Article(id=1320176092481175684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060109, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684108133, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684108133, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684108133, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684108133, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=497, endPage=505, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176092690890885, articleId=1320176092481175684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Advances in Efficient Screening of Food Fermentation Strains and Starter Culture Preparation Technologies, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Starter cultures are regarded as the ''chips'' of fermented foods, playing a pivotal role in enhancing sensory attributes, nutritional value, probiotic functionality, and production efficiency. Therefore, the exploration and preparation of starter cultures are of great significance for the high-quality development of the fermentation industry. This review summarizes recent advances in modern starter culture preparation technologies, with emphasis on strain screening, high density culture, and freeze-drying. Efficient screening strategies, such as automation, microfluidics, and artificial intelligence, are highlighted for improving accuracy and throughput in microbial strain screening. The limitations and optimization strategies of high-density culture are systematically analyzed, with a focus on fed-batch and multi-stage continuous culture to improve biomass yield. Furthermore, the mechanisms of microbial inactivation during freeze-drying and corresponding protection strategies, such as optimization of culture conditions, stress adaptation, addition of protective agents, and genetic engineering, are elaborated to enhance cell viability and stability. This review aims to provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for the efficient exploration of food microorganisms and the development of high-density and stable starter cultures.

, authors=Gaoxin FENG1, Dewei HUANG1, Yingying HU1, *, Lang ZHANG2, *, Jianguo ZHU3, Baocai XU1, authorsList=Gaoxin FENG, Dewei HUANG, Yingying HU, Lang ZHANG, Jianguo ZHU, Baocai XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingying HU, Lang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176093504585866, articleId=1320176092481175684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=食品发酵菌株的高效筛选及发酵剂制备技术研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

发酵剂被誉为发酵食品的“芯片”,在提升发酵食品的感官特性、营养价值、益生功能和生产效率等方面发挥重要作用,因此挖掘与制备食品发酵剂对发酵食品产业的高质量发展具有重要意义。基于此,本文综述了现代发酵剂制备技术的最新进展,重点关注菌株筛选、高密度培养和冷冻干燥三个关键环节。概述了借助自动化操作、微流控技术和人工智能等方法提升食品发酵菌株的筛选效率与准确性的高效筛选技术。系统分析了发酵剂制备过程中高密度培养的限制因素和优化策略,以及补料分批和多级连续培养模式,用于提升菌株密度和产量。进一步阐明了冷冻干燥过程中微生物失活机制以及保护策略(如培养条件优化、应激处理、添加保护剂和基因工程技术等),旨在靶向提高菌株存活率和稳定性,以期为高效挖掘食品发酵菌株及制备高密度、高稳定性的发酵剂提供理论支持和实践指导。

, authors=冯杲鑫1, 黄德伟1, 扈莹莹1, *, 张浪2, *, 朱建国3, 徐宝才1, authorsList=冯杲鑫, 黄德伟, 扈莹莹, 张浪, 朱建国, 徐宝才, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=扈莹莹, 张浪, authorNote=

冯杲鑫(2002−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
扈莹莹(1996−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
张浪(1993−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=kUz8REHonwvuy7LEMboHgw==, magXml=qPzj4ar9qs7IIgZ+xkFC9A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DeCBi7U1248qRZdNj61JEQ==, pdfFileSize=6022667, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=IlcCmcNPZ0obY1lO/ZxS2w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=99mWj2xZ31rvmdcQH2krNQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320176094238589077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176092481175684, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=fgx17873357477@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320176094309892247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176092481175684, authorId=1320176094238589077, language=EN, stringName=Gaoxin FENG, firstName=Gaoxin, middleName=null, lastName=FENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320176094368612504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176092481175684, authorId=1320176094238589077, language=CN, stringName=冯杲鑫, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院,安徽合肥 230009, bio={"content":"

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注:基于VOSviewer软件(版本1.6.16)的Web of Science数据库检索。

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食品发酵菌株的高效筛选及发酵剂制备技术研究进展
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冯杲鑫 1 , 黄德伟 1 , 扈莹莹 1, * , 张浪 2, * , 朱建国 3 , 徐宝才 1
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(12): 497-505
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (12) : 497 -505
食品发酵菌株的高效筛选及发酵剂制备技术研究进展
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冯杲鑫1 , 黄德伟1, 扈莹莹1, * , 张浪2, * , 朱建国3, 徐宝才1
作者信息
  • 1合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院,安徽合肥 230009
  • 2安徽农业大学食品与营养学院,安徽合肥 230036
  • 3微康益生菌(苏州)股份有限公司,江苏苏州 215000
通讯作者:
扈莹莹(1996−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
张浪(1993−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

冯杲鑫(2002−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:

Advances in Efficient Screening of Food Fermentation Strains and Starter Culture Preparation Technologies
Gaoxin FENG1 , Dewei HUANG1, Yingying HU1, * , Lang ZHANG2, * , Jianguo ZHU3, Baocai XU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
  • 2School of Food and Nutrition, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
  • 3Wecare Probiotics Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215000, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060109
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发酵剂被誉为发酵食品的“芯片”,在提升发酵食品的感官特性、营养价值、益生功能和生产效率等方面发挥重要作用,因此挖掘与制备食品发酵剂对发酵食品产业的高质量发展具有重要意义。基于此,本文综述了现代发酵剂制备技术的最新进展,重点关注菌株筛选、高密度培养和冷冻干燥三个关键环节。概述了借助自动化操作、微流控技术和人工智能等方法提升食品发酵菌株的筛选效率与准确性的高效筛选技术。系统分析了发酵剂制备过程中高密度培养的限制因素和优化策略,以及补料分批和多级连续培养模式,用于提升菌株密度和产量。进一步阐明了冷冻干燥过程中微生物失活机制以及保护策略(如培养条件优化、应激处理、添加保护剂和基因工程技术等),旨在靶向提高菌株存活率和稳定性,以期为高效挖掘食品发酵菌株及制备高密度、高稳定性的发酵剂提供理论支持和实践指导。

发酵剂  /  高效筛选  /  高密度培养  /  冷冻干燥  /  失活机制

Starter cultures are regarded as the ''chips'' of fermented foods, playing a pivotal role in enhancing sensory attributes, nutritional value, probiotic functionality, and production efficiency. Therefore, the exploration and preparation of starter cultures are of great significance for the high-quality development of the fermentation industry. This review summarizes recent advances in modern starter culture preparation technologies, with emphasis on strain screening, high density culture, and freeze-drying. Efficient screening strategies, such as automation, microfluidics, and artificial intelligence, are highlighted for improving accuracy and throughput in microbial strain screening. The limitations and optimization strategies of high-density culture are systematically analyzed, with a focus on fed-batch and multi-stage continuous culture to improve biomass yield. Furthermore, the mechanisms of microbial inactivation during freeze-drying and corresponding protection strategies, such as optimization of culture conditions, stress adaptation, addition of protective agents, and genetic engineering, are elaborated to enhance cell viability and stability. This review aims to provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for the efficient exploration of food microorganisms and the development of high-density and stable starter cultures.

starter culture  /  efficient screening  /  high-density cultivation  /  freeze drying  /  inactivation mechanism
冯杲鑫, 黄德伟, 扈莹莹, 张浪, 朱建国, 徐宝才. 食品发酵菌株的高效筛选及发酵剂制备技术研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 497 -505 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060109
Gaoxin FENG, Dewei HUANG, Yingying HU, Lang ZHANG, Jianguo ZHU, Baocai XU. Advances in Efficient Screening of Food Fermentation Strains and Starter Culture Preparation Technologies[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 497 -505 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060109
发酵食品因其独特的风味、丰富的营养成分以及多样的健康益处,近年来在全球消费市场中持续升温[1]。发酵食品的生产离不开微生物发酵过程,其核心在于微生物将食品原料中的成分转化为风味物质和功能性成分[2],从而赋予发酵食品独特的魅力。发酵剂是指用于启动食品发酵过程的微生物制剂,通常包含特定的细菌、酵母或霉菌。根据Web of Science数据库中在2000~2025年与“发酵剂”相关性最高的1000篇文献进行关键词共现网络分析(图1),发现发酵剂对发酵食品品质影响及应用研究较为广泛,反映了发酵剂在食品工业领域的高研究热度和应用价值。因此,发酵剂制备技术的发展对发酵食品的生产至关重要。然而,随着消费者对发酵食品品质和功能性的要求不断提高,传统的食品发酵菌株在筛选效率、菌株稳定性、发酵效率和发酵剂活性等方面逐渐暴露出局限性。为此,如何加速菌株选育、优化菌株特性,并通过技术创新提升发酵剂的存活率和稳定性,已成为发酵食品产业高质量发展的关键突破口。
近年来国内外学者围绕发酵菌株的筛选、高密度培养技术和冷冻干燥技术及保护策略的改进等相关研究取得了显著进展,为发酵食品工业化生产提供了新视角。传统的菌株筛选方法往往依赖经验,耗时费力且筛选效率低下[3],难以满足现代发酵食品工业对菌株快速更新与优化的需求。而现代生物技术的兴起,如微流控技术、成像技术和自动化技术等,为发酵剂菌株的高效筛选带来了全新的方法。微流控技术凭借其高度可定制性、精确控制和低试剂消耗等优势,在微生物筛选中展现出超高通量和低成本的特点,成像技术和自动化技术可根据预定标准高效、精确地挑选目标菌落,显著提高筛选效率和实验可重复性。然而,筛选出的优良菌株需要进一步的高效培养以实现其工业化应用。高密度培养技术作为实现发酵剂高效生产和应用的关键环节,可显著提升菌株的培养效率和产量,突破传统培养方式的局限[4]。进一步保护菌株的活性并使其适应复杂多变的工业发酵环境,是后续工艺的关键环节。而发酵剂的干燥是解决这一问题的重要手段之一,因其具有稳定性高、便于运输、污染风险小等优势。发酵剂的干燥常用方法包括冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥、热风干燥、微波干燥等。其中,冷冻干燥技术是发酵剂制备常用方法[5],冷冻干燥能够在低温和真空条件下进行,最大限度减少对微生物细胞的破坏,保持菌株的活性和原有特性。相关研究表明冷冻干燥后的发酵剂具有活菌数多、运输方便、贮藏期长等优点[6]。现代生物技术在发酵菌株筛选中的创新应用,以及高密度培养技术和冷冻干燥技术的快速发展,不仅显著提升了菌株筛选的效率和准确性,还提高了发酵剂的存活率和稳定性,为发酵食品产业的高质量发展提供了重要的技术支持。
基于此,本文综述了现代发酵剂制备技术的最新进展,重点关注菌株筛选、高密度培养和冷冻干燥三个关键环节。概述了借助自动化操作、微流控技术和人工智能等方法提升食品发酵菌株的筛选效率与准确性的高效筛选技术。系统分析了发酵剂制备过程中高密度培养的限制因素和优化策略,以及补料分批和多级连续培养模式,用于提升菌株密度和产量。进一步阐明了冷冻干燥过程中微生物失活机制以及保护策略(如培养条件优化、应激处理、添加保护剂和基因工程技术等),旨在靶向提高菌株存活率和稳定性,以期为高效挖掘食品发酵菌株及制备高密度、高稳定性的发酵剂提供理论支持和实践指导。
随着生物技术在发酵食品领域的广泛应用,对具有特定功能微生物的需求不断增加,因此高效筛选微生物已成为现代微生物研究与发酵剂生产的关键需求。传统筛选微生物的方法主要有功能性筛选、酶活性筛选和表型筛选等,但这些传统方法通常存在筛选过程相对复杂,难以适应不同需求等局限性。近年来,随着微生物筛选技术不断更新和发展,基因筛选、细胞筛选和菌落筛选等高效筛选微生物技术应运而生,它们通过自动化操作、微流控技术和人工智能等方法,提升菌种筛选效率和精度、降低成本,解决了传统筛选技术的效率低、精度差、成本高、依赖人工操作且难以实现高通量等问题,这加速了微生物资源与产品的开发,推动了食品发酵剂的发展[7]。
基因组学作为现代分子生物学的重要分支,可全面分析微生物基因组,识别其遗传特征,预测其功能和代谢能力,并通过比较不同菌株的基因组序列,发现与特有性能相关的基因。Li等[8]通过比较不同发酵食品来源的乳酸菌基因组序列,揭示了其基因组多样性与特定发酵特性(如碳水化合物代谢能力)之间的关联。Dai等[9]通过分析糖转运系统基因,发现Leuconostoc citreum SH12具有scrA、glcU、fruP和mdh等多种糖转运蛋白基因,这些基因的存在解释了该菌株在发酵过程中对特定碳水化合物的利用能力。目前,研究者可以通过分析目标菌株的基因组信息,鉴定出具有特殊功能的关键基因,并据此设计相应的筛选标记物来特异性地识别和结合目标基因或其表达产物,进而确定目标菌株的种类与功能,筛选出携带特定基因的菌株,并进一步验证其功能。例如,在具有产生物胺特性的乳酸菌筛选中,Elsanhoty等[10]通过基因组测序和聚合酶链反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)技术,检测与生物胺合成相关的基因(如组氨酸脱羧酶基因、酪氨酸脱羧酶基因等),从而筛选出具有生物胺合成能力的菌株。任发政等[11]通过提取Lactobacillus casei的DNA并通过定量聚合酶链式反应(Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,qPCR)技术检测其基因簇中目标基因的拷贝数,并测定Lactobacillus casei的粗酶液中β-果糖苷酶活性,根据这两方面性质定向筛选出符合要求的Lactobacillus casei发酵剂菌株。王然等[12]通过对Lactobacillus casei中sacA基因的扩增和对在sacA基因全长序列上确定的蔗糖-6-磷酸水解酶氨基酸序列的比对,明确其对蔗糖的利用情况来筛选可以代谢蔗糖的Lactobacillus casei。由此可见,根据基因定向筛选菌株的方法不仅提高了筛选效率,还减少了传统筛选方法的繁琐步骤和不确定性,为食品发酵菌株的精准筛选和功能验证开辟了高效、便捷的新途径。
目前,流式荧光细胞分选、微流控等均是常用于筛选菌株的技术。其中,流式荧光细胞分选技术是一种能够根据每个细胞具有的光散射和荧光特征,通过高速振动的喷嘴将液流分裂成单细胞的液滴,在单细胞水平上同时测量多个参数,将特定的细胞从细胞群体中分选出来的技术[13]。例如,通过流式细胞分选,可从大量突变株中快速筛选出荧光强度最高的细胞,从而获得脂质含量显著提高的突变株[14]。然而,该技术因其高昂的设备成本、复杂的操作过程以及操作过程对细胞活力的潜在影响,限制了其在微生物筛选中的广泛应用。尽管流式荧光细胞分选系统可用于真核生物,但其对真菌的分离效果可能不佳。在这种情况下,微流控分离技术可能是真菌分离的更合适的选择。微流控滴液分选技术通过将单个真菌孢子或细胞封装在微滴中,作为独立的微反应器,实现了实时监测和精确的单细胞分析,有效解决了传统方法存在通量和灵敏度限制的局限性[15]。该技术利用交叉聚焦、T型交叉口和流体动力学功能的分级乳化等方法产生包封细胞或细菌的单个液滴,再利用陷阱技术、微流体离散操作、生物打印技术、毛细管技术和惯性力等方法分离出单细胞[16]。微流控技术具有高度的可定制性、对流体流动和微粒的精确控制、低试剂消耗等优势,这使得微流控技术成为微生物筛选的理想选择[17]。在106的突变体库中,与传统的微孔板筛选法相比,基于微流控于滴液系统的超高通量筛选平台可以将整个筛选过程从数周缩短到数小时,同时将试剂和耗材的成本降低数百万倍[18]。近年来,Xia等[19]开发了一种新型微流控液滴系统,利用微流控滴液分选技术结合淬灭荧光探针筛选降解聚氨酯的微生物,避免了耗时和低效等缺点。此外,微流控技术与人工智能的结合能够有效处理微流控平台产生的复杂数据集,从而提高分析速度和准确性[20]。这些技术的交叉融合能够实时监测细胞生长状态和代谢产物生成,还能通过机器算法分析数据并预测最佳生长条件,为后续优化培养工艺提供数据参考,不仅发挥了微流控技术集成化、高通量、低消耗等优势,还借助人工智能的强大数据处理能力进一步拓展了其在生物医学和化学分析等领域应用潜力。然而,微流控技术标准化不足、开发成本高等缺点,也限制了该技术大规模工业化应用。流式荧光细胞分选技术和微流控技术各具优势与局限,为细胞筛选提供了新视角与解决方案。
菌落挑选系统凭借其先进的成像技术和自动化技术,依据菌落的形态学特征(如大小、形状、颜色)、生理学特征(如生长速度、代谢产物)等,结合功能验证和安全性评估系统,可高效筛选出适合作为食品发酵剂的菌落或菌种,以满足食品工业的需求,展现出显著的效率提升和精确性,为微生物学研究和工业生产带来了新的机遇[21]。该系统可以根据预定的标准分析菌落,并通过机械臂无菌挑选机制高效挑选目标菌落,这提高了实验的可重复性,降低了污染风险,并提高了研究和工业环境中微生物筛选工作流程的整体效率[22]。Du等[23]使用自动化群体采摘系统筛选菌落时,发现该技术的效率比传统筛选方式提高了一个数量级。Huang等[24]利用自动化和机器学习技术从复杂微生物群落中快速、高效地分离单菌株。Wang等[21]提出了一种计算活细菌的检测系统来定期捕获细菌生长显微镜图像,并使用深度神经网络分析以便快速检测细菌生长速度并对相应物种进行分类。利用该系统分别对Escherichia coli、Klebsiella aerogenes和Klebsiella pneumoniae进行分类,分别实现了97.2%、84.0%和98.5%的准确率。这些技术的结合不仅提高了筛选效率和精确性,还为微生物学研究提供了更广泛的应用前景。
在发酵剂制备过程中,高密度培养技术是实现发酵剂高效生产和应用的关键环节。上述高效的筛选方法能够提供优质的菌株资源,而高密度培养技术可通过优化培养条件及选择合适的培养方法,使这些优良菌株能够在有限的空间内达到更高的细胞密度。这不仅提高了食品发酵剂的产量,增强了其在实际应用中的发酵效率和稳定性,还能保证发酵产品质量的一致性,降低生产成本,对于大规模的食品发酵剂制备具有重要意义。
在菌株高密度培养过程中,存在多种限制性因素,如接种量、培养基组成、代谢废物积累等。为了克服这些限制性因素,提高培养效率,需要采取相应的优化策略。首先,合适的接种量能够确保菌体在培养初期迅速进入对数生长期,避免因接种量不足导致的生长延迟或因接种量过高导致的营养竞争[25]。例如,在Lactobacillus plantarum ZJ316高密度发酵培养条件的优化实验中,随着接种量的增大,Lactobacillus plantarum ZJ316的细菌细胞密度呈先升高后下降的趋势。当接种量为4%时,Lactobacillus plantarum ZJ316的细菌细胞密度可达最高值;当接种量>4%之后,细菌细胞密度下降,这可能由于初始接种量过高,导致菌体大量生长,而培养基中的营养物质不能满足大量菌体同时生长,致使菌体密度下降[26]。可通过实验确定目标菌株的最佳接种量,以确保菌体在培养初期能够迅速进入对数生长期,再根据培养过程中菌体的生长情况,动态调整接种量,从而维持菌体生长的最佳状态。此外,在微生物高密度培养过程中,充足的营养供给是实现菌体快速生长的关键。碳源、氮源、无机盐等营养成分的浓度对菌体密度有着显著影响。然而,当培养体系中营养成分浓度过高时,菌体生长会受到明显抑制,不利于微生物菌体的积累。培养基中各成分比例也需适宜,以确保微生物能够高效利用营养物质进行生长和代谢[27]。用于微生物高密度培养的培养基通常是半合成培养基,这是因为半合成培养基既能提供丰富的营养成分,又能通过添加已知化学试剂来优化培养条件[28]。罗亮等[29]使用添加了磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)、七水合硫酸镁(MgSO4·7H2O)等的半合成培养基培养Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEC D3-6,其菌体干重可达到8.37 g/L。通过实验和菌株的代谢需求优化培养基配方,确保各成分比例适宜,避免营养过剩或不足,从而提高菌体对营养物质的利用效率。然而,随着细胞浓度的增加,代谢产物在此过程中不断积累,菌体的生长也会因此而受到抑制。例如,在以氨为底物的培养过程中,代谢产物亚硝酸盐的积累会导致Nitrosomonas europaea无法生长到较高细胞浓度[30]。此外,乙酸作为微生物发酵生产中的常见代谢产物,高浓度的乙酸会抑制细胞生长,从而降低其生物量,影响目标产品的产量和产率[31],因此,在高密度培养过程中对代谢产物的控制至关重要。在微生物高密度培养过程中定期更换培养基,去除代谢废物或使用代谢调节剂来促进代谢废物的分解或转化,维持培养环境的稳定,以减轻其对菌体生长的抑制作用。通过合理的优化策略,可以有效克服菌株高密度培养过程中的多种限制性因素,从而提高培养效率,实现菌体的高效生长,为食品发酵剂的工业化规模化生产提供了有力的技术支持。
补料分批培养是目前常用于菌株的高密度培养方式,它可以克服菌株培养过程中营养物质耗尽和代谢废物积累的问题,不仅为微生物提供充足的养分,以维持细胞生长和产物形成处于最优化状态,进而使培养液中菌体浓度达到较高水平,而且能有效解除高浓度底物或代谢物的抑制作用,从而延长细胞的生长期,提高细胞密度和生产效率[32]。Kafle等[33]优化补料分批培养中的发酵条件,采用自动检测发酵液pH来添加含有葡萄糖的补料液和以恒定速率连续补加烟酰胺,以维持发酵液中稳定的pH,促进了能够高效合成烟酰胺单核苷酸的微生物的生长,提高了烟酰胺单核苷酸的产量。在酵母细胞的高密度培养过程中,Malairuang等[34]通过优化补料策略,实现了高达187.63 g/L的细胞干重和1.71 g/L/h的生产力。因此,补料分批培养技术不仅能够提高细胞密度和产物产量,还能通过精确控制发酵条件,实现更高的生产效率和经济效益。
多级连续培养系统是一种通过多个串联的连续生物反应器实现细胞高密度培养的生物工程技术[35]。该系统通过分离细胞和培养液,使细胞能够在最佳生长条件下长期稳定地生长,同时有效去除代谢废物,避免其对细胞生长的抑制作用[36]。多级连续培养系统能够在每个反应器中独立控制培养条件,如温度、pH、溶解氧等,从而满足细胞在不同生长阶段的需求,实现高效的细胞增殖和产物合成,这在生物制品生产中具有广泛的应用前景。多级连续培养不仅适用于生产低价值、大体积的细胞外产物(如燃料乙醇、乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸),还能够用于生产高附加值的生物制品(如单克隆抗体和胞内产物)。对于低价值产物,该系统通过提高细胞密度和产物浓度,显著降低了生产成本;而对于高价值产物,多级连续培养系统则能够通过优化培养条件,提高产物的产量和质量,从而提升生产效率和经济效益[36]。例如,Ben等[37]在两级连续生物反应器中,对Saccharomyces cerevisiae进行培养,在稳态时的第一阶段的总细胞浓度为59 g/L,活细胞浓度为24.8 g/L,第二阶段的总细胞浓度达到了156.8 g/L,活细胞浓度为66.8 g/L。郭立等[38]发明了一种高密度多级连续发酵的方法,能够控制各级发酵罐中菌体的生长速率与菌体密度,最大限度的降低了代谢产物的累积,促进Clostridium butyricum在发酵后期的生长,得到的Clostridium butyricum浓度高达1011 CFU/mL以上。这些研究不仅证明了多级连续培养系统在提高细胞密度方面的优势,还展示了其在提高活细胞浓度方面的潜力,有助于提高发酵剂的活性和稳定性。
高密度培养技术在发酵剂的制备中为菌体的高浓度积累提供了必要条件,而干燥处理则在这一过程中发挥着关键作用。通过有效的干燥过程,不仅可以去除发酵剂中的水分,延长其保质期和便于运输,同时也能显著降低微生物活性的损失,确保发酵剂在长时间储存后仍能够快速恢复活性,保持优异的发酵效果。干燥过程还可使发酵剂形成便于计量和使用的固体形态,进一步提升其稳定性和均匀性。通过精确控制干燥工艺,能够有效保留微生物活力,提高发酵剂的品质和稳定性,确保其在市场上的竞争力。
发酵剂的干燥常用方法包括冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥、热风干燥、微波干燥等。其中,冷冻干燥技术是发酵剂制备常用方法,其过程可分为三个步骤:预冷冻、一次干燥(升华干燥)和二次干燥(解析干燥)[6]。低温冻结会导致细胞内水分形成冰晶,冰晶的形成能够破坏细胞膜的完整性,细胞膜的流动性和通透性也会受到不可逆的损害(图2),导致代谢相关酶的丢失,从而降低微生物的代谢能力;同时,低温也会直接导致菌体中关键酶(如Na+-K+-ATP、乳酸脱氢酶等)活性降低,影响细胞的能量代谢、物质运输等正常生理功能,进而显著降低活菌数量[39]。在一次干燥阶段,细胞内的水分迅速汽化,水分从冰态直接转变为气态,导致细胞内外的水分迅速减少。这种快速脱水可能会使细胞内的溶质浓度急剧升高,使得细胞渗透压迅速变化,打破其内平衡,造成细胞皱缩或损伤,进而促使细胞活力降低甚至失活[40]。在这个阶段升华温度的控制至关重要,较低的升华温度虽然可以减少对细胞的损伤,但会延长干燥时间,这可能导致细胞内结合水的过度去除,进而破坏蛋白质结构,而较高的升华温度会加速干燥过程,但可能破坏冻干粉末的孔隙结构,从而影响产品的稳定性[5]。二次干燥阶段在一次干燥的基础上,进一步去除残存的结合水与吸附水,此过程涉及无定形玻璃态中水分的扩散,固气界面处水分的蒸发以及水蒸气通过产品孔隙结构的过程,所以这个过程相对缓慢[6],由于结合水的吸附能量较高,因此需要更高的温度和真空度来确保水分能顺利逸出,对细胞活性和发酵剂稳定性的影响也更大。同时,干燥过程也增加了细胞内溶质浓度,改变其电荷分布,并破坏DNA双螺旋结构中碱基对之间的糖苷键和氢键,最终影响核苷酸的组成。此外,在干燥过程中蛋白质变性也可能导致DNA双螺旋结构的稳定性降低,进而影响了遗传物质的转录、翻译和DNA复制,导致细胞活力降低甚至失活。
培养条件(如培养基组成、pH、培养温度和时间等)对菌株在冷冻干燥过程中的耐受性具有显著影响。碳源、氮源和缓冲盐是微生物生长的重要营养物质。当葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖和蔗糖作为碳源时,细胞的冻干存活率显著提高,这些糖类可能通过其羟基结构替代水分子,保护细胞膜和蛋白质的结构,从而增强细胞对冻干的耐受性[41]。此外,添加不同的氮源可以增加细胞内的酶活性,增强细胞膜的完整性,从而影响菌株的冻干耐受性[42]。E等[43]添加0.1 g/L的L-谷氨酸的培养基培养Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1,其冻干存活率达80.4%,而未添加L-谷氨酸的培养基中培养的Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1冻干存活率约为64.0%。细胞膜的流动性是维持细胞正常生理和代谢水平的重要特征[44],可以通过调节细胞膜中不饱和脂肪酸比例来维持[45]。Maiti等[46]发现大肠杆菌细胞膜中不饱和脂酰基链的环丙烷化是一种重要的抗冻策略,环丙烷环在脂质酰基链中提供了更多刚性扭结,降低了细胞膜的堆积密度,增强了其在低温下的流动性。此外,缓冲盐(Ca2+、Mg2+、K+等)可以调节培养基的酸度,减轻细菌产生的乳酸引起的生长抑制效应[47]。其中,K+可以上调trkA基因与lysR型转录因子的表达,这些基因有助于延长脂肪酸碳链并促进不饱和脂肪酸的含量,提高细胞膜的流动性,减少冻干对菌株的损伤,增强菌株的冻干耐受性[48]。E等[49]研究发现通过增加培养基中的K+浓度,提升Lactobacillus plantarum LIP-1 LuxS/AI-2(autoinducer-2,AI-2)群体感应系统中luxS基因的表达,从而增加下游信号分子AI-2的合成,可以上调cysE基因,促进生物被膜的形成,可明显提升菌株在冻干过程中的存活率。培养温度也会影响菌株的冻干耐受性。降低培养温度可以促进细胞膜上不饱和脂肪酸的合成,改善膜流动性[50];同时也能够增加胞外多糖的合成[51],进而提高菌株的冻干存活率[52]。
应激处理一般在菌株培养过程中对其进行单一或交叉应激(如酸碱应激、冷热应激、胆盐应激等)以刺激菌株。在非致死条件下,菌株能够逐渐适应这些应激条件,从而显著提高其在致死应激条件下的存活率。这种处理方法能够有效增强菌株的抗逆性,使其在极端环境中表现出更好的生存能力。菌株经应激处理后可改变菌株细胞代谢途径,通过产生应激蛋白来提高菌株自身抗性,也可通过调节细胞膜脂肪酸来维持细胞膜的完整性和正常生理功能[53]。陈霞等[54]证实了乳酸菌在外界温度突然降低时,会诱导产生大量的冷诱导蛋白。产生的冷诱导蛋白能调节细胞膜的流动性以及DNA的超螺旋、转录和翻译过程,并且能够降低冰点、阻止失水和调节类脂转移和激酶等,进而降低冷胁迫对乳酸菌的损伤[55]。基于应激处理的原理,预冻处理通常是用来提高菌株冻干存活率的有效方法。李宝磊[56]通过测定冷冻干燥后的Streptococcus thermophilus SP1.1发酵活力,发现经过液氮(−196 ℃)预冷冻处理后的菌体发酵活力变化最小。此外,Liu等[57]发现采用粒径为80~120 μm的葡萄籽粉可刺激Bifidobacterium的生物被膜形成,显著提高其在冻干后的存活率。杨婕等[58]发现pH4.5和4 ℃的酸-冷交互应激能够显著提高Lactobacillus fermentum ATm冷冻干燥存活率及酸化速率,其冷冻干燥存活率可达87.19%,优于单一应激。这种交互应激可提高酶活性,维持细胞膜完整性,从而有效保护菌株活性。
保护剂常用来保护微生物并提高其在冷冻干燥过程中的存活率,如蛋白质、碳水化合物和醇类保护剂等。其中,蛋白质能够在细胞表面形成保护膜,维持细胞结构完整性,防止细胞在干燥过程中破裂;与细胞膜相互作用,增强膜稳定性,保护细胞器功能;调节细胞内水分活度和离子浓度,维持渗透压平衡。碳水化合物作为保护剂的保护机制如下:a.提高玻璃化转变温度(Tg):碳水化合物的存在可以形成非晶态玻璃结构,提高Tg值,保护微生物;b.形成氢键:碳水化合物可以与膜蛋白形成氢键,在冻干过程中维持膜蛋白的自然结构,防止微生物受损。复合保护剂的使用可以更好的给微生物的冻干过程提供保护。潘海博等[59]使用优化的保护剂组合,与未添加保护剂相比,使Lactobacillus reuteri LTRl318在冻干过程中冷休克蛋白基因的相对表达量上调8.29%,乳酸脱氢酶和β-半乳糖苷酶的酶活力分别提高了53.19%和3.53倍,是正常培养条件下酶活力的78.25%和86.43%。Halim等[60]在实验中表明,复合保护剂(海藻酸钙与脱脂牛奶)的使用能够显著提高Pediococcus acidilactici ATCC 8042在冻干过程中的存活率,这种复合保护策略通过多种机制,包括形成保护层、抑制冰晶形成、缓冲pH等,提高了Pediococcus acidilactici ATCC 8042的耐冻干性。此外,微胶囊也可以为细胞提供一个稳定的微环境,使其免受噬菌体、温度、pH等不利条件的影响[61],增加冷冻干燥和储存过程菌株的存活率,并将它们转化为更易于保存、运输和使用的粉末状态[62]。Wang等[63]证实脱脂牛奶包裹的菊粉-海藻酸钠微(ISA)胶囊可以在冷冻干燥过程中菌体减少了约0.43 lg CFU/mL,而未使用保护剂的自由菌体在冷冻干燥过程中则减少了约1.47 lg CFU/mL。
基因工程技术可利用限制酶提取目的基因,利用DNA连接酶将其与载体连接形成重组DNA,再通过化学、物理或生物方法导入受体细胞,最后验证目的基因表达,实现遗传物质的定向改造。利用这一技术,可以通过导入抗冻蛋白基因和调控基因表达等方式提高菌株抗冻性能。抗冻蛋白能够通过吸附在冰晶表面,抑制冰晶的生长和重结晶,从而降低冰晶对细胞的损伤,提高菌株的抗冻性能[64]。例如,Deng等[65]对裸果木的抗冻蛋白基因AnAFP进行生物信息学分析后,将其用于转化大肠杆菌,转化的大肠杆菌菌株在异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷诱导下表达了异源AnAFP基因,并表现出显著的耐寒性。李海峰等[66]发现当引入外源表达hAQY1基因时,Saccharomyces cerevisiae细胞会在渗透作用下快速排出水分,从而减少细胞内冰晶的形成和破坏,增加酵母菌的抗冻性。汪兆璞[67]在Pseudomonas fluorescens抗逆性的研究中采取基因敲除和过表达的方式发现rpoS基因的过表达有利于缓解细菌在氧化和温度胁迫中的生长抑制;Hfq基因的过表达有利于缓解细菌在氧化、温度胁迫中的生长抑制;OxyR基因的过表达有利于缓解细菌在氧化胁迫中的生长抑制。
本文综述了近年来食品发酵剂生产过程中的关键技术,重点关注菌株筛选、高密度培养和冷冻干燥技术的研究进展。现代筛选技术提升了食品发酵剂筛选的效率和精准性,为发酵剂品质提升奠定了基础。随着自动化技术、人工智能与微生物筛选技术的融合发展,微生物筛选可实现全流程自动化和高效高精度识别,不仅加速微生物菌株选育进程,还能挖掘更多基因信息,其应用前景广阔;高密度培养技术通过优化培养条件及采用合适的培养策略等,提高了微生物生长密度和代谢产物产量,不仅提升了生产效率,还为发酵剂生产的工业化应用提供了有力支持;冷冻干燥技术结合应激处理和添加保护剂等策略,通过快速冷冻和干燥使菌株处于休眠状态,延长活性菌株的保存时间,提高菌株存活率和稳定性,进一步推动了高品质食品发酵剂的发展。尽管食品发酵剂生产中的菌株筛选、高密度培养和冷冻干燥技术已取得显著进展,但仍面临许多挑战,如高密度培养技术目前还存在设备与工艺复杂、污染风险高以及收获分离困难等诸多问题,增加了操作难度和成本,限制其大规模应用;当前冷冻干燥技术存在设备投资高、能耗大和自动化程度低等问题,导致生产成本高且产品质量难以控制。未来需进一步优化技术并解决实际工业生产中的问题,以推动食品发酵行业的高质量发展。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060109
  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28
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    1合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院,安徽合肥 230009
    2安徽农业大学食品与营养学院,安徽合肥 230036
    3微康益生菌(苏州)股份有限公司,江苏苏州 215000

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扈莹莹(1996−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
张浪(1993−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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