Article(id=1320166116433965130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060135, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681729657, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681729657, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681729657, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681729657, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=245, endPage=253, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166118182989899, articleId=1320166116433965130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation, Characterization and Stability Evaluation of Gum Arabic- and Maltodextrin-loaded Anthocyanin Microcapsules Prepared from Grape-skin Pomace, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, the process of preparing microcapsules using a vacuum freeze-drying technique, with gum arabic/maltodextrin as the wall and anthocyanins derived from grape-skin pomace as the core materials, was optimized. The stability of the microcapsules under various temperature, light, and oxygen conditions was investigated before and after encapsulation. Single-factor experiments were conducted using the encapsulation rate as the indicator to evaluate the effect of the core-to-wall ratio, gum arabic-to-maltodextrin ratio, embedding temperature, and embedding time on the encapsulation performance of anthocyanins. The optimal encapsulation process was refined using the response surface methodology. The results indicated that the optimal process parameters were a core-to-wall ratio of 1:3.3, a gum arabic-to-maltodextrin ratio of 1:3.3, an embedding temperature of 41 ℃, and an embedding duration of 30 min. The encapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules was 98.48%±0.03% under this process. The surface of the anthocyanin microcapsules exhibited amorphous, concave-convex, and wrinkled structures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that the anthocyanins could be encapsulated by gum arabic and maltodextrin, with an average encapsulated particle size of 1.0213 μm, a distribution index of 0.456, and an average potential of −13.70 mV. Investigating the effect of natural light, temperature, and oxygen on the stability of anthocyanins showed that the microencapsulated anthocyanins were more stable than their unencapsulated counterparts. In conclusion, the microcapsule preparation process is feasible and exhibits high encapsulation efficiency, which can effectively enhance the stability of anthocyanins. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical reference for the high-value utilization of grape-skin pomace by-products and the stabilization application of anthocyanins in the food industry.

, authors=Xinyao LI1, Ruiyao WANG1, Kunyuan LU1, Rui GUO1, Peng LIU1, *, Xinru SHAO2, *, authorsList=Xinyao LI, Ruiyao WANG, Kunyuan LU, Rui GUO, Peng LIU, Xinru SHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peng LIU, Xinru SHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166123367149674, articleId=1320166116433965130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=阿拉伯树胶/麦芽糊精负载山葡萄皮渣花色苷微胶囊的制备、表征及稳态研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以阿拉伯树胶/麦芽糊精为壁材,山葡萄皮渣花色苷为芯,采用真空冷冻干燥法,优化微胶囊制备工艺,研究包埋前后在不同温度、光照、氧气条件下的稳定性。通过单因素实验,以包埋率为指标,探究芯壁比、壁材比(阿拉伯树胶:麦芽糊精)、包埋温度、包埋时间对花色苷包埋效果的影响,利用响应面法优化出最佳包埋工艺。结果显示最佳工艺参数为:芯壁比1:3.3、壁材比1:3.3、包埋温度41 ℃、包埋时间30 min。在此工艺下微胶囊的包埋率为98.48%±0.03%。花色苷微胶囊表面呈不定形、明显的凹凸和褶皱结构,傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)、X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction,XRD)表明花色苷可以被阿拉伯树胶和麦芽糊精包埋,包埋平均粒径为1.0213 μm,分布指数为0.456,平均电位为−13.70 mV。在考察自然光照、温度、氧气对微胶囊化前后花色苷稳定性的实验中发现,微胶囊化后的花色苷比微胶囊化前的稳定性好。综上,该微胶囊制备工艺可行、包埋率高,能够有效增强花色苷的稳定性,为山葡萄皮渣副产物的高值化利用以及花色苷在食品工业中的稳态化应用提供了理论依据和技术参考。

, authors=李昕瑶1, 王瑞瑶1, 鲁鲲源1, 郭蕊1, 刘鹏1, *, 邵信儒2, *, authorsList=李昕瑶, 王瑞瑶, 鲁鲲源, 郭蕊, 刘鹏, 邵信儒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘鹏, 邵信儒, authorNote=

李昕瑶(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:食品天然产物提取及其功能性质研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘鹏(1994−),男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:。
邵信儒(1981−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品天然产物提取及其功能性研究,E-mail:。
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李昕瑶(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:食品天然产物提取及其功能性质研究,E-mail:

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Lwt, 2020, 123: 109097., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166123589447787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166123602030700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, companyId=1320166123589447787, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166123610419309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, companyId=1320166123589447787, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1通化师范学院食品科学与工程学院,吉林通化 134002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320166123685916782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166123694305391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, companyId=1320166123685916782, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166123702694000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, companyId=1320166123685916782, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2吉林医药学院公共卫生学院,吉林吉林 132013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166127595008153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of core-to-wall ratio on the encapsulation rate of anthocyanosides, figureFileSmall=xSPQPLFofwokikBBlktQwA==, figureFileBig=k/0e68BdtmCGT460Uz0wVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166127657922714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, language=CN, label=图1, caption=芯壁比对花色苷包埋率的影响

注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图4同。

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注:(a)500×;(b)1000×。

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Response surface experimental factor level design

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水平因素
A芯壁比B壁材比C包埋温度(℃)D包埋时间(min)
11:21:23020
01:31:34030
−11:41:45040
), ArticleFig(id=1320166131923529911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素水平设计

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水平因素
A芯壁比B壁材比C包埋温度(℃)D包埋时间(min)
11:21:23020
01:31:34030
−11:41:45040
), ArticleFig(id=1320166132003221688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental results of response surfaces

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实验号ABCDY(%)实验号ABCDY(%)
1110090.91±1.05160−1−1093.33±0.94
2−1−10086.78±0.4217101087.52±0.34
31−10088.16±1.2718−101091.46±1.05
4−1−10096.84±0.731910−1088.76±1.39
500−1186.67±1.3320−10−1092.16±2.02
600−1193.86±0.6221010189.21±1.29
700−1−193.08±0.94220−10192.73±1.01
800−1−193.48±0.8923010−194.57±0.78
9100184.66±0.15240−10−191.49±1.03
10−100193.36±0.9425000098.35±0.56
11100−195.30±0.7926000097.07±0.83
12−100−190.28±1.2227000098.03±0.59
130−1−1089.72±1.3428000098.28±0.53
140−1−1093.35±0.9229000098.16±0.23
150−1−1091.43±1.14
), ArticleFig(id=1320166132087107769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验结果

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实验号ABCDY(%)实验号ABCDY(%)
1110090.91±1.05160−1−1093.33±0.94
2−1−10086.78±0.4217101087.52±0.34
31−10088.16±1.2718−101091.46±1.05
4−1−10096.84±0.731910−1088.76±1.39
500−1186.67±1.3320−10−1092.16±2.02
600−1193.86±0.6221010189.21±1.29
700−1−193.08±0.94220−10192.73±1.01
800−1−193.48±0.8923010−194.57±0.78
9100184.66±0.15240−10−191.49±1.03
10−100193.36±0.9425000098.35±0.56
11100−195.30±0.7926000097.07±0.83
12−100−190.28±1.2227000098.03±0.59
130−1−1089.72±1.3428000098.28±0.53
140−1−1093.35±0.9229000098.16±0.23
150−1−1091.43±1.14
), ArticleFig(id=1320166132183576762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance for response surface regression simulation

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型395.311428.2422.23<0.0001极显著
A20.15120.1515.860.0014显著
B14.67114.6711.550.0043显著
C10.49110.498.260.0123显著
D26.17126.1720.600.0005显著
AB41.09141.0932.34<0.0001极显著
AC0.07310.0730.0570.8142不显著
AD47.13147.1337.10<0.0001极显著
BC0.7510.750.590.4556不显著
BD10.89110.898.570.0110显著
CD11.53111.539.070.0093显著
A²132.321132.32104.15<0.0001极显著
B257.47157.4745.23<0.0001极显著
C276.77176.7760.43<0.0001极显著
D256.65156.6544.59<0.0001极显著
残差17.79141.27
失拟项16.02101.603.640.1124不显著
净误差1.7640.44
总和413.1028
R20.9569
R2Adj0.9139
), ArticleFig(id=1320166132280045755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166116433965130, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面回归模型的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型395.311428.2422.23<0.0001极显著
A20.15120.1515.860.0014显著
B14.67114.6711.550.0043显著
C10.49110.498.260.0123显著
D26.17126.1720.600.0005显著
AB41.09141.0932.34<0.0001极显著
AC0.07310.0730.0570.8142不显著
AD47.13147.1337.10<0.0001极显著
BC0.7510.750.590.4556不显著
BD10.89110.898.570.0110显著
CD11.53111.539.070.0093显著
A²132.321132.32104.15<0.0001极显著
B257.47157.4745.23<0.0001极显著
C276.77176.7760.43<0.0001极显著
D256.65156.6544.59<0.0001极显著
残差17.79141.27
失拟项16.02101.603.640.1124不显著
净误差1.7640.44
总和413.1028
R20.9569
R2Adj0.9139
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阿拉伯树胶/麦芽糊精负载山葡萄皮渣花色苷微胶囊的制备、表征及稳态研究
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李昕瑶 1 , 王瑞瑶 1 , 鲁鲲源 1 , 郭蕊 1 , 刘鹏 1, * , 邵信儒 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(14): 245-253
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (14) : 245 -253
阿拉伯树胶/麦芽糊精负载山葡萄皮渣花色苷微胶囊的制备、表征及稳态研究
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李昕瑶1 , 王瑞瑶1, 鲁鲲源1, 郭蕊1, 刘鹏1, * , 邵信儒2, *
作者信息
  • 1通化师范学院食品科学与工程学院,吉林通化 134002
  • 2吉林医药学院公共卫生学院,吉林吉林 132013
通讯作者:
刘鹏(1994−),男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:。
邵信儒(1981−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品天然产物提取及其功能性研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李昕瑶(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:食品天然产物提取及其功能性质研究,E-mail:

Preparation, Characterization and Stability Evaluation of Gum Arabic- and Maltodextrin-loaded Anthocyanin Microcapsules Prepared from Grape-skin Pomace
Xinyao LI1 , Ruiyao WANG1, Kunyuan LU1, Rui GUO1, Peng LIU1, * , Xinru SHAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134002, China
  • 2College of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060135
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以阿拉伯树胶/麦芽糊精为壁材,山葡萄皮渣花色苷为芯,采用真空冷冻干燥法,优化微胶囊制备工艺,研究包埋前后在不同温度、光照、氧气条件下的稳定性。通过单因素实验,以包埋率为指标,探究芯壁比、壁材比(阿拉伯树胶:麦芽糊精)、包埋温度、包埋时间对花色苷包埋效果的影响,利用响应面法优化出最佳包埋工艺。结果显示最佳工艺参数为:芯壁比1:3.3、壁材比1:3.3、包埋温度41 ℃、包埋时间30 min。在此工艺下微胶囊的包埋率为98.48%±0.03%。花色苷微胶囊表面呈不定形、明显的凹凸和褶皱结构,傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)、X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction,XRD)表明花色苷可以被阿拉伯树胶和麦芽糊精包埋,包埋平均粒径为1.0213 μm,分布指数为0.456,平均电位为−13.70 mV。在考察自然光照、温度、氧气对微胶囊化前后花色苷稳定性的实验中发现,微胶囊化后的花色苷比微胶囊化前的稳定性好。综上,该微胶囊制备工艺可行、包埋率高,能够有效增强花色苷的稳定性,为山葡萄皮渣副产物的高值化利用以及花色苷在食品工业中的稳态化应用提供了理论依据和技术参考。

真空冷冻干燥  /  山葡萄皮渣花色苷  /  微胶囊  /  结构表征  /  稳定性

In this study, the process of preparing microcapsules using a vacuum freeze-drying technique, with gum arabic/maltodextrin as the wall and anthocyanins derived from grape-skin pomace as the core materials, was optimized. The stability of the microcapsules under various temperature, light, and oxygen conditions was investigated before and after encapsulation. Single-factor experiments were conducted using the encapsulation rate as the indicator to evaluate the effect of the core-to-wall ratio, gum arabic-to-maltodextrin ratio, embedding temperature, and embedding time on the encapsulation performance of anthocyanins. The optimal encapsulation process was refined using the response surface methodology. The results indicated that the optimal process parameters were a core-to-wall ratio of 1:3.3, a gum arabic-to-maltodextrin ratio of 1:3.3, an embedding temperature of 41 ℃, and an embedding duration of 30 min. The encapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules was 98.48%±0.03% under this process. The surface of the anthocyanin microcapsules exhibited amorphous, concave-convex, and wrinkled structures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that the anthocyanins could be encapsulated by gum arabic and maltodextrin, with an average encapsulated particle size of 1.0213 μm, a distribution index of 0.456, and an average potential of −13.70 mV. Investigating the effect of natural light, temperature, and oxygen on the stability of anthocyanins showed that the microencapsulated anthocyanins were more stable than their unencapsulated counterparts. In conclusion, the microcapsule preparation process is feasible and exhibits high encapsulation efficiency, which can effectively enhance the stability of anthocyanins. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical reference for the high-value utilization of grape-skin pomace by-products and the stabilization application of anthocyanins in the food industry.

vacuum freeze-drying  /  grape-skin pomace anthocyanin  /  microcapsules  /  structural characterization  /  stability
李昕瑶, 王瑞瑶, 鲁鲲源, 郭蕊, 刘鹏, 邵信儒. 阿拉伯树胶/麦芽糊精负载山葡萄皮渣花色苷微胶囊的制备、表征及稳态研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 245 -253 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060135
Xinyao LI, Ruiyao WANG, Kunyuan LU, Rui GUO, Peng LIU, Xinru SHAO. Preparation, Characterization and Stability Evaluation of Gum Arabic- and Maltodextrin-loaded Anthocyanin Microcapsules Prepared from Grape-skin Pomace[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 245 -253 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060135
山葡萄(Visit amanuensis Purr.)是一种多年生落叶木质藤本植物,具有耐寒性高、产量稳定的优点,在中国东北地区非常受欢迎,通常被用来当作酿酒原料[1]。山葡萄皮渣是山葡萄酿酒后产生的副产物,其中富含花色苷[2]。花色苷是花青素与糖结合而成的一种水溶性天然色素[3−4],因其较好的水溶性、色泽和安全性以及具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌、抗糖尿病等功能特性被广泛用作食品着色[5−6]。然而,花色苷的稳定性受光照、氧气、温度、pH等因素的影响[7],在食品的加工和保藏过程中容易降解,故食品工业中直接应用花色苷具有挑战性[8]。
微胶囊化可以有效保护花色苷,降低外界因素对其的影响[9],是一种具有前景的花色苷稳态化方法[10]。如WU等[11]开发的花青素的智能冷冻干燥薄膜凭借其出色的稳定性和特性,作为食品应用的新颖包装材料具有巨大的潜力。SHI等[12]用丝素蛋白和阿拉伯胶作为壁材,制作的微胶囊显著提升了桑葚花青素的热稳定性和pH稳定性,并提高了保留率,而且封装效果良好。HAY等[13]用麦芽糊精和阿拉伯树胶进行包埋,更好地保持产品的色泽稳定性
真空冷冻干燥是一种非常有效的花青素封装技术,它能在极低的压力条件下将化合物置于冷冻温度下,这一过程有利于冰晶的形成和升华,从而保持花色苷化学结构的完整性,更利于热敏结构的保留[11]。选择合适的包埋材料是微囊化过程中的重要步骤,因为这会影响微胶囊表面结构和稳定性[14]。阿拉伯树胶具有高水溶性和低粘度系数,能在广泛的酸性和离子浓度范围内形成更稳定的乳化剂[15]。麦芽糊精由于其高溶解度、低黏度和良好的成膜性能,被广泛地应用于微囊化技术中作为包裹花色苷的壁材材料[16−17]。
本研究通过探究在真空冷冻干燥工艺中,使用阿拉伯树胶/麦芽糊精作为壁材,山葡萄皮渣作为壁芯,优化出最佳的包埋工艺,并对所制得微胶囊进行结构表征和稳定性分析,以评估微囊化技术对花色苷的保护作用及应用前景。
‘北冰红’山葡萄 购于吉林省通化市集安市葡萄园;RW葡萄酒果酒专用酵母 安琪酵母股份有限公司;无水乙醇 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;阿拉伯胶、麦芽糊精 食品级,河南中辰生物科技有限公司;AB-8大孔吸附树脂 天津百伦斯生物技术有限公司。
ATON600型垂直葡萄压榨机 北京蓝伯斯科技有限公司;KQ-100E型超声波清洗仪器 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;722N可见分光光度计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;RE-3000A旋转蒸发器 上海亚荣生化仪器厂;LGJ-12真空冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司;Phenom台式扫描电镜 美国FEI公司;BeNano 90 Zeta纳米粒度电位分析仪 丹东百特仪器有限公司;iS50傅里叶红外光谱仪 美国Thermo Scientific公司;D8 Advance X射线衍射仪 德国Bruker公司。
‘北冰红’山葡萄经机械压榨后将葡萄汁与葡萄渣一起发酵,葡萄汁含糖量36%,发酵条件为:酵母添加量300 mg/L,发酵温度18 ℃,发酵时间21 d,−18 ℃冷冻处理终止发酵,解冻后立即澄清过滤,得‘北冰红’发酵皮渣,酒液罐装、杀菌后保存,成品酒精含量10%(V/V)。称取适量的‘北冰红’发酵皮渣,置于40 ℃的电热鼓风干燥箱中干燥36 h后,粉碎,过60目筛,得到山葡萄皮渣。
采用超声波辅助乙醇法进行花色苷提取[2]。称取干燥的山葡萄皮渣粉末,按16:1 mL/g液料比添加体积分数为60%的乙醇溶液,在超声提取温度38 ℃条件下超声提取30 min,随后5000 r/min离心处理10 min,所得上清液即为山葡萄花色苷粗提取液。
参考赵彦巧等[18]的方法,采用AB-8型大孔吸附树脂进行纯化物制备。将80%乙醇作为洗脱液,洗脱液的流速为4 mL/min。洗脱完毕后,洗脱液用旋转蒸发器将乙醇蒸发,纯化蒸发后的山葡萄皮渣花色苷加水1:1稀释,进行真空冷冻干燥得山葡萄皮渣花色苷纯化物(花色苷含量1.005±0.2 mg/g)。
采用真空冷冻干燥法进行花色苷微胶囊的制备。壁材溶液制备:分别称一定量的阿拉伯树胶和麦芽糊精,加入20 mL蒸馏水,高压均质至溶解,溶解后向其中加入山葡萄皮渣花色苷1.0 g,用集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器恒温水浴并磁力搅拌进行包埋,将搅拌包埋后的样品进行真空冷冻干燥,48 h后即得花色苷微胶囊产品。
在固定芯壁比1:3、壁材比(阿拉伯树胶:麦芽糊精)1:3、包埋温度40 ℃、包埋时间30 min的基础上进行单因素实验。分别设置芯壁比(1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4、1:5)、壁材比(1:1、1:2、1:3、1:4、1:5)、包埋温度(20、30、40、50、60 ℃)、包埋时间(20、30、40、50、60 min)作为优化因素,对花色苷包埋率进行测定[19−20]。
在单因素实验的基础上,选择芯壁比(A)、壁材比(B)、包埋温度(C)、包埋时间(D)为自变量,以包埋率(Y)为响应值进行响应面优化试验,试验因素水平见表1。
花色苷含量的测定:用pH示差法计算花色苷含量,分别取1 mL花色苷提取液于2支试管中,分别加入pH1.0缓冲溶液和pH4.5缓冲溶液,得到待测液,利用紫外—可见分光光度计分别测定其在520 nm和700 nm波长下的吸光值。
微胶囊总花色苷含量的测定:将0.3 g花色苷微胶囊溶于10 mL水中过滤,用pH1.0和pH4.5的缓冲液稀释,然后在520 nm和700 nm处测量吸光度[21]。花色苷含量计算如下:
$ \rm 花色苷含量 \text{(mg/g)}=\frac{\Delta \text{A}\times \text{V}\times \text{F}\times \text{M}}{\varepsilon \times l\times W} $
式中:∆A = [A520 nm(pH1.0) − A700 nm(pH1.0)] −[A520 nm(pH4.5)−A700 nm(pH4.5)];V为体积(mL);F为稀释倍数;M为矢车菊素葡萄糖苷(Cyanidin-3-glucoside)的分子量(449.2 mg/mol);ε为摩尔消光系数[26900 L/(mol·cm)];l为比色皿厚度(cm);W为样品质量(g)。
微胶囊表面花色苷含量的测定:将0.3 g花色苷微胶囊溶于10 mL无水乙醇中,过滤,用pH1.0和pH4.5的缓冲液稀释,然后在520 nm和700 nm处测量吸光度,并根据上式计算花色苷含量[22]。
花色苷微胶囊包埋率根据下式计算[23]:
$ 包埋率(\text{%}) =\left(1-\frac{微胶囊产品表面花色苷含量}{微胶囊产品总花色含量}\right)\times 100 $
扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察:在样品台上粘贴一层双面导电胶,挑取少量微胶囊粉末,涂在导电胶上,用吸耳球吹掉多余的粉末,然后在样品上喷金后进行电镜观察,分别放大500倍和1000倍观察花色苷微胶囊表面形态,扫描电压为15.0 kV[18]。
傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)测试:使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对山葡萄皮渣花色苷微胶囊进行红外光谱分析。设置分组为花色苷样品组、微胶囊样品组、壁材组(麦芽糊精、阿拉伯树胶),扫描范围4000~400 cm–1,扫描次数64次,光谱分辨率为4 cm–1[20]。
X射线衍射(XRD)测试:以2°/min的扫描速度测试样品,记录2θ在5°~90°的衍射图像[24]。
取稀释一定倍数的花色苷微胶囊溶液,用纳米粒度电位分析仪来测定花色苷微胶囊的粒径分布,平行三次试验,取平均值。
$\rm \text{PDI}={\left(\frac{\sigma }{{\text{Z}}_{\text{D}}}\right)}^{2} $
式中:PDI为粒径多分散系数;σ为标准偏差(μm);ZD为光强加权平均粒径(μm)。
取稀释一定倍数的花色苷微胶囊溶液,用纳米粒度电位分析仪在25 ℃下,使用1.59的分散相折射率进行测量,平行三次试验,取平均值。
光照考察:取适量微胶囊化前后的山葡萄皮渣花色苷,室温分别置于具塞锥形瓶中,室内自然光条件下,每隔1 h称取一定量各样品并计算保存率[24]。
温度考察:取适量微胶囊化前后的山葡萄皮渣花色苷,分别置于具塞锥形瓶中,于室温、30、40、50、60、70、90 ℃条件下,2 h后称取一定量各样品并计算保存率[21]。
空气中氧化时间考察:取适量微胶囊化前后的山葡萄皮渣花色苷,分别置于培养皿中,于室温避光条件下每3 d取样1次,计算保存率[25]。
花色苷保存率计算如下:
$ \begin{split} & 保存率(\text{%})= \\& \frac{\text{不同条件作用后样品中花色苷含量}}{\text{不同条件作用前中样品中花色苷含量}}\times 100 \end{split}$
试验重复三次,并采用IBM SPSS statistic26进行差异显著性分析,P<0.05表示差异显著。利用Origin 2021、和WPS Office进行数据处理和绘图。
如图1所示,芯材与壁材质量比对微胶囊化呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,在芯壁比为1:3时达到最高,当芯壁比小于1:3时,随着壁材相对比例的增加,包埋率逐步上升。这可能是由于增加壁材,为芯材提供了更充分的包裹环境,促进了微胶囊化过程。然而,当芯壁比超过1:3继续增大,即壁材相对比例进一步增加时,包埋率开始下降。其原因可能在于壁材浓度过高时,在体系中形成过于黏稠的环境[26],阻碍了芯材与壁材之间的接触和融合,进而对微胶囊化的包埋效率产生负面影响。
如图2所示,壁材比对微胶囊化呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,在壁材比(阿拉伯树胶:麦芽糊精)为1:3时达到最高,当壁材比小于1:3时,随着麦芽糊精占比的增加,包埋率逐步上升。这是因为麦芽糊精的成膜性和对芯材的亲和性,使其能更好地包裹芯材,提高了包埋率[27]。在壁材比为1:3时,包埋率达到峰值,此时两种壁材协同作用最佳,形成的微胶囊结构较为致密,包埋率最高[28]。当壁材比大于1:3后,继续增加麦芽糊精的占比,包埋率开始下降,因为比例失衡影响了壁材成膜的均匀性和完整性,导致芯材包埋效果变差。
如图3所示,包埋温度对微胶囊化呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,在包埋温度40 ℃时达到最高,当包埋温度较低时,随着温度的增加,包埋率逐步上升。这可能是因为适度升温加快了壁材分子运动,使其能更快速有效地包裹花色苷,形成更稳定的微胶囊结构且该温度范围内,花色苷自身结构相对稳定,没有因为高温发生大量降解[24]。当包埋温度较高时,由于花色苷的耐热性差,温度升高导致花色苷分解。
如图4所示,包埋时间对微胶囊化呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,在包埋时间30 min时达到最高,当包埋时间小于30 min时,随着时间的增加,包埋率逐步上升。当包埋时间大于30 min时,随着提取时间的增加,部分花色苷被氧化、降解,从而导致包埋率的下降[18]。
由表2,根据软件分析得目标函数的二次回归模型方程为:Y=98.16+1.30A+1.11B+0.94C+1.48D+3.21AB−0.14AC−3.43AD−0.43BC−1.65BD−1.70CD−4.52A2−2.98B2−3.44C2−2.96D2。
由表3可知:模型(P<0.0001)极显著,失拟项(P=0.1124)不显著,决定系数R2=0.9569、R2Adj=0.9139,表明模型拟合程度较好、数据具有可信度,能够准确反映因素与响应值之间的变化关系。其中交互项AB、AD,二次项A2、B2、C2、D2对山葡萄皮渣花色苷微胶囊的包埋率影响极显著。其中一次项A、B、C、D,交互项BD、CD对山葡萄皮渣花色苷微胶囊的包埋率影响显著,交互项AC、BC对山葡萄皮渣花色苷微胶囊的包埋率影响不显著,由F值可知,4个因素对响应值的影响大小依次为D>A>B>C,即包埋时间(D)>芯壁比(A)>壁材比(B)>包埋温度(C)。
三维曲面图的陡峭程度可以反映各个因素之间交互作用对响应值包埋率的影响,曲面越陡峭说明各个因素之间的交互作用对响应值包埋率的影响越大,反之则影响较小。等高线图也可以呈现各个因素交互作用的显著性,如图5、图6所示,交互项AB、AD的等高线图呈椭圆形具有比较陡的曲面坡度且等高线紧密,表明芯壁比与壁材比、芯壁比与包埋时间的交互作用极显著,对花色苷包埋率的影响较大,这与之前的方差分析结果是一致的。
通过单因素分析及响应面法优化,得到微胶囊最佳制备工艺为芯壁比1:3.38、壁材比1:3.34、包埋温度41.48 ℃、包埋时间29.62 min,得微胶囊包埋率预测值为98.55%。考虑到实际加工情况,将最终的加工参数调整为芯壁比1:3.3、壁材比1:3.3、包埋温度41 ℃、包埋时间30 min,实测包埋率98.48%±0.03%与预测值接近,说明该制备工艺准确可行。
从图7中可以看出,山葡萄皮渣花色苷微胶囊则呈不定形、多孔的“碎玻璃”结构。这可能与干燥和冷却过程中的不均匀收缩有关;或者由于在微胶囊化混合物的预冻融过程中形成的冰晶后的升华,形成不规则多孔孔隙,这与高莉等[16]在研究黄色素微胶囊时的研究结果相一致。另外,微胶囊表面的凹凸褶皱结构增大了微胶囊比表面积,一方面有利于提高花色苷的负载量,为花色苷提供更多的附着位点;另一方面,较大的比表面积可增加微胶囊与外界物质的接触面积,在应用中可能增强其对环境因素(如温度、光照等)的敏感性[28]。
如图8所示,微胶囊3281 cm−1处宽吸收峰与麦芽糊精(3281 cm−1)、阿拉伯树胶(3271 cm−1)、花色苷(3280 cm−1)的O-H伸缩振动峰位高度吻合,且峰形宽化,表明三种原料中的羟基(-OH)在微胶囊中均完整保留[29]。羟基间形成了分子间的氢键,导致峰宽增加,证实微胶囊体系中存在稳定的氢键作用,没有因为合成过程破坏了羟基结构。2923 cm−1处吸收峰与麦芽糊精的2923 cm−1峰完全重合,对应饱和C-H(-CH2-、-CH3)的伸缩振动,峰位无偏移说明麦芽糊精作为主要壁材,其碳链骨架结构在包埋过程中未发生断裂[30],保持了多糖类物质的基础结构稳定性,这为微胶囊提供了良好的壁材支撑。1609 cm−1处吸收峰源于花色苷中芳环C=C共轭伸缩振动,相较于花色苷原峰发生了蓝移。推测因为花色苷被壁材包裹后,芳环共轭体系所处微环境极性降低,分子间π-π相互作用减弱,导致振动频率升高[31]。1359 cm−1处吸收峰与麦芽糊精的1359 cm−1峰完全一致,对应C-H弯曲振动,进一步印证麦芽糊精在微胶囊中的结构完整性。1147 cm−1与1075 cm−1处吸收峰与麦芽糊精的类似,1147 cm−1峰与C-O-C的糖苷键伸缩振动匹配,1075 cm−1峰则匹配C-O的羟基伸缩振动。峰位变化幅度极小,表明糖苷键和C-O键仅与其他组分发生弱氢键作用[32]。微胶囊1012 cm−1处吸收峰接近阿拉伯树胶的1015 cm−1峰(C-O伸缩振动),峰位偏移3 cm−1,是因为阿拉伯树胶与麦芽糊精间形成氢键,导致C-O键电子云密度轻微改变。516 cm−1处吸收峰与麦芽糊精(517 cm−1)、阿拉伯树胶(518 cm−1)的环骨架弯曲振动峰位接近,说明三种原料的环状结构在微胶囊中保持稳定。436 cm−1处新增吸收峰,推测为微胶囊形成过程中,壁材与芯材通过氢键形成稳定分子结构,导致体系整体骨架振动模式改变,产生新的特征吸收。
从图9可以看出,麦芽糊精呈现多峰XRD图谱,其中17.14°为强特征峰,对应分子中吡喃葡萄糖环通过羟基(-OH)有序排列形成的(101)晶面,反映出麦芽糊精具有一定结晶度。而24.34°、27.62°、31.12°、36.46°处的弱峰,对应葡萄糖单元中C-O-C糖苷键与C-H键协同构建的次级有序晶面,弱峰强度表明该部分结晶区域分散且有序度较低,是因为麦芽糊精分子链长短不一,导致晶体排列存在局部无序性[33]。阿拉伯树胶仅在18.57°出现单一对称峰,该峰对应其杂多糖链中羟基与C-O键通过弱氢键形成的(002)低结晶度晶面,单峰特征说明阿拉伯树胶以无定形为主、仅含少量有序区域[34]。花色苷在18.44°出现单峰,该峰源于其分子中芳环(C=C)与羟基(-OH)通过π-π堆积及氢键形成的局部有序晶面,单峰且无其他杂峰的特征表明花色苷为低结晶性物质,芳环的共轭结构虽能促进分子间弱相互作用,但羟基的极性易破坏晶体的长期有序排列,导致仅形成短程有序区域[12]。微胶囊仅在18.66°出现单一特征峰,未检测到麦芽糊精17.14°的强结晶峰及其他弱峰。表明包埋过程中麦芽糊精的高有序结晶结构被破坏,麦芽糊精的羟基与阿拉伯树胶的羟基、花色苷的羟基及芳环形成强氢键,打乱了麦芽糊精分子中吡喃葡萄糖环的有序排列,原本支撑17.14°峰的晶面结构解体。
从图10中可以看出,微胶囊的平均粒径为1.0213 μm,符合微胶囊食品粉末对粒径的要求(50 nm~2 mm)[35],分布指数PDI越大,分子量分布越宽;PDI越小,分子量分布越均匀[36]。微胶囊的PDI为0.4560,故微胶囊粒径分布不太均匀,这与上述微胶囊的结构表征相一致,由于干燥和冷却过程中的不均匀收缩,或在微胶囊化混合物的预冻融过程中形成的冰晶后的升华,形成不规则多孔孔隙。
Zeta电位的大小也代表了体系的稳定情况,一般用来评价被测物体体系的物理稳定性。通常情况下,Zeta电位绝对值越高,其粒子之间的静电斥力越大,物理稳定性也越好[37],当微胶囊的Zeta电位呈现负电位可归因于本身固有的负电荷[38],如图11所示,测得微胶囊的平均电位为−13.70 mV,表明该微胶囊粉末颗粒带负电且体系较稳定。
由图12所示,随着光照时间的增加,总体上微胶囊化前后的花色苷保存率均下降,但微胶囊化后的花色苷保存率下降的较慢,且微胶囊化后的花色苷的变化趋势相对平缓,这是由于微胶囊化后复合壁材的保护作用[27],使花色苷包裹在微胶囊内部,不与外界的光照直接接触,故花色苷的降解速度变慢。
由图13所示,随着温度的增加,总体上微胶囊化前后的保存率均下降,但微胶囊化后的花色苷保存率下降的较慢,随着温度的升高(高温度状态时),对比微胶囊化后的花色苷,微胶囊化前的花色苷分解的更明显[39],即在高温状态下,微胶囊化后的花色苷热稳定性更好,可能因为花色苷与阿拉伯树胶和麦芽糊精相互作用形成的内部基质结构,该结构能够减少微胶囊化后花色苷的释放,故微胶囊化比自由形式更适合储存花色苷[40],壁材材料可以提高热化合物的稳定性,从而延长敏感化合物的保质期,提高其保存率。
由图14所示,随着氧化时间的增加,总体上微胶囊化前后的保存率均下降,但微胶囊化后的花色苷保存率下降的较慢,说明微胶囊化处理对花色苷起到了一定的保护作用[27],延缓了花色苷的氧化分解过程,延长了其保存时间,为未来花色苷的多样开发提供了理论基础。
以阿拉伯树胶和麦芽糊精为复合壁材制备山葡萄皮渣花色苷微胶囊。通过单因素实验和响应面试验,优化花色苷微胶囊制备工艺条件,最优工艺是:芯壁比1:3.3、壁材比1:3.3、包埋温度41 ℃、包埋时间30 min,此工艺条件下包埋率可达98.48%。该工艺下制备的微胶囊形态呈不定形,表面有凹凸且存在聚集现象,粒径分布不均匀,表面带负电且体系较稳定。稳态研究表明,光照、温度和氧气都会使花色苷保存率下降,但微胶囊化后的花色苷保存率下降更慢。这说明微胶囊的壁材能有效保护花色苷,延缓其降解,提升了稳定性。为最大程度地发挥花色苷对人体健康的有益作用,后续研究有必要关注微胶囊化技术对花色苷生物可及性和生物利用度的影响。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060135
  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
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    1通化师范学院食品科学与工程学院,吉林通化 134002
    2吉林医药学院公共卫生学院,吉林吉林 132013

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刘鹏(1994−),男,硕士,讲师,研究方向:粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程,E-mail:。
邵信儒(1981−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品天然产物提取及其功能性研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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