Article(id=1320166371745444747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060167, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750003200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681790529, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681790529, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681790529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681790529, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=175, endPage=184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166371946771340, articleId=1320166371745444747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Investigation of the Inhibitory Mechanisms of Sea Buckthorn Extract against α-Amylase and Its Interactions with Acarbose and Casein, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of sea buckthorn extract (SBE) on α-amylase, and to evaluate the influence of acarbose and casein on its inhibitory activity, SBE was prepared using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The inhibitory activity and underlying mechanism were systematically studied through enzyme inhibition assays, enzyme kinetics analysis, fluorescence quenching spectroscopy, and molecular docking, and were complemented by combined inhibition assays and casein-SBE interaction analyses to assess its performance when used with acarbose and under the presence of casein.The results showed that SBE exhibited significant inhibitory activity against α-amylase, with an IC50 value of 88.9±1.2 μg/mL. The inhibition type was identified as mixed-type, involving both competitive and non-competitive modes, and the inhibitory effect of SBE was superior to that of acarbose. Fluorescence quenching analysis revealed that SBE spontaneously formed a complex with α-amylase, altering the microenvironment of the enzyme's chromophores and leading to intrinsic fluorescence quenching, thereby reducing enzymatic activity. Molecular docking further confirmed that the active compounds in SBE could form stable interactions with amino acid residues of α-amylase. Combined inhibition experiments indicated an additive effect between SBE and acarbose. Moreover, casein was found to reversibly interfere with the inhibitory activity of SBE. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the potential development of SBE as a natural α-amylase inhibitor.

, authors=Lu ZHANG1, Yushi LUO1, Yingying YAN2, *, Zhengchang ZHONG1, *, authorsList=Lu ZHANG, Yushi LUO, Yingying YAN, Zhengchang ZHONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingying YAN, Zhengchang ZHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166375167996827, articleId=1320166371745444747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=沙棘提取物对α-淀粉酶的抑制机制及其与阿卡波糖和酪蛋白的相互作用研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨沙棘提取物(sea buckthorn extract,SBE)对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用及机制,并评估阿卡波糖和酪蛋白对其抑制效果的影响。采用超声辅助提取制备SBE,通过酶抑制率分析、酶动力学分析、荧光猝灭试验及分子对接等方法,系统研究SBE对α-淀粉酶的体外抑制活性及作用机制,并结合联合抑制试验和酪蛋白-SBE相互作用分析,评估其在与阿卡波糖联合使用及酪蛋白存在条件下的抑制活性变化。结果表明,SBE对α-淀粉酶具有显著抑制作用,IC50为88.9±1.2 μg/mL,抑制类型为混合型抑制(包括竞争性抑制和非竞争性抑制),其抑制效果优于阿卡波糖。荧光猝灭试验显示,SBE可与酶自发形成复合物,引起酶发色团微环境的变化并导致内源性荧光猝灭,从而抑制其活性。分子对接试验结果进一步验证了SBE中的活性成分可与α-淀粉酶氨基酸残基形成稳定相互作用。联合抑制实验表明,SBE与阿卡波糖对α-淀粉酶的抑制具有相加效应;此外,酪蛋白可对SBE的抑制作用产生可逆性干扰。上述研究结果为SBE作为天然α-淀粉酶抑制剂的开发提供了初步理论依据。

, authors=张璐1, 罗语诗1, 阎莹莹2, *, 钟政昌1, *, authorsList=张璐, 罗语诗, 阎莹莹, 钟政昌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=阎莹莹, 钟政昌, authorNote=

张璐(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
阎莹莹(1993−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:西藏特色资源基础与应用研究,E-mail:。
钟政昌(1975−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
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ArticleFig(id=1320166738579280096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166371745444747, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同酪蛋白浓度对SBE抑制α-淀粉酶活性的影响, figureFileSmall=VRIZzt0HfmRTlKccl5QxdQ==, figureFileBig=iRGtLAE1AIbrX9U8jXy1OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166738633806049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166371745444747, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of SBE on α-amylase kinetic parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品浓度
(mg/mL)
Vmax
(∆OD/min)
Km
(mg/mL)
Kic
(mg/mL)
Kin
(mg/mL)
SBE00.380.500.050.04
0.10.190.44
0.50.110.42
1.00.070.41
), ArticleFig(id=1320166738747052258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166371745444747, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SBE对α-淀粉酶酶促动力学参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品浓度
(mg/mL)
Vmax
(∆OD/min)
Km
(mg/mL)
Kic
(mg/mL)
Kin
(mg/mL)
SBE00.380.500.050.04
0.10.190.44
0.50.110.42
1.00.070.41
), ArticleFig(id=1320166738814161123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166371745444747, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Combined effects of SBE and acarbose on the inhibition of α-amylase activity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品浓度阿卡波糖(150 μg/mL)阿卡波糖(125 μg/mL)阿卡波糖(100 μg/mL)
VabVcVab−VcVabVcVab−VcVabVcVab−Vc
SBE(150 μg/mL)0.230.190.04(AD)0.210.24−0.03(AD)0.260.27−0.01(AD)
SBE(100 μg/mL)0.290.32−0.03(AD)0.390.41−0.02(AD)0.430.46−0.03(AD)
SBE(50 μg/mL)0.440.45−0.01(AD)0.550.57−0.02(AD)0.600.65−0.05(AD)
), ArticleFig(id=1320166738881269988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166371745444747, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SBE与阿卡波糖对α-淀粉酶活性抑制的联合效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品浓度阿卡波糖(150 μg/mL)阿卡波糖(125 μg/mL)阿卡波糖(100 μg/mL)
VabVcVab−VcVabVcVab−VcVabVcVab−Vc
SBE(150 μg/mL)0.230.190.04(AD)0.210.24−0.03(AD)0.260.27−0.01(AD)
SBE(100 μg/mL)0.290.32−0.03(AD)0.390.41−0.02(AD)0.430.46−0.03(AD)
SBE(50 μg/mL)0.440.45−0.01(AD)0.550.57−0.02(AD)0.600.65−0.05(AD)
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沙棘提取物对α-淀粉酶的抑制机制及其与阿卡波糖和酪蛋白的相互作用研究
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张璐 1 , 罗语诗 1 , 阎莹莹 2, * , 钟政昌 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(11): 175-184
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (11) : 175 -184
沙棘提取物对α-淀粉酶的抑制机制及其与阿卡波糖和酪蛋白的相互作用研究
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张璐1 , 罗语诗1, 阎莹莹2, * , 钟政昌1, *
作者信息
  • 1西藏农牧大学食品科学学院,西藏林芝 860000
  • 2西藏自治区农牧科学院农产品开发与食品科学研究所,西藏拉萨 850000
通讯作者:
阎莹莹(1993−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:西藏特色资源基础与应用研究,E-mail:。
钟政昌(1975−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张璐(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:

Investigation of the Inhibitory Mechanisms of Sea Buckthorn Extract against α-Amylase and Its Interactions with Acarbose and Casein
Lu ZHANG1 , Yushi LUO1, Yingying YAN2, * , Zhengchang ZHONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China
  • 2Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Food Science, Xizang Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lasa 850000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060167
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为探讨沙棘提取物(sea buckthorn extract,SBE)对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用及机制,并评估阿卡波糖和酪蛋白对其抑制效果的影响。采用超声辅助提取制备SBE,通过酶抑制率分析、酶动力学分析、荧光猝灭试验及分子对接等方法,系统研究SBE对α-淀粉酶的体外抑制活性及作用机制,并结合联合抑制试验和酪蛋白-SBE相互作用分析,评估其在与阿卡波糖联合使用及酪蛋白存在条件下的抑制活性变化。结果表明,SBE对α-淀粉酶具有显著抑制作用,IC50为88.9±1.2 μg/mL,抑制类型为混合型抑制(包括竞争性抑制和非竞争性抑制),其抑制效果优于阿卡波糖。荧光猝灭试验显示,SBE可与酶自发形成复合物,引起酶发色团微环境的变化并导致内源性荧光猝灭,从而抑制其活性。分子对接试验结果进一步验证了SBE中的活性成分可与α-淀粉酶氨基酸残基形成稳定相互作用。联合抑制实验表明,SBE与阿卡波糖对α-淀粉酶的抑制具有相加效应;此外,酪蛋白可对SBE的抑制作用产生可逆性干扰。上述研究结果为SBE作为天然α-淀粉酶抑制剂的开发提供了初步理论依据。

α-淀粉酶  /  沙棘  /  抑制机理  /  阿卡波糖  /  酪蛋白

To investigate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of sea buckthorn extract (SBE) on α-amylase, and to evaluate the influence of acarbose and casein on its inhibitory activity, SBE was prepared using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The inhibitory activity and underlying mechanism were systematically studied through enzyme inhibition assays, enzyme kinetics analysis, fluorescence quenching spectroscopy, and molecular docking, and were complemented by combined inhibition assays and casein-SBE interaction analyses to assess its performance when used with acarbose and under the presence of casein.The results showed that SBE exhibited significant inhibitory activity against α-amylase, with an IC50 value of 88.9±1.2 μg/mL. The inhibition type was identified as mixed-type, involving both competitive and non-competitive modes, and the inhibitory effect of SBE was superior to that of acarbose. Fluorescence quenching analysis revealed that SBE spontaneously formed a complex with α-amylase, altering the microenvironment of the enzyme's chromophores and leading to intrinsic fluorescence quenching, thereby reducing enzymatic activity. Molecular docking further confirmed that the active compounds in SBE could form stable interactions with amino acid residues of α-amylase. Combined inhibition experiments indicated an additive effect between SBE and acarbose. Moreover, casein was found to reversibly interfere with the inhibitory activity of SBE. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the potential development of SBE as a natural α-amylase inhibitor.

α-amylase  /  sea buckthorn  /  inhibitory mechanism  /  acarbose  /  casein
张璐, 罗语诗, 阎莹莹, 钟政昌. 沙棘提取物对α-淀粉酶的抑制机制及其与阿卡波糖和酪蛋白的相互作用研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 175 -184 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060167
Lu ZHANG, Yushi LUO, Yingying YAN, Zhengchang ZHONG. Investigation of the Inhibitory Mechanisms of Sea Buckthorn Extract against α-Amylase and Its Interactions with Acarbose and Casein[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 175 -184 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060167
近年来,随着人们生活方式和饮食结构的改变,糖尿病的发病率逐年上升,已成为全球最常见的慢性疾病之一。研究表明,餐后高血糖是2型糖尿病的重要特征。而餐后高血糖升高的主要原因之一是淀粉类碳水化合物在小肠中被α-淀粉酶迅速水解[1]。因此,通过抑制α-淀粉酶的活性以延缓碳水化合物的消化吸收,已成为控制餐后血糖水平、延缓糖尿病发生发展的重要策略[2−5]。当前虽有如阿卡波糖等临床药物用于抑制上述酶活性,但其常伴有胃肠道不良反应等多种副作用,限制了患者的长期依从性[6−8]。因此,为了预防和治疗2型糖尿病,有必要从毒副作用较低的食物和传统药用植物中寻找碳水化合物水解酶抑制剂。
沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)是一种药食同源的植物资源,其果实富含黄酮类[9−10]、多酚类[11]、有机酸类[12−13]等多种生物活性成分,已被证实具有抗氧化[14−16]、抗炎[17−18]、调节血糖血脂[19−20]等多种生理功能。然而,目前关于沙棘提取物(sea buckthorn extract,SBE)对α-淀粉酶抑制作用的研究较为零散,抑制机制尚不清晰。
此外,两种药物直接作用于同一靶点或疾病的组合可以提高药物的治疗效果[21],许多研究表明天然提取物和阿卡波糖之间的相互作用可以协同增强降血糖活性,此类协同效应不仅有助于增强天然提取物对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性,也可以在一定程度上降低阿卡波糖的使用剂量,从而缓解其因长期使用所引发的胃肠道不良反应[22−23]。同时,还有研究表明[24−25],富含蛋白质的环境会明显影响药物的生物利用度,例如研究发现当人血清白蛋白存在时,胆碱能抑制剂的抑制能力急剧降低[26];而ZHONG等[27]的研究则表明某些多肽能增强多酚类化合物对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性,因此,在评估天然提取物的功能活性时,有必要考虑富含蛋白质的环境可能对其抑酶能力产生的调控作用。然而,目前关于SBE与阿卡波糖之间的相互作用及膳食蛋白对其抑酶活性的调控研究仍较为有限。
因此,本研究以沙棘果为原料,采用超声辅助提取方法制备SBE,系统评估其对α-淀粉酶的体外抑制作用及机制,并进一步探讨其与阿卡波糖联用的效应,以及酪蛋白对其抑制活性的影响。研究结果有助于深入理解SBE对α-淀粉酶的抑制机制,并为其在功能食品或糖尿病辅助干预产品中的应用提供科学依据。
沙棘果 采摘自西藏林芝,经西藏农牧学院罗建教授鉴定为云南沙棘品种;α-淀粉酶(50 U/mg)、阿卡波糖、酪蛋白 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;甲醇、乙腈 HPLC纯,德国默克公司;其他试剂均为分析纯,均购自天津市致远化学试剂有限公司。
MFJ-W317研磨机 北京利仁科技股份有限公司;LC-MUC-220超声波清洗机 上海力辰仪器科技有限公司;TF-FD-1真空冷冻干燥机 上海拓纷机械设备有限公司;Orbitrap Exploris 120质谱仪(配有电喷雾离子源(ESI)及Xcalibur1.2数据处理系统)、Vanquish超高效液相色谱仪、Micro17R台式高速冷冻离心机 赛默飞世尔科技公司;ReadMax 1900光吸收全波长酶标仪 上海闪谱生物科技有限公司;LS45荧光光谱仪 珀金埃尔默(上海)有限公司。
本研究所用SBE的制备方法参考前期研究方法[28],简述如下:将新鲜沙棘果清洗后,置于真空冷冻干燥机中冻干72 h以去除水分。冻干后的果实去籽,经研磨机粉碎后过700 μm筛网筛分,得到细粉备用。称取10 g沙棘粉置于1 L锥形瓶中,加入400 mL体积分数60%的乙醇溶液,并在超声波清洗器中以300 W、60 ℃超声提取30 min。提取液以10000 r/min、4 ℃条件离心30 min,收集上清液。随后,使用氮吹仪浓缩,并经冷冻干燥获得SBE。其主要成分已在前期研究中通过UPLC-MS/MS进行鉴定与定性分析,主要包括黄酮类(如木犀草素-7-O-新橙皮苷、芦丁、6-羟基木犀草素-7-葡萄糖苷、杜鹃黄素)、有机酸(如马来酸、苹果酸、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、衣康酸)化合物等[28]。为避免重复发表,本研究不再重复展示分析数据。
α-淀粉酶用0.1 mol/L pH6.8磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS)配制(后续试验中的α-淀粉酶溶液均用0.1 mol/L pH6.8 PBS配制)。将60 μL不同质量浓度SBE溶液(10、100、150、200、250 μg/mL)分别与60 μL 5 U/mL α-淀粉酶混匀,于室温预孵育10 min,再加入120 μL质量分数0.5%的可溶性淀粉,混匀,在室温下反应15 min,最后加入240 μL DNS试剂终止反应,于沸水浴15 min后冷却至室温。移取300 μL于96孔板中,于波长540 nm处测定吸光值。以阿卡波糖(10、50、100、200、250 μg/mL)为阳性对照。按公式(1)计算α-淀粉酶的抑制率,计算出样品的抑制率之后,使用Origin软件(LOGIT法)计算酶的半数抑制浓度(IC50值)。
$ \rm 抑制率({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{{A}_{1}-{A}_{2}}{{A}_{3}-{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品组的吸光度;A2为用PBS溶液代替酶溶液的吸光度;A3为只添加酶溶液的吸光度;A0为只有PBS溶液的吸光度。
参考李瑶等[29]的方法并略作调整,以探究SBE对α-淀粉酶抑制的可逆性。固定底物浓度(质量分数0.5%可溶性淀粉),分别设置不同浓度的酶溶液(0.15、0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2 mg/mL)和SBE溶液(0、0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/mL)。取不同浓度的SBE溶液200 μL分别加入等体积的α-淀粉酶溶液,室温下反应10 min后,加入1000 μL质量分数0.5%淀粉溶液充分混匀,继续反应10 min,加入400 μL DNS溶液,沸水浴20 min后冷却至室温。在540 nm下测吸光度值(OD值)。以酶解初始速率(∆OD/min)为纵坐标,酶浓度(mg/mL)为横坐标绘图并进行线性拟合。根据所拟合的直线相交或者平行情况,判断提取物对α-淀粉酶抑制作用的可逆性。
对α-淀粉酶的体外抑制动力学测定参考SUN等[30]的方法,并略微调整。固定酶浓度(0.9 mg/mL),分别设置不同浓度的底物溶液(2、3、4、5 mg/mL可溶性淀粉)和SBE溶液(0、0.1、0.5、1.0 mg/mL)。反应体系同上。分别通过对Dixon方程(式(2))、Cornish-Bowden方程(式(3))作双倒数图,以及对Lineweaver-Burk方程(式(4))作图,计算得到竞争性抑制常数(Kic)、非竞争性抑制常数(Kin)、米氏常数(Km)以及最大反应速率(Vmax)。根据所得到的Kic、Kin、Km、Vmax判断提取物对酶的抑制类型[31−32]。
Dixon方程为:
$\rm v=\frac{V_{max}[S]}{K_m\left(1+\dfrac{[I]}{K_{ic}}\right)+[S]\left(1+\dfrac{[I]}{K_{in}}\right)} $
Cornish-Bowden方程为:
$ \rm \frac{v}{[S]}=\frac{V_{max} }{K_m\left(1+\dfrac{[I]}{K_{ic}}\right)+[S]\left(1+\dfrac{[I]}{K_{in}}\right)} $
Lineweaver-Burk方程为:
$ \rm \frac{1}{v}=\frac{1}{V_{max} }+\frac{K_{m}}{V_{max} }\frac{1}{[S]} $
式中:v为酶解初始速率,∆OD/min;Vmax为最大反应速率,∆OD/min;S为底物添加量,mg/mL;I为抑制剂(即SBE)质量浓度,mg/mL;Km为米氏常数,mg/mL;Kic为竞争抑制常数,mg/mL;Kin为非竞争抑制常数,mg/mL。
分别移取50 μL α-淀粉酶溶液(0.12 mg/mL)、50 μL不同浓度SBE溶液(0、0.05、0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25、1.50、1.75、2.00 μg/mL)、10 mL超纯水于同一试管中,混匀,静置反应10min。用荧光分光光度计,设置激发波长为287 nm,激发和发射光的狭缝宽度均为10.0 nm,扫描速度为1000 nm/min,在波长300~500 nm测定不同浓度样品溶液反应体系的荧光发射光谱和荧光强度,利用Stern-Volmer方程(式(5))计算猝灭常数Ksv。静态猝灭常数的计算[30]利用式(6)。同时利用修正的Stern-Volmer方程(式(7))计算结合常数KA。
$ \rm\frac{F_0}{F}=1+k_q\tau _{0}[Q]={1}+{K_{sv}[Q]} $
$ \rm\frac{F_0}{F}={e}^{(K_{FQ}[Q])} $
$\rm \frac{F_0}{F_0-F}=\frac{1}{f_a}+\frac{1}{[Q]}\frac{1}{f_aK_A} $
式中:F0为没有添加SBE时的荧光强度;F为添加了SBE后的荧光强度;kq为双分子猝灭速率常数,mL/(mg·s);τ0为不含猝灭剂时荧光分子的平均寿命,生物大分子τ0≈10−8 s;Ksv为猝灭常数,mL/mg;Q为猝灭剂(即SBE)的质量浓度,μg/mL;KFQ为静态猝灭常数,mL/μg;fa为表示荧光分子中可被猝灭的部分(即有效结合位点占总荧光分子的比例);KA为结合常数(表示猝灭剂与蛋白质结合的亲和力),mL/μg。
从RCSB蛋白质数据库(http://www.rcsb.org/pdb)中下载用于分子对接的α-淀粉酶(PDB ID:1HNY)的三维结构文件。并从PubChem数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)下载各种化合物的.sdf格式文件,使用Open Babel将.sdf文件转换为对应的.pdb格式,以准备小分子配体文件。利用AutoDockTools-1.5.6进行分子对接,并计算不同构象的结合能。对接结果采用PyMOL 2.6.0进行可视化处理和分析。
为评估SBE与阿卡波糖对α-淀粉酶活性的相互作用,参考CAI等[33]的方法,分别测定单独使用各抑制剂(SBE和阿卡波糖)及其联合使用时α-淀粉酶的残余活性。无任何抑制剂作用下反应体系的吸光度(OD值)定义为100%酶活性。仅添加SBE时的相对残余活性记为Va,相对残余活性计算方式见式(8);同理,仅添加阿卡波糖时的相对残余活性记为Vb。在同时添加SBE和阿卡波糖条件下测得的残余酶活性记为Vab。为判断二者之间的相互作用类型,计算理论值Vc(Vc=Va×Vb),并比较Vab和Vc的差别。
$ \rm 酶的残余活性=\frac{A_4}{A_0} $
式中:A4为添加了猝灭剂后的吸光度;A0为没有添加猝灭剂前的吸光度。
参考YANG等[34]的方法,以分析酪蛋白对SBE抑制α-淀粉酶的影响。将60 μL不同质量浓度SBE溶液(0.01、0.05、0.10、0.15 mg/mL)分别与30 μL不同质量浓度酪蛋白溶液(0、0.05、0.10、0.15 mg/mL)混匀,于室温预孵育10 min,再加入60 μL 5 U/mL α-淀粉酶室温预孵育10 min。预孵育后,加入120 μL质量分数0.5%的可溶性淀粉,混匀,在室温下反应15 min,最后加入210 μL DNS试剂终止反应,于沸水浴15 min后冷却至室温。移取300 μL于96孔板中,于波长540 nm处测定吸光值。以波长540 nm处测得的吸光度变化速率(ΔOD/min)作为酶反应速率指标,绘制不同SBE和酪蛋白浓度组合下的酶活性变化曲线,用以评估酪蛋白对SBE抑制α-淀粉酶作用的影响。
所有试验均进行3次重复,结果以平均值±标准差表示。组间差异采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行评估,并采用Duncan事后检验进行多重比较。所有统计分析均使用IBM SPSS统计软件(版本27)进行处理。利用Origin 2018软件进行绘图。
SBE和阿卡波糖对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用如图1所示。由图1可知,SBE对α-淀粉酶的抑制率随浓度升高而增加,呈现典型的剂量-效应关系。具体而言,当SBE浓度由10 µg/mL升高至250 µg/mL时,其抑制率由1.00%±0.90%上升至88.73%±2.10%。利用Origin软件采用LOGIT回归法对实验数据进行拟合,计算SBE和阿卡波糖对α-淀粉酶活性的半数抑制浓度(IC50)。结果表明,SBE对α-淀粉酶的IC50为88.9±1.2 μg/mL,低于阿卡波糖的IC50(133±2.1 μg/mL),表明SBE对α-淀粉酶具有更强的抑制能力。
这一差异可能源于SBE是一种复杂的天然活性成分混合物,其中含有多种活性成分(如有机酸、黄酮、多酚等),它们可与酶的不同作用位点结合,从而以多途径抑制酶活性。相关研究亦表明,不同类型的酚类物质在一定配比下可表现出协同抑制作用,从而增强整体抑制效果。例如,RUBIO-SENENT等[35]从橄榄油副产物中分离的两种酚类化合物在联合使用时对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶表现出显著的协同抑制效应。
酶促反应的抑制类型分为可逆性抑制和不可逆性抑制,这两种抑制类型的区分在于抑制物与酶的结合方式是否为非共价键结合,即是否可以通过物理方法使酶恢复活性[36−37]。不同SBE浓度下,以α-淀粉酶浓度(mg/mL)和酶解初始速率(∆OD/min)为横纵坐标作图。结果如图2所示,所有直线均经过原点(0,0),说明只有当α-淀粉酶浓度为0 mg/mL时,酶解初始速率才为0 ∆OD/min,即SBE对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用是可逆性的。而在不可逆性抑制中,只有酶浓度大于抑制剂浓度后,酶解初始速率才会随着酶浓度的增加而逐渐增加,即不同抑制剂浓度下的各个拟合曲线应该呈现平行关系[38]。
而可逆性抑制的酶促反应类型又可分为竞争性抑制、非竞争性抑制及反竞争性抑制3种类型。在酶促反应动力学中,随着抑制剂质量浓度的增加,竞争性抑制剂Vmax值不变,Km值增大;非竞争性抑制剂Vmax值降低,酶促反应动力学Km值不变;反竞争性抑制剂Vmax降低,Km减小,据此可以推断抑制剂的抑制类型[39]。SBE对α-淀粉酶的酶促反应动力学试验结果见图3和表1。由图3和表1可知,不存在SBE时,α-淀粉酶的酶促反应Km为0.50 mg/mL、Vmax为0.38 ∆OD/min。随着SBE的质量浓度由0 mg/mL上升至1.0 mg/mL,α-淀粉酶的酶促反应Vmax由0.38 ∆OD/min下降至0.07 ∆OD/min,Km则从0.50 mg/mL略微下降至0.41 mg/mL,呈一定下降趋势但变化幅度相对较小。不同浓度SBE浓度下的Lineweaver-Burk图相交于第3象限,且当SBE的浓度增大时,酶促反应的Vmax减小、Km基本保持不变,由Dixon、Cornish-Bowden方程计算的竞争性抑制常数Kic为0.05 mg/mL、非竞争性抑制常数Kin为0.04 mg/mL。由于Km>Kic>Kin,即底物与酶的结合能力<SBE与酶的竞争性结合能力<SBE与酶的非竞争性结合能力,表明SBE对α-淀粉酶的抑制类型为以非竞争性为主的混合型抑制。
本研究表明,SBE对α-淀粉酶的抑制类型为以非竞争性为主的混合型抑制。这一模式与部分植物来源提取物的作用特征相似,例如紫苏(Perilla frutescens)[40]和蓝莓(Vaccinium spp.)[41]提取物也被报道对α-淀粉酶表现出非竞争性或混合型抑制。结合成分特性推测,SBE中的酚酸类、有机酸类和多酚类化合物可能通过氢键、疏水作用等非共价相互作用结合于α-淀粉酶的别构位点(远离底物结合位点的疏水区域或含极性氨基酸残基区域),诱导酶构象改变并降低催化效率[42]。此外,SBE作为对α-淀粉酶具有以非竞争性为主的混合型抑制作用的抑制剂,其优势在于抑制效应不依赖底物浓度,即使在高碳水摄入条件下亦能保持稳定活性。
荧光测定提供了有关发色团分子附近微观环境的信息。蛋白质的荧光主要来自色氨酸残基,因此酶分子中色氨酸残基的荧光强度及其变化能够直接反映出蛋白质空间结构的变化[43],通过测定α-淀粉酶在抑制剂作用下的荧光变化可以了解抑制剂对酶结构的影响。由图4可知,随着SBE质量浓度的增加,α-淀粉酶的荧光强度下降,且最大荧光发射波长发生轻微的红移,表明SBE可引起α-淀粉酶的疏水键、氢键等维持构象的作用力减弱,导致酶分子中的色氨酸等非极性氨基酸残基逐渐暴露于极性环境中,发生了分子空间结构的变化,从而使酶的内源性荧光被猝灭[5]。
通过SBE对α-淀粉酶荧光猝灭的Stern-Volmer动力学方程分析,可深入阐明猝灭机制。图5显示了在荧光发射波长345 nm处,SBE对酶的荧光猝灭Stern-Volmer动力学方程的影响。由图5a可知,SBE对α-淀粉酶的荧光猝灭Stern-Volmer方程曲线并非线性,而是凹面弯曲向y轴,表明SBE对α-淀粉酶的荧光猝灭既包括动态猝灭也包括静态猝灭[31]。由α-淀粉酶的荧光猝灭动力学试验结果可知,静态猝灭常数KFQ为0.81 mL/μg。根据荧光寿命τ0(生物大分子τ0≈10−8 s)计算,获得的猝灭速率常数kq为8.0×1010 mL/(mg·s),显著高于扩散控制极限(约为1010 mL/(mg·s)),表明SBE与α-淀粉酶之间存在较强的相互作用,即该过程可能主要由静态猝灭机制主导。此外,基于静态猝灭模型拟合得到的结合常数KA为0.96 mL/μg,进一步支持了两者之间存在相互结合作用。
静态猝灭通常由猝灭剂在激发前与荧光基团形成稳定复合物引起,反映两者间存在较强的非共价相互作用,如氢键、疏水作用或静电吸引等。SBE中富含的黄酮类与有机酸类等成分可能作为猝灭剂,与α-淀粉酶分子形成复合物,从而掩蔽其内源性荧光基团(如色氨酸或酪氨酸残基),并诱导酶分子构象发生变化,进而干扰其催化功能。这一结合模式与其他研究所报道的α-淀粉酶作用特征表现出一定的相似性[44−45],其特征在于同样通过静态猝灭机制结合α-淀粉酶,并涉及氢键和疏水相互作用等非共价方式,从而诱导酶构象重排并抑制活性。
分子对接作为一种直观的可视化方法,可用于表征配体与受体之间的相互作用。为评估SBE中的活性成分与α-淀粉酶的相互作用,本研究利用AutoDockTools-1.5.6对SBE中32种主要化合物进行了分子对接分析,所有配体均在统一参数设置下完成对接,并以所得最低结合能作为亲和力评估指标。结合能越低通常意味着与酶的亲和力越强,因而潜在抑制活性更高;同时考虑到若对所有化合物对接结果进行可视化,工作量较大。故仅选取上述分子对接实验结果中结合能最低的三种化合物——木犀草素-7-O-新橙皮苷(−5.49 kcal/mol)、衣康酸(−5.36 kcal/mol)和杜鹃黄素(−5.31 kcal/mol)作为代表,进行分子对接结果的可视化分析,以揭示其与α-淀粉酶的结合模式及关键相互作用位点,可视化结果见图6。
α-淀粉酶的活性位点由三个高度保守的催化残基Asp-197、Glu-233和Asp-300构成。
如图6(a)所示,杜鹃黄素结合于酶表面接近活性位点的一个口袋状结构中,并与Tyr-62、Gln-63、His-101、Arg-195、Asp-197、Glu-233和His-299等残基形成9个氢键(键长范围1.89~3.50 Å)。此外,还与Trp-58、Trp-59和Tyr-62发生疏水相互作用,并与Trp-59、Tyr-62形成平行型(P型)π-堆积作用,共同稳定复合物结构。这些相互作用表明杜鹃黄素可能通过与活性位点周围残基多位点结合,竞争性阻碍底物进入催化中心。相比之下,如图6(b)所示,衣康酸结合于远离活性位点的一个口袋区域,并与Tyr-2、Ser-3、Pro-228和Ile-230等残基形成5个氢键(键长范围1.94~2.16 Å),并与Lys-227形成疏水相互作用。结合位点位置及相互作用特征提示,衣康酸可能通过诱导构象变化间接影响酶活性,从而表现为非竞争性抑制作用。同样地,图6(c)显示,木犀草素-7-O-新橙皮苷结合于非催化区域,并与Ala-50、Tyr-52、Gln-63、Ala-106、Ser-108、Ser-112和Asp-147等残基形成9个氢键(键长范围1.87~3.13 Å),并与Asn-53和Ala-106形成疏水相互作用。这些氢键和疏水作用协同稳定其结合构象,可能通过阻断底物通道或调节酶构象发挥抑制作用。
综上,分子对接结果显示SBE中既包含可能竞争性结合于α-淀粉酶活性位点的成分(如杜鹃黄素),也包含作用于非催化位点、表现为非竞争性抑制的成分(如衣康酸和木犀草素-7-O-新橙皮苷)。这一现象与前述酶促动力学分析结果相一致,进一步支持SBE对α-淀粉酶的抑制机制属于混合型抑制。
单一药物,尤其是在高剂量下使用,常常伴随着不良反应。相比于单纯地提高单一药物的剂量,通过联合使用两种药物以增强抑制效果,是药物治疗中的一种重要策略[46]。因此,为评估SBE与阿卡波糖在不同浓度下联合抑制α-淀粉酶活性的效果,选取了两者IC50值附近的三个浓度水平进行组合试验,相关结果见表2。如表2所示,Vab表示同时加入SBE和阿卡波糖时α-淀粉酶的残余活性,其中无抑制剂对照组的酶活性设为100%。Vc为基于Bliss独立模型预测的理论残余活性,按公式Vc=Va×Vb计算,其中Va和Vb分别为SBE和阿卡波糖单独作用时的残余活性。Vab−Vc的数值反映了实测效应与理论独立效应之间的偏差,可用于判定两者的相互作用类型。具体判定标准为:Vab−Vc<−0.1表示协同作用(SY),−0.1≤Vab−Vc≤0.1表示相加作用(AD),Vab−Vc>0.1表示拮抗作用(AN)[33]。本研究中,所有测试浓度组合下Vab−Vc均处于−0.1至0.1范围内,表明SBE与阿卡波糖在α-淀粉酶抑制中主要表现为相加效应。对于α-淀粉酶,阿卡波糖被认为是一种混合型抑制剂[47],同时具有竞争性和非竞争性抑制作用,而根据前述试验结果,SBE亦表现出混合型抑制特征。因此,二者可能通过同时结合α-淀粉酶的相同位点而产生相加作用。本研究结果与YANG等[34]和ZHANG等[47]关于植物提取物与阿卡波糖联合抑制α-淀粉酶呈相加效应的报道一致。尽管如此,已有研究[48]表明部分天然物质在与阿卡波糖联合应用时可能产生拮抗作用,因此在评估SBE与阿卡波糖的联合策略时,应结合其成分特征和作用机制进行针对性判断,以确保获得预期的协同或相加效果。
研究发现,天然化合物在蛋白质存在的条件下会影响其生物利用度[26,49−50]。所以,在评价新型抑制剂活性之前,有必要充分考虑其与蛋白质的结合倾向。因此,为探讨膳食蛋白是否会影响SBE对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性,选取了牛奶中的主要蛋白(酪蛋白)作为代表性蛋白进行相互作用分析,试验结果如图7所示。
由图7可见,在相同SBE浓度下,随着酪蛋白浓度的增加,α-淀粉酶的酶解初速率逐渐升高,表明酪蛋白会干扰SBE对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用。各组不同酪蛋白浓度下的拟合曲线在坐标点(0,0.24)处相交,说明仅在SBE浓度为0 mg/mL时α-淀粉酶活性可达最大水平,即不存在抑制作用,提示酪蛋白与SBE之间的相互作用具有可逆性。若该相互作用为不可逆,则仅当SBE浓度超过酪蛋白浓度时,SBE对α-淀粉酶的抑制效果才会随着SBE浓度的增加而增强,即不同酪蛋白浓度下的拟合曲线应呈平行分布。综上结果推测,酪蛋白可削弱SBE对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性,但该作用为可逆,表明在酪蛋白经蛋白酶水解后,SBE的抑制活性可部分恢复。
SBE富含多种酚类、黄酮类等生物活性成分,其对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性在膳食系统中可能受到其他营养组分(如蛋白质组分)的影响。上述研究结果显示,随着酪蛋白浓度的升高,SBE对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用逐渐减弱,提示酪蛋白可能通过与SBE发生非共价相互作用,从而干扰其对靶酶的结合能力。同时,YANG等[34]的研究也表明酪蛋白的存在会降低活性物质对α-淀粉酶活性的抑制作用。
本研究以沙棘果为原料,采用超声辅助提取法制备SBE,并通过酶抑制率测定、酶动力学分析、荧光猝灭实验及分子对接技术,系统探讨了SBE对α-淀粉酶的体外抑制活性及其作用机制。结果表明,SBE对α-淀粉酶的IC50为(88.9±1.2)μg/mL,显著低于阿卡波糖的IC50值((133±2.1)μg/mL),表明其具有更强的抑制效果。酶动力学分析显示,SBE通过混合型抑制机制作用于α-淀粉酶,兼具竞争性和非竞争性抑制特征。荧光光谱结果表明,SBE能够与α-淀粉酶自发形成复合物,导致酶内源性荧光猝灭,并引起酶构象的改变,从而影响其活性。分子对接结果进一步验证了SBE中活性成分可与α-淀粉酶关键残基形成稳定相互作用。联合抑制实验表明,SBE与阿卡波糖对α-淀粉酶的抑制具有相加效应;此外,酪蛋白可对SBE的抑制作用产生可逆性干扰。
综上所述,SBE能有效抑制α-淀粉酶活性,延缓淀粉类物质的消化过程,在调控血糖水平、控制餐后高血糖方面具有潜在应用价值。其与阿卡波糖联用时表现出相加效应,表明其可作为降糖药物的辅助增强成分;酪蛋白对其抑制活性具有可逆性干扰作用,提示其在复杂食品体系中的应用应考虑基质成分的影响。本研究为SBE作为天然α-淀粉酶抑制剂的开发与应用提供了理论依据和实验支撑。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060167
  • 接收时间:2025-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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    1西藏农牧大学食品科学学院,西藏林芝 860000
    2西藏自治区农牧科学院农产品开发与食品科学研究所,西藏拉萨 850000

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阎莹莹(1993−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:西藏特色资源基础与应用研究,E-mail:。
钟政昌(1975−),男,硕士,教授,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Percentage of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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