎症因子的产生,最终导致结肠黏膜损伤和炎症反应[49]。如图18所示,与正常组相比,模型组小鼠结肠组织中TLR4、MyD88和TRAF6均高度显著升高(P<0.01),NF-κB的mRNA表达水平极显著升高(P<0.001)。经广山楂果胶和5-ASA干预后,与模型组相比,MDP-L、MDP-H和5-ASA组小鼠结肠组织中TLR4的mRNA表达水平均高度显著下调(P<0.01),MDP-L、MDP-H和5-ASA组小鼠结肠组织中MyD88、TRAF6的mRNA表达水平均显著下调(P<0.05),MDP-L组小鼠结肠组织中NF-κB的mRNA表达水平显著下调(P<0.05),MDP-H和5-ASA组小鼠结肠组织中NF-κB的mRNA表达水平均高度显著下调(P<0.01),表明纯化后的广山楂果胶可能通过抑制 TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路来缓解炎症反应。
本研究以半乳糖醛酸保留率和蛋白去除率的加权综合评分作为响应值,考察了7种不同型号的大孔树脂对广山楂果胶的纯化效果。结果表明,X-5型大孔树脂在静态吸附实验中,纯化效果方面表现最优。为进一步提高纯化效率,本研究采用单因素实验和响应面分析法,对X-5型大孔树脂的纯化工艺条件进行了优化,确定最佳工艺参数。经X-5树脂纯化处理后,广山楂果胶的各项理化性质均符合GB 25533-2010《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂 果胶》。UV-vis分析结果表明,纯化后的广山楂果胶不含核酸和蛋白质等杂质。FT-IR 分析显示,广山楂果胶在纯化前后的主要官能团结构保持不变,且纯化后其吸收信号有所增强,表明该工艺有效清除了杂质,同时果胶多糖结构未发生变化。扫描电镜观察结果显示,纯化前的广山楂果胶在微观结构上呈现丝状和球状的结合,而纯化后的广山楂果胶则呈现光滑的片状结构。XRD分析表明,广山楂果胶经过大孔树脂纯化后并未对其晶体结构造成破坏。因此,该纯化工艺的建立对广山楂果胶后期分离均一多糖、药理活性的研究具有重要意义。通过DSS诱导的UC动物模型,本研究初步探究了广山楂果胶的体内抗炎活性。结果表明,广山楂果胶能够通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路的激活,降低促炎细胞因子(如IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α)的表达水平,同时提升抗炎细胞因子(如IL-10)的表达,从而减轻肠黏膜炎症,改善小鼠肠黏膜屏障损伤。这一研究不仅为广山楂赋予了新的科学价值,而且为开发新型功能性食品提供了理论基础,同时也为UC治疗新药的研发提供了科学依据,具有重要的科学意义和广阔的应用前景。然而,本研究仍存在局限,包括未能全面解析广山楂果胶结构、体内动物实验观察周期短以及未利用体外细胞实验深入探究分子机制。后续将通过优化设计、延长观察周期、扩大样本并结合细胞实验对广山楂果胶进行深化研究。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060204
  • 接收时间:2025-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-18
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    1右江民族医学院基础医学院,广西百色 533000
    2广西金钟山森林生态系统野外科学观测研究站,广西隆林 533400
    3广西高校右江流域特色民族药研究重点实验室,广西百色 533000
    4右江民族医学院药学院,广西百色 533000
    5东方康延堂(巴马)中医诊所有限公司,广西巴马 547500

通讯作者:

黄元河(1979−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:民族特色植物资源的功能性研究,E-mail:。
潘乔丹(1980−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:民族特色植物资源的活性物质基础研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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