Article(id=1320882528924319996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060120, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749571200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852535705, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852535705, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852535705, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852535705, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=256, endPage=264, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882529163395325, articleId=1320882528924319996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Extraction of β-Glucan from Highland Barley Distillers' Grains and Its Effect on Yogurt Quality, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Highland barley distillers' grains (HBDG), a major by-product of highland barley wine production, contain β-glucan as one of its principal bioactive components. To promote resource efficiency and fully exploit the potential value of HBDG, this study utilized HBDG as raw material to optimize the extraction process of β-glucan using ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and systematically evaluated its effects as a functional additive on yogurt quality. Initially, the effects of ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, extraction temperature, pH, and liquid-to-solid ratio on β-glucan extraction yield were systematically investigated to determine the optimal extraction parameters, with extraction yield serving as the indicator. Subsequently, the extracted β-glucan was incorporated into fermented milk at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1.0% (w/v). Its effects on yogurt acidity, pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), textural properties, viscosity, rheological characteristics, microstructure, and sensory attributes were determined. The results indicated that the optimal extraction conditions for β-glucan from HBDG were: Ultrasonic power 256 W, ultrasonic time 10 min, extraction temperature 75 ℃, pH9.1, and liquid-to-solid ratio 10:1 mL/g. Under these conditions, the extraction yield reached 50.76%±0.63%. Regarding yogurt quality, increasing the β-glucan addition level significantly increased the pH, WHC, and viscosity (P<0.05), while significantly decreasing the acidity (P<0.05). Notably, yogurt supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) β-glucan exhibited superior textural properties and higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G''), indicating improved viscoelasticity. This formulation also achieved the highest sensory score. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that β-glucan addition promoted aggregation between casein micelles. In conclusion, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction is an efficient method for isolating β-glucan from HBDG. Incorporating this β-glucan into yogurt at a concentration of 0.5% effectively enhances product texture, rheological properties, and microstructure while improving sensory quality. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and technical pathway for the high-value utilization of HBDG resources and the development of functional dairy products.

, authors=Yiquan ZHANG1, *, Qifan DANG1, Ying YU2, Qian LÜ1, Qian LIU1, authorsList=Yiquan ZHANG, Qifan DANG, Ying YU, Qian LÜ, Qian LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yiquan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882533349310740, articleId=1320882528924319996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取及其对酸奶品质的影响, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

青稞酒酿造过程会产生大量青稞酒糟(Highland barley distillers' grains,HBDG),其中β-葡聚糖是其主要活性成分之一。为促进资源高效利用并充分挖掘HBDG潜在价值,本研究以HBDG为原料,采用超声辅助溶剂提取法优化β-葡聚糖提取工艺,并系统评价其作为功能性添加剂对酸奶品质的影响。首先,以β-葡聚糖提取率为指标,系统考察了超声功率、超声时间、提取温度、pH和液料比对提取率的影响,以确定最佳工艺参数。随后,将提取所得β-葡聚糖以0~1.0%(w/v)的浓度梯度添加至发酵乳基质中,测定其对酸奶酸度、pH、持水力、质构特性、黏度、流变学特性、微观结构以及感官品质的影响。结果表明:HBDG β-葡聚糖最佳提取工艺条件为超声功率256 W、超声时间10 min、提取温度75 ℃、pH9.1、液料比10:1 mL/g,在此条件下提取率可达50.76%±0.63%。在酸奶品质方面,随着β-葡聚糖添加量增加,酸奶pH、持水力、黏度得到显著升高(P<0.05),而酸度则显著降低(P<0.05)。特别地,添加0.5%(w/v)β-葡聚糖的酸奶展现出更好的质构特性、更高的储能模量(G')与损耗模量(G''),表明其具有更优的黏弹性;同时,该组酸奶也获得最高的感官评分。扫描电镜结果显示,β-葡聚糖的添加促进了酪蛋白胶束间的聚集。综上所述,超声辅助溶剂提取法可高效提取HBDG中的β-葡聚糖;将其以0.5%浓度应用于酸奶中,能够有效改善产品质构、流变学特性和微观结构,并提升感官品质。研究结果为HBDG资源的高值化利用及功能性乳制品的开发提供了理论基础与技术路径。

, authors=张义全1, *, 党祺藩1, 尉莹2, 吕倩1, 刘茜1, authorsList=张义全, 党祺藩, 尉莹, 吕倩, 刘茜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张义全, authorNote=

张义全(1992−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:农畜产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张义全(1992−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:农畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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张义全(1992−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:农畜产品加工,E-mail:

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张义全(1992−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:农畜产品加工,E-mail:

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Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020, 57(1): 41−51., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882533739381013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882533756158230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, companyId=1320882533739381013, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882533772935447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, companyId=1320882533739381013, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1青海大学农牧学院,青海西宁 810016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882535077363992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882535085752601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, companyId=1320882535077363992, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882535089946906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, companyId=1320882535077363992, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2青海大学省部共建三江源生态与高原农牧业国家重点实验室,青海西宁 810016)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882537342288188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of ultrasonic power on β-glucan extraction yield from highland barley distillers' grains, figureFileSmall=oxk4Ykhd/S7vhNNu6ZPa9w==, figureFileBig=rLHxTGQvhe+GtjzCFsttHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882537434562877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=图1, caption=超声功率对青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率的影响

注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2~图5、图7~图9同。

, figureFileSmall=oxk4Ykhd/S7vhNNu6ZPa9w==, figureFileBig=rLHxTGQvhe+GtjzCFsttHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882537677832510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of ultrasonic time on β-glucan extraction yield from highland barley distillers' grains, figureFileSmall=AQ+J2wv10quGuKE0b4uW0w==, figureFileBig=/4UOE/c/rjxh/B9Pr+pEpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882537761718591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=图2, caption=超声时间对青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=AQ+J2wv10quGuKE0b4uW0w==, figureFileBig=/4UOE/c/rjxh/B9Pr+pEpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882537858187584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of extraction temperature on β-glucan extraction yield from highland barley distillers' grains, figureFileSmall=/IcyOfvUKpUlDsaSU7Q7lg==, figureFileBig=xzpd1h4ye0T8JrbP+zT4VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882537963045185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=图3, caption=提取温度对青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=/IcyOfvUKpUlDsaSU7Q7lg==, figureFileBig=xzpd1h4ye0T8JrbP+zT4VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882538055319874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of pH on β-glucan extraction yield from highland barley distillers' grains, figureFileSmall=HlDR6QPHHA6Mr1Cm+IFH0A==, figureFileBig=cekjH79Env2eY80v5FTmpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882538155983171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=图4, caption=pH对青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=HlDR6QPHHA6Mr1Cm+IFH0A==, figureFileBig=cekjH79Env2eY80v5FTmpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882538260840772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of liquid-to-solid ratio on β-glucan extraction yield from highland barley distillers' grains, figureFileSmall=2w1KcLne2+dQdoIMn0XBOg==, figureFileBig=ejWufP5Mn/eVRZKRMqVq4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882538365698373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=图5, caption=液料比对青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率的影响, figureFileSmall=2w1KcLne2+dQdoIMn0XBOg==, figureFileBig=ejWufP5Mn/eVRZKRMqVq4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882538466361670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Response surface plot of the interaction effect of each factor on β-glucan extraction yield from highland barley distillers' grains, figureFileSmall=XQvWl72rTNN1kWN24soXJQ==, figureFileBig=Bvcve5GAj4Q9j6puR0WkiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882538571219271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各因素交互作用对青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率影响的响应面图, figureFileSmall=XQvWl72rTNN1kWN24soXJQ==, figureFileBig=Bvcve5GAj4Q9j6puR0WkiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882538667688264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of varying supplementation levels of highland barley distillers' grain derived β-glucan on the acidity and pH of yogurt, figureFileSmall=VPa3j8zDRSgrtCkalTMBZw==, figureFileBig=x5/hGKa5GBQVPCmlb0OOuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882538814488905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量对酸奶酸度与pH的影响, figureFileSmall=VPa3j8zDRSgrtCkalTMBZw==, figureFileBig=x5/hGKa5GBQVPCmlb0OOuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882538931929418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of varying supplementation levels of highland barley distillers' grain derived β-glucan on the water-holding capacity of yogurt, figureFileSmall=xV02lzoc9jfMg0xAyAE5gw==, figureFileBig=rryAjQPCgc0igs+1pxVJqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882539015815499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量对酸奶持水力的影响, figureFileSmall=xV02lzoc9jfMg0xAyAE5gw==, figureFileBig=rryAjQPCgc0igs+1pxVJqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882539108090188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effects of varying supplementation levels of highland barley distillers' grain derived β-glucan on the viscosity of yogurt, figureFileSmall=cn/uSIoKeBV7F11I5FfANQ==, figureFileBig=j3Ha8A4typISpdkt1f1CwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882539187781965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量对酸奶黏度的影响, figureFileSmall=cn/uSIoKeBV7F11I5FfANQ==, figureFileBig=j3Ha8A4typISpdkt1f1CwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882539284250958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effects of varying supplementation levels of highland barley distillers' grain derived β-glucan on the rheological properties of yogurt, figureFileSmall=th/hE9m6d0CEu38kUh4knw==, figureFileBig=hOjsqrZVACzYzV6SQP5r3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882539380719951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量对酸奶流变特性的影响, figureFileSmall=th/hE9m6d0CEu38kUh4knw==, figureFileBig=hOjsqrZVACzYzV6SQP5r3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882539468800336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Effects of varying supplementation levels of highland barley distillers' grain derived β-glucan on the microstructure of yogurt, figureFileSmall=zRkQLPFQSOb3Wu1natIZjw==, figureFileBig=Z8c14nMHl9dmKFTiBwYchQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882539565269329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量对微观结构的影响

注:图中A为未添加青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖酸奶的微观结构图,图B~图E分别是青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量为0.1%、0.2%、0.5%、1.0%的酸奶微观结构图。

, figureFileSmall=zRkQLPFQSOb3Wu1natIZjw==, figureFileBig=Z8c14nMHl9dmKFTiBwYchQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882539644961106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design of response surface methodology experimental

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
–101
A超声功率(W)200250300
B超声时间(min)81012
C pH8.599.5
D液料比(mL/g)9:110:111:1
), ArticleFig(id=1320882539720458579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
–101
A超声功率(W)200250300
B超声时间(min)81012
C pH8.599.5
D液料比(mL/g)9:110:111:1
), ArticleFig(id=1320882539825316180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria of yogurt

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指标标准分数
色泽(9分)颜色不均匀,轻微变色或分层1~4
颜色较正常但光泽度不足5~8
颜色均匀、呈乳白色,光泽感强9
口感(9分)轻微颗粒感或粘稠度不协调1~4
顺滑度一般,粘稠度适中但缺乏层次5~8
口感顺滑,粘稠度适中且有细腻乳脂感9
风味(9分)酸甜不协调,有不愉快后味1~4
酸甜协调,无明显特色5~8
酸甜平衡,奶香醇厚9
组织状态(9分)乳清析出,质地不均匀1~4
质地均匀,无乳清析出,流动性适中5~8
质地细腻均匀,呈现理想凝胶状态9
), ArticleFig(id=1320882539934368085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

酸奶感官评价标准

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指标标准分数
色泽(9分)颜色不均匀,轻微变色或分层1~4
颜色较正常但光泽度不足5~8
颜色均匀、呈乳白色,光泽感强9
口感(9分)轻微颗粒感或粘稠度不协调1~4
顺滑度一般,粘稠度适中但缺乏层次5~8
口感顺滑,粘稠度适中且有细腻乳脂感9
风味(9分)酸甜不协调,有不愉快后味1~4
酸甜协调,无明显特色5~8
酸甜平衡,奶香醇厚9
组织状态(9分)乳清析出,质地不均匀1~4
质地均匀,无乳清析出,流动性适中5~8
质地细腻均匀,呈现理想凝胶状态9
), ArticleFig(id=1320882540018254166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design and results of response surface methodology experimental

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实验号A 超声功率
(W)
B 超声时间
(min)
C pHD 液料比
(mL/g)
提取率
(%)
120089.010:136.81±0.26
230089.010:144.82±0.31
3200129.010:142.91±0.18
4300129.010:145.04±0.22
5250108.59:141.63±0.33
6250109.59:143.52±0.41
7250108.511:143.71±0.28
8250109.511:145.49±0.15
9200109.09:142.01±0.34
10300109.09:141.52±0.22
11200109.011:143.48±0.18
12300109.011:144.81±0.25
1325088.510:141.19±0.34
14250128.510:142.11±0.21
1525089.510:141.52±0.22
16250129.510:144.31±0.37
17200108.510:141.52±0.29
18300108.510:142.68±0.33
19200109.510:143.37±0.12
20300109.510:144.81±0.27
2125089.09:140.82±0.36
22250129.09:143.01±0.25
2325089.011:142.61±0.17
24250129.011:143.22±0.34
25250109.010:151.31±0.12
26250109.010:151.91±0.24
27250109.010:152.12±0.37
28250109.010:151.11±0.19
29250109.010:150.41±0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1320882540148277591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验方案与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A 超声功率
(W)
B 超声时间
(min)
C pHD 液料比
(mL/g)
提取率
(%)
120089.010:136.81±0.26
230089.010:144.82±0.31
3200129.010:142.91±0.18
4300129.010:145.04±0.22
5250108.59:141.63±0.33
6250109.59:143.52±0.41
7250108.511:143.71±0.28
8250109.511:145.49±0.15
9200109.09:142.01±0.34
10300109.09:141.52±0.22
11200109.011:143.48±0.18
12300109.011:144.81±0.25
1325088.510:141.19±0.34
14250128.510:142.11±0.21
1525089.510:141.52±0.22
16250129.510:144.31±0.37
17200108.510:141.52±0.29
18300108.510:142.68±0.33
19200109.510:143.37±0.12
20300109.510:144.81±0.27
2125089.09:140.82±0.36
22250129.09:143.01±0.25
2325089.011:142.61±0.17
24250129.011:143.22±0.34
25250109.010:151.31±0.12
26250109.010:151.91±0.24
27250109.010:152.12±0.37
28250109.010:151.11±0.19
29250109.010:150.41±0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1320882540240552280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the regression model

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型368.011426.2920.90<0.0001**
A-超声功率15.37115.3712.220.0036**
B-超声时间13.72113.7210.910.0052**
C-pH8.6418.646.870.0202*
D-液料比9.7419.747.740.0147*
AB8.6418.646.870.0201*
AC0.019610.01960.01560.9024
AD0.828110.82810.65850.4307
BC0.874210.87420.69520.4184
BD0.624110.62410.49630.4927
CD0.003010.00300.00240.9616
A2117.261117.2693.24<0.0001**
B2157.531157.53125.26<0.0001**
C2103.361103.3682.19<0.0001**
D2103.551103.5582.34<0.0001**
残差17.61141.26
失拟项15.76101.583.410.1240
纯误差1.8540.4617
总离差385.6128
R2=0.9543R2Adj=0.9087R2Pred=0.7571
), ArticleFig(id=1320882540320244057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

回归方程方差分析

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方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型368.011426.2920.90<0.0001**
A-超声功率15.37115.3712.220.0036**
B-超声时间13.72113.7210.910.0052**
C-pH8.6418.646.870.0202*
D-液料比9.7419.747.740.0147*
AB8.6418.646.870.0201*
AC0.019610.01960.01560.9024
AD0.828110.82810.65850.4307
BC0.874210.87420.69520.4184
BD0.624110.62410.49630.4927
CD0.003010.00300.00240.9616
A2117.261117.2693.24<0.0001**
B2157.531157.53125.26<0.0001**
C2103.361103.3682.19<0.0001**
D2103.551103.5582.34<0.0001**
残差17.61141.26
失拟项15.76101.583.410.1240
纯误差1.8540.4617
总离差385.6128
R2=0.9543R2Adj=0.9087R2Pred=0.7571
), ArticleFig(id=1320882540420907354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of varying supplementation levels of highland barley distillers' grain derived β-glucan on the textural properties of yogurt

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添加量(%)黏附性(mJ)硬度(gf)内聚性弹性(mm)胶着性(g)咀嚼性(mJ)
0−32.01±0.28a57.08±0.23c0.41±0.02c3.21±0.03c23.40±0.29e0.74±0.02d
0.1−32.87±0.27b57.29±0.19c0.42±0.01c3.27±0.04bc24.06±0.37d0.77±0.01d
0.2−33.66±0.16c57.41±0.26bc0.45±0.02b3.36±0.06ab25.83±0.25c0.85±0.02c
0.5−34.85±0.35d58.02±0.21a0.49±0.01a3.41±0.06a28.43±0.31a0.95±0.03a
1.0−34.12±0.14c57.77±0.17ab0.48±0.01a3.29±0.05bc27.73±0.28b0.89±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882540504793435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量对酸奶质构特性的影响

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添加量(%)黏附性(mJ)硬度(gf)内聚性弹性(mm)胶着性(g)咀嚼性(mJ)
0−32.01±0.28a57.08±0.23c0.41±0.02c3.21±0.03c23.40±0.29e0.74±0.02d
0.1−32.87±0.27b57.29±0.19c0.42±0.01c3.27±0.04bc24.06±0.37d0.77±0.01d
0.2−33.66±0.16c57.41±0.26bc0.45±0.02b3.36±0.06ab25.83±0.25c0.85±0.02c
0.5−34.85±0.35d58.02±0.21a0.49±0.01a3.41±0.06a28.43±0.31a0.95±0.03a
1.0−34.12±0.14c57.77±0.17ab0.48±0.01a3.29±0.05bc27.73±0.28b0.89±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882540592873820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Results of sensory evaluation

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青稞酒糟β-葡聚
糖添加量(%)
色泽口感风味组织状态
08.10±0.27a7.10±0.21b7.80±0.21a8.30±0.13b
0.18.00±0.12a7.10±0.19b7.90±0.18a8.40±0.20ab
0.28.10±0.19a7.20±0.25ab7.80±0.16a8.40±0.24ab
0.58.20±0.22a7.60±0.24a7.70±0.14a8.70±0.15a
1.08.10±0.26a7.40±0.16ab7.80±0.22a8.50±0.11ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320882540701925725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882528924319996, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

感官品质评价结果

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青稞酒糟β-葡聚
糖添加量(%)
色泽口感风味组织状态
08.10±0.27a7.10±0.21b7.80±0.21a8.30±0.13b
0.18.00±0.12a7.10±0.19b7.90±0.18a8.40±0.20ab
0.28.10±0.19a7.20±0.25ab7.80±0.16a8.40±0.24ab
0.58.20±0.22a7.60±0.24a7.70±0.14a8.70±0.15a
1.08.10±0.26a7.40±0.16ab7.80±0.22a8.50±0.11ab
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青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取及其对酸奶品质的影响
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张义全 1, * , 党祺藩 1 , 尉莹 2 , 吕倩 1 , 刘茜 1
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(10): 256-264
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (10) : 256 -264
青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取及其对酸奶品质的影响
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张义全1, * , 党祺藩1, 尉莹2, 吕倩1, 刘茜1
作者信息
  • 1青海大学农牧学院,青海西宁 810016
  • 2青海大学省部共建三江源生态与高原农牧业国家重点实验室,青海西宁 810016
通讯作者:
张义全(1992−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:农畜产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张义全(1992−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:农畜产品加工,E-mail:

Extraction of β-Glucan from Highland Barley Distillers' Grains and Its Effect on Yogurt Quality
Yiquan ZHANG1, * , Qifan DANG1, Ying YU2, Qian LÜ1, Qian LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060120
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青稞酒酿造过程会产生大量青稞酒糟(Highland barley distillers' grains,HBDG),其中β-葡聚糖是其主要活性成分之一。为促进资源高效利用并充分挖掘HBDG潜在价值,本研究以HBDG为原料,采用超声辅助溶剂提取法优化β-葡聚糖提取工艺,并系统评价其作为功能性添加剂对酸奶品质的影响。首先,以β-葡聚糖提取率为指标,系统考察了超声功率、超声时间、提取温度、pH和液料比对提取率的影响,以确定最佳工艺参数。随后,将提取所得β-葡聚糖以0~1.0%(w/v)的浓度梯度添加至发酵乳基质中,测定其对酸奶酸度、pH、持水力、质构特性、黏度、流变学特性、微观结构以及感官品质的影响。结果表明:HBDG β-葡聚糖最佳提取工艺条件为超声功率256 W、超声时间10 min、提取温度75 ℃、pH9.1、液料比10:1 mL/g,在此条件下提取率可达50.76%±0.63%。在酸奶品质方面,随着β-葡聚糖添加量增加,酸奶pH、持水力、黏度得到显著升高(P<0.05),而酸度则显著降低(P<0.05)。特别地,添加0.5%(w/v)β-葡聚糖的酸奶展现出更好的质构特性、更高的储能模量(G')与损耗模量(G''),表明其具有更优的黏弹性;同时,该组酸奶也获得最高的感官评分。扫描电镜结果显示,β-葡聚糖的添加促进了酪蛋白胶束间的聚集。综上所述,超声辅助溶剂提取法可高效提取HBDG中的β-葡聚糖;将其以0.5%浓度应用于酸奶中,能够有效改善产品质构、流变学特性和微观结构,并提升感官品质。研究结果为HBDG资源的高值化利用及功能性乳制品的开发提供了理论基础与技术路径。

青稞酒糟  /  β-葡聚糖  /  超声辅助提取  /  酸奶品质

Highland barley distillers' grains (HBDG), a major by-product of highland barley wine production, contain β-glucan as one of its principal bioactive components. To promote resource efficiency and fully exploit the potential value of HBDG, this study utilized HBDG as raw material to optimize the extraction process of β-glucan using ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and systematically evaluated its effects as a functional additive on yogurt quality. Initially, the effects of ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, extraction temperature, pH, and liquid-to-solid ratio on β-glucan extraction yield were systematically investigated to determine the optimal extraction parameters, with extraction yield serving as the indicator. Subsequently, the extracted β-glucan was incorporated into fermented milk at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1.0% (w/v). Its effects on yogurt acidity, pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), textural properties, viscosity, rheological characteristics, microstructure, and sensory attributes were determined. The results indicated that the optimal extraction conditions for β-glucan from HBDG were: Ultrasonic power 256 W, ultrasonic time 10 min, extraction temperature 75 ℃, pH9.1, and liquid-to-solid ratio 10:1 mL/g. Under these conditions, the extraction yield reached 50.76%±0.63%. Regarding yogurt quality, increasing the β-glucan addition level significantly increased the pH, WHC, and viscosity (P<0.05), while significantly decreasing the acidity (P<0.05). Notably, yogurt supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) β-glucan exhibited superior textural properties and higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G''), indicating improved viscoelasticity. This formulation also achieved the highest sensory score. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that β-glucan addition promoted aggregation between casein micelles. In conclusion, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction is an efficient method for isolating β-glucan from HBDG. Incorporating this β-glucan into yogurt at a concentration of 0.5% effectively enhances product texture, rheological properties, and microstructure while improving sensory quality. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and technical pathway for the high-value utilization of HBDG resources and the development of functional dairy products.

highland barley distillers' grains (HBDG)  /  β-glucan  /  ultrasonic-assisted extraction  /  yogurt quality
张义全, 党祺藩, 尉莹, 吕倩, 刘茜. 青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取及其对酸奶品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 256 -264 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060120
Yiquan ZHANG, Qifan DANG, Ying YU, Qian LÜ, Qian LIU. Extraction of β-Glucan from Highland Barley Distillers' Grains and Its Effect on Yogurt Quality[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 256 -264 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060120
青稞(Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. F)是我国青藏高原地区重要的粮食作物[1]。较高的淀粉含量(平均59.25%)使其成为青稞酒酿造的主要原料之一[2]。青稞酒酿造过程中会产生大量副产物酒糟(也称酒醅糟),仅西藏地区酒糟年产量超90万吨,却因低值化处理导致资源浪费[3−4]。但是,青稞酒糟中仍富含蛋白质及功能活性成分,其中β-葡聚糖(一种重要的可溶性膳食纤维)平均含量达1.53%±0.40%[5],该成分已被证实具有调节血糖、胆固醇及增强免疫力等功能[6],在功能食品中具有应用潜力。因此,开发青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖高效提取技术,对提升青稞产业资源价值至关重要。
目前,传统方法如溶剂法[7]和酶解法[8]已被广泛用于各类原料中β-葡聚糖的提取。然而,这些方法普遍存在提取时间长、提取效率低等局限性。近年来,超声辅助提取技术因其利用超声波空化效应可高效破坏植物细胞壁,显著提升β-葡聚糖提取率而备受关注[9]。例如,郭欢[10]通过超声辅助溶剂提取法,将青稞β-葡聚糖提取率从2.93%(传统溶剂法)提高至3.28%。超声辅助提取不仅能提高效率,还能改善青稞β-葡聚糖的溶解性、发泡性等功能特性[11]。在食品应用方面,添加燕麦或酵母来源的β-葡聚糖已被证实可提升酸奶的黏弹性和持水力及口感[12−13];在全麦面包中添加青稞β-葡聚糖则能有效增强面包咀嚼性并降低其体外消化率[14]。尽管如此,物理辅助提取技术(如超声辅助法)在青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取中的应用研究仍鲜有报道。同时,现有关于β-葡聚糖在酸奶体系中的研究多集中于燕麦、酵母等来源,青稞酒糟来源的β-葡聚糖对酸奶质构特性、流变学特性及感官品质的影响尚未明确。
因此,本研究以青稞酒糟为原料,采用超声辅助溶剂提取法提取青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖,探究其最佳提取工艺参数,并系统评价所得β-葡聚糖对酸奶品质的影响,涵盖基础理化特性、质构特性、流变学特性、微观结构以及感官品质,旨在为青稞酒糟的高值化利用提供理论依据。
青稞酒糟 青海互助天佑德青稞酒股份有限公司提供;巴氏鲜牛奶 购自一家亲超市;直投式乳酸菌酸奶发酵剂(1×109 CFU/g) 北京川秀科技有限公司;高温α-淀粉酶(40000 U/g) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;β-葡聚糖(混联)检测试剂盒 爱尔兰Megazyme公司;其他提取用试剂均为国产分析纯。
JSM-6610LV扫描电子显微镜 日本电子株式会社;WD7A-419质构仪 美国博勒飞Brookfield(中国)有限公司;SYD-0628动态剪切流变仪 北京航天科宇测试仪器有限公司;MZ-NDJ-8S旋转粘度计 深圳市秒准测量技术有限公司;YF2-3高速粉碎机 北京普诺众达科技有限公司;PHS-3E pH计 上海仪电科学仪器有限公司。
参考ÖZEN等[15]的方法并作适当修改,将青稞酒糟样品置于40 ℃电热鼓风干燥箱中,干燥至恒重,使用高速粉碎机将干燥后的青稞酒糟样品粉碎,使用60目筛网进行筛选,筛选后的青稞酒糟粉末装入自封袋中,放置于4 ℃冰箱中保存备用。
参考李晶等[5]、于丽雅等[9]、游茂兰等[16]的方法并作适当修改,具体实验步骤如下:称取10 g青稞酒糟粉末,按照设定的料液比加入去离子水,同时采用0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液调整溶液pH,经过一定条件的超声提取后,一定温度下水浴1 h,离心(4500 r/min、10 min)取上清液,沉淀加水重复处理一次,合并两次上清液并调节pH为6.0,加入0.1%耐高温α-淀粉酶,置于90 ℃环境下,处理35~50 min,选用0.1 mol/L碘液作为指示剂,直至碘液不变色确认淀粉完全水解,采用1 mol/L HCl调整pH为4.5,静置析出蛋白复合物后再次离心(4500 r/min,10 min),取上清液,加入三倍体积95%乙醇水溶液处理12 h后离心(4500 r/min,10 min),取沉淀进行冷冻干燥,得到青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖粗品。
采用控制变量法,在超声功率250 W、超声时间 10 min,提取温度75 ℃、pH9.0、液料比10:1 mL/g基础上,以青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率为评价指标,分别考察超声功率(150、200、250、300、350 W)、超声时间(5.0、7.5、10.0、12.5、15.0 min)、提取温度(65、70、75、80、85 ℃)、pH(8.0、8.5、9.0、9.5、10.0)以及液料比(6:1、8:1、10:1、12:1、14:1 mL/g)对青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率的影响。青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率按公式(1)计算,其中,β-葡聚糖质量采用Megazyme检测试剂盒进行测定。
$ \beta \text{-}葡聚糖提取率(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{2}}}\text{×100} $
式中:m1为提取所得的β-葡聚糖质量,g;m2为原料中β-葡聚糖质量,g。
根据单因素实验结果,选择超声功率(A)、超声时间(B)、pH(C)和液料比(D)为自变量,以青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率为响应值,进行四因素三水平的响应面试验,试验设计见表1。
参考QU等[17]的方法,并稍作修改。称取青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖(0、0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0 g)溶解至100 g巴氏鲜牛乳中,制备质量分数分别为0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.5%和1.0%的青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖巴氏鲜牛乳,在室温无菌条件下按照0.2%接种量接种直投式乳酸菌酸奶发酵剂,置于生化培养箱中,43 ℃下恒温发酵培养8~10 h,终止发酵后迅速转移至4 ℃冷藏设备进行24 h低温后熟处理。
参照王璐瑶[18]的方法,取10.0 g样品并加入20 mL蒸馏水进行稀释,采用酚酞为酸碱指示剂,用0.1 mol/L NaOH标准溶液进行滴定,终点为溶液呈现浅红色(30 s内不褪色),并记录消耗的NaOH标准溶液体积,样品的酸度数值以ºT表示,按公式(2)进行计算;称取10.0 g酸奶样品于烧杯中,加入20 mL去离子水并将其搅拌均匀,静置5 min后,采用校准后的pH计进行测定,记录室温下平衡后的稳定读数。
$\rm \text{º}T=V\times 10 $
式中:V为滴定消耗的NaOH标准溶液的体积(mL)。
参考李慧等[19]的方法,称取10.0 g酸奶样品于离心管中离心(4500 r/min、15 min),按公式(3)计算持水力。
$ \text{持水力}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{M}}{\text{10}}\text{×100} $
式中:M为弃去上清液后沉淀的质量,g。
参考ZHAO等[20]的方法,并在此基础上进行改进,采用质构剖面分析(Texture Profile Analysis,TPA),测试目标为形变,配备TA-4/1000圆柱形探头,测试条件为触发力5 g,测试速度1.5 mm/s,目标值40%,停留时间5 s。将样品置于样品台中心,启动测试,记录硬度、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性等参数,每组样品重复测试5次。
参考李真等[12]的方法,将待测酸奶置于室温环境下,采用旋转粘度计测定样品黏度,将待测样品搅拌均匀,选用3号转子在30 r/min恒定转速下持续测定60 s,以10 s为间隔记录数据,计算均值获得样品表观黏度值。
参考黄宛怡等[21]的方法,使用频率扫描模式,测试样品在0.1~10 Hz之间的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')的变化。测试条件为板直径40 mm,间隙1000 μm、加载间隙1000 μm、温度控制为25 ℃、恒定应变为0.5%。
取1 g酸奶样品用去离子水(1:6)进行稀释,冷冻干燥24~36 h后喷金处理,在10 kV加速电压下进行电镜扫描,观察酸奶样品微观结构。
参考秦驰等[22]的方法,组建10人感官评定小组,采用9分制,按照表2感官评价标准进行量化评分(1=极差,5=可接受,9=极优)。
所有实验均设三个重复,数据以平均值±标准误差表示。实验数据经Excel初步整理后,采用SPSS 27.0进行分析,通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA)完成组间差异的初步检验,再以Duncan多重比较法进一步明确差异组别,以P<0.05作为统计学显著性判定阈值。Box-Behnken实验设计及相应方差分析通过Design-Expert 13.0完成,图表绘制使用Origin 2021软件。
如图1所示,在超声功率为150~250 W时,β-葡聚糖提取率与超声功率呈正相关,可能是超声空化作用产生的微射流效应,有效促进了细胞壁结构破坏及有效成分释放[23]。当功率升高至250 W时体系达到最佳提取状态,此时提取率达47.48%±0.33%,但当功率升高至300 W后提取率发生降低,这归因于高强度超声引发的局部温升效应,导致β-葡聚糖发生降解,以及一些非糖类杂质溶出[16,23]。
由图2可知,在超声时间为5.0~10.0 min时,随着超声时间延长,β-葡聚糖提取率快速提高,这是由于超声空化效应持续累积,促使细胞壁破碎及糖类物质充分溶出[24]。超声时间为10 min时,β-葡聚糖提取率达到最大值47.17%±0.41%,表明此时空化效应与热扩散效应协同作用效果最优。然而,超声时间超过10.0 min后提取率发生下降,这可能是因为长时间声场作用使溶液温度上升,导致糖类分子部分降解 [16,23]。
由图3可见,在提取温度为65~75 ℃时,β-葡聚糖提取率增幅最为显著(P<0.05),提取率持续增长至峰值47.98%±0.26%,这是由于此阶段分子热运动提升了传质效率[9]。当温度接近80 ℃时提取率到达稳定期,表明此时青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖可能接近溶出饱和状态或达到稳定性阈值,进一步升温则会使β-葡聚糖发生降解,同时发生美拉德反应,进而导致β-葡聚糖提取率下降[23,25]。
由图4可知,在pH为8.0~9.0时,提取率随pH升高而逐渐增大,这可能是氢键作用与离子强度的协同效应优化了多糖-溶剂相互作用,促进了青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖的高效溶出[26]。然而,随着体系pH进一步升高,提取率呈现明显下降趋势,强碱性条件会导致β-葡聚糖构象稳定性降低或化学键断裂[5]。
由图5可知,当液料比从6:1增至10:1时,青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖得到充分溶解,提取率逐渐上升。但随着液料比的持续增大,β-葡聚糖提取率呈现出缓慢下降的趋势,这可能与体系中蛋白质的大量溶出有关[5]。
综合单因素实验结果,选取对青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率影响较为显著的四个因素,超声功率(A)、超声时间(B)、pH(C)和液料比(D)为响应自变量,以青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率为响应值,进行四因素三水平响应面优化试验,结果如表3所示。经多元回归拟合对实验结果进行响应面分析,得出青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率(Y)与各因素变量之间关系的二次回归方程:
Y=51.37+1.13A+1.07B+0.8483C+0.9008D–1.47AB+0.07AC+0.455AD+0.4675BC–0.395BD–0.0275CD–4.25A2–4.93B2–3.99C2–4D2
根据表4回归方程方差分析显示,该回归模型统计学意义极显著(P<0.0001)。其判定系数(R2=0.9543),说明95.43%的响应值变异量可通过所选响应变量进行解释;失拟项检验结果显示P=0.1240(>0.05),说明模型拟合度较好;经自由度校正后的调整判定系数(R2adj=0.9087)进一步证实了模型的可靠性,表明其能有效解释90.87%的响应值变化规律。各因素对青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率的影响大小顺序为A(超声功率)>B(超声时间)>D(液料比)>C(pH)。综上所述,用于优化青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取工艺条件所建立的响应面模型可行。
通过Design-Expert 13.0软件对实验数据进行分析,并绘制响应面图。如图6所示,基于响应面法的交互效应分析表明,除AB因素外,其余因素(AC、AD、BC、BD、CD)交互作用对提取率的影响不显著(P>0.05)。AB 交互作用的响应面呈现显著非线性特征(P<0.05),其曲面曲率较大,等高线呈典型椭圆形,相比之下,其他交互组合的响应面较为平缓,表明其交互效应较弱。综上所述, 各因素交互作用对青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率影响顺序依次为: AB>BC>AD>BD>AC>CD,与F值判断结果一致。
根据模型分析,系统预测得出的最佳工艺条件为:超声功率256.20 W、超声时间10.18 min、pH9.06、液料比10.12:1 mL/g,此条件下青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖提取率为51.59%。根据实际条件调整最佳提取工艺为超声功率256 W、超声时间10 min、pH9.1、液料比 10:1 mL/g,并进行三次重复验证实验,测得β-葡聚糖提取率为50.76%±0.63%,与模型预测值接近,该模型可靠。
由图7可知,青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量对凝固型酸奶的酸度和pH具有一定影响。随着添加量从0%增至1.0%,酸度由77.08±0.69°T逐渐降至70.51±0.82°T,而pH从4.30±0.02升至4.37±0.02。这可能是青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖通过结合游离氢离子或形成凝胶网络减缓乳酸菌代谢产酸速率,导致酸度下降和pH上升[27]。
如图8所示,随着青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量的增大,酸奶持水力从69.61%±0.11%逐步增大至70.74%±0.14%,添加量在0.1%~0.2%时,持水力增幅较小,而添加量增至0.5%后持水力显著增大(P<0.05),表明β-葡聚糖在高浓度下可能通过增强凝胶网络结构或结合自由水分子,有效提高持水能力[13]。
如表5所示,随着青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量的增加,酸奶黏附性、硬度、内聚性和弹性均得到显著提高(P<0.05)。多糖可通过促进与蛋白质的交联作用有效增强酸奶凝胶强度,使酸奶的黏附性和硬度得到提高 [28]。添加量为0.5%时,酸奶胶着性和咀嚼性达到最大值,说明此添加浓度使酸奶口感更加醇厚。这可能是因为青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖溶于水后形成高黏度溶液,使得酸奶咀嚼至可吞咽状态时需要更多能量 [21]。综上,青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量为0.5%时,酸奶的硬度、胶着性及咀嚼性等核心质构指标达到最优。
如图9所示,随着β-葡聚糖添加量从0增至1.0%,酸奶黏度显著提高(P<0.05),在低浓度区间(0~0.2%),黏度增幅较缓,这可能与β-葡聚糖分子初步分散并形成局部网络有关[28]。β-葡聚糖添加量提高至中高浓度(0.5%~1.0%)时,黏度显著增加(P<0.05),表明高浓度下β-葡聚糖通过分子交联形成更致密的凝胶结构,增强了酸奶黏度[28]。
由图10可知,随着β-葡聚糖添加量的增加,酸奶的流变特性呈现显著变化(P<0.05)。在0.1~10 Hz频率扫描范围内,所有样品的储能模量(G')均高于损耗模量(G''),表明体系以弹性凝胶网络为主导(G' > G''),符合典型凝固型酸奶的粘弹性特征[29]。由图10A可知,随着β-葡聚糖添加量的增加,G'和G''均呈现上升趋势,且G'的增幅更为显著(P<0.05),这表明β-葡聚糖通过蛋白质-多糖相互作用强化了凝胶交联密度[28]。此外,所有样品在频率扫描中G'与G''的曲线斜率较小,说明凝胶结构在宽频范围内具有较高的稳定性,未出现明显结构松弛现象,tanδ(G''/G')值介于0.24~0.28,进一步说明体系以弹性为主导 [29]。随着青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量增加,tanδ整体变化趋势较小,表明多糖的引入对体系的粘性耗散比例影响较小[21]。 综上所述,适量添加青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖(0.5%~1.0%)可改善凝固型酸奶的流变性能,使其内部形成更为稳定的凝胶网络。
不同β-葡聚糖添加量酸奶的凝胶网络结构如图11A所示(500×),由图11A可知,不添加β-葡聚糖的酸奶凝胶网络呈现松散多孔结构,蛋白质聚集体间连接较弱,孔隙尺寸较大。不含多糖的蛋白质凝胶网络结构稳定性较低[30−31]。随着β-葡聚糖添加量由0.1%增至1.0%时,酸奶凝胶网络结构的致密性和强度逐步提升,这与质构特性结果一致。β-葡聚糖添加量为0.1%时,蛋白质聚集体间的交联增强。因为,β-葡聚糖能够将蛋白质包裹起来促进蛋白质间的交联[32]。当β-葡聚糖添加量增加至0.2%~1.0%时,酸奶形成致密的凝胶结构。这是由于蛋白质基质的连续性被破坏,β-葡聚糖促进蛋白质聚集成簇[33]。综上所述,添加青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖能够显著影响酸奶的凝胶结构。
由表6可知,随着青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖添加量的上升,色泽评分浮动较小,表明其对色泽影响不显著(P>0.05)。风味评分整体稳定,表明青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖对风味无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着酸奶中β-葡聚糖含量的增加,其口感评分也相应提高。KAUR等[34]的研究表明,β-葡聚糖在酸奶中作为稳定剂,可提高稠度系数,从而改善酸奶的整体口感。组织状态也随β-葡聚糖添加量的增加逐步改善。这是因为β-葡聚糖的引入促进了蛋白质的交联,使凝胶网络结构更稳定[32]。综合分析表明,添加0.5% β-葡聚糖可显著提升酸奶口感和组织状态,同时维持其色泽与风味。
本研究采用超声辅助溶剂法成功提取了青稞酒糟中的β-葡聚糖,并系统评价了其添加对酸奶品质特性的影响。结果表明,青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖的最佳提取工艺参数为:超声功率256 W、超声时间10 min、提取温度75 ℃、pH9.1、液料比10:1 mL/g;在此条件下,β-葡聚糖提取率达50.76%±0.63%。在酸奶应用中,添加青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖能有效抑制后酸化过程,并显著提升酸奶的持水力、质构特性、流变学特性及感官品质。这表明青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖通过增强凝胶强度、促进酪蛋白胶束聚集,在改善酸奶质构与口感方面具有显著潜力。综合考量品质提升效果,酸奶中青稞酒糟β-葡聚糖的适宜添加量应控制在0.5%左右。本研究为青稞酒糟高值化利用及功能性酸奶开发提供了理论依据,未来研究可深入探讨β-葡聚糖与乳蛋白、脂肪等组分的相互作用机制及其对食品品质特性的影响。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060120
  • 接收时间:2025-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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    1青海大学农牧学院,青海西宁 810016
    2青海大学省部共建三江源生态与高原农牧业国家重点实验室,青海西宁 810016

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张义全(1992−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:农畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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