Article(id=1320175796292014921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060134, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684037516, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684037516, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684037516, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684037516, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=95, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175798720516939, articleId=1320175796292014921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Novel α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Peptides from Mulberry Leaf Based on Molecular Docking and Network Pharmacology Approaches, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mulberry leaves are a rich source of high-quality protein and possess the potential to yield bioactive peptides. This study identified novel α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides from mulberry leaf proteolytic products based on peptidomics identification and the structure-activity relationships of active peptides. Through molecular docking and network pharmacology predictions, the anti-diabetic mechanisms of these novel α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides were elucidated. The results indicated that two novel α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides were identified: ANSTGSRL (IC50=0.314 mg/mL) and LAKLLHSK (IC50=0.183 mg/mL). LAKLLHSK exhibited a higher content of β-sheet structure and a lower content of α-helix and random coil structures compared to ANSTGSRL. The gastrointestinal digestion process enhanced the release of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity for both peptides, achieving over 85% enzyme inhibition. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the two peptides tightly bound to the active residue sites of α-glucosidase (Val335, Val334, Pro230 and Gly228), primarily through multiple hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, thereby exerting their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Network pharmacology predictions indicated that two peptides, ANSTGSRL and LAKLLHSK, could interact with over ten key targets, including MAPK1, CASP3, STAT1, ERBB2 and AKT3. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the anti-diabetic pathway associated with these peptides involves multiple complex signaling pathways, including the TNF, cAMP, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK pathways, as well as insulin resistance. In conclusion, the novel mulberry leaf peptides ANSTGSRL and LAKLLHSK exhibited strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and potential glucose regulation effects. This study could provide a theoretical reference for the high-value utilization of mulberry leaf protein resources.

, authors=Daodian WANG, Xingying YANG, Na WEN, Chen CUI, Jinjian LI, Pingping LI*, Wen YANG*, authorsList=Daodian WANG, Xingying YANG, Na WEN, Chen CUI, Jinjian LI, Pingping LI, Wen YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pingping LI, Wen YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175801161601887, articleId=1320175796292014921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于分子对接和网络药理学方法研究桑叶中的新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

桑叶富含优质蛋白,是生物活性肽的潜在来源。本研究基于肽组学鉴定和活性肽的构效关系从桑叶蛋白酶解产物中鉴定新型的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽,并通过分子对接和网络药理学预测,解析新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽的抗糖尿病机制。结果表明,ANSTGSRL(IC50=0.314 mg/mL)和LAKLLHSK(IC50=0.183 mg/mL)两条新型的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽被鉴定。与ANSTGSRL相比,LAKLLHSK表现出更高的β-折叠结构含量和更低的α-螺旋及无规卷曲结构含量。胃肠消化促进了两条肽α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的释放,对酶的抑制率超过85%。分子对接分析表明,这两种肽通过多个氢键和疏水相互作用,紧密地结合到α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性残基位点(Val335、Val334、Pro230和Gly228),从而发挥其α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。网络药理学预测表明,ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK两条肽能够与MAPK1、CASP3、STAT1、ERBB2和AKT3等10个关键靶点相互作用。此外,KEGG通路富集显示这两条肽防治糖尿病的通路涉及TNF信号通路、cAMP信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、MAPK信号通路和胰岛素抵抗等多种复杂信号通路。综上,新型桑叶肽ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK具有较强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性和潜在的血糖调节作用,本研究可为桑叶蛋白资源的高附加值利用提供理论参考。

, authors=王道滇, 杨星莹, 文娜, 崔琛, 李金见, 李平平*, 杨文*, authorsList=王道滇, 杨星莹, 文娜, 崔琛, 李金见, 李平平, 杨文, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李平平, 杨文, authorNote=

王道滇(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:昆虫与植物蛋白研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李平平(1986−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:植物资源评价与利用,E-mail:。
杨文(1971−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:蚕桑资源综合利用研究与产品研发,E-mail:。
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王道滇(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:昆虫与植物蛋白研究,E-mail:

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王道滇(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:昆虫与植物蛋白研究,E-mail:

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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2025, 46(8): 382−390., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175817943012331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=安惠, 朱小利, 魏昭晖, 等. 基于cAMP/PKA信号通路探讨红芪多糖影响糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠钙稳态和能量代谢的作用机制[J]. 中药药理与临床, 2024, 40(8): 56−60. [AN Hui, ZHU Xiaoli, WEI Zhaohui, et al. Hongqi polysaccharide regulates calcium homeostasis and energy metabolism in rat model of diabetic gastroparesis via cAMP/PKA signaling pathway[J]. Pharmacology and Clinics of Chinese Materia Medica, 2024, 40(8): 56−60.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175818031092716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AN Hui, ZHU Xiaoli, WEI Zhaohui, et al. Hongqi polysaccharide regulates calcium homeostasis and energy metabolism in rat model of diabetic gastroparesis via cAMP/PKA signaling pathway[J]. Pharmacology and Clinics of Chinese Materia Medica, 2024, 40(8): 56−60., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175818303722477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JAHANDIDEH F, WU J P. A review on mechanisms of action of bioactive peptides against glucose intolerance and insulin resistance[J]. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2022, 11(6): 1441−1454., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320175801421648736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175801430037345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, companyId=1320175801421648736, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Sericulture and Apiculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi 661101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175801438425954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, companyId=1320175801421648736, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所,云南蒙自 661101)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320175804236026768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Peptide content and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ultrafiltration peptides from mulberry leaves, figureFileSmall=QcYdEM6sOts47Ohwztf7Jg==, figureFileBig=xUZxM8b6mLG/A2ZhLf3f7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175804303135633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=CN, label=图1, caption=桑叶超滤肽的肽含量和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性

注:不同小写字母表示同一浓度条件下,不同组分间活性差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=QcYdEM6sOts47Ohwztf7Jg==, figureFileBig=xUZxM8b6mLG/A2ZhLf3f7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175804491879314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Identification and analysis of mulberry leaf peptides, figureFileSmall=rfLl3WCQEg1blJ5ACjDIfg==, figureFileBig=kTwjIX9Ht5Lj2Ibq/p2OSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175804558988179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=CN, label=图2, caption=桑叶肽的鉴定与分析

注:A-总离子色谱图;B-肽的氨基酸个数分布;C-肽的分子量分布。

, figureFileSmall=rfLl3WCQEg1blJ5ACjDIfg==, figureFileBig=kTwjIX9Ht5Lj2Ibq/p2OSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175804626097044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=HPLC purity map and mass spectra of the novel peptides, figureFileSmall=T8XT/Q8uia2TVfydzQq+aA==, figureFileBig=hHOfHe53wZzPvJwPZfNkbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175804714177429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=CN, label=图3, caption=新型肽的HPLC纯度图和质谱图

注:A和C分别为合成肽ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK的HPLC 纯度鉴定图,B和D分别为合成肽ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK的质谱图。

, figureFileSmall=T8XT/Q8uia2TVfydzQq+aA==, figureFileBig=hHOfHe53wZzPvJwPZfNkbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175804806452118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fourier infrared spectrograms and secondary structure content of novel peptides, figureFileSmall=cnDT4UW3CgMaRz+XCMqTkw==, figureFileBig=QVm73YQ7eOo8JRrf0zFuxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175804890338199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=CN, label=图4, caption=新型肽的傅里叶红外光谱图和二级结构含量

注:α-helix、β-sheet、β-turn和Random分别为α-螺旋,β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲。

, figureFileSmall=cnDT4UW3CgMaRz+XCMqTkw==, figureFileBig=QVm73YQ7eOo8JRrf0zFuxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175804970029976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of synthetic peptides, figureFileSmall=RDsGmyxDwk1iHLmgNLxviQ==, figureFileBig=QXA7FhWGMIdJubJ1T8Asmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175805041333145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=CN, label=图5, caption=合成肽的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性

注:不同小写字母表示同一组分不同浓度条件下活性差异显著(P<0.05);图6同。

, figureFileSmall=RDsGmyxDwk1iHLmgNLxviQ==, figureFileBig=QXA7FhWGMIdJubJ1T8Asmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175805104247706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of gastrointestinal digestion on the bioactivity of novel peptides, figureFileSmall=6MDBA3ZdBLHVxVArHKWfYQ==, figureFileBig=zzKziurHnhyxIJrWAd3ZUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175805158773659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=CN, label=图6, caption=胃肠消化对新型肽生物活性的影响, figureFileSmall=6MDBA3ZdBLHVxVArHKWfYQ==, figureFileBig=zzKziurHnhyxIJrWAd3ZUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175805225882524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Interaction of novel peptides with α-glucosidase molecules, figureFileSmall=lE2Zq9A4tLUmhB8fiNqIUA==, figureFileBig=kz5P7h9rDHOpsZqyBM0tQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175805301379997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=CN, label=图7, caption=新型肽与α-葡萄糖苷酶分子的相互作用

注:A和B分别为ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK与α-葡萄糖苷酶分子对接得到的最佳构象图;图中绿色虚线代表氢键,红色睫毛代表疏水相互作用。

, figureFileSmall=lE2Zq9A4tLUmhB8fiNqIUA==, figureFileBig=kz5P7h9rDHOpsZqyBM0tQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175805368488862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Prediction of novel peptide hypoglycaemic target genes and construction of a PPI network for core targets, figureFileSmall=gzE6fRGopyP0sbhZVH1mPw==, figureFileBig=l0qTrHHum+X2TVrUArSd6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175805427209119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=CN, label=图8, caption=新型肽降血糖靶点基因的预测和核心靶点的PPI网络构建

注:A为多肽与降血糖靶点基因的交集靶点韦恩图,Drug-多肽ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK,Disease-糖尿病;B为多肽-成分-靶点预测结果图;C为核心靶点的PPI网络图。

, figureFileSmall=gzE6fRGopyP0sbhZVH1mPw==, figureFileBig=l0qTrHHum+X2TVrUArSd6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175805515289504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Enrichment analysis of novel peptides with cross-targets in diabetes, figureFileSmall=eZV3FrSMvt3udTTEKfC/Xg==, figureFileBig=kI/RuJ1SqNJgt2gPtrmiyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175805611758497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=CN, label=图9, caption=新型肽与糖尿病交集靶点的富集分析

注:图中A为GO基因功能富集,B为KEGG富集。

, figureFileSmall=eZV3FrSMvt3udTTEKfC/Xg==, figureFileBig=kI/RuJ1SqNJgt2gPtrmiyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175805687255970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Amino acid sequence identification of mulberry leaf peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号肽序列分子量(Da)氨基酸数(个)亲本蛋白相对丰度值
1ANSTGSRL804.418烯酰辅酶A水合酶2.71E+07
2LGKAVKPK839.568MYB转录因子301.50E+07
3KGAAAEGMK861.449MTP7蛋白1.46E+07
4KSTTGDGLK905.489查尔酮合酶7.69E+07
5LAKLLHSK908.588糖基转移酶2.45E+09
6CKVGAPAAR928.499烯酰辅酶A水合酶1.11E+08
7IVSASQDGR931.479G 蛋白亚基β1样1.90E+07
8QSGSNPTKK945.499MYB转录因子302.19E+07
9LTATEAVEK960.519烯酰辅酶A水合酶2.45E+08
10SLPERSGLK985.569MYB转录因子306.32E+07
11GVAYSNYSK987.479HMA8蛋白3.99E+07
12VNPGNFADR988.4794-羟基-3-甲基丁-2-烯基二磷酸还原酶5.26E+07
13MGSLSFLEK1010.519糖基转移酶4.28E+07
14QNLPAPKPR1019.599R2R3-MYB转录因子3.25E+07
15DTDILAAFR1020.529核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶1.92E+07
16NYPKPGLKK1043.619叶腹-背轴发育蛋白1.26E+07
17MSVAELKER1061.559G蛋白亚基β1样1.01E+07
18IPLVAVAEPR1063.6410黄烷酮-3-羟化酶3.65E+07
19NDDHVVLVR1065.56914-3-3蛋白7.51E+07
20IWAFGGHRR1098.589G蛋白亚基β1样2.43E+09
21FEFEAMDTL1101.479核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶1.69E+07
22LEQQLESEK1102.559叶腹-背轴发育蛋白3.24E+07
23EEEMAFLSR1110.509叶腹-背轴发育蛋白8.34E+06
24VMRRNSISR1117.619NPR蛋白1.26E+07
25MGRKPCCSK1122.519MYB转录因子308.77E+06
26LTRAEDYFK1141.589NPR蛋白6.72E+07
27RICEKSLIK1145.669查尔酮合酶4.07E+06
28LGKWWEVFK1191.649叶腹-背轴发育蛋白3.35E+07
29LESYEYIRR1227.629黄烷酮-3-羟化酶1.06E+07
30WANWEFHLK1229.609胺氧化酶8.28E+05
31EITLGFVDLLR1274.7211核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶1.70E+07
32VGQVLPSHGHVIGNIIK1767.0217壳酶蛋白2.15E+08
33NLVTVVAAGEDLTVEER1813.941714-3-3蛋白2.07E+07
34DPLLGEASMSLAMAGDDLR1960.9219NPR蛋白6.72E+07
35VAYNEFSTEIPVISLAGIDEVEGRR2763.4125黄烷酮3-羟化酶3.01E+07
), ArticleFig(id=1320175805758559139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

桑叶多肽的氨基酸序列鉴定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号肽序列分子量(Da)氨基酸数(个)亲本蛋白相对丰度值
1ANSTGSRL804.418烯酰辅酶A水合酶2.71E+07
2LGKAVKPK839.568MYB转录因子301.50E+07
3KGAAAEGMK861.449MTP7蛋白1.46E+07
4KSTTGDGLK905.489查尔酮合酶7.69E+07
5LAKLLHSK908.588糖基转移酶2.45E+09
6CKVGAPAAR928.499烯酰辅酶A水合酶1.11E+08
7IVSASQDGR931.479G 蛋白亚基β1样1.90E+07
8QSGSNPTKK945.499MYB转录因子302.19E+07
9LTATEAVEK960.519烯酰辅酶A水合酶2.45E+08
10SLPERSGLK985.569MYB转录因子306.32E+07
11GVAYSNYSK987.479HMA8蛋白3.99E+07
12VNPGNFADR988.4794-羟基-3-甲基丁-2-烯基二磷酸还原酶5.26E+07
13MGSLSFLEK1010.519糖基转移酶4.28E+07
14QNLPAPKPR1019.599R2R3-MYB转录因子3.25E+07
15DTDILAAFR1020.529核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶1.92E+07
16NYPKPGLKK1043.619叶腹-背轴发育蛋白1.26E+07
17MSVAELKER1061.559G蛋白亚基β1样1.01E+07
18IPLVAVAEPR1063.6410黄烷酮-3-羟化酶3.65E+07
19NDDHVVLVR1065.56914-3-3蛋白7.51E+07
20IWAFGGHRR1098.589G蛋白亚基β1样2.43E+09
21FEFEAMDTL1101.479核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶1.69E+07
22LEQQLESEK1102.559叶腹-背轴发育蛋白3.24E+07
23EEEMAFLSR1110.509叶腹-背轴发育蛋白8.34E+06
24VMRRNSISR1117.619NPR蛋白1.26E+07
25MGRKPCCSK1122.519MYB转录因子308.77E+06
26LTRAEDYFK1141.589NPR蛋白6.72E+07
27RICEKSLIK1145.669查尔酮合酶4.07E+06
28LGKWWEVFK1191.649叶腹-背轴发育蛋白3.35E+07
29LESYEYIRR1227.629黄烷酮-3-羟化酶1.06E+07
30WANWEFHLK1229.609胺氧化酶8.28E+05
31EITLGFVDLLR1274.7211核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶1.70E+07
32VGQVLPSHGHVIGNIIK1767.0217壳酶蛋白2.15E+08
33NLVTVVAAGEDLTVEER1813.941714-3-3蛋白2.07E+07
34DPLLGEASMSLAMAGDDLR1960.9219NPR蛋白6.72E+07
35VAYNEFSTEIPVISLAGIDEVEGRR2763.4125黄烷酮3-羟化酶3.01E+07
), ArticleFig(id=1320175805825668004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physicochemical properties of potentially bioactive peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列分子量(Da)链长水溶性特征性氨基酸不稳定指数电荷(pH=7)毒性疏水性(kcal/mol)
ANSTGSRL804.418易溶A、S、S、L、R、T22.211无毒+12.13
LGKAVKPK839.568易溶L、A、P、K、K−14.893无毒+16.38
LAKLLHSK908.588易溶L、A、L、L、S、K−1.862.1无毒+13.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320175807465640870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175796292014921, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

潜在生物活性肽的理化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
肽序列分子量(Da)链长水溶性特征性氨基酸不稳定指数电荷(pH=7)毒性疏水性(kcal/mol)
ANSTGSRL804.418易溶A、S、S、L、R、T22.211无毒+12.13
LGKAVKPK839.568易溶L、A、P、K、K−14.893无毒+16.38
LAKLLHSK908.588易溶L、A、L、L、S、K−1.862.1无毒+13.04
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基于分子对接和网络药理学方法研究桑叶中的新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽
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王道滇 , 杨星莹 , 文娜 , 崔琛 , 李金见 , 李平平 * , 杨文 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(12): 95-106
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (12) : 95 -106
基于分子对接和网络药理学方法研究桑叶中的新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽
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王道滇 , 杨星莹, 文娜, 崔琛, 李金见, 李平平* , 杨文*
作者信息
  • 云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所,云南蒙自 661101
通讯作者:
李平平(1986−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:植物资源评价与利用,E-mail:。
杨文(1971−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:蚕桑资源综合利用研究与产品研发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王道滇(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:昆虫与植物蛋白研究,E-mail:

Novel α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Peptides from Mulberry Leaf Based on Molecular Docking and Network Pharmacology Approaches
Daodian WANG , Xingying YANG, Na WEN, Chen CUI, Jinjian LI, Pingping LI* , Wen YANG*
Affiliations
  • Sericulture and Apiculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi 661101, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060134
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桑叶富含优质蛋白,是生物活性肽的潜在来源。本研究基于肽组学鉴定和活性肽的构效关系从桑叶蛋白酶解产物中鉴定新型的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽,并通过分子对接和网络药理学预测,解析新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽的抗糖尿病机制。结果表明,ANSTGSRL(IC50=0.314 mg/mL)和LAKLLHSK(IC50=0.183 mg/mL)两条新型的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽被鉴定。与ANSTGSRL相比,LAKLLHSK表现出更高的β-折叠结构含量和更低的α-螺旋及无规卷曲结构含量。胃肠消化促进了两条肽α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的释放,对酶的抑制率超过85%。分子对接分析表明,这两种肽通过多个氢键和疏水相互作用,紧密地结合到α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性残基位点(Val335、Val334、Pro230和Gly228),从而发挥其α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。网络药理学预测表明,ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK两条肽能够与MAPK1、CASP3、STAT1、ERBB2和AKT3等10个关键靶点相互作用。此外,KEGG通路富集显示这两条肽防治糖尿病的通路涉及TNF信号通路、cAMP信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、MAPK信号通路和胰岛素抵抗等多种复杂信号通路。综上,新型桑叶肽ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK具有较强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性和潜在的血糖调节作用,本研究可为桑叶蛋白资源的高附加值利用提供理论参考。

桑叶  /  肽  /  α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性  /  分子对接  /  网络药理学

Mulberry leaves are a rich source of high-quality protein and possess the potential to yield bioactive peptides. This study identified novel α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides from mulberry leaf proteolytic products based on peptidomics identification and the structure-activity relationships of active peptides. Through molecular docking and network pharmacology predictions, the anti-diabetic mechanisms of these novel α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides were elucidated. The results indicated that two novel α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides were identified: ANSTGSRL (IC50=0.314 mg/mL) and LAKLLHSK (IC50=0.183 mg/mL). LAKLLHSK exhibited a higher content of β-sheet structure and a lower content of α-helix and random coil structures compared to ANSTGSRL. The gastrointestinal digestion process enhanced the release of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity for both peptides, achieving over 85% enzyme inhibition. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the two peptides tightly bound to the active residue sites of α-glucosidase (Val335, Val334, Pro230 and Gly228), primarily through multiple hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, thereby exerting their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Network pharmacology predictions indicated that two peptides, ANSTGSRL and LAKLLHSK, could interact with over ten key targets, including MAPK1, CASP3, STAT1, ERBB2 and AKT3. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the anti-diabetic pathway associated with these peptides involves multiple complex signaling pathways, including the TNF, cAMP, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK pathways, as well as insulin resistance. In conclusion, the novel mulberry leaf peptides ANSTGSRL and LAKLLHSK exhibited strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and potential glucose regulation effects. This study could provide a theoretical reference for the high-value utilization of mulberry leaf protein resources.

mulberry leaves  /  peptide  /  α-glucosidase inhibitory activity  /  molecular docking  /  network pharmacology
王道滇, 杨星莹, 文娜, 崔琛, 李金见, 李平平, 杨文. 基于分子对接和网络药理学方法研究桑叶中的新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 95 -106 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060134
Daodian WANG, Xingying YANG, Na WEN, Chen CUI, Jinjian LI, Pingping LI, Wen YANG. Novel α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Peptides from Mulberry Leaf Based on Molecular Docking and Network Pharmacology Approaches[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 95 -106 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060134
糖尿病是全球增长率最快和最为普遍的慢性疾病之一,其主要特征是血液中葡萄糖水平的异常升高[1−2]。人体内的葡萄糖主要来源于α-淀粉酶、DPP-IV酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶3种关键消化酶对碳水化合物的水解,通过抑制这些消化酶的活性有助于降低血液中游离葡萄糖的水平[2]。其中,不同于其他两种消化酶,α-葡萄糖苷酶主要存在于小肠上皮细胞刷状缘表面膜上,与其对应的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂可以在不被小肠吸收的情况下与之结合,从而快速地抑制碳水化合物的水解代谢,缓解餐后血糖的升高[3]。这种特性为肠道消化耐受性较差的口服类α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂发挥生物效应提供了保障,这也是人们偏向于寻找α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂治疗糖尿病的缘由。目前,考虑到长期注射胰岛素和口服阿卡波糖等α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂药物可能会引发腹痛、肠道生态破坏和肝脏损伤等副作用[4]。因此,从天然物质中提取和开发无毒副作用、经济可行、环境友好的活性物质干预治疗糖尿病成为新的研究趋势[5],而食源性α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽因其成本低、安全性高、环境友好和具备较高的酶亲和力成为研究热点[6]。
桑(Morus alba L.)为桑科桑属落叶乔木或灌木,是一类重要的经济林木,在我国拥有广泛的种植区域[7−8]。桑叶是桑的主要产物,富含黄酮、生物碱、多酚类、维生素、甾醇类和多糖类等活性成分,具备抗氧化、降血糖和降血压等潜在功能,被我国卫生部列为药食两用的农产品,具有广阔的研究价值[7,9]。此外,桑叶粉中粗蛋白含量在17%~35%之间,含有18种氨基酸,种类齐全,动物性必需氨基酸占总氨基酸质量分数的43%,不含胆固醇,是一类新型可再生的植物蛋白质资源[10−11]。然而,由于对桑叶的利用大多限于养蚕和饲用,更深层次的精加工和高附加值的利用极少,致使桑叶蛋白资源得不到有效利用。为了解决这一难题,部分研究者开展了桑叶蛋白及其衍生肽功能活性领域的相关研究。Chen等[10]和Sun等[12]从桑叶蛋白酶解物中分别鉴定出TELVLK、MELVLK、FDDKLD和EAVQ、SVL、RDYERFNVE等降血压肽和抗氧化肽。降血糖方面,曹秀娟等[13]发现桑叶蛋白水解液同时具有抗氧化活性、酪氨酸酶抑制活性和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,抗消化特性较强。曹天丽等[7]考察了不同蛋白酶对桑叶蛋白酶解物体外降血糖活性的影响,发现桑叶胰蛋白酶酶解物抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的IC50值达到5.65 mg/mL。冯雪等[14]发现不同酶解条件制备的桑叶肽都具有维持血糖健康水平的作用,这进一步表明桑叶蛋白可能是血糖调节肽的潜在来源。然而,这些研究并未对桑叶蛋白酶解液中具体α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽的序列组成和结构进行表征,肽的生物活性和作用机制也有待进一步明确。
基于此,本研究拟以桑叶为试验材料,通过提取蛋白和胃蛋白酶酶解制备桑叶肽,基于肽组学鉴定和生物信息分析挖掘新型的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽,探究肽的二级结构和胃肠耐受性,最后通过分子对接和网络药理学预测,解析新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽的作用机制,旨在为桑叶优质蛋白资源的开发利用提供新视角。
云桑二号桑叶 由云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所提供;甲酸、乙腈、甲醇 德国默克股份两合公司;三氯乙酸、Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg四肽标准品(HPLC≥96%)、对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(700000 U/mL) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;胃蛋白酶(695 U/mg)、胰蛋白酶(8×USP)、猪胆盐 美国Sigma-aldrich公司;实验所用其他实验试剂均为国产分析纯。
Millipore UFSC40001型超滤装置 上海羽令过滤器材有限公司;210 HP型超声波清洗器 上海科导公司;SCIENTZ-18N/A型真空冷冻干燥机 上海比朗仪器制造有限公司;THZ-320型台式恒温振荡器 金坛市精达仪器制造有限公司;Nano-HPLC液相色谱仪 上海赛梵科分离技术有限公司;Spectra Max M型酶标仪 美国BIO-RADxMARKTM公司;Sorvall ST 8R型台式离心机、Easy-nLC 1000型液相色谱仪、Q Exactive型四极杆质谱仪、Nicolet 6700型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司。
参照Sun等[15]的方法稍作修改提取桑叶蛋白并制备桑叶肽。将经过鼓风干燥和超微粉碎后的桑叶粉与超纯水以1:15(w/v)的比例混合,用1 mol/L NaOH调节溶液pH至9.0,超声波处理(50 Hz,40 ℃,40 min)和离心后得到浸提液。用1 mol/L HCl调节浸提液的pH至等电点(pI=5.0)。进行离心(8000 r/min,5 min)、超纯水洗涤后得到桑叶蛋白质沉淀物。随后,将冷冻干燥后的桑叶蛋白溶解于超纯水中(20%,w/v)中,调节pH至2.0,加入4%(w/w)胃蛋白酶,于37 ℃下振荡孵育2 h后,用1 mol/L NaOH调节反应液至中性,90 ℃环境中水浴灭酶10 min,离心去除沉淀后得到桑叶蛋白酶解液。用超滤膜分离出3种不同分子量(Mw)的桑叶蛋白肽(<3 kDa、3~10 kDa、>10 kDa),冷冻干燥备用。
此外,参照王伟强等[16]的方法稍作修改测定不同超滤组分的肽含量占比。取适量浓度的样品溶液与等体积浓度10%的三氯乙酸溶液混合,静置反应10 min。离心,取3 mL上清液,加入2 mL双缩脲试剂,混合后静置20 min,再次离心,使用酶标仪在540 nm处测量上清液的OD值。同时,使用5%的三氯乙酸溶液配制0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6、1.8 mg/mL的Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg四肽标准溶液,绘制标准曲线,得标准曲线方程为y=0.1129x+0.0411,R2=0.9956,对照标准曲线计算样品溶液中多肽的浓度,进而计算出样品中的肽含量占比。
参照先前的方法[4],依次向96孔板中加入100 μL的多肽溶液和50 μL浓度700 U/mL的α-葡萄糖苷酶,在37 ℃培养箱中孵育20 min后,加入50 μL浓度为10 mmol/L的PNPG,继续置入37 ℃培养箱中孵育20 min,最后,加入50 μL浓度0.67 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液终止反应。使用酶标仪在405 nm处测量反应液的OD值,α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率的计算公式如下:
$\rm \alpha \text{-}葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(\text{%})=\frac{({A}_{\text{c}}-{A}_{\text{b}})-({A}_{\text{s}}-{A}_{\text{n}})}{({A}_{\text{c}}-{A}_{\text{b}})}\times 100 $
式中:As:100 μL肽+50 μL酶+50 μL PNPG+50 μL Na2CO3;An:100 μL肽+50 μL PBS+50 μL PNPG+50 μL Na2CO3;Ac:100 μL PBS+50 μL酶+50 μL PNPG+50 μL Na2CO3;Ab:100 μL PBS+50 μL PBS+50 μL PNPG+50 μL Na2CO3。
参照先前的方法,使用LC-MS/MS设备对Mw<3 kDa的桑叶肽组分进行鉴定和分析[4]。
LC条件:A液为0.1%甲酸水溶液,B液为0.1%甲酸-乙腈溶液,其中乙腈为84%。色谱柱以95%的A液平衡,上样至Trap column RP-C18(100 μm×2 cm,5 μm),经C18型分析柱(75 μm×10 cm,3 μm)分离,流速为300 nL/min,洗脱时间30 min。
MS条件:Q Exactive质谱仪用于质谱分析,时长60 min。检测方式为正离子,母离子扫描范围m/z为300~1600,质谱扫描方式为信息依赖的采集工作模式下,每次全扫描后采集最强的20个碎片图谱,碎裂方式:高能碰撞解离,归一化碰撞能量28,动态排除时间25 s。MS1在m/z为200时的分辨率为70000,自动增益控制目标设置为1×106,最大注射时间40 ms,MS2分辨率设置为17500,自动增益控制目标设置为1×105,最大注射时间50 ms。Proteome Discoverer1.4软件与Uniprot数据库用于肽的查库鉴定和比对。
采用Innovagen(http://pepcalc.com/ppc.php)工具在线预测多肽在中性条件下的电荷和其他理化特性。PepDraw(https://pepdraw.com/)用于评估鉴定肽的疏水性;使用ToxinPred在线工具(https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/toxinpred/multi_submit.php)预测多肽的安全性。采用Expasy系统(https://web.expasy.org/protparam/)评估鉴定肽的不稳定指数,instability index>40的肽为不稳定性肽。基于BIOPEP和EROP-Moscow等生物活性肽数据库评估肽的新颖性。
新型肽ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK委托上海生工生物工程股份有限公司采用固相法进行合成,纯度高于95%。
参照Wang等[17−18]的方法稍作修改,鉴定多肽的二级结构。将1 mg多肽与100 mg的KBr混合,研磨并压制成1~2 mm厚的薄片。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪在4000~400 cm−1的范围内扫描制备样品的红外光谱。使用PeakFit v4.12软件对图进行分析处理,根据光谱中各子峰与二级结构对应的积分面积计算多肽二级结构的相对含量。
参照朱巧楠等[19]的方法,配制两份0.4 mg/mL的样品肽溶液,调节pH至2.0,加入胃蛋白酶(2%),置入37 ℃恒温培养箱中振荡培养2 h,得到两份胃消化产物。取其中一份胃消化产物,调节pH至7.0,加入胰蛋白酶(2%),置入37 ℃恒温培养箱中振荡培养2 h得到肠消化阶段产物。将两个阶段的消化产物进行灭酶处理(90 ℃,10 min),冷却至室温后评价其α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的变化。
参照Wang等[20]的方法稍作修改。使用ChemBioDraw Ultra 14.0绘制肽的结构,将其置于ChemBio3D Ultra 14.0进行能量最小化,Minimum RMS Gradient设置为:0.001,保存为.mol2格式[21];将优化后的肽分子导置入AutodockTools-1.5.6中进行加氢原子、计算电荷、分配电荷、设置可旋转键等操作对其结构进行优化,保存为“.pdbqt”格式。同时,从PDB数据库下载α-葡萄糖苷酶的3D结构(PDB ID:3WY1),分别使用Pymol2.3.0和AutoDocktools(v1.5.6)去除蛋白结晶水、原始配体加氢,进行计算电荷、分配电荷、指定原子类型后,存为“.pdbqt”格式。紧接着,使用POCASA 1.1预测α-葡萄糖苷酶的结合位点,采用AutoDock Vina1.1.2进行分子对接,3WY1相关参数设置为:center_x=−2.3,center_y=−16.3,center_z=17.3;搜索空间为:size_x:60,size_y:60,size_z:60(每个格点的间距为0.375 Å),exhaustiveness:10。最后,利用PyMOL2.3.0和Ligplot V2.2.9分析复合物间的相互作用模式。
使用BIOPEP-UWM数据库中的SMILE模块将多肽转化为Smile格式,通过Swiss Targetprediction(http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/)、SuperPred(https://prediction.charite.de/)检索肽ANSTGSRL、LAKLLHSK的所有靶点,将得到的靶点经Uniprot(https://www.uniprot.org/)数据校准后,得到肽的标准化作用靶点。在GeneCards(https://www.genecards.org/)和OMIM(https://www.omim.org/)数据库中分别输入关键词“Diabetes”进行检索,整合得到所有的靶点基因,经Uniprot数据库进行校正后,确定为糖尿病的靶点基因信息[22]。最后,将肽的标准化作用靶点与糖尿病的靶点基因相互映射,作Venn图,从而获得多肽治疗糖尿病的潜在作用靶点。然后,使用Cytoscape3.8.2软件构建“药物-作用靶点”网络。
为了进一步研究多肽治疗降血糖的蛋白与蛋白之间的相互作用,将多肽治疗糖尿病的潜在作用靶点导入数据库String(https://string-db.org/),物种设置为“Homo sapiens”,置信度设置为0.7,结果储存为TSV格式,将TSV文件导入Cytoscape 3.8.2中,构建出蛋白与蛋白相互作用网络(PPI网络),并对PPI网络进行分析,节点大小和颜色反映Degree的大小,节点越大Degree值越大,说明靶点基因在网络中越重要[23]。
通过DAVID数据库(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/summary.jsp)对多肽治疗糖尿病的潜在作用靶点基因进行GO功能分析和KEGG通路富集分析[24]。根据显著性大小(P<0.01),选取GO功能分析中的生物过程(Biological Process,BP)、细胞成分(Cellular Component,CC)、分子功能(Molecular Function,MF)条目中的前10条,KEGG通路条目中与降血糖有关的前20条通路作为多肽治疗降血糖的主要基因功能富集过程和信号通路,预测多肽治疗降血糖的作用机制。
每组实验均重复3次,结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,通过非线性回归分析拟合曲线计算样品肽抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的IC50值。采用IBM SPSS 25.0软件进行Duncan's方差分析,P<0.05表示差异显著;Origin 2019b用于图表绘制。
桑叶蛋白经胃蛋白酶消化和超滤后得到不同分离组分肽。本研究测定了不同分离组分桑叶超滤肽的肽含量及其α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,结果见图1。由图1A可知,Mw>10 kDa、Mw:3~10 kDa和Mw<3 kDa三种超滤组分肽的肽含量占比分别为19.31%、34.66%和64.78%,各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。其中,桑叶蛋白酶解液组分肽的肽含量主要集中于Mw<3 kDa组分,这与徐紫琪等[5]的研究结果类似。这说明超滤可对桑叶蛋白酶解液中不同分子量大小的肽段进行有效分离,富集出高活性的低分子量肽[4]。下一步可通过体外实验测定不同超滤组分肽的生物活性。
由图1B所示,不同分离组分桑叶肽的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率随着其浓度的增加而逐渐增强。各浓度条件下,Mw<3 kDa组分肽的生物活性最强,其抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的IC50值为0.47 mg/mL,活性显著强于Mw>10 kDa(IC50=1.35 mg/mL)和Mw:3~10 kDa(IC50=1.04 mg/mL)组分肽(P<0.05)。在2 mg/mL时,Mw<3 kDa组分肽的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率(85.36%)明显强于桂花籽超滤肽(67.34%)[25]。曹天丽等[7]探究了不同蛋白酶酶解对桑叶蛋白酶解物降血糖活性的影响,发现中性蛋白酶酶解物对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制效果最佳,其IC50=3.52 mg/mL,活性低于本研究结果。因此,Mw<3 kDa组分肽具有较强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,可对其进一步鉴定分析。
通过LC-MS/MS鉴定了桑叶肽的氨基酸组成序列,总离子色谱图见图2A。由表1可知,本研究共鉴定到35条肽段,这些肽的氨基酸数目主要分布在8和9个之间(图2B),分子量主要集中在1500 Da以下(图2C)。肽的分子量和长度对其生物活性起着至关重要的作用。之前的研究表明,大多数分子量低于1500 Da,含有2~9个氨基酸的短肽不仅容易吸收,还可能具有比其他长肽更强的抗氧化和其他生物活性[26−27]。这说明,本研究中的鉴定肽可能具有潜在的生物活性。
肽的生物活性与其氨基酸组成、链长和理化性质等密切相关。丝氨酸S-(Ser)、苏氨酸T-(Thr)、酪氨酸Y-(Tyr)、精氨酸R-(Arg)、赖氨酸K-(Lys)和蛋氨酸M-(Met)、亮氨酸L-(Leu)、异亮氨酸I-(Ile)、丙氨酸A-(Ala)和脯氨酸P-(Pro)等是构成α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽的重要氨基酸残基[4]。具有较强α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的肽序列分子量低于1000 Da、氨基酸数目在4~8之间[1,18]。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽的净电荷范围在−4~+3,高活性多肽电荷值为0或+1,当肽的电荷处于−4或+3时,过高的电荷会大幅削弱肽的功能活性[28]。
综合上述α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽的链长、特征性氨基酸占比和高活性肽的电荷值等指标筛选新型的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽。由表2可知,在本研究中,仅有ANSTGSRL、LGKAVKPK和LAKLLHSK三条肽满足链长4~8,分子量低于1000 Da的筛选条件。其中,ANSTGSRL富含A、S、S、L、R、T等特征性氨基酸,占比为75%;LGKAVKPK富含L、A、P、K、K等特征性氨基酸,占比为62.50%;LAKLLHSK富含L、A、L、L、S、K等特征性氨基酸,占比为75%。经计算机在线预测发现3条肽都易溶于水、无毒且稳定性高(Instability index<40),具有较好的应用潜能。最后,通过比对电荷值发现,LGKAVKPK所带电荷为高电荷(+3),ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK所带电荷为低电荷。考虑到过高的电荷可能会削弱肽的功能活性[28],进一步筛选出ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK两条可能具有较强α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的新型肽,经BIOPEP和MBPDB数据库检索,两条肽的生物活性未被研究报道。
进一步合成并测定了ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK两条肽的二级结构,结果见图3和图4。由图3A和图3C可知,经HPLC检测,两条肽的杂峰少,ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK分别在保留时间为11.797和12.942 min,纯度分别为96.89%和99.26%,高于95%。通过图3B和图3D的质谱分析可知,ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK的分子量测定值为804.80 Da和909 Da,与2.2.2部分表2中的理论值接近,这说明肽的固相合成结果可靠。
肽的生物活性和稳定性与其二级结构密切相关。基于傅里叶红外光谱进一步测定和表征了新型肽ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK的二级结构,结果见图4。图4A显示,两条肽的红外特征峰的峰形相似,在酰胺A带(3443 cm−1)、酰胺I带(1656 cm−1)和酰胺II带(1544 cm−1)都出现明显的O-H、N-H、C=O和C-N的特征吸收峰,在2920 cm−1处出现了C-H伸缩振动特征峰,在1206 cm−1和1144 cm−1处出现C-O、C-N伸缩振动的特征吸收峰[29]。其中,3443 cm−1处的吸收峰是O-H和N-H伸缩振动的混合吸收峰,表明ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK的分子之间主要以氢键相互作用进行稳定连接[17]。
酰胺I带(1600~1700 cm−1)与肽链骨架的有序程度紧密相关,对于研究二级结构最有价值[18]。使用Peakfit v4.12软件拟合并利用相对面积计算了ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK二级结构相对含量。由图4B可知,ANSTGSRL由30.65%α-螺旋、38.89%β-折叠、17.87%β-转角和12.59%无规则卷曲结构组成。LAKLLHSK的拟合结果显示α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲的相对含量分别为21.45%、52.82%、9.38%和16.34%(图4C)。具备较高β-折叠结构的肽,其结构更加有秩序和规律性,稳定性和降血糖活性也较好[30];拥有高含量的α-螺旋和无规则卷曲结构的肽,抗氧化活性及其稳定性较差[17]。在本研究中,相比于ANSTGSRL,LAKLLHSK具有较低含量的α-螺旋和无规则卷曲结构,含更高含量的β-折叠结构。这表明,LAKLLHSK的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性及其稳定性可能优于ANSTGSRL。
进一步探究了新型肽的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性和胃肠消化稳定性,结果见图5和图6。
由图5可见,ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK都具有较强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,两条肽的酶抑制活性与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系。0.5 mg/mL时,ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率分别为77.07%和95.41%,高于1 mg/mL的降血糖肽YPIW(64.50%)[31]。此外,本研究中新型肽LAKLLHSK(IC50=0.183 mg/mL)和ANSTGSRL(IC50=0.314 mg/mL)的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性明显强于普洱茶肽AADTDYRFS(IC50=0.820 mg/mL)、AGDGTPYVR(IC50=3.942 mg/mL)和黑豆肽NNNPFKF(IC50=4.20 mg/mL)、RADLPGVK(IC50=2.83 mg/mL)和FLKEAFGV(IC50=1.32 mg/mL)[20,32]。研究发现,序列中含有大量氨基酸残基L、C末端存在R或K、N末端残基为L的肽序列具有更强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性[28],这可能是LAKLLHSK生物活性强于ANSTGSRL和以上其他α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽的原因。
基于DFBP数据库(http://www.cqudfbp.net/enzymes/hydrolysis_tools/InputServlet)初步预测了两条新型肽的抗消化特性,经计算机模拟消化后,ANSTGSRL被分解为ANSTGSR和L两个片段,LAKLLHSK被分解为L、AK、L、LHSK共4个片段。ANSTGSR的消化片段中存在特征性氨基酸L,片段ANSTGSR的C末端暴露出氨基酸残基R;LAKLLHSK的消化片段中存在特征性氨基酸L,AK和LHSK的C末端未氨基酸残基K;这些特性表明,胃肠消化可能有助于增强两条肽的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性[28]。对此,基于体外模拟胃肠消化实验继续测定了两条新型肽的胃肠耐受性,结果见图6。
由图6可知,胃肠消化有助于释放两条肽的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,这与计算机模拟消化分析结果类似。胃肠消化前后,新型肽ANSTGSR生物活性的变化程度高于LAKLLHSK,ANSTGSR的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性由60.44%显著提升至87.32%,LAKLLHSK的酶抑制活性由80.36%显著提升至92.80%(P<0.05)。这与王子俊等[33]的研究结果相似,他们认为胃肠消化能够提高牦牛骨胶原蛋白肽抗氧化活性,可能是因为消化酶将肽水解成更小分子的片段,从而暴露出肽更多的活性基团。因此,胃肠消化有助于释放两条新型肽的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。
分子对接技术可用于解析小分子生物活性肽与受体蛋白之间的相互作用机理,结合能越低,意味着受体蛋白与肽的相互作用越强、复合物间结合越稳定[34]。新型肽ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK与α-葡萄糖苷酶之间的分子对接结果见图7。其中,ANSTGSRL、LAKLLHSK与α-葡萄糖苷酶之间的结合能分别为−6.5 kcal/mol和−6.2 kcal/mol,结合能皆低于0,表明两条肽都能自发地与α-葡萄糖苷酶结合形成稳定紧密的复合物[35]。
图7显示了肽与α-葡萄糖苷酶分子的相互作用模式,两条肽主要通过氢键和疏水相互作用与α-葡萄糖苷酶结合。由图7A可知,ANSTGSRL通过支链残基Leu8、Ser3、Ala1、Thr4与α-葡萄糖苷酶的残基Lys398(3.20 Å)、Ala229(3.36 Å)、Glu396(3.36 Å)、Glu231(3.08 Å)、Val335(3.40 Å)之间形成5个氢键,同时,ANSTGSRL还通过疏水作用与α-葡萄糖苷酶的氨基酸残基(Arg340、Thr339、Glu337、Ala343、Ala232、Pro230、Asn301、Met302、Phe397、Leu227、Gly228、Gly402)之间紧密结合。在图7B中,LAKLLHSK的支链残基(Lys8、His6和Lys3)与α-葡萄糖苷酶的氨基酸残基Lys398、Thr339、Asn301和Lys225之间形成5个氢键,氢键的长度分别为3.49 Å、3.08 Å、3.23 Å、3.23 Å、3.41 Å;LAKLLHSK还与α-葡萄糖苷酶的氨基酸残基Asp401、Val380、Glu377、Ile385、Arg340、Val335、Gly402、Asp379、Asp333、Phe397、Pro230、Glu231、Ala343、Met302、Gly399间形成15个疏水相互作用。上述酶的结合残基中的Val335、Val334、Pro230和Gly228被报道为α-葡萄糖苷酶的关键活性位点[36]。因此,ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK可能主要通过氢键和疏水相互作用占据α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性残基位点Val335、Val334、Pro230和Gly228,从而阻断α-葡萄糖苷酶与底物复合物间糖基化的形成发挥血糖调节作用[2,4]。
以Probability>0作为Swiss Target prediction纳入靶点的标准,通过SuperPred数据库检索,ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK的靶点去重后获得潜在靶点共280个。以Relevance score>1作为GeneCards数据库纳入疾病的靶点,通过GeneCards、OMIM数据库分别获得7649、226个靶点,取并集后共获得7795个与降血糖相关的靶点,将得到的基因经Uniprot数据库校正。将新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK的作用靶点与降血糖的交集靶点基因取交集后,获得226个降血糖与药物的交集靶点基因,为两条新型肽干预治疗糖尿病的交互靶点基因(图8A)。
为进一步研究两条肽干预治疗糖尿病的作用机制,利用药物-成分-靶点数据,构建“network.xlsx”文件以及“type.xlsx”文件,将文件导入Cytoscape3.7.2进行作图,图中包括228个节点和331条边(图8B)。将得到的226个交集靶点基因导入String(https://string-db.org/)数据库中进行蛋白-蛋白相互作用预测,物种设置为:Homo Sapiens,置信度设置为:0.7。将网络文件保存为TSV格式,将TSV文件导入Cytoscape 3.8.2软件绘制PPI网络,选择Degree值>3的靶点,图中包括104个节点和902条边。对网络进行拓扑分析,以Degree值反映靶点大小及颜色,以combinedscore值反映边的粗细,从而构建PPI网络,如图8C所示。其中,EGFR、HSP90AA1、MAPK1、CASP3、EP300、NFKB1、STAT1、ERBB2、BCL2L1、AKT3为主要的核心靶点,有望在糖尿病的治疗中起关键作用[37−39]。
对226个交集靶点进行GO基因功能富集分析,共富集到427条GO条目,以P<0.01为标准筛选出新型多肽降血糖的显著富集条目涉及生物进程(BP)251条、细胞成分(CC)56条,分子功能(MF)120条。最为显著的前10条富集分析结果见图9A。BP主要涉及基因表达的正调控、信号转导、对外来刺激的反应、凋亡过程的负调控、炎症反应、凋亡过程、凋亡过程的正调控、染色质重塑、细胞迁移的正调控、对缺氧的反应;CC涉及细胞质、胞质、核、等离子膜、核原形质核浆、细胞外空间、细胞外区域、细胞外外泌体、含蛋白质复合物、染色质;MF涉及蛋白质结合、相同蛋白质结合、酶结合、蛋白同分异构化活性、锌离子结合、DNA结合、ATP结合、DNA结合转录因子活性、蛋白激酶结合、泛素蛋白连接酶结合。这说明ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK可能通过干预细胞凋亡、调控转录因子和相关蛋白酶的表达等多种复杂的生物过程干预治疗糖尿病[40]。
此外,通过KEGG通路富集到162条与治疗糖尿病相关的通路,根据P<0.01筛选出前20条最为显著的关键代谢通路(图9B)。由图9B可知,ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK主要通过参与细胞凋亡、神经活性配体-受体相互作用、鞘脂信号通路、神经营养素信号通路、脂质与动脉粥样硬化、钙信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、TNF信号通路、cAMP信号通路、T细胞受体信号通路、胰岛素抵抗、FoxO信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、HIF-1信号通路、脂肪细胞脂解的调节、VEGF信号通路、趋化因子信号通路、MAPK信号通路、糖尿病并发症中的AGE-RAGE信号通路、胆碱能突触等通路发挥抗糖尿病的作用。谢玉霞等[23]报道,降糖肽能够缓解糖尿病引发的脂质与动脉粥样硬化和炎症相关的慢性疾病,TNF信号通路中的TNF-α可通过丝氨酸磷酸化加速胰岛素抵抗,从而破坏有助于发展糖尿病的胰岛素信号。此外,cAMP信号通路是细胞内一种重要的第二信使系统,可通过调节钙离子浓度和促进神经元的突触传递等信号传导调整机体能量代谢,间接性调节葡萄糖稳态[41]。通过阻断AGE-RAGE信号通路能够激活PI3K-Akt信号通路,增加胰岛素敏感性,从而抑制FoxO,减少糖异生,达到调控葡萄糖代谢和防止血管内皮细胞凋亡的效果[22,40]。MAPK信号通路是参与胰岛素非依赖性葡萄糖摄取、增强胰岛素敏感性和葡萄糖稳态的途径之一,通过上调钙信号通路可激活MAPK信号通路,促进糖原合成[42]。因此,上述结果表明,ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK可能通过与各种靶点的相互作用以及对多种途径的调节发挥血糖调节作用。
本研究从桑叶蛋白酶解液中鉴定出ANSTGSRL(IC50=0.314 mg/mL)和LAKLLHSK(IC50=0.183 mg/mL)两条新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽。两条肽的二级结构包含α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲4种结构,相比于ANSTGSRL,LAKLLHSK的α-螺旋和无规则卷曲结构含量较低,β-折叠结构含量更高。分子对接结果表明ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK主要通过氢键和疏水相互作用占据α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性残基位点(Val335、Val334、Pro230和Gly228),从而阻断α-葡萄糖苷酶与底物复合物间糖基化的形成发挥血糖调节作用。网络药理学预测表明ANSTGSRL和LAKLLHSK主要通过与EGFR、HSP90AA1、MAPK1、CASP3、EP300、NFKB1、STAT1、ERBB2、BCL2L1、AKT3等关键靶点的相互作用,以及对TNF信号通路、cAMP信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、MAPK信号通路和胰岛素抵抗等信号通路的调节发挥血糖调节作用。本研究表明桑叶是血糖调节肽的潜在来源,可为桑叶蛋白资源的高值化利用提供新思路,未来可继续展开生物学实验,进一步验证肽的安全性和降血糖活性,助力桑叶蛋白肽产品的研发与应用。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060134
  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
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    云南省农业科学院蚕桑蜜蜂研究所,云南蒙自 661101

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李平平(1986−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:植物资源评价与利用,E-mail:。
杨文(1971−),男,硕士,研究员,研究方向:蚕桑资源综合利用研究与产品研发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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