Article(id=1320882801109479896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060198, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750176000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852600600, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852600600, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852600600, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852600600, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=430, endPage=439, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882801340166617, articleId=1320882801109479896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comparative Study on Anti-ulcerative Colitis Effects of Polysaccharides from Atractylodes macrocephala: Hot Water Extraction from Decoction Pieces vs. Alkaline Extraction from Residues, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study sought to explore the anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) effects of polysaccharides derived from sequential extraction—initial hot water extraction from Atractylodes macrocephala decoction pieces (yielding AMPQT), followed by alkaline extraction of the residue (yielding AMPJT)—and compare the efficacy of AMPJT to AMPQT. We quantified the polysaccharide content, uronic acid content, protein content, and molecular weight of both extracts. A mouse model of UC was induced using 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Mice were subsequently administered AMPQT, AMPJT, or mesalazine. Body weight, colon length, thymus index, and spleen index were measured to calculate the disease activity index (DAI). ELISA was employed to detect levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in colon tissue. Pathological changes in colon tissues were evaluated via hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Immunofluorescence was used to determine the expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, and MUC-2, while serum FITC-dextran concentration was measured to assess intestinal permeability. Results demonstrated that compared with the model group, AMPJT significantly alleviated symptoms and pathological damage in UC mice, spleen indices (P<0.05) and restored thymus and colon length (P<0.01), reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MDA levels (P<0.01) along with MPO activity (P<0.05), and increased levels of IL-4 and IL-10 and SOD activity in colon tissue (P<0.01). Additionally, AMPJT significantly upregulated the expression of ZO-1 (P<0.05) and MUC-2 (P<0.01) while reducing intestinal permeability (P<0.05). Compared with AMPQT, AMPJT exhibited significantly greater or superior efficacy in improving these indicators, with statistically significant differences particularly evident in restoring colon length, reducing IL-6 levels, and increasing IL-4 levels (P<0.05). AMPJT demonstrated significant anti-UC effects in mice, outperforming AMPQT.

, authors=Qieying JIANG1, Gonglong LI2, Ye LIAO3, Xuan LIU1, Hedong JIANG4, Anqi LAI2, Ziwei HUANG4, Zhenggen LIAO2, *, authorsList=Qieying JIANG, Gonglong LI, Ye LIAO, Xuan LIU, Hedong JIANG, Anqi LAI, Ziwei HUANG, Zhenggen LIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenggen LIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882804800467434, articleId=1320882801109479896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=白术热水提取多糖与其残渣碱提多糖抗溃疡性结肠炎的比较研究, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了明确白术残渣碱提多糖是否具有抗溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)作用以及其与白术热水提取多糖作用的异同。分别采用热水和0.2 mol/L NaOH溶液提取白术饮片和饮片残渣并经纯化处理制备传统工艺多糖(Atractylodes macrocephala hot water-extracted polysaccharides,AMPQT)和残渣碱提多糖(AMPJT),测定其多糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质和分子量;采用2.5%葡聚糖硫酸钠构建小鼠 UC 模型,分别给予AMPQT、AMPJT或美沙拉嗪干预后,测定小鼠体质量、结肠长度及胸腺和脾脏指数,评估疾病活动指数;采用 ELISA检测小鼠结肠组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10和MDA水平及SOD和MPO活性;采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察结肠组织病理变化;免疫荧光法测定ZO-1、occludin和MUC-2表达并测定血清FITC-Dextran浓度。结果表明:与模型组相比,AMPJT能极显著改善UC小鼠的症状和结肠组织病理损伤,显著恢复UC小鼠的脾脏指数(P<0.05)和极显著改善胸腺指数及结肠长度(P<0.01),极显著降低UC小鼠结肠组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、MDA水平(P<0.01),显著降低UC小鼠结肠组织中MPO活性(P<0.05),极显著提高UC 小鼠结肠组织IL-4、IL-10水平和SOD活性(P<0.01),显著升高UC小鼠ZO-1(P<0.05),极显著升高MUC-2水平(P<0.01),显著降低通透性(P<0.05);AMPJT对各测定指标的改善或恢复作用比AMPQT更显著,其中恢复UC小鼠的结肠长度,降低IL-6、提高IL-4水平与AMPQT组具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。AMPJT具有显著的抗小鼠UC作用,其效果优于AMPQT。

, authors=蒋且英1, 李龚龙2, 廖晔3, 刘漩1, 江和栋4, 赖安琪2, 黄紫薇4, 廖正根2, *, authorsList=蒋且英, 李龚龙, 廖晔, 刘漩, 江和栋, 赖安琪, 黄紫薇, 廖正根, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=廖正根, authorNote=

蒋且英(1969−),女,本科,高级实验师,研究方向:食疗与功能产品开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
廖正根(1967−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粒子给药系统设计与体内过程评价,E-mail:。
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蒋且英(1969−),女,本科,高级实验师,研究方向:食疗与功能产品开发,E-mail:

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蒋且英(1969−),女,本科,高级实验师,研究方向:食疗与功能产品开发,E-mail:

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注:与M组比较:*P<0.05、**P<0.01、*** P<0.001、****P<0.0001;与P组比较:#P<0.05、##P<0.01;图3~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=2LAjTm2w8m/WbqzyHOG7kQ==, figureFileBig=nNFXkeuM01cahBW28DCZmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882811343581741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882801109479896, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of AMPJT and AMPQT on the organ coefficient of the spleen and thymus in UC mice, figureFileSmall=E1ldZkiKD9BeJfzd9uSalA==, figureFileBig=xY+QfiiFuDDl86QqY86iCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882811431662126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882801109479896, language=CN, label=图3, caption=AMPJT和AMPQT对UC小鼠脾脏和胸腺脏器系数的影响, figureFileSmall=E1ldZkiKD9BeJfzd9uSalA==, figureFileBig=xY+QfiiFuDDl86QqY86iCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882811532325423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882801109479896, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of AMPJT and AMPQT on the colon length and pathological changes in the colon tissue of UC mice, figureFileSmall=iRJG0kwk5CrUdvBTlUyLew==, figureFileBig=A+VXq+c8VyUznBAR74zT0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882813239407152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882801109479896, language=CN, label=图4, caption=AMPJT和AMPQT对UC小鼠结肠长度和结肠组织病理学的影响

注:▲表示AMPJT与AMPQT组相比,P<0.05;图8同。

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Scoring system for disease activity index (DAI) in the mice

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评分体重减轻(%)大便性状便血情况
0<1固体颗粒状无
11~5柔软颗粒状粪便隐血(+)
25~10半成形稀便粪便隐血(++)
310~15未成形的稀大便肉眼可见的血便
4≧15有液体的迹象直肠出血量大
), ArticleFig(id=1320882814124405306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882801109479896, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小鼠疾病活动指数DAI评分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分体重减轻(%)大便性状便血情况
0<1固体颗粒状无
11~5柔软颗粒状粪便隐血(+)
25~10半成形稀便粪便隐血(++)
310~15未成形的稀大便肉眼可见的血便
4≧15有液体的迹象直肠出血量大
), ArticleFig(id=1320882814237651515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882801109479896, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Colon tissues injury scoring standards

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炎症细胞浸润粘膜损伤隐窝畸变损伤面积(%)得分
无无无无0
轻微黏膜层1/31~251
中度黏膜下层2/326~502
严重肌层和浆膜100%51~753
//隐窝完全变形、表面上皮细胞损伤76~1004
), ArticleFig(id=1320882814308954684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882801109479896, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

结肠组织病理评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炎症细胞浸润粘膜损伤隐窝畸变损伤面积(%)得分
无无无无0
轻微黏膜层1/31~251
中度黏膜下层2/326~502
严重肌层和浆膜100%51~753
//隐窝完全变形、表面上皮细胞损伤76~1004
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白术热水提取多糖与其残渣碱提多糖抗溃疡性结肠炎的比较研究
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蒋且英 1 , 李龚龙 2 , 廖晔 3 , 刘漩 1 , 江和栋 4 , 赖安琪 2 , 黄紫薇 4 , 廖正根 2, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(15): 430-439
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (15) : 430 -439
白术热水提取多糖与其残渣碱提多糖抗溃疡性结肠炎的比较研究
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蒋且英1 , 李龚龙2, 廖晔3, 刘漩1, 江和栋4, 赖安琪2, 黄紫薇4, 廖正根2, *
作者信息
  • 1江西中医药大学实验动物科技中心,江西南昌 330004
  • 2江西中医药大学现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室,江西南昌 330004
  • 3南昌大学第一附属医院消化内科,江西南昌 330006
  • 4江西中医药大学药学院,江西南昌 330004
通讯作者:
廖正根(1967−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粒子给药系统设计与体内过程评价,E-mail:。
作者简介:

蒋且英(1969−),女,本科,高级实验师,研究方向:食疗与功能产品开发,E-mail:

Comparative Study on Anti-ulcerative Colitis Effects of Polysaccharides from Atractylodes macrocephala: Hot Water Extraction from Decoction Pieces vs. Alkaline Extraction from Residues
Qieying JIANG1 , Gonglong LI2, Ye LIAO3, Xuan LIU1, Hedong JIANG4, Anqi LAI2, Ziwei HUANG4, Zhenggen LIAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Experimental Animal Science and Technology Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 3Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
  • 4School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060198
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为了明确白术残渣碱提多糖是否具有抗溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)作用以及其与白术热水提取多糖作用的异同。分别采用热水和0.2 mol/L NaOH溶液提取白术饮片和饮片残渣并经纯化处理制备传统工艺多糖(Atractylodes macrocephala hot water-extracted polysaccharides,AMPQT)和残渣碱提多糖(AMPJT),测定其多糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质和分子量;采用2.5%葡聚糖硫酸钠构建小鼠 UC 模型,分别给予AMPQT、AMPJT或美沙拉嗪干预后,测定小鼠体质量、结肠长度及胸腺和脾脏指数,评估疾病活动指数;采用 ELISA检测小鼠结肠组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10和MDA水平及SOD和MPO活性;采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察结肠组织病理变化;免疫荧光法测定ZO-1、occludin和MUC-2表达并测定血清FITC-Dextran浓度。结果表明:与模型组相比,AMPJT能极显著改善UC小鼠的症状和结肠组织病理损伤,显著恢复UC小鼠的脾脏指数(P<0.05)和极显著改善胸腺指数及结肠长度(P<0.01),极显著降低UC小鼠结肠组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、MDA水平(P<0.01),显著降低UC小鼠结肠组织中MPO活性(P<0.05),极显著提高UC 小鼠结肠组织IL-4、IL-10水平和SOD活性(P<0.01),显著升高UC小鼠ZO-1(P<0.05),极显著升高MUC-2水平(P<0.01),显著降低通透性(P<0.05);AMPJT对各测定指标的改善或恢复作用比AMPQT更显著,其中恢复UC小鼠的结肠长度,降低IL-6、提高IL-4水平与AMPQT组具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。AMPJT具有显著的抗小鼠UC作用,其效果优于AMPQT。

白术传统工艺多糖  /  白术残渣碱提多糖  /  溃疡性结肠炎  /  结肠组织生化  /  肠道屏障

This study sought to explore the anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) effects of polysaccharides derived from sequential extraction—initial hot water extraction from Atractylodes macrocephala decoction pieces (yielding AMPQT), followed by alkaline extraction of the residue (yielding AMPJT)—and compare the efficacy of AMPJT to AMPQT. We quantified the polysaccharide content, uronic acid content, protein content, and molecular weight of both extracts. A mouse model of UC was induced using 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Mice were subsequently administered AMPQT, AMPJT, or mesalazine. Body weight, colon length, thymus index, and spleen index were measured to calculate the disease activity index (DAI). ELISA was employed to detect levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in colon tissue. Pathological changes in colon tissues were evaluated via hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Immunofluorescence was used to determine the expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, and MUC-2, while serum FITC-dextran concentration was measured to assess intestinal permeability. Results demonstrated that compared with the model group, AMPJT significantly alleviated symptoms and pathological damage in UC mice, spleen indices (P<0.05) and restored thymus and colon length (P<0.01), reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MDA levels (P<0.01) along with MPO activity (P<0.05), and increased levels of IL-4 and IL-10 and SOD activity in colon tissue (P<0.01). Additionally, AMPJT significantly upregulated the expression of ZO-1 (P<0.05) and MUC-2 (P<0.01) while reducing intestinal permeability (P<0.05). Compared with AMPQT, AMPJT exhibited significantly greater or superior efficacy in improving these indicators, with statistically significant differences particularly evident in restoring colon length, reducing IL-6 levels, and increasing IL-4 levels (P<0.05). AMPJT demonstrated significant anti-UC effects in mice, outperforming AMPQT.

Atractylodes macrocephala hot water-extracted polysaccharides  /  Atractylodes macrocephala residue alkali-extracted polysaccharides  /  ulcerative colitis  /  colon tissue biochemical indices  /  intestinal barrier
蒋且英, 李龚龙, 廖晔, 刘漩, 江和栋, 赖安琪, 黄紫薇, 廖正根. 白术热水提取多糖与其残渣碱提多糖抗溃疡性结肠炎的比较研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 430 -439 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060198
Qieying JIANG, Gonglong LI, Ye LIAO, Xuan LIU, Hedong JIANG, Anqi LAI, Ziwei HUANG, Zhenggen LIAO. Comparative Study on Anti-ulcerative Colitis Effects of Polysaccharides from Atractylodes macrocephala: Hot Water Extraction from Decoction Pieces vs. Alkaline Extraction from Residues[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 430 -439 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060198
溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)是一种以腹痛、便血、持续或间歇性腹泻为特征的终身性慢性炎症性疾病[1−2],是结肠炎相关结直肠癌发展的主要因素[3]。随着生活方式的不断改变,UC的全球患病率逐年上升并已演变为全球负担[4]。UC临床治疗的现代药物包括5-氨基水杨酸、皮质类固醇、免疫调节剂、生物制剂[1,4]。虽能部分缓解症状,但易复发且伴随代谢紊乱、免疫抑制等不良反应[5−6]。因此,迫切需要寻找新的疗效更高、副作用更小的治疗UC的药物[4,7−8]。
由于多糖具有相对较高的安全性和多种生物活性,利用天然多糖治疗UC被认为是一种有前途的替代疗法,但由于大多数天然多糖的生物活性不如合成药物强,其应用仍受到严重限制。因此,迫切需要寻找更强活性的多糖。传统上中药多糖主要用热水提取,提取的多为存在于细胞壁的中性多糖和细胞外的多糖[9],碱水提取因可使植物细胞壁破裂,除可获得细胞壁和细胞外的多糖外,还可获得胞内多糖[10],且多糖的活性与其单糖组成、结构及分子量等相关,故用碱液对热水提取多糖后的饮片残渣进行提取可能得到活性不一样的多糖。
白术具有健脾益气、燥湿利水的功效,用于治疗脾虚泄泻证已有数千年历史,其主治证候与UC一致,前期本团队已经报道了白术热水提取多糖具有抗小鼠UC作用[11],但其残渣碱水提取多糖是否也具有抗小鼠UC作用尚不清楚,故进一步比较研究白术传统工艺多糖与残渣碱提多糖的抗溃疡性结肠炎作用。此外,由于热水提取多糖后的残渣常被弃去,故如果残渣再提取多糖的抗UC作用得到证实,则可进一步提取残渣多糖,从而提高白术资源的利用率。
本文首先参考文献方法制备了白术热水提取多糖(AMPQT),用碱液提取并参考AMPQT制备方法制备了残渣碱提多糖(AMPJT),按常规方法分析了2种多糖的化学组成,随后从症状、组织病理学、屏障结构蛋白与屏障功能以及结肠组织生化指标四维一体的角度较全面地比较该2种多糖对DSS诱导小鼠UC作用的异同。
白术饮片(批号04) 产地为安徽省鹿邑县郑集市,经江西中医药大学张寿文教授鉴定为菊科植物白术Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.的干燥根茎;右旋葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS,批号YD08001) 购自美国MP公司;美沙拉嗪肠溶片(批号210706) 购自葵花药业佳木斯鹿灵制药有限公司;羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na,批号20140320) 购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;粪便隐血定性检测试剂盒(匹拉米洞法,批号0521A24) 购自北京雷根生物技术有限公司;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)试剂盒(批号20240923)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)试剂盒(批号20240921)、丙二醛(MDA)测定试剂盒(批号20240925)、鼠白细胞介素-4、6、10、1β ELISA试剂盒(批号分别为A20440625、A20640634、A21040823和A28240735)、鼠肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α ELISA试剂盒(批号A201B40933) 购自Multi Sciences;苏木素-伊红(HE)染色试剂盒(批号240008009) 购自Solarbio;4%多聚甲醛通用性组织固定液(批号24152607) 购自Biosharp;FITC-Dextran(MW 4000)(批号BCCK8891) 购自西格玛;抗MUC-2(GB1344)、抗ZO-1(GB115686)、抗occludin(GB111401)、CY3标记山羊抗兔IgG(GB21303) 购自Servicebio;SPF雄性6周龄Balb/c小鼠(22~24 g) 购自江苏集萃药康生物科技股份有限公司(许可证号:SCXK(苏)2023-0009),实验经江西中医药大学动物实验中心伦理委员会批准(批准号 JZLLSC20250520)。
GL2004B型电子天平 上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司;FA25型高剪切分散匀浆机 弗鲁克FLUKO;CF1524R型高速离心机 SALOGEX;XM-P15H型超声波清洗器 小美超声仪器有限公司;LC-20AD型超高效液相色谱仪,配备RID-20A检测器 日本岛津公司,TSKgel GMPWXL水相凝胶柱(7.8 mm I.D.×30 cm,13 μm) 日本东曹公司;Tecan Spark型多功能酶标仪 南昌树森实业有限公司;Leica Pearl型脱水机、Leica Arcadia H型包埋机、LE-ICA RM2235型病理切片机、Leica Arcadia C型冻台 上海徕卡仪器有限公司;ISCAN COREO型数字病理切片扫描仪 罗氏;NIKON ECLIPSE C1型正置荧光显微镜 日本尼康;Pannoramic MIDI型扫描仪 3DHISTECH。
白术饮片用10倍量水,回流提取3次,每次2 h,合并提取液;残渣用10倍量0.2 mol/L NaOH溶液回流提取2次,每次3 h,合并提取液。各提取液减压浓缩至相对密度为1.0~1.1(60 ℃)静置30 min,4000 r/min离心10 min,上清液用终浓度80%乙醇醇沉,4 ℃冰箱静置24 h后,10000 r/min离心5 min;沉淀依次使用无水乙醇—丙酮—石油醚—无水乙醇洗涤脱色后用超纯水溶解并与Sevage试剂按3:1(v/v)比例混合,搅拌25 min,6000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液,重复操作至中间层无絮状沉淀产生,然后转移至分子截留量为3500 Da的透析袋中,依次在自来水、纯水中各透析24 h,透析过程中每隔2 h换一次水,最后冷冻干燥,分别得到AMPQT和AMPJT[11],2种多糖总得率分别为3.24%和0.85%。
参考文献[12]方法,以葡萄糖为对照品采用苯酚-硫酸比色法测定总糖含量。以半乳糖醛酸为对照品采用间羟基联苯法测定糖醛酸含量。以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为标准,BCA试剂盒测定可溶性蛋白含量。
色谱条件:柱温40 ℃,流动相为0.1 mol/L硝酸钠溶液,流速为0.6 mL/min,进样量为10 μL。测定AMPQT时,其样品制备方法按1.2.1方法处理,但原80%乙醇醇沉改为依次用40%、60%和80%的乙醇醇沉,得到40%(AMP40)、60%(AMP60)和80%(AMP80)组分,各组分和AMPJT分别用流动相配制成5 mg/mL的溶液,0.22 µm微孔滤膜过滤,上样检测。
用已知相对分子质量的T系列葡聚糖标准品(T-100、T-1000、T-3000、T-5000、T-10000、T-15000、T-50000、T-100000)绘制分子量-洗脱时间标准曲线,根据标准曲线使用岛津GPC软件计算多糖分子量。
所有动物均饲养于温度22~24 ℃,相对湿度50%~60%的屏障环境中,保持12 h/12 h的光-暗循环,自由获取水和食物。
适应一周后,所有小鼠按体重随机分为5组(n=12),包括正常对照组(C),DSS模型对照组(M),阳性药美沙拉嗪组(P),AMPJT组,AMPQT组。正常对照组与模型组灌胃0.5%CMC-Na,阳性药组每天按给药剂量300 mg/kg·bw灌胃美莎拉嗪混悬液,多糖组每天按100 mg/kg·bw给药剂量进行灌胃。实验期间,除正常组小鼠外,其他组小鼠均自由饮用含2.5% DSS的水共连续7 d诱导结肠炎。最后一天给药结束后,小鼠禁食不禁水12 h。
每天记录每只鼠的体重、粪便性状和出血,按表1评分[12],计算DAI,DAI=(体质量降低评分+大便性状评分+便血评分)/3。
各组随机取小鼠6只,颈椎脱臼处死。
迅速取出脾脏、胸腺,称重,按下式计算脏器指数。
$ \mathrm{脏器指数(g\cdot kg}^{ \mathrm{-1}} \mathrm{)=脏器质量/小鼠体重} $
迅速取出结肠,测量并记录结肠长度,远端结肠用PBS清洗,4%多聚甲醛固定,石蜡包埋,预冻后切片,置于载玻片上60 ℃烤片3 h,依次用二甲苯及不同梯度酒精进行脱蜡。蒸馏水浸洗2 min后依次放入苏木素染液染色5~7 min,伊红染液染色1 min,树胶封片后镜检。光学显微镜下观察结肠组织损伤,根据炎症程度、粘膜损伤、隐窝损伤及病变范围综合评分,具体评分标准如表2[13]。
采用HE染色同方法制备组织切片,脱蜡后进行切片抗原修复,修复完成后采用5% BSA封闭60 min,用PBS清洗后加入ZO-1(1:1000)、occludin(1:1000)和MUC-2(1:1000)4 ℃孵育过夜,用PBS清洗后加入二抗37 ℃孵育60 min,用PBS清洗后滴加DAPI避光孵育15 min,PBS洗涤后加入自发荧光淬灭剂B液5 min,流水冲洗10 min,抗荧光淬灭封片剂封片镜检,使用image J 软件进一步量化ZO-1、Occludin和MUC-2。
每组剩余6只小鼠进行肠道通透性试验。小鼠灌胃0.3 mL FITC-dextran 4000(4 mg/10 g)。3 h后,小鼠眶窦采血,4 ℃温度下4000 r/min离心10 min。然后用多功能酶标仪检测0.1 mL血清的荧光强度(激发波长485 nm;发射波长535 nm)用于确定肠道渗透性水平。血清中的FITC-dextran浓度根据在PBS中连续稀释的FITC-dextran的标准曲线进行计算。
取1.2.6下近端结肠,准确称取0.1 g 结肠组织样品,按1:9(w/v)加入生理盐水,研磨仪匀浆,冷冻离心(12000 r/min,4 ℃,20 min)收集上清液。采用酶联免疫吸附法,根据试剂盒说明书测定结肠组织中的肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)浓度,根据试剂盒操作说明书测定结肠组织中丙二醛(MDA)的浓度及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性。
采用SPSS27.0软件的单因素方差(ANOVA)对实验数据进行统计分析,并采用Duncan多重比较进行显著性分析;不符合正态检验时,组件采用非参数T检验比较。结果以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,以*P<0.05表示有显著性差异, **P<0.01、***P<0.001以及 ****P<0.0001表示有极显著差异。使用GraphPad Prism9.5进行可视化处理。
AMPJT总糖、糖醛酸和蛋白质含量分别为56.54%、13.56%、3.85%;AMPQT总糖、糖醛酸和蛋白质含量分别为29.12%、91.27%、2.71%。
分子量结果如图1所示。AMPJT由分子量分别为46012 Da和3035 Da的多糖组成,比例分别为72.43%和27.57%;AMPQT由分子量分别为2812、2326、1541 Da的多糖组成。
体重如图2A所示,第4 d后,与正常组比较,模型组和给药组小鼠体重开始出现明显下降,且模型组小鼠体重下降速率明显更快。第7 d,模型组小鼠体重极显著低于正常组小鼠(P<0.0001),阳性药组和AMPJT组小鼠体重均极显著高于模型组(P<0.01);AMPQT组小鼠体重虽然高于模型组,但无统计学差异,显示AMPJT 具有恢复UC小鼠体重作用,恢复效果优于AMPQT。
DAI评分结果如图2B所示,第3 d,模型组和给药组小鼠DAI评分开始升高,且模型组小鼠DAI评分上升速率明显更快,正常组基本不变。第7 d,正常组、AMPJT组的DAI评分极显著少于模型组(显著性层级分别为P<0.0001,P<0.01),AMPQT组的DAI评分显著少于模型组(P<0.05);此外阳性药组的DAI评分显著低于AMPQT组(P<0.05),而与AMPJT组无统计学差异,显示AMPJT具有改善UC小鼠DAI评分作用,其改善效果更接近阳性药,表现出比AMPQT更显著的疗效。
各组小鼠脾脏和胸腺脏器系数如图3所示,与正常组比较,模型组脾脏和胸腺脏器系数分别为极显著升高(P<0.0001) 和降低(P<0.0001)。与模型组比较,AMPJT及AMPQT组均能显著性降低脾脏脏器系数(P<0.05); AMPJT、AMPQT组的胸腺脏器系数分别为极显著升高(P<0.01)和显著升高(P<0.05),且阳性药和AMPJT组胸腺脏器系数无统计学差异,显著高于AMPQT组(P<0.05),显示AMPJT有显著改善UC小鼠脾脏和胸腺脏器系数作用,其改善效果比AMPQT更显著。
各组小鼠结肠长度如图4所示,与正常组相比,模型组的结肠长度极显著缩短(P<0.0001)。与模型组比较,阳性药和AMPJT组结肠长度极显著延长(分别为P<0.001和P<0.01), AMPQT组结肠长度显著延长(P<0.05);阳性药和AMPJT组的结肠长度延长均显著高于AMPQT组(P<0.05),结果显示AMPJT有显著恢复UC小鼠结肠长度作用,恢复效果优于AMPQT。
正常小鼠结肠组织上皮细胞排列紧密,杯状细胞完整且丰富,同时隐窝形态正常,排列规律。而DSS处理组出现明显的炎性细胞浸润、杯状细胞耗竭、上皮屏障破坏、隐窝丢失、增生和粘膜溃疡等标志性炎症特征。各给药组小鼠结肠组织炎症细胞浸润、杯状细胞缺失及肠道屏障损伤等症状均有较明显的改善。评分结果显示:与正常组相比,模型组的评分极显著升高(P<0.0001)。与模型组比较,AMPJT和AMPQT组的评分分别为极显著(P<0.01)和显著降低(P<0.05)。阳性药组与AMPJT组评分无统计学差别,但阳性药组评分显著低于AMPQT组(P<0.05)。显示AMPJT具有改善UC小鼠组织损伤作用,其改善效果更接近阳性药,表现出比AMPQT更显著的疗效。
各组小鼠的紧密连接蛋白及粘液蛋白表达如图5所示,与正常组相比,模型组的ZO-1(P<0.0001)、Occludin(P<0.01)和MUC-2(P<0.0001)极显著降低。与模型组相比,阳性组的ZO-1和MUC-2极显著升高(均为P<0.001),Occludin显著升高(P<0.05);AMPJT组的ZO-1显著升高(P<0.05),MUC-2极显著升高(P<0.01);AMPQT组的MUC-2显著升高(P<0.05),ZO-1虽然有所升高,但无统计学意义,且阳性药的MUC-2与AMPJT组无统计学差异,但显著高于AMPQT(P<0.05);AMPJT组和AMPQT组虽然升高了Occludin,但无统计学差异。结果显示AMPJT具有显著升高UC小鼠ZO-1,极显著升高UC小鼠MUC-2作用,其效果优于AMPQT。
屏障结构蛋白(尤其是ZO-1和MUC-2)的修复预示着屏障功能的恢复。为此,本文进一步通过检测血清中FITC-dextran 4000的浓度来评估肠道通透性(图6)。与正常组相比,模型组的FITC-dextran 4000浓度极显著升高(P<0.0001)。与模型组相比,阳性组FITC-dextran 4000浓度极显著降低(P<0.01);AMPJT和AMPQT组的FITC-dextran 4000浓度显著降低(P<0.05),结果显示AMPJT具有显著降低UC小鼠血清FITC-dextran 4000浓度的作用。该结果直接证实了AMPJT和AMPQT能够改善因UC损伤导致的肠道屏障功能障碍,降低肠道通透性。这与前述观察到的屏障结构蛋白(尤其是ZO-1和MUC-2)的修复相一致,共同构成了药物保护肠屏障的直接证据。
肠道屏障功能受损和通透性增加会导致肠腔内容物(如细菌、毒素)易位入血或组织,激活免疫反应并产生大量活性氧(ROS),引发氧化应激。本文进一步检测了结肠组织中的氧化应激标志物丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(图7)。与正常组相比,模型组的MDA水平极显著升高(P<0.0001)、SOD活性极显著降低(P<0.0001)。与模型组比较,AMPJT、AMPQT组的 MDA水平分别为极显著(P<0.01)和显著减少(P<0.05);AMPJT组的SOD活性极显著升高(P<0.01),AMPQT组的SOD活性有所升高,但无统计学差异,且阳性药SOD活性与AMPJT组无统计学差异,但显著高于AMPQT组(P<0.05)。这些结果显示AMPJT具有极显著的改善UC小鼠MDA水平及SOD活性的作用,改善效果分别比AMPQT更显著、更优。结合2.5的结果,这一系列结果支持‘屏障修复-通透性改善-氧化应激减轻’的正向病理关联。但需指出,氧化应激本身亦可直接损伤屏障功能,二者可能存在双向调控关系。
各组小鼠结肠组织中促炎炎症因子指标如图8所示,与正常组相比,模型组的TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6极显著升高(均为P<0.0001)。与模型组比较,阳性药组的TNF-α(P<0.001)、IL-1β(P<0.0001)、IL-6极显著降低(P<0.0001);AMPJT组的TNF-α(P<0.01)、IL-1β(P<0.001)、IL-6(P<0.001)极显著降低,AMPQT组的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6显著性降低(均为P<0.05),且阳性药组的IL-1β与AMPJT组无统计学差异,但极显著低于AMPQT(P<0.01),AMPJT组的IL-6水平显著低于AMPQT组(P<0.05)。结果显示AMPJT具有显著的降低UC小鼠TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的作用,其作用效果比AMPQT更好。
与正常组相比,模型组的IL-4和IL-10水平极显著降低(均为P<0.0001)。与模型组比较,阳性药组的IL-4和IL-10水平极显著升高(均为P<0.001);AMPJT组的IL-4和IL-10水平极显著升高(均为P<0.01);AMPQT组的IL-10水平显著升高(P<0.05),IL-4有所升高,但无统计学差异。AMPJT组的IL-4显著高于AMPQT组(P<0.05),结果显示AMPJT具有极显著升高UC小鼠IL-4和IL-10的作用,其作用比AMPQT更优。
与正常组比较,模型组的MPO极显著升高(P<0.0001)。与模型组比较,阳性药的MPO极显著降低(P<0.001);AMPJT、AMPQT组的MPO活性均为显著性减少(P<0.05),且阳性药与AMPJT无统计学差异,但极显著低于AMPQT(P<0.01),结果显示AMPJT具有显著的降低UC小鼠MPO作用,其作用更接近阳性药,表现出比AMPQT更优的疗效。
溃疡性结肠炎是一种终身性炎症性疾病,不同程度地影响直肠和结肠。医疗管理的目的首先是诱导快速的临床反应并使生物标志物正常化,其次是维持临床缓解并实现内窥镜正常化(粘膜愈合),以防止长期残疾[1]。然而,在一些内镜下粘膜愈合的病例中,粘膜活组织检查中观察到组织学活性的证据。随后,在UC中,定义了第二种更深层次的粘膜愈合,称为组织学愈合,需要在粘膜活检中没有活动性炎症[14]。近年发现肠屏障愈合预测炎症性肠病的主要不良后果优于内镜和组织学缓解[15]。因此,需要从症状、粘膜、组织和屏障结构与功能等角度研究药物抗UC的作用效果。
DSS诱导的UC模型具有与UC患者相似的临床特征和病理变化,包括体重减轻、腹泻、便血、结肠弥漫性炎症浸润和肠屏障损伤等,已成为探索UC发病机制和研究UC治疗新药的重要工具。持续的炎症及溃疡刺激会导致肠通道变窄及缩短,结肠长度可以在一定程度上反映UC的严重程度[16];结肠组织炎症细胞浸润、杯状细胞缺失及肠道上皮细胞排列状况反映了粘膜和组织学愈合程度[17]。为此,本文选择DSS诱导的UC小鼠模型比较研究AMPJT和AMPQT对UC小鼠的治疗效果,结果显示,AMPJT和AMPQT均可明显抑制UC小鼠体重减轻、腹泻、便血和结肠长度缩短,显著减轻结肠组织的病理损伤,降低组织病理学评分,且AMPJT的作用效果更接近阳性药,表现出比AMPQT更显著的疗效,尤其是AMPJT和AMPQT抑制UC小鼠结肠长度缩短作用具有统计学差异,表明AMPJT可改善UC小鼠的症状,促进粘膜和组织愈合,其作用强度强于AMPQT。更重要的是,AMPJT对结肠组织病理损伤的改善(图4)与其后续观察到的肠屏障修复、氧化应激缓解和炎症抑制效应构成连贯的病理改善链条。
肠粘膜屏障损伤是UC关键病理机制之一。由跨膜蛋白(如Occludin)和骨架连接蛋白(如ZO-1)等紧密连接蛋白构成的紧密连接(TJs)和主要由Muc2蛋白构成的肠道粘液层是肠粘膜屏障的重要组成部分。UC发病期间,紧密连接蛋白的表达水平下降,导致肠粘膜通透性增加,进而引发一系列炎症反应和腹泻、便血等相关临床症状[18],此外,ZO-1的表达还可以促进小鼠肠上皮粘膜的修复[19−20]。除了物理屏障外,粘液屏障还可保护肠道免受病原体和共生细菌引起的炎症[21]。AMPJT具有显著升高UC小鼠ZO-1和极显著升高UC小鼠MUC-2作用,其效果优于AMPQT,并显著降低FITC-dextran 4000血液浓度,表明AMPJT可通过修复肠粘膜屏障改善UC的症状,修复强度高于AMPQT。这种屏障修复效应具有核心枢纽意义:一方面,屏障完整性恢复直接减少肠腔抗原易位,从而减轻下游免疫激活(见炎症因子部分)[22],另一方面粘液层(MUC-2)重建可抵御病原体侵袭从而降低中性粒细胞浸润(MPO↓)[21],再次ZO-1修复不仅降低通透性,还促进上皮再生,从而加速组织学愈合[19]。
氧自由基(OFRs)是UC发病机制中的关键因素,其过量产生是导致脂质过氧化作用发生的重要因素之一,脂质过氧化作用可引起不同程度的结肠组织损伤和炎症加重[23]。MDA是OFR与细胞膜上不饱和脂肪酸发生脂质过氧化反应的重要产物,对结肠粘膜具有显著的损伤作用。因此,常用MDA间接反映UC患者结肠黏膜OFR水平。SOD是与UC患者高度相关的重要氧化应激因子,能有效清除氧自由基,抑制肠道组织脂质过氧化,稳定机体细胞膜[24]。因此,SOD通常被认为是评价肌体消除OFR能力的一个指标。AMPJT能极显著降低UC小鼠的 MDA、极显著升高UC小鼠的SOD活性,其作用强度比AMPQT更显著,表明AMPJT可以通过降低氧化应激水平、减轻肠粘膜屏障损伤有效缓解UC小鼠的炎症,且其降低氧化应激作用比AMPQT更显著。氧化应激与屏障损伤互为因果:一方面,屏障破坏导致细菌易位可激活免疫细胞产生活性氧(ROS),从而导致 MDA升高[23],另一方面,MDA可损伤上皮细胞膜,从而加剧通透性[18],AMPJT在降低MDA的同时显著提升ZO-1/MUC-2(图5、图7),提示其通过双重作用阻断“氧化-屏障”恶性循环。
炎症是UC发病的核心机制。TNF-α[25]、IL-1β[26]和IL-6[27−28]可趋化中性粒细胞,激活和释放炎症介质,进一步放大炎症反应,诱发或加重UC;此外,IL-6和TNF-α还可以促进内皮细胞黏附因子的分泌,增加上皮紧密连接的通透性,抑制肠上皮细胞的生长,从而对粘膜和细胞外基质造成损害[25,28]。IL-4通常通过下调促炎细胞因子(如TNF-α)和上调抗性细胞因子(如IL-10)发挥抗炎作用[29]。IL-10可以改善UC的黏膜损伤[30−31]。MPO水平和活性的变化反映了中性粒细胞的功能和活性。AMPJT具有显著降低UC小鼠TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、MPO的作用,有极显著升高UC小鼠IL-4和IL-10的作用,其作用比AMPQT更显著(TNF-α、IL-10)、更优(IL-1β、MPO),甚至具有统计学意义(IL-4、IL-6),提示AMPJT具有显著的抗炎、促进粘膜和组织愈合的作用,其作用强度强于AMPQT。这种抗炎效应与前述屏障修复密切相关:一方面,屏障完整减少抗原暴露可直接降低TNF-α/IL-6产生[22],而IL-6可通过p38 MAPK-MLCK通路破坏紧密连接[18],因而IL-6水平下降可反馈保护屏障,故AMPJT比AMPQT更显著降低IL-6可能是其屏障修复更优的关键;另一方面,IL-4/IL-10升高不仅抑制炎症,还促进杯状细胞分泌MUC-2[30]。
UC是一种病因不明的结肠粘膜炎症性疾病,具有粘膜、组织学、屏障和完全愈合等不同的愈合水平。本研究报道了采用碱液从白术残渣中提取AMPJT的防治UC作用,发现AMPJT可以显著改善DSS诱导UC的小鼠体重减轻、腹泻、便血等症状、减轻UC小鼠结肠萎缩、炎细胞浸润、隐窝损伤、上皮破坏和结肠组织的肠屏障损伤等,并显示其促进粘膜、组织学和屏障愈合可能与其抑制炎症和氧化损伤有关。本文也证实AMPJT在改善症状、促进粘膜、组织学、屏障愈合中的作用优于AMPQT,并初步阐释了其通过修复屏障、抑制炎症和氧化应激的整合机制。AMPJT与AMPQT疗效差异的根本原因很可能是两者分子量和结构的显著不同(AMPJT含高分子量组分>46 kDa,AMPQT主要为<3 kDa小分子多糖)。已知多糖的生物活性与其分子量、单糖组成、糖苷键类型等结构特征密切相关。本团队正在深入进行两种多糖的系统结构解析工作,旨在明确其构效关系,这将为理解AMPJT优越活性的物质基础提供关键依据。此外,未来研究可进一步探讨AMPJT对肠道菌群的影响及其在调节肠道免疫微环境中的作用。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060198
  • 接收时间:2025-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-18
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    1江西中医药大学实验动物科技中心,江西南昌 330004
    2江西中医药大学现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室,江西南昌 330004
    3南昌大学第一附属医院消化内科,江西南昌 330006
    4江西中医药大学药学院,江西南昌 330004

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廖正根(1967−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粒子给药系统设计与体内过程评价,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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