Article(id=1320166011786084388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060122, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749571200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681704708, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681704708, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681704708, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681704708, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=167, endPage=178, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166011966439461, articleId=1320166011786084388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Impact of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Combined with Fermentation on the Nutritional Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Cyperus esculentus L. Meal Beverage, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the quality of Cyperus esculentus L. and diversify its product range while promoting multi-level utilization within its industry, Cyperus esculentus L. meal obtained post-oil extraction was employed as the raw material to develop a probiotic beverage via enzymatic hydrolysis coupled with fermentation. The beverage's quality characteristics were subsequently evaluated. Initially, optimal enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation conditions were determined based on reducing sugar content and viable probiotic counts as indicators, employing single-factor and orthogonal experimental designs. Changes in physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and volatile compound composition during fermentation were monitored. The results indicated that the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis parameters were a cellulase concentration of 4%, a hydrolysis time of 3 hours, a temperature of 55 ℃, and a pH of 5.5. A subsequent verification experiment yielded a reducing sugar content of 5.17 g/L under these optimal conditions. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined to be a temperature of 37 ℃, a duration of 36 hours, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:6 (w/v), and an inoculum size of 10% (v/v). A validation experiment using this optimal protocol resulted in a final viable probiotic count of 1.10×109 CFU/mL. Lactic acid fermentation significantly decreased the beverage's pH, total sugar content, and fat content, while markedly increasing soluble dietary fiber content, total phenols, total flavonoids, and reducing sugar content (P<0.05). Consequently, antioxidant activity was significantly enhanced post-fermentation compared to pre-fermentation levels (P<0.05). Noticeable difference was observed in the volatile compound composition between the pre-fermentation and post-fermentation stages. The levels of nitrogen oxides, sulfides, and methyl compounds demonstrated a clear elevation after fermentation, the fermentation process contributed the distinctive flavor profile that was typical of lactic acid bacterial fermentation. The enzymatic hydrolysis coupled with fermentation process significantly improved the flavor profile of Cyperus esculentus L. meal and enhanced its nutritional properties, providing technical reference for the development of novel plant-based probiotic beverages.

, authors=Wanting ZHANG1, Honghong WANG2, Xianxiao DONG3, Guiming YAN1, Yanshu ZHU4, Xianglong LI4, Lijun SUN1, Yutang WANG1, *, authorsList=Wanting ZHANG, Honghong WANG, Xianxiao DONG, Guiming YAN, Yanshu ZHU, Xianglong LI, Lijun SUN, Yutang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yutang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166013463806004, articleId=1320166011786084388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=酶解联合发酵对油莎豆粕饮料营养品质及风味特性的影响, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为改善油莎豆粕品质,丰富油莎豆产品种类并促进油莎豆产业多级利用,本研究以榨油后所得油莎豆粕为原料,采用酶解联合发酵工艺研制油莎豆粕活菌饮料,同时对其品质性质进行评价。首先分别以还原糖含量、饮料活菌数为指标,采取单因素及正交试验确定酶解、发酵工艺最优条件;测定其发酵过程中理化性质、抗氧化活性及挥发性物质组成的变化。结果表明,最佳酶解工艺为纤维素酶添加量4%、酶解时间3 h、酶解温度55 ℃、pH5.5,通过验证实验,在此工艺条件下所得样品还原糖含量为5.17 g/L;最佳发酵条件为发酵温度37 ℃、发酵时间36 h、固液比1:6、菌液添加量10%,通过验证实验,以最优方案发酵所得样品种活菌数为1.10×109 CFU/mL;乳酸菌发酵降低了饮料pH、总糖含量及脂肪含量,显著提高了饮料可溶性膳食纤维含量、总酚、总黄酮含量及还原糖含量(P<0.05);发酵后相较于发酵前,其抗氧化活性显著增强(P<0.05);发酵前后的风味物质成分差异较大,发酵后氮氧化物、硫化物和甲基类化合物含量明显升高;同时发酵赋予了饮料乳酸菌发酵特有的风味。酶解联合发酵工艺显著改善了油莎豆粕风味并提高其营养特性,为饮料研制奠定基础。本研究为植物基发酵活菌饮料的进一步开发提供了技术参考。

, authors=张婉婷1, 王红红2, 董先校3, 严贵明1, 朱艳书4, 李相龙4, 孙立军1, 王玉堂1, *, authorsList=张婉婷, 王红红, 董先校, 严贵明, 朱艳书, 李相龙, 孙立军, 王玉堂, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王玉堂, authorNote=

张婉婷(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0001−9805−3420),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王玉堂(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
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张婉婷(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0001−9805−3420),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

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注:不同小写字母表示差异显著,P<0.05;图2~图6同。

, figureFileSmall=zbAFmL7BVr7iEJR+OZM8+A==, figureFileBig=hTUCDstu7ji4kk/09C9mdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166020510236792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Results of single factor experiments on fermentation process, figureFileSmall=c6vWQynA+YthNp/XKBg0xw==, figureFileBig=gZM5rd4ahW3vnK5D1w0Faw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166020568957049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=图2, caption=发酵工艺单因素实验结果, figureFileSmall=c6vWQynA+YthNp/XKBg0xw==, figureFileBig=gZM5rd4ahW3vnK5D1w0Faw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166020636065914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of pH (A) and viable cell counts (B) during the fermentation process, figureFileSmall=ANiAwPl2V1Yo3YwolqBo2g==, figureFileBig=td2z59gEM8r+D8/HvIHwgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166020698980475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=图3, caption=发酵过程中pH(A)、活菌数(B)的变化, figureFileSmall=ANiAwPl2V1Yo3YwolqBo2g==, figureFileBig=td2z59gEM8r+D8/HvIHwgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166020761895036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes of total sugar content (A) and reducing sugar content (B) during the fermentation process, figureFileSmall=ODVPlxgufaMIfBJnK6do3w==, figureFileBig=BFd87NvIh7E3qMvMoDHF9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166020837392509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=图4, caption=发酵过程中总糖含量(A)、还原糖含量(B)的变化, figureFileSmall=ODVPlxgufaMIfBJnK6do3w==, figureFileBig=BFd87NvIh7E3qMvMoDHF9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166020908695678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes of total phenols content (A) and total flavonoids content (B) during the fermentation process, figureFileSmall=LFaiHetMsKdHVabrgLuNkA==, figureFileBig=9TDg28vLIYYraDh+3FDa/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166020996776063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=图5, caption=发酵过程中总酚含量(A)、总黄酮含量(B)的变化, figureFileSmall=LFaiHetMsKdHVabrgLuNkA==, figureFileBig=9TDg28vLIYYraDh+3FDa/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166021068079232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Antioxidant activity before and after fermentation, figureFileSmall=MDpZNUPX8/bJ0ULxOw452Q==, figureFileBig=j7dMQMkOhGypKoR5Xc3IDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166021147771009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=图6, caption=发酵前后抗氧化活性, figureFileSmall=MDpZNUPX8/bJ0ULxOw452Q==, figureFileBig=j7dMQMkOhGypKoR5Xc3IDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166021223268482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Radar chart and PCA analysis of electronic nose response values to Cyperus esculentus L. meal before and after fermentation, figureFileSmall=2tGUbqtuGAMYMQDj30nZgw==, figureFileBig=tkSGWjxa92iOFmOWcnwCEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166021311348867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=图7, caption=电子鼻对发酵前后油莎豆粕响应值雷达图及PCA分析, figureFileSmall=2tGUbqtuGAMYMQDj30nZgw==, figureFileBig=tkSGWjxa92iOFmOWcnwCEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166021386846340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Orthogonal experimental design of the enzymatic hydrolysis process L9(34) factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A:加酶量(m/m,%)B:酶解时间(h)C:酶解温度(℃)D:pH
14.02.0504.5
24.52.5555.0
35.03.0605.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320166021462343813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

酶解工艺L9(34)正交试验因素水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A:加酶量(m/m,%)B:酶解时间(h)C:酶解温度(℃)D:pH
14.02.0504.5
24.52.5555.0
35.03.0605.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320166021529452678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Orthogonal experimental design of the fermentation process L9 (34) factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A:发酵温度
(℃)
B:发酵时间
(h)
C:固液比
(m/v)
D:菌种添加比例
(v/v,%)
135241:610
237301:812
339361:1014
), ArticleFig(id=1320166021592367239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

发酵工艺L9(34)正交试验因素水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A:发酵温度
(℃)
B:发酵时间
(h)
C:固液比
(m/v)
D:菌种添加比例
(v/v,%)
135241:610
237301:812
339361:1014
), ArticleFig(id=1320166021659476104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Performance of electronic nose sensors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器传感器响应特性
1W1C芳香成分
2W5S对氮氧化合物灵敏
3W3C对芳香族氨化合物灵敏,氨类
4W6S对氢气灵敏
5W5C烷烃芳香成分
6W1S对甲基类成分灵敏
7W1W对烯类和硫类化合物、有机化合物灵敏
8W2S对醇类成分灵敏
9W2W对有机硫化物和芳香成分灵敏
10W3S对甲基脂肪族化合物、烷烃类成分灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320166021734973577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

电子鼻传感器性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号传感器传感器响应特性
1W1C芳香成分
2W5S对氮氧化合物灵敏
3W3C对芳香族氨化合物灵敏,氨类
4W6S对氢气灵敏
5W5C烷烃芳香成分
6W1S对甲基类成分灵敏
7W1W对烯类和硫类化合物、有机化合物灵敏
8W2S对醇类成分灵敏
9W2W对有机硫化物和芳香成分灵敏
10W3S对甲基脂肪族化合物、烷烃类成分灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320166021810471050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of orthogonal experiments of enzymatic hydrolysis process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:纤维素酶添加
比例(m/m,%)
B:酶解时间
(h)
C:酶解温度
(℃)
D:pH还原糖含量
(g/L)
11(4)1(2)1(50)1(4.5)4.72±0.01
212(2.5)2(55)2(5.0)5.07±0.03
313(3)3(60)3(5.5)5.11±0.07
42(4.5)1234.92±0.03
522314.92±0.05
623124.99±0.02
73(5)1324.72±0.03
832134.89±0.01
933215.15±0.03
K114.9014.3614.6014.87
K214.8314.8715.1514.78
K314.7615.2614.7414.92
k14.974.794.874.96
k24.944.965.054.93
k34.925.094.914.97
R0.050.300.180.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320166021894357131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

酶解工艺正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:纤维素酶添加
比例(m/m,%)
B:酶解时间
(h)
C:酶解温度
(℃)
D:pH还原糖含量
(g/L)
11(4)1(2)1(50)1(4.5)4.72±0.01
212(2.5)2(55)2(5.0)5.07±0.03
313(3)3(60)3(5.5)5.11±0.07
42(4.5)1234.92±0.03
522314.92±0.05
623124.99±0.02
73(5)1324.72±0.03
832134.89±0.01
933215.15±0.03
K114.9014.3614.6014.87
K214.8314.8715.1514.78
K314.7615.2614.7414.92
k14.974.794.874.96
k24.944.965.054.93
k34.925.094.914.97
R0.050.300.180.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320166021995020428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of orthogonal experiments of fermentation process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:发酵
温度(℃)
B:发酵
时间(h)
C:固液比
(m/V)
D:菌种添加
比例(v/v,%)
活菌数
(×107 CFU/mL)
11(35)1(24)1(1:6)1(10)88.25±2.68
212(30)2(1:8)2(12)92.25±4.26
313(36)3(1:10)3(14)92.75±6.14
42(37)12396.25±5.67
52231100.33±9.10
62312108.75±2.49
73(39)13281.75±5.31
83213104.67±3.68
93321105.50±5.12
K1273.25266.25301.67294.08
K2305.33297.25294.00282.75
K3291.92307.00274.83293.67
k191.0888.75100.5698.03
k2101.7899.0898.0094.25
k397.31102.3391.6197.89
R10.7013.588.953.78
), ArticleFig(id=1320166022070517901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

发酵工艺正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A:发酵
温度(℃)
B:发酵
时间(h)
C:固液比
(m/V)
D:菌种添加
比例(v/v,%)
活菌数
(×107 CFU/mL)
11(35)1(24)1(1:6)1(10)88.25±2.68
212(30)2(1:8)2(12)92.25±4.26
313(36)3(1:10)3(14)92.75±6.14
42(37)12396.25±5.67
52231100.33±9.10
62312108.75±2.49
73(39)13281.75±5.31
83213104.67±3.68
93321105.50±5.12
K1273.25266.25301.67294.08
K2305.33297.25294.00282.75
K3291.92307.00274.83293.67
k191.0888.75100.5698.03
k2101.7899.0898.0094.25
k397.31102.3391.6197.89
R10.7013.588.953.78
), ArticleFig(id=1320166022133432462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Changes of physicochemical properties during the fermentation process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(h)脂肪(g/100 g)蛋白质(g/L)可溶性膳食纤维(g/L)
01.22±0.02a7.69±0.07a0.30±0.006f
61.18±0.02a7.32±0.02b0.33±0.007e
121.17±0.02ab6.87±0.04c0.35±0.013e
181.11±0.04bc6.18±0.08d0.43±0.009d
241.05±0.02cd5.11±0.03e0.47±0.013c
301.04±0.02d4.39±0.12f0.50±0.006b
361.03±0.01d4.24±0.11f0.53±0.013a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166022204735631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

发酵过程中的理化性质变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(h)脂肪(g/100 g)蛋白质(g/L)可溶性膳食纤维(g/L)
01.22±0.02a7.69±0.07a0.30±0.006f
61.18±0.02a7.32±0.02b0.33±0.007e
121.17±0.02ab6.87±0.04c0.35±0.013e
181.11±0.04bc6.18±0.08d0.43±0.009d
241.05±0.02cd5.11±0.03e0.47±0.013c
301.04±0.02d4.39±0.12f0.50±0.006b
361.03±0.01d4.24±0.11f0.53±0.013a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166022276038800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Content of volatile substances before and after fermentation of Cyperus esculentus L. meal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别化合物相对含量(%)
发酵前发酵后
酮类2,3-丁二酮−1.74±0.19
2-庚酮−1.93±0.36
2-壬酮−1.05±0.28
3-甲基-2-丁酮0.23±0.01−
3-羟基-2-丁酮0.88±0.23−
醇类乙醇0.82±0.051.24±0.16
2-甲基-1,5-庚二烯-4-醇−0.28±0.04
2,3-丁二醇0.21±0.030.35±0.07
正己醇0.37±0.040.32±0.03
1-庚醇−0.34±0.11
1-辛烯-3-醇0.35±0.020.49±0.09
2-乙基己醇−0.35±0.07
1-辛醇0.70±0.040.96±0.06
2-壬醇−0.30±0.01
1-壬醇2.56±0.373.60±1.02
异戊醇1.22±0.03−
酯类碳酸甲乙酯−3.78±0.58
乙酸异戊酯−1.12±0.17
5-乙酰基-2-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯4.22±0.183.81±0.25
山嵛酸甲酯0.41±0.020.25±0.01
乙酸苯乙酯−0.28±0.01
辛基癸酸酯−0.55±0.07
硅烷二醇二甲酯6.54±0.21−
15-羟基-7-氧代脱氢枞酸甲酯0.72±0.03−
琥珀酸-十五烷基4-叔丁基苯基酯6.09±0.73−
(3-壬酰氧基-2-辛酰氧基丙基)壬酸酯0.43±0.04−
酸类乙酸3.24±0.8015.78±1.24
L-乳酸−1.81±0.22
己酸−1.00±0.09
苯甲酸1.45±0.163.89±0.38
辛酸0.41±0.01−
烷烃类正己烷0.52±0.061.68±0.13
2,4-二甲基己烷0.56±0.010.87±0.05
1,5-二乙酰氧基戊烷−0.56±0.01
4,6-二甲基十二烷3.04±0.352.22±0.49
月桂烷0.62±0.130.39±0.10
1-碘二十烷−0.33±0.08
1-溴二十四烷0.47±0.144.47±0.71
5-甲基-5-丙基-壬烷−1.12±0.15
2,6,10-三甲基十三烷2.97±0.190.86±0.06
3,3,8-三甲基癸烷0.38±0.05−
1-碘十四烷0.44±0.08−
正二十一烷0.40±0.04−
十四烷0.28±0.05−
杂环芳香类甲氧基苯肟42.66±1.078.27±0.93
4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚−18.44±1.10
对二甲苯0.31±0.04−
2,4-二叔丁基酚−0.46±0.02
甲氧甲酚−1.86±0.13
右旋柠檬烯−0.33±0.06
醛类3-甲氧基丙醛−1.34±0.11
2,5-二羟基苯甲醛6.21±1.095.33±0.62
乙醛0.20±0.01−
异戊醛0.58±0.10−
2-甲基丁醛0.25±0.05−
2-(3,5-二甲基苯基)乙醛0.28±0.04−
壬醛1.31±0.19−
其他戊基四十三戊基醚−0.52±0.05
去甲西泮1.03±0.282.04±0.17
1,3-丙二醇,二十烷基乙醚0.63±0.06−
N1,N1,N4三(叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)琥珀酰胺3.19±0.002.07±0.16
), ArticleFig(id=1320166022355730577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166011786084388, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

油莎豆粕发酵前后挥发性成分含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别化合物相对含量(%)
发酵前发酵后
酮类2,3-丁二酮−1.74±0.19
2-庚酮−1.93±0.36
2-壬酮−1.05±0.28
3-甲基-2-丁酮0.23±0.01−
3-羟基-2-丁酮0.88±0.23−
醇类乙醇0.82±0.051.24±0.16
2-甲基-1,5-庚二烯-4-醇−0.28±0.04
2,3-丁二醇0.21±0.030.35±0.07
正己醇0.37±0.040.32±0.03
1-庚醇−0.34±0.11
1-辛烯-3-醇0.35±0.020.49±0.09
2-乙基己醇−0.35±0.07
1-辛醇0.70±0.040.96±0.06
2-壬醇−0.30±0.01
1-壬醇2.56±0.373.60±1.02
异戊醇1.22±0.03−
酯类碳酸甲乙酯−3.78±0.58
乙酸异戊酯−1.12±0.17
5-乙酰基-2-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯4.22±0.183.81±0.25
山嵛酸甲酯0.41±0.020.25±0.01
乙酸苯乙酯−0.28±0.01
辛基癸酸酯−0.55±0.07
硅烷二醇二甲酯6.54±0.21−
15-羟基-7-氧代脱氢枞酸甲酯0.72±0.03−
琥珀酸-十五烷基4-叔丁基苯基酯6.09±0.73−
(3-壬酰氧基-2-辛酰氧基丙基)壬酸酯0.43±0.04−
酸类乙酸3.24±0.8015.78±1.24
L-乳酸−1.81±0.22
己酸−1.00±0.09
苯甲酸1.45±0.163.89±0.38
辛酸0.41±0.01−
烷烃类正己烷0.52±0.061.68±0.13
2,4-二甲基己烷0.56±0.010.87±0.05
1,5-二乙酰氧基戊烷−0.56±0.01
4,6-二甲基十二烷3.04±0.352.22±0.49
月桂烷0.62±0.130.39±0.10
1-碘二十烷−0.33±0.08
1-溴二十四烷0.47±0.144.47±0.71
5-甲基-5-丙基-壬烷−1.12±0.15
2,6,10-三甲基十三烷2.97±0.190.86±0.06
3,3,8-三甲基癸烷0.38±0.05−
1-碘十四烷0.44±0.08−
正二十一烷0.40±0.04−
十四烷0.28±0.05−
杂环芳香类甲氧基苯肟42.66±1.078.27±0.93
4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚−18.44±1.10
对二甲苯0.31±0.04−
2,4-二叔丁基酚−0.46±0.02
甲氧甲酚−1.86±0.13
右旋柠檬烯−0.33±0.06
醛类3-甲氧基丙醛−1.34±0.11
2,5-二羟基苯甲醛6.21±1.095.33±0.62
乙醛0.20±0.01−
异戊醛0.58±0.10−
2-甲基丁醛0.25±0.05−
2-(3,5-二甲基苯基)乙醛0.28±0.04−
壬醛1.31±0.19−
其他戊基四十三戊基醚−0.52±0.05
去甲西泮1.03±0.282.04±0.17
1,3-丙二醇,二十烷基乙醚0.63±0.06−
N1,N1,N4三(叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)琥珀酰胺3.19±0.002.07±0.16
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酶解联合发酵对油莎豆粕饮料营养品质及风味特性的影响
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张婉婷 1 , 王红红 2 , 董先校 3 , 严贵明 1 , 朱艳书 4 , 李相龙 4 , 孙立军 1 , 王玉堂 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(14): 167-178
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (14) : 167 -178
酶解联合发酵对油莎豆粕饮料营养品质及风味特性的影响
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张婉婷1 , 王红红2, 董先校3, 严贵明1, 朱艳书4, 李相龙4, 孙立军1, 王玉堂1, *
作者信息
  • 1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 2内蒙古蒙牛乳业(集团)股份有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 010000
  • 3西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 4叶河金枫农业科技(新疆)有限公司,新疆喀什 844799
通讯作者:
王玉堂(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张婉婷(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0001−9805−3420),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Impact of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Combined with Fermentation on the Nutritional Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Cyperus esculentus L. Meal Beverage
Wanting ZHANG1 , Honghong WANG2, Xianxiao DONG3, Guiming YAN1, Yanshu ZHU4, Xianglong LI4, Lijun SUN1, Yutang WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Limited by Share Ltd., Hohhot 010000, China
  • 3College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 4Yehe Jinfeng Agricultural Technology (Xinjiang) Co., Ltd., Kashi 844799, China)
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060122
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为改善油莎豆粕品质,丰富油莎豆产品种类并促进油莎豆产业多级利用,本研究以榨油后所得油莎豆粕为原料,采用酶解联合发酵工艺研制油莎豆粕活菌饮料,同时对其品质性质进行评价。首先分别以还原糖含量、饮料活菌数为指标,采取单因素及正交试验确定酶解、发酵工艺最优条件;测定其发酵过程中理化性质、抗氧化活性及挥发性物质组成的变化。结果表明,最佳酶解工艺为纤维素酶添加量4%、酶解时间3 h、酶解温度55 ℃、pH5.5,通过验证实验,在此工艺条件下所得样品还原糖含量为5.17 g/L;最佳发酵条件为发酵温度37 ℃、发酵时间36 h、固液比1:6、菌液添加量10%,通过验证实验,以最优方案发酵所得样品种活菌数为1.10×109 CFU/mL;乳酸菌发酵降低了饮料pH、总糖含量及脂肪含量,显著提高了饮料可溶性膳食纤维含量、总酚、总黄酮含量及还原糖含量(P<0.05);发酵后相较于发酵前,其抗氧化活性显著增强(P<0.05);发酵前后的风味物质成分差异较大,发酵后氮氧化物、硫化物和甲基类化合物含量明显升高;同时发酵赋予了饮料乳酸菌发酵特有的风味。酶解联合发酵工艺显著改善了油莎豆粕风味并提高其营养特性,为饮料研制奠定基础。本研究为植物基发酵活菌饮料的进一步开发提供了技术参考。

油莎豆粕  /  酶解  /  发酵  /  风味物质  /  营养品质  /  饮料

To enhance the quality of Cyperus esculentus L. and diversify its product range while promoting multi-level utilization within its industry, Cyperus esculentus L. meal obtained post-oil extraction was employed as the raw material to develop a probiotic beverage via enzymatic hydrolysis coupled with fermentation. The beverage's quality characteristics were subsequently evaluated. Initially, optimal enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation conditions were determined based on reducing sugar content and viable probiotic counts as indicators, employing single-factor and orthogonal experimental designs. Changes in physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and volatile compound composition during fermentation were monitored. The results indicated that the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis parameters were a cellulase concentration of 4%, a hydrolysis time of 3 hours, a temperature of 55 ℃, and a pH of 5.5. A subsequent verification experiment yielded a reducing sugar content of 5.17 g/L under these optimal conditions. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined to be a temperature of 37 ℃, a duration of 36 hours, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:6 (w/v), and an inoculum size of 10% (v/v). A validation experiment using this optimal protocol resulted in a final viable probiotic count of 1.10×109 CFU/mL. Lactic acid fermentation significantly decreased the beverage's pH, total sugar content, and fat content, while markedly increasing soluble dietary fiber content, total phenols, total flavonoids, and reducing sugar content (P<0.05). Consequently, antioxidant activity was significantly enhanced post-fermentation compared to pre-fermentation levels (P<0.05). Noticeable difference was observed in the volatile compound composition between the pre-fermentation and post-fermentation stages. The levels of nitrogen oxides, sulfides, and methyl compounds demonstrated a clear elevation after fermentation, the fermentation process contributed the distinctive flavor profile that was typical of lactic acid bacterial fermentation. The enzymatic hydrolysis coupled with fermentation process significantly improved the flavor profile of Cyperus esculentus L. meal and enhanced its nutritional properties, providing technical reference for the development of novel plant-based probiotic beverages.

Cyperus esculentus L. meal  /  enzymatic hydrolysis  /  fermentation  /  flavor compounds  /  nutritional quality  /  beverage
张婉婷, 王红红, 董先校, 严贵明, 朱艳书, 李相龙, 孙立军, 王玉堂. 酶解联合发酵对油莎豆粕饮料营养品质及风味特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 167 -178 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060122
Wanting ZHANG, Honghong WANG, Xianxiao DONG, Guiming YAN, Yanshu ZHU, Xianglong LI, Lijun SUN, Yutang WANG. Impact of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Combined with Fermentation on the Nutritional Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Cyperus esculentus L. Meal Beverage[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 167 -178 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060122
油莎豆,原产于非洲,属于莎草科莎草属的多年生草本植物,是热带到温带地区营养最丰富的坚果之一,又称人参豆、老虎豆、铁荸荠、地下板栗、地下核桃等[1]。油莎豆块茎生长于地下,呈圆形或椭圆形豆状,略小于花生,无硬壳,难去皮,可生吃或熟食。油莎豆营养价值高,不同地方、不同品种的油莎豆营养成分存在明显差异,但通常均富含脂肪(18.71%~26.71%)、淀粉(20%~25%)、可溶性糖含量(15%~25%)、蛋白质(4.66%~8.46%)、膳食纤维(6.64%~11.00%)等[2]。此外,油莎豆包含多种具有药用价值的活性成分,比如:萜类、生物碱、酚类、蒽醌、甾醇,丹宁、黄酮等,据报道,油莎豆具有降血压、杀菌、抗氧化及抑制肿瘤等功效[3]。国家卫生健康委员会于2023年将油莎豆列为新食品原料,其具备广阔应用前景。
油莎豆粕作为榨油后所得副产物,因其纤维素含量高,难以用作食品原料大规模生产发展,多用作动物饲料。目前的利用方式不仅存在巨大的资源浪费,还使得油莎豆的精深加工产品少、产业附加值低。利用纤维素酶解可以有效解决因粗纤维含量高影响加工的问题,同时可有效提高原料的利用率,促进原料中生物活性物质的释放[4]。目前,乳酸菌发酵植物基饮料已被证实可有效改善饮料风味,并增加食物营养品质和功能效用,在发酵过程中,乳酸菌能够产生抑菌素、多肽类、有机酸等物质,提高营养价值[5]。乳酸菌可维护肠道微生态平衡,抑制有害菌生长,促进消化,减少腹泻和便秘等问题。目前,围绕油莎豆饮料的研究主要集中于研制单一或复合型油莎豆饮料,如杨鹭生等[6]通过工艺优化研制了一款以油莎豆和枸杞为主要原料的保健饮料;尹俊涛等[7]利用油莎豆和红枣研制出油莎豆复合饮料并进行了质量评价;Mtam等[8]利用油莎豆和洛神花制备了油莎豆复合饮料,对其营养品质和抗氧化性进行测定,而利用酶解及发酵技术研制活菌性油莎豆饮料的研究较少。杨欣等[9]使用淀粉酶和果胶酶对葛根酶解后接种乳酸菌发酵,制得葛根乳酸菌饮料,有效增加了其品质及功能特性。马凯迪等[10]利用酶解联合发酵处理有效改善了牛蒡根的不良风味,有利于后续以牛蒡根原料的食品开发研究。而目前还未有油莎豆粕相关研究报道,基于此,本研究采用酶解工艺有效释放出油莎豆粕中的活性成分后,使用乳酸菌发酵法改善油莎豆粕营养品质及风味特性,提高其生物利用度,研制油莎豆粕发酵饮料,同时分析发酵过程中油莎豆粕的营养品质及风味特性的变化,为后续油莎豆粕的精深加工提供理论依据。
冷榨油莎豆粕 叶河金枫农业科技(新疆)有限公司;保加利亚乳杆菌(1×107 CFU/mg)、嗜热链球菌(1×107 CFU/mg) 陕西荣林生物科技有限公司;食品级纤维素酶(50 U/mg) 睢县甘淳商贸有限公司;牛血清白蛋白、考马斯亮蓝G250、α-淀粉酶(20 U/mL)、木瓜蛋白酶(10 U/mg)、淀粉葡萄糖苷酶(100 U/mg)、DNS试剂 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;MRS琼脂培养基 北京奥博星公司;1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH) 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;2,2’-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐(2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;芦丁、福林酚试剂(1 mol/L) 分析纯,国药化学试剂有限公司;苯酚、硫酸、甲醇 分析纯,天津致远化学试剂有限公司。
DNP-9022培养箱 上海精宏实验设备有限公司;pHS-3C便携式pH计 上海雷磁仪器厂;UV2550紫外分光光度计 日本岛津制作所;Spark酶标仪 奥地利Tecan Austria GmbH公司;BP211D电子天平 德国Startorius公司;PEN3电子鼻 德国Airsense公司;GCMS-QP2010 Ultra气相色谱-质谱联用仪 日本岛津制作所;50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头 美国Agilent公司。
将榨油后所得油莎豆粕预处理破碎,后使用多功能粉碎机进行粉碎,依次过50、80目筛,将过筛后的豆粕粉于37 ℃烘箱内烘干48 h,收集干燥的油莎豆粕粉。将干燥豆粕粉和饮用水按照1:5(m/v)混合,向其中加入纤维素酶,调至最适pH,搅拌均匀后在一定温度下水浴酶解,将所得的酶解液于沸水中煮2 min进行灭酶处理。随后使用胶体磨细磨5 min,使用200目滤布过滤,进行巴氏杀菌备用。发酵前对乳酸菌进行活化,将嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌等比例(1:1)混合后,加入一定量的无菌水,在37 ℃条件下活化5 h,然后将活化后的菌液稀释到1×108 CFU/mL备用。待酶解液温度冷却至37 ℃左右,按比例接种菌液,在37 ℃培养箱中进行发酵。
酶解工艺优化:以酶解后的还原糖含量为指标,考察影响油莎豆粕酶解的因素。固定酶解温度45 ℃、酶解时间2.0 h、酶解pH5.0,选择纤维素酶添加比例分别为2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0(m/m,%)进行实验;固定纤维素酶添加比例4.0(m/m,%)、酶解温度45 ℃、pH5.0,设置酶解时间分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 h进行实验;固定纤维素酶添加比例4.0(m/m,%)、酶解时间2.0 h、酶解pH5.0,设置不同酶解温度35、40、45、50、55、60 ℃进行实验;固定纤维素酶添加比例4.0(m/m,%)、酶解时间2.0 h及酶解温度45 ℃,选择3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0、5.5、6.0不同的pH梯度进行单因素实验。以上每个变量设置6个不同水平进行单因素实验[11]。在单因素实验基础上,设计正交试验对上述工艺进行优化,因素水平见表1。
发酵工艺优化:以活菌数为指标,考察影响发酵工艺的因素。固定发酵时间30 h、固液比1:8、菌种添加比例8(v/v,%),选择发酵温度为33、35、37、39、41、43 ℃进行实验;固定发酵温度35 ℃、固液比1:8、菌种添加比例8%,设置发酵时间分别为6、12、18、24、30、36 h进行实验;固定发酵温度35 ℃、发酵时间30 h、菌种添加比例8(v/v,%),选择6种固液比为1:6、1:8、1:10、1:12、1:14、1:16(m/v)进行实验;固定发酵温度35 ℃、发酵时间30 h、固液比1:8,按4、6、8、10、12、14(v/v,%)的菌种添加比例进行混合发酵。考察以上四个变量对油莎豆粕发酵饮料的影响,每个变量设置六个不同水平进行单因素实验,结合正交试验对上述工艺进行优化,因素水平见表2。
还原糖含量参考Du等[12]的方法稍作修改。将样品适度稀释,然后在6000 r/min下离心15 min后取上清液1.0 mL于试管中加入2.0 mL DNS溶液,混合均匀后于沸水浴中加热反应3 min,测定其在540 nm处吸光度,代入标准曲线y=2.6487x+0.0361,R2=0.9927,得到样品还原糖含量。
参考刘志忠等[13]的方法,初步估计发酵液中的乳酸菌数量,将发酵液按梯度依次稀释至合适浓度。选择3个连续适宜的浓度梯度,每个梯度吸取1 mL均匀的样品溶液至无菌培养皿中,倒入适量灭菌冷却后的培养基并混匀,培养皿于37 ℃培养箱内培养72 h,最后进行计数统计。
使用pH计测定pH。
根据GB 5009.6-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》进行脂肪含量测定。
发酵过程中的蛋白质含量参考万丹娜[14]的方法并稍作修改,采用考马斯亮蓝法进行测定。精密称取定量的牛血清白蛋白,加水稀释,制得0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6 mg/mL的牛血清白蛋白标准溶液,取上述溶液0.1 mL,分别加入5 mL考马斯亮蓝染色液,以蒸馏水组作为对照,混匀后于30 min内测定其在595 nm处的吸光度,制得标准曲线y=0.415x+0.0085,R2=0.9947;样品的测定:将样品溶液离心,取上清液适度稀释,按上述操作方法得到样品中蛋白质含量。
参考全文彬等[15]的方法,基于AOAC酶重量法测定。准确量取200 mL样品,加入0.25 mL α-淀粉酶在95 ℃下搅拌反应35 min。取出冷却至45 ℃后加入0.5 mL木瓜蛋白酶并继续搅拌30 min,用1 mol/L HCl溶液调节pH至4.2~4.6,边搅拌边加入0.5 mL淀粉葡萄糖苷酶并在55 ℃下继续反应30 min,以6000 r/min离心15 min,取其上清液,水洗三次收集上清液,向上清液中加入4倍体积的95%乙醇沉淀12 h,再次以上述离心条件离心后弃去上清液得到SDF。SDF含量计算见式(1):
$ \rm{\mathrm{SDF}}含量(\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L})=(\mathrm{m}1/\mathrm{v})\times1000 $
式中:m1为提取得到的SDF质量(g);v为样品体积(mL)。
总糖含量采用苯酚-硫酸法测定,参考黄馨阅等[16]的方法稍作修改,将样品稀释适宜的倍数,于6000 r/min条件下离心15 min,取上清液2.0 mL于试管中,分别加入1.0 mL 6%的苯酚及5.0 mL浓硫酸,混合均匀后避光静置20 min,于490 nm处测定其吸光度,代入标准曲线y=0.0073x+0.0008,R2=0.9991计算样品总糖含量。
总酚含量的测定参考Dominguez-López等[17]的方法,采用福林酚比色法测定发酵过程中总酚含量的变化。
总黄酮的测定依据王迎等[18]的方法,并稍作修改。将样品在6000 r/min下离心15 min,然后取上清液稀释至合适倍数,吸取上清液5 mL于试管中,加入0.3 mL 5% NaNO2溶液,摇匀静置6 min,加入5% Al(NO3)3溶液0.3 mL,摇匀静置6 min,加入4% NaOH溶液5 mL,0.4 mL 30%的乙醇溶液,混匀后静置15 min,测定在510 nm处的吸光度。以芦丁为标准品绘制标准曲线,代入标准曲线y=0.0008x-0.0028,R2=0.9991计算总黄酮的含量。
参考张婷阳等[19]的方法并稍作修改,使用无水乙醇配制浓度为20 mmol/L的DPPH溶液,发酵液离心后取上清液,将其浓度稀释2倍。取稀释后发酵液1 mL与2 mL DPPH溶液混匀后室温条件避光反应30 min,测定517 nm下的吸光度,重复三次。DPPH自由基清除率按式(2)计算:
$\rm \text{DPPH自由基清除率}(\text{%}) =\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{Ai}-\text{Aj}}{\text{Ac}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:Ai为样品液+DPPH溶液的吸光度;Aj为样品液+无水乙醇的吸光度;Ac为无水乙醇+DPPH溶液的吸光度。
根据Zhang等[20]的方法并稍作修改。将7 mmol/L的ABTS溶液与2.45 mmol/L的过硫酸钾溶液等体积混合均匀,避光放置12~16 h后备用。用甲醇稀释上述溶液直至其在734 nm处吸光度为0.7±0.02。发酵液在6000 r/min离心15 min后取上清液,将浓度稀释2倍。将稀释后发酵液0.5 mL与4 mL ABTS工作液混合,于室温条件下避光反应10 min,在734 nm处测定其吸光度。ABTS+自由基清除率按式(3)计算:
$ \text{ABTS}^+\text{自由基清除率}( \text{%} ) =\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{A}1-\mathrm{A}2}{\mathrm{A}0}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A1为样品液+ABTS溶液吸光度;A2为样品液+甲醇吸光度;A0为甲醇+ABTS溶液吸光度。
利用PEN3型电子鼻对发酵前后发酵液中的香气成分进行初步分析(表3)。将发酵前后的样品液各取10 mL装入气体顶空样品密封瓶,在室温下平衡富集10 min后顶空取样。测试前将电子鼻开机预热30 min,设定参数为:采集时间60 s,数据采集延迟时间300 s,每个样品平行测定10次。
采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对样品发酵前后的风味物质进行检测[21]。顶空条件:将发酵前后的样品液各取5 mL装入气体顶空样品密封瓶,各加入1.5 g NaCl促进挥发性物质散出,加盖密封后于室温保温平衡20 min。色谱条件:色谱柱为DB-1(60 mm×0.25 mm×0.25 μm);载气为高纯度氦气,流速为1.2 mL/min,采用不分流模式;进样口温度为250 ℃,初始温度为40 ℃,以2 ℃/min速率升至160 ℃,保温3 min,以8 ℃/min速率升至240 ℃,保温8 min。质谱条件:离子源为EI源,离子源温度为230 ℃,四极杆温度为150 ℃,MS传输线温度为280 ℃,采用全扫描模式采集信号,电离方式为EI,电子轰击电离能量为70 eV,扫描质量范围为35~400 amu。
通过与NIST数据库对比,保留SI≥85的挥发性化合物并使用峰面积归一法按式(4)计算风味物质的相对含量。
$ \text{风味物质的相对含量}( \text{%} ) =\frac{\text{单一组分峰面积}}{\text{所有组分总峰面积}}\times 100 $
每组实验重复三次,结果表示为平均值±标准差。使用SPSS 20对数据进行ANOVA分析,并进行多重比较,P<0.05为差异显著,具有统计学意义。使用Origin 2021进行图形绘制,使用GraphPad Prism 9.4进行曲线拟合。
在酶解工艺中,纤维素酶添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度及pH是主要的影响因素,以酶解后样品的还原糖含量为指标,根据单因素实验分析选用三个较优水平设计正交试验,根据图1A可知,在相同条件下,还原糖含量随纤维素酶添加比例的增加而增大,其中纤维素酶添加量为5%时为最优,所得样品还原糖含量为4.87 g/L,当纤维素酶达到4%以后趋于平稳,可能是由于纤维素酶添加饱和,因此纤维素酶添加量设置为4%、4.5%、5%;由图1B可知,在相同条件下,酶解后样品中还原糖含量随酶解时间的增加而增加,其中酶解时间为3 h时最优,所得样品还原糖含量为4.99 g/L,当酶解时间达到2 h时,溶液中的纤维素基本上被分解完全,基于此选用酶解时间为2、2.5、3 h进行后续优化;根据图1C可知,在相同条件下,随酶解温度的升高样品中还原糖含量先升高再降低,可能是由于酶解温度过高影响酶活力,当酶解温度为55 ℃时最优,所得样品还原糖含量为5.04 g/L,因此选用酶解温度为50、55、60 ℃三个较优水平;由图1D得,控制其他条件不变,样品中还原糖含量随pH先升高再降低,当pH为5.0时最优,所得样品还原糖含量为4.79 g/L,由结果可知,纤维素酶的最适pH在4.5~5.5之间,因此选用pH4.5、5.0、5.5为三个较优水平。
根据以上单因素实验结果设计L9(34)正交试验,实验样品测定结果见表4。根据实验结果可知,以上四因素对于酶解工艺的影响力排序为:酶解时间>酶解温度>纤维素酶添加比例>pH,最佳酶解工艺为:纤维素酶添加量4%,酶解时间3 h,酶解温度55 ℃,pH为5.5。通过验证实验,在此工艺条件下所得样品的还原糖含量为5.17 g/L。
根据图2A可知,在相同条件下,随发酵温度的升高样品中活菌数先升高再降低,当发酵温度为37 ℃时最优,所得样品活菌数为1.06×109 CFU/mL,因此选用发酵温度35、37、39 ℃为三个较优水平;根据图2B可知,在相同条件下,发酵后样品中活菌数随发酵时间的增加而增加,其中发酵时间为36 h时最优,所得样品活菌数为1.03×109 CFU/mL,选用发酵时间为24、30、36 h三个较优水平;根据图2C可知,控制其他条件不变,固液比从1:6到1:14不等,结果显示活菌数随固液比的增加而下降,其中固液比为1:6时为最优,所得样品活菌数为1.04×109 CFU/mL,固液比选用1:6、1:8、1:10三个较优水平;由图2D得,控制其他条件不变,样品中活菌数随菌种添加比例的升高而升高,当添加量为14%时最优,所得样品活菌数为9.8×108 CFU/mL,选用菌种添加比例量为10%、12%、14%三个较优水平。
根据以上单因素实验结果设计L9(34)正交试验,实验样品测定结果见表5。根据实验结果,以上四因素对发酵工艺影响力排序为:发酵时间>发酵温度>固液比>菌种添加比例,最佳发酵工艺为:发酵温度37 ℃、发酵时间36 h、固液比为1:6、菌种添加比例为10(v/v,%)。通过验证实验,以最优方案发酵所得样品中活菌数为1.10×109 CFU/mL。
以正交试验中的最优发酵工艺进行发酵处理,即发酵温度37 ℃、固液比为1:6、菌种添加比例为10(v/v,%)。由图3可知,随着发酵时间的增长,pH呈现显著下降趋势(P<0.05),从初始的约5.90下降至3.74,这一变化表明发酵过程中酸性物质的积累,主要是由于乳酸菌代谢产生乳酸所致[22]。乳酸菌在发酵过程中,会利用葡萄糖等碳水化合物作为发酵底物,产生乳酸、乙酸、丙酸以及其他如乳酸酸酐和乳酸内酯等酸性代谢物[23],造成发酵液的pH不断降低。与此同时,活菌数在发酵初期0~6 h相对较低,属于适应期,随后随着时间的推移,活菌数显著上升(P<0.05),尤其在12~18 h期间,达到高峰,乳酸菌完全适应了新环境,数量指数级增长,充分利用了发酵液中的营养,产生乳酸等代谢产物[24]。最后的30~36 h由于营养物质基本耗尽和大量积累的乳酸会抑制其生长,所以乳酸菌繁殖速度减慢,曲线逐渐趋于平缓。这一现象也推断出了乳酸菌在发酵过程中的生长周期,与发酵过程中pH的变化相对应[25]。
发酵过程中的主要基础成分分析见表6。随着发酵时间的增加,脂肪含量及蛋白质含量均显著降低(P<0.05),而可溶性膳食纤维含量增加。在发酵过程中,脂肪含量缓慢下降并趋于平缓,由初始1.22±0.02 g/100 g降至发酵后1.03±0.01 g/100 g,其小幅度下降可能是发酵过程中乳酸菌对脂质的降解或转化,乳酸菌通过异源代谢途径利用脂肪作为底物产生乳酸造成的[26]。蛋白质含量在前30 h下降迅速,最后的30~36 h趋于平缓,蛋白质含量由7.69 g/L(0 h)下降至4.24 g/L,这是由于在发酵过程中,乳酸菌可能利用蛋白质作为氮源进行生长和代谢,导致蛋白质含量降低。此外,部分乳酸菌具有蛋白酶的活性,蛋白质可能在酶作用下发生水解,生成多肽或氨基酸,导致含量下降[27]。SDF含量的上升可能是乳酸菌发酵转化不溶性膳食纤维造成的,促使发酵液中的可溶性膳食纤维含量不断升高。
在发酵过程中,总糖含量的变化趋势如图4(A)所示,整体呈现持续下降的趋势。在0~36 h中,总糖含量由发酵开始时的48.49 g/L显著下降至30.71 g/L,变化具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在24~36 h期间,总糖含量则小幅下降。此现象的发生主要归因于乳酸菌的大量增殖,它们利用发酵液中的糖作为底物以满足自身的生长及代谢需求。同时,在此过程中,会生成乳酸、醋酸及乙醇等代谢产物,导致糖分的消耗,从而使其含量降低[28]。此外,乳酸的积累会引致发酵液pH降低,较低的pH环境亦可能促使糖类的部分分解。
发酵液中还原糖含量的变化趋势如图4(B)所示。在0~6 h内,还原糖含量从8.26 g/L微幅下降至8.01 g/L(P<0.05)。然而,在6~30 h期间,还原糖含量显著上升,并在30 h达到最大值12.71 g/L,随后又下降至11.49 g/L。发酵初期,乳酸菌处于适应与生长阶段,其对还原糖的消耗速率较快,导致还原糖含量减少。在6~30 h期间,乳酸菌对发酵液中淀粉和膳食纤维等多糖类物质的分解促进了大量还原糖的生成,从而使还原糖含量逐渐上升,最终由于产生的还原糖被乳酸菌大量利用,导致其含量再次下降。
多酚、黄酮类物质作为食物中重要的活性物质,其具有抗炎、抗氧化、预防心血管疾病等功能,酚类物质也显著影响食物的色泽风味组成[29]。如图5所示,发酵过程中总酚及总黄酮含量变化呈现显著升高的趋势(P<0.05),在发酵开始时,总酚含量为191.34 mg/L,而发酵结束时则上升至266.14 mg/L;总黄酮的含量变化与总酚含量变化相似,从162.5 mg/L增加至188.75 mg/L。这可能是由于在乳酸菌发酵过程中,结合在油莎豆粕中的酚类和黄酮类物质得以释放并游离,从而导致发酵液中总酚及总黄酮含量的提升[30]。在此过程中,部分酶被激活,从而使豆粕中的酚类和黄酮类物质被降解或转化为更易溶解的形式。此外,发酵过程中产生的乳酸等有机酸能够降低发酵液的pH,使部分酚类和黄酮类物质更易溶解且不易降解,从而使其总含量有所增加[31]。
本研究通过DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除活性实验,探讨油莎豆粕发酵液在发酵前后抗氧化能力的变化。结果如图6所示,发酵前后的样品在所测定浓度下均展现出较强的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力。与发酵前相比,发酵后的发酵液对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基清除率分别提高了5.71%、5.30%。上述结果表明,发酵显著提升了样品的抗氧化能力,其中,抗氧化活性主要来自于多酚和黄酮类化合物,与前面研究中发酵使得溶液中的多酚、黄酮类化合物含量升高趋势一致,因此这是导致发酵后相较于发酵前抗氧化活性增强的一个重要原因[32]。此外,在发酵过程中乳酸菌会产生一些具有抗氧化活性的酶,如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶等,减少氧化损伤[33]。
电子鼻分析雷达图如图7所示,发酵后W5S、W1S、W1W和W2S传感器的响应值明显高于其他6种传感器,这表明发酵后油莎豆粕的挥发性成分中氮氧化物、甲基类化合物、硫化物以及醇类物质的相对含量高于其他成分。其中氮氧化物和硫化物含量升高最明显,这可能与发酵过程中蛋白质、氨基酸等的分解有关。此外,W1S和W2S的响应值也明显上升,这说明乳酸菌发酵过程中还产生了少量的醇类物质和甲基类化合物,使得发酵液的风味更为丰富[34]。
电子鼻检测结果的PCA分析结果如图7所示,PC1和PC2分别占78.6%和12.4%,前两个主成分的方差之和达到了91%,这表明其可以解释数据集的总方差。从图7中可以发现,两个样本的分组十分明显,不存在交集,这说明发酵前后油莎豆粕的挥发性物质存在明显差异,这可能是乳酸发酵过程中产生的大量风味物质造成的。
使用SPME-GC-MS分析油莎豆粕发酵前后的挥发性物质,GC-MS检测结果经过标准谱NIST检索后,保留SI>85的结果。检测出的挥发性化合物及相对含量见表7。由结果可以看出,发酵前后的风味物质成分差异较大,主要的风味物质也发生了一定的改变。发酵前的油莎豆粕中共检测出39种挥发性物质,其中包括酮类2种、醇类7种、酯类6种、酸类3种、烷烃类10种、杂环芳香类2种、醛类6种以及其他化合物3种,其中相对含量最高的是杂环芳香类(43.25%),其次是酯类(18.41%)、烷烃类(9.68%)、醛类(8.83%)、醇类(6.23%)和酸类(5.10%)。其中含量最高的化合物是甲氧基苯肟,甲氧基苯肟在微滤巴氏杀菌奶中也是最主要的挥发性有机化合物,其可能是在高热处理或者均质的过程中,酮或醛与含氮还原剂在弱酸性介质中反应形成的[35],其含量高的主要原因可能是发酵前所进行了巴氏灭菌以及均质等操作工艺。
在发酵后的油莎豆粕中共检测出42种挥发性风味物质,其中酮类3种、醇类10种、酯类6种、酸类4种、烷烃类9种、杂环芳香类5种、醛类2种以及其他化合物3种。其中含量最高的是4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚,其后分别是乙酸以及甲氧基苯肟。4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚作为发酵后新产生的风味物质,其具有特殊的香味,常作为食品添加剂或者香料,产生途径可能与乳酸杆菌的发酵过程有关[36],乳酸菌发酵过程中明显提升了乙酸、己酸及苯甲酸等酸类物质的含量。而甲氧基苯肟含量的大幅度降低,说明其在发酵过程中不稳定,部分分解成了其他的物质。
本研究首先对油莎豆粕的酶解、发酵工艺进行了优化,确定出最佳酶解条件为:酶解时间3.0 h、酶解温度55 ℃、纤维素酶添加比例4%、酶解pH5.5,酶水解可以产生更多的还原糖,有利于后续的发酵过程。利用乳酸菌发酵明显改善了油莎豆粕的理化性质,提高了其活性物质含量,如还原糖、多酚等;相较于发酵前,发酵后其抗氧化活性显著增强;电子鼻和SPME-GC-MS分析发现,发酵后与发酵前相比,风味物质成分差异较大,发酵后氮氧化物、硫化物和甲基类化合物含量显明显增加,并且发酵降低了由于巴氏灭菌增加的甲氧基苯肟的含量,增加了由乳酸菌发酵产生的乙酸、己酸及苯甲酸等酸类物质及具有特殊香气的4-乙基-2-甲氧基苯酚含量。综上所述,酶解联合混合乳酸菌发酵处理不仅改变了油莎豆粕的化学成分,还在显著提升其营养价值、抗氧化活性的同时,改善了其风味特性,最终调配后所得的油莎豆粕发酵饮料感官性质良好,具备商品化潜力。本研究为研制植物基副产物发酵饮料提供了理论指导,有助于促进进一步开发油莎豆副产物产品,并研究其深入功能潜力。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060122
  • 接收时间:2025-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-11
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    1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
    2内蒙古蒙牛乳业(集团)股份有限公司,内蒙古呼和浩特 010000
    3西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院,陕西杨凌 712100
    4叶河金枫农业科技(新疆)有限公司,新疆喀什 844799

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王玉堂(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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