Article(id=1320166496454685496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320166220377215955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749571200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681820262, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1780243200000, pubDateStr=2026-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681820262, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681820262, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681820262, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166220377215955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='514', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780243200000', pubDateStr='2026-06-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681754440, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681754440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=156, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166496886698809, articleId=1320166496454685496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Vacuum Freeze-drying Assisted by Different Pretreatment Methods on the Quality of Chanterelles, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of different pretreatment methods on the drying rate and quality of vacuum freeze-drying chanterelles, this study systematically compared four techniques: microwave pretreatment (MP), blanching pretreatment (BP), osmotic pretreatment (OP), and hot air pretreatment (HP). The effects of these pretreatments were evaluated based on several indicators, including drying characteristics, microstructure, rehydration capacity, color difference, total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, free amino acid content, and volatile flavor composition. The results demonstrated that compared to the control group (which required 16 hours of drying), the drying durations of MP, BP, OP, and HP were shortened to 13, 11, 11, and 13 hours, respectively. MP, BP, and OP significantly damaged the cellular structure of chanterelles, resulting in reduced levels of total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and free amino acids. In contrast, HP better preserved the tissue structure and led to increases in total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS+ radical scavenging activity, and free amino acid content by 12.33%, 30.38%, 51.15%, and 59.86%, respectively. Furthermore, the number of volatile flavor compounds increased by 8, 4, and 4 types in the HP, BP, and OP groups, respectively. However, the total content of volatile flavor compounds declined in MP, BP, and OP, with only HP exhibiting an overall increase. Notably, key flavor constituents such as 1-octene-3-ol, trans-2-octenal, and 2-pentylfuran increased by 13.32%, 332.03%, and 184.44%, respectively. In terms of product quality, the rehydration capacity and color retention of chanterelles subjected to HP and MP were superior to those treated with BP and OP. Overall, hot air pretreatment (HP) emerged as the more effective pretreatment method for vacuum freeze-drying chanterelles, providing a valuable reference for improving the quality and industrial processing of dried edible fungi.

, authors=Yewen XU1, Fengdou ZHU1, Liping SUN1, Yongliang ZHUANG1, 2, 3, Ying GU1, Yangyue DING1, Xuejing FAN1, *, authorsList=Yewen XU, Fengdou ZHU, Liping SUN, Yongliang ZHUANG, Ying GU, Yangyue DING, Xuejing FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuejing FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166499961123653, articleId=1320166496454685496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同预处理方式辅助真空冷冻干燥对鸡油菌品质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同预处理方式对真空冷冻干燥鸡油菌干燥速率与品质的影响,本研究系统比较微波预处理(Microwave Pretreatment,MP)、漂烫预处理(Blanching Pretreatment,BP)、渗透预处理(Osmotic Pretreatment,OP)和热风预处理(Hot Air Pretreatment,HP)四种预处理方式对真空冷冻干燥鸡油菌干燥特性、微观结构、复水率、色差、总酚和总黄酮含量、抗氧化能力、游离氨基酸含量及挥发性风味的影响。结果表明,与空白对照(Control)干燥16 h相比,MP、BP、OP和HP的干燥时间分别缩短至13、11、11和13 h,MP、BP和OP对鸡油菌细胞结构破坏严重,总酚和总黄酮含量、抗氧化能力和游离氨基酸总量均下降,但HP组织结构仍较为完整,且总酚、DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力和游离氨基酸总量分别增加12.33%、30.38%、51.15%和59.86%。此外,HP、BP和OP的挥发性风味成分种类分别增加8种、4种和4种,但MP、BP和OP的挥发性风味总量有所降低,仅有HP的挥发性风味总量增加,重要风味组成如1-辛烯-3-醇、反-2-辛烯醛及2-戊基呋喃的含量分别增加13.32%、332.03%和184.44%。干燥后HP和MP的复水性和色差优于BP和OP。因此,HP是一种更适宜真空冷冻干燥鸡油菌的预处理方式,为干制食用菌的品质优化和工业开发提供了参考。

, authors=徐叶文1, 朱峰豆1, 孙丽平1, 庄永亮1, 2, 3, 顾颖1, 丁阳月1, 樊雪静1, *, authorsList=徐叶文, 朱峰豆, 孙丽平, 庄永亮, 顾颖, 丁阳月, 樊雪静, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=樊雪静, authorNote=

徐叶文(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
樊雪静(1991−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bZItn4hvZvroTtiVmjX12A==, magXml=TOgwFw6/RofRs3dmLALxbg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8UYZVu6hGVHMUBILyL8Y1g==, pdfFileSize=2452422, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=lXJ4xU4YATRXtRMw5VTfhg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cyhAgZ/BB+nCsUzLuTUS5Q==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320166833961948028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=Hoshinochi@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320166834045834110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, authorId=1320166833961948028, language=EN, stringName=Yewen XU, firstName=Yewen, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320166834129720191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, authorId=1320166833961948028, language=CN, stringName=徐叶文, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1昆明理工大学食品科学与工程学院,云南昆明 650500, bio={"content":"

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注:(A)水分比,(B)干燥速率。

, figureFileSmall=f3bCCCpH5MlnEOnb/EP5XA==, figureFileBig=r/4A20uB+WIOsz37W2XXBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166838646985644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of different pretreatments on the microstructure of chanterelles, figureFileSmall=mCNqE4uSge3C2uhP2zuk0Q==, figureFileBig=feJg4sUKaFw7wUk5iVaPTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166838735066029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同预处理方式对鸡油菌微观结构的影响

注:(A)空白对照(Control),(B)微波预处理(MP),(C)漂烫预处理(BP),(D)渗透预处理(OP),(E)热风预处理(HP)。

, figureFileSmall=mCNqE4uSge3C2uhP2zuk0Q==, figureFileBig=feJg4sUKaFw7wUk5iVaPTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166838802174894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of different pretreatments on the total phenol and total flavonoid contents of chanterelles, figureFileSmall=g0KwUJ8pp0Tn1PCMl2K3Nw==, figureFileBig=B++bbq+2oYgS2Jg/zyqczQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166839141913519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同预处理方式对鸡油菌总酚、总黄酮含量的影响

注:不同大小写字母分别表示各组间总酚含量与总黄酮含量具有显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=g0KwUJ8pp0Tn1PCMl2K3Nw==, figureFileBig=B++bbq+2oYgS2Jg/zyqczQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166839229993904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different pretreatments on the free radical scavenging capacity of DPPH and ABTS+ in chanterelles, figureFileSmall=bRpdrxw1ly7geWGA/lGJEQ==, figureFileBig=rkTuKP0Lv5Ywwa/K7KVfMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166840890938289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同预处理方式对鸡油菌DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力的影响

注:不同大小写字母分别表示各组间DPPH自由基清除能力与ABTS+自由基清除能力具有显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=bRpdrxw1ly7geWGA/lGJEQ==, figureFileBig=rkTuKP0Lv5Ywwa/K7KVfMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166840966435762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of different pretreatments on the volatile flavor composition of chanterelles, figureFileSmall=4fgeeIKXMG5v17/ZKJIepA==, figureFileBig=Wx9XCxSdZQsIf4AG+HF5IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166841264231347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同预处理方式对鸡油菌挥发性风味组成的影响, figureFileSmall=4fgeeIKXMG5v17/ZKJIepA==, figureFileBig=Wx9XCxSdZQsIf4AG+HF5IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166841603969972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of different pretreatments on the rehydration ratio and color difference of chanterelles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预处理方式复水率(%)L*a*b*ΔE
Fresh−65.61±2.36b25.85±2.44a64.40±2.13a−
Control6.75±0.04a65.13±1.96b16.23±1.32c35.02±2.13c30.99±2.30b
MP6.50±0.05b65.11±2.01b15.82±1.17c42.38±1.94b24.31±1.80c
BP5.93±0.06c70.24±1.86a11.32±1.23d32.24±1.81d35.65±1.86a
OP5.83±0.14d57.82±2.38c18.12±1.14b35.85±1.43c30.68±1.64b
HP6.74±0.04a64.80±1.26b18.88±0.84b41.54±2.04b23.95±2.12c
), ArticleFig(id=1320166841687856053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同预处理方式对鸡油菌复水率和色差的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预处理方式复水率(%)L*a*b*ΔE
Fresh−65.61±2.36b25.85±2.44a64.40±2.13a−
Control6.75±0.04a65.13±1.96b16.23±1.32c35.02±2.13c30.99±2.30b
MP6.50±0.05b65.11±2.01b15.82±1.17c42.38±1.94b24.31±1.80c
BP5.93±0.06c70.24±1.86a11.32±1.23d32.24±1.81d35.65±1.86a
OP5.83±0.14d57.82±2.38c18.12±1.14b35.85±1.43c30.68±1.64b
HP6.74±0.04a64.80±1.26b18.88±0.84b41.54±2.04b23.95±2.12c
), ArticleFig(id=1320166841759159222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of different pretreatments on the free amino acid contents of chanterelles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸种类含量(mg/g)风味特性
ControlMPBPOPHP
必需氨基酸苏氨酸0.21±0.05c0.24±0.01bc0.29±0.01b0.23±0.03bc0.48±0.06a甜
缬氨酸0.28±0.01c0.29±0.03c0.37±0.02b0.30±0.02c0.54±0.01a苦
甲硫氨酸0.10±0.01a0.08±0.01b0.07±0.02b0.09±0.00ab0.10±0.02a苦
异亮氨酸0.25±0.07a0.23±0.05a0.29±0.05a0.23±0.07a0.31±0.08a苦
亮氨酸0.13±0.05c0.17±0.01c0.23±0.03b0.26±0.01b0.43±0.05a苦
苯丙氨酸0.14±0.05c0.16±0.06bc0.23±0.06bc0.26±0.05b0.38±0.06a苦
组氨酸0.11±0.01b0.17±0.03b0.15±0.02b0.26±0.04a0.26±0.02a苦
赖氨酸0.82±0.06c0.82±0.18c0.64±0.03d1.01±0.02b2.01±0.05a无味
非必需氨基酸天冬氨酸0.75±0.03bc1.15±0.52ab0.64±0.01c0.96±0.07bc1.55±0.06a鲜
丝氨酸0.50±0.00b1.55±1.08a0.53±0.01b1.31±0.18ab1.17±0.12ab甜
谷氨酸6.97±0.52b5.30±1.30c2.98±0.07d3.64±0.16d8.56±1.10a鲜
甘氨酸0.22±0.02b0.19±0.05b0.19±0.00b0.17±0.00b0.27±0.01a甜
丙氨酸1.56±0.31b0.95±0.40c0.81±0.01cd0.48±0.01d2.12±0.17a甜
胱氨酸0.49±0.19a0.47±0.15a0.41±0.13a0.44±0.16a0.57±0.15a无味
酪氨酸0.29±0.05d0.49±0.05bc0.40±0.06cd0.64±0.13ab0.76±0.07a无味
精氨酸1.23±0.21b1.20±0.18b0.73±0.14c1.27±0.25b3.00±0.14a苦
脯氨酸0.31±0.001b0.45±0.04a0.42±0.00a0.40±0.11ab0.45±0.01a甜
UFAA7.73±0.50b6.45±0.78c3.61±0.07d4.59±0.09d10.11±1.16a
SFAA2.79±0.38c3.38±0.59b2.25±0.02c2.60±0.02c4.48±0.11a
BFAA2.25±0.01c2.29±0.17c2.07±0.06c2.68±0.11b5.02±0.33a
总计14.36±1.04b13.90±0.05b9.38±0.19c11.96±0.05c22.95±1.87a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166842027594679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同预处理方式对鸡油菌游离氨基酸的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨基酸种类含量(mg/g)风味特性
ControlMPBPOPHP
必需氨基酸苏氨酸0.21±0.05c0.24±0.01bc0.29±0.01b0.23±0.03bc0.48±0.06a甜
缬氨酸0.28±0.01c0.29±0.03c0.37±0.02b0.30±0.02c0.54±0.01a苦
甲硫氨酸0.10±0.01a0.08±0.01b0.07±0.02b0.09±0.00ab0.10±0.02a苦
异亮氨酸0.25±0.07a0.23±0.05a0.29±0.05a0.23±0.07a0.31±0.08a苦
亮氨酸0.13±0.05c0.17±0.01c0.23±0.03b0.26±0.01b0.43±0.05a苦
苯丙氨酸0.14±0.05c0.16±0.06bc0.23±0.06bc0.26±0.05b0.38±0.06a苦
组氨酸0.11±0.01b0.17±0.03b0.15±0.02b0.26±0.04a0.26±0.02a苦
赖氨酸0.82±0.06c0.82±0.18c0.64±0.03d1.01±0.02b2.01±0.05a无味
非必需氨基酸天冬氨酸0.75±0.03bc1.15±0.52ab0.64±0.01c0.96±0.07bc1.55±0.06a鲜
丝氨酸0.50±0.00b1.55±1.08a0.53±0.01b1.31±0.18ab1.17±0.12ab甜
谷氨酸6.97±0.52b5.30±1.30c2.98±0.07d3.64±0.16d8.56±1.10a鲜
甘氨酸0.22±0.02b0.19±0.05b0.19±0.00b0.17±0.00b0.27±0.01a甜
丙氨酸1.56±0.31b0.95±0.40c0.81±0.01cd0.48±0.01d2.12±0.17a甜
胱氨酸0.49±0.19a0.47±0.15a0.41±0.13a0.44±0.16a0.57±0.15a无味
酪氨酸0.29±0.05d0.49±0.05bc0.40±0.06cd0.64±0.13ab0.76±0.07a无味
精氨酸1.23±0.21b1.20±0.18b0.73±0.14c1.27±0.25b3.00±0.14a苦
脯氨酸0.31±0.001b0.45±0.04a0.42±0.00a0.40±0.11ab0.45±0.01a甜
UFAA7.73±0.50b6.45±0.78c3.61±0.07d4.59±0.09d10.11±1.16a
SFAA2.79±0.38c3.38±0.59b2.25±0.02c2.60±0.02c4.48±0.11a
BFAA2.25±0.01c2.29±0.17c2.07±0.06c2.68±0.11b5.02±0.33a
总计14.36±1.04b13.90±0.05b9.38±0.19c11.96±0.05c22.95±1.87a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166842103092152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of different pretreatments on the volatile flavor compounds of chanterelles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号物质CAS含量(μg/g)
ControlMPBPOPHP
醇类
1(2R,3R)-(-)-2,3-丁二醇24347-58-80.08±0.01−−−−
2(2Z)-2-辛烯-1-醇26001-58-12.06±0.02b−−−2.17±0.01a
3(E)-2,5,5-三甲基-3,6-庚二烯-2-醇26127-98-0−−−0.04±0.00−
41-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-413.27±0.21b2.41±0.03e4.97±0.07d5.82±0.03c15.31±0.04a
52-癸烯-1-醇22104-80-90.63±0.02a−0.49±0.03c0.54±0.02b−
63,4-二甲基环己醇5715-23-10.20±0.03c1.01±0.07a0.06±0.01d0.25±0.02bc0.27±0.02b
73-辛醇589-98-0−−0.26±0.02a−−
84,8-二甲基-1,7-壬二烯-4-醇17920-92-2−−−0.04±0.01−
9正己醇111-27-3−−−−0.18±0.02
102-十二烷基-1,3-丙二醇10395-09-2−−0.36±0.02−−
醛类
112,4-壬二烯醛6750-03-40.06±0.01b0.09±0.01a0.06±0.01b0.04±0.01c0.03±0.01c
122,6,6-三甲基-1-环己烯-1-羧醛432-25-70.04±0.01d0.21±0.02a0.14±0.01b0.10±0.02c0.06±0.01d
132-丙基-2-庚烯醛34880-43-8−0.02±0.00b0.07±0.01a−−
142-丁基-2-辛烯醛13019-16-4−0.02±0.01a−0.01±0.01b−
152-庚烯醛57266-86-10.22±0.02bc0.42±0.03a−0.24±0.01b0.21±0.02c
162-乙基己烯醛645-62-5−0.11±0.01a0.07±0.01b−−
17苯甲醛100-52-7−−−0.19±0.01b0.31±0.03a
18反-2-辛烯醛2548-87-01.28±0.02d0.68±0.03e2.28±0.12b1.69±0.01c5.53±0.03a
19壬醛124-19-60.15±0.02c0.23±0.02a0.22±0.02ab0.20±0.03ab0.19±0.02b
20辛醛124-13-0−−−0.07±0.01a0.07±0.01a
21正庚醛111-71-70.23±0.02b0.19±0.01c0.23±0.02b0.63±0.02a0.19±0.02c
酮类
22(Z)-6-辛烯-2-酮74810-53-00.18±0.02b−−−0.41±0.02a
232-(2-氧代丙基)环戊酮60415-94-3−0.30±0.02−−−
242-癸酮693-54-90.17±0.01a0.07±0.01b0.07±0.01b0.04±0.01c0.06±0.02b
252-壬酮821-55-60.12±0.01a−−−0.06±0.01b
264-(2,6,6-三甲基-1-环己烯-1-基)-2-丁酮17283-81-7−0.10±0.02a0.08±0.01ab0.08±0.01b0.03±0.00c
276,10-二甲基-5,9-十一双烯-2-酮689-67-80.05±0.01b0.11±0.01a0.11±0.02a0.05±0.01b0.05±0.00b
286-甲基-6-硝基-2-庚酮142963-25-5−0.04±0.01−−−
293-辛烯-2-酮1669-44-9−−0.58±0.05b0.74±0.02a−
307-氧杂双环[2.2.1]庚烷-2-酮58564-88-80.26±0.01−−−−
316-(羟基苯基甲基)-2,2-二甲基环己酮5026-62-0−−0.67±0.02−−
321-(1-吡咯烷基)-2,5-十八碳二烯-1-酮56666-48-9−−0.03±0.01−−
331-(2,3,3-三甲基环氧乙烷-2-基)乙酮15120-99-7−−−−0.02±0.00
酯类
346,6-二甲基-2-亚甲基-二环[3.1.1]庚-3-醇乙酸酯1078-95-10.10±0.02a−−0.10±0.01a0.09±0.01a
35辛酸甲酯111-11-50.22±0.02b0.07±0.01d0.15±0.02c0.15±0.02c0.27±0.02a
36庚酸甲酯106-73-00.12±0.02b−0.08±0.01c0.24±0.02a0.12±0.02b
37己酸甲酯106-70-71.35±0.02d−2.34±0.07b2.62±0.10a1.86±0.03c
38壬酸甲酯1731-84-6−−0.02±0.00c0.07±0.01b0.10±0.03a
39泛内酯599-04-2−−0.29±0.06a0.29±0.03a0.20±0.02b
40月桂酸甲酯111-82-0−−−0.07±0.00a0.06±0.01b
4114-甲基十五烷酸甲酯5129-60-2−−−0.04±0.01−
酸类
42己酸142-62-1−−0.16±0.01−−
432-甲基己酸4536-23-6−−−−0.22±0.02
442-甲基十一烷酸24323-25-9−−−−0.05±0.01
烃类
453-氯-1-己烯53101-38-50.52±0.04b0.75±0.02a−−−
468-甲基-1-十一碳烯74630-40-30.04±0.01ab−0.05±0.01a0.04±0.00ab0.03±0.01b
473-甲基-1,6-庚二烯50871-05-1−−−−1.75±0.03
48十二烯112-41-4−−−−0.06±0.02
49丁基环丙烷930-57-40.06±0.01b−0.03±0.00a−0.10±0.01a
501-庚基-2-甲基环丙烷74663-91-5−0.05±0.00−−−
51溴代环庚烷2404-35-5−−0.06±0.01−−
其它类
522-戊基呋喃3777-69-30.45±0.03c0.45±0.03c0.42±0.03c0.53±0.02b1.28±0.04a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166842195366841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166496454685496, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同预处理对鸡油菌挥发性风味成分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号物质CAS含量(μg/g)
ControlMPBPOPHP
醇类
1(2R,3R)-(-)-2,3-丁二醇24347-58-80.08±0.01−−−−
2(2Z)-2-辛烯-1-醇26001-58-12.06±0.02b−−−2.17±0.01a
3(E)-2,5,5-三甲基-3,6-庚二烯-2-醇26127-98-0−−−0.04±0.00−
41-辛烯-3-醇3391-86-413.27±0.21b2.41±0.03e4.97±0.07d5.82±0.03c15.31±0.04a
52-癸烯-1-醇22104-80-90.63±0.02a−0.49±0.03c0.54±0.02b−
63,4-二甲基环己醇5715-23-10.20±0.03c1.01±0.07a0.06±0.01d0.25±0.02bc0.27±0.02b
73-辛醇589-98-0−−0.26±0.02a−−
84,8-二甲基-1,7-壬二烯-4-醇17920-92-2−−−0.04±0.01−
9正己醇111-27-3−−−−0.18±0.02
102-十二烷基-1,3-丙二醇10395-09-2−−0.36±0.02−−
醛类
112,4-壬二烯醛6750-03-40.06±0.01b0.09±0.01a0.06±0.01b0.04±0.01c0.03±0.01c
122,6,6-三甲基-1-环己烯-1-羧醛432-25-70.04±0.01d0.21±0.02a0.14±0.01b0.10±0.02c0.06±0.01d
132-丙基-2-庚烯醛34880-43-8−0.02±0.00b0.07±0.01a−−
142-丁基-2-辛烯醛13019-16-4−0.02±0.01a−0.01±0.01b−
152-庚烯醛57266-86-10.22±0.02bc0.42±0.03a−0.24±0.01b0.21±0.02c
162-乙基己烯醛645-62-5−0.11±0.01a0.07±0.01b−−
17苯甲醛100-52-7−−−0.19±0.01b0.31±0.03a
18反-2-辛烯醛2548-87-01.28±0.02d0.68±0.03e2.28±0.12b1.69±0.01c5.53±0.03a
19壬醛124-19-60.15±0.02c0.23±0.02a0.22±0.02ab0.20±0.03ab0.19±0.02b
20辛醛124-13-0−−−0.07±0.01a0.07±0.01a
21正庚醛111-71-70.23±0.02b0.19±0.01c0.23±0.02b0.63±0.02a0.19±0.02c
酮类
22(Z)-6-辛烯-2-酮74810-53-00.18±0.02b−−−0.41±0.02a
232-(2-氧代丙基)环戊酮60415-94-3−0.30±0.02−−−
242-癸酮693-54-90.17±0.01a0.07±0.01b0.07±0.01b0.04±0.01c0.06±0.02b
252-壬酮821-55-60.12±0.01a−−−0.06±0.01b
264-(2,6,6-三甲基-1-环己烯-1-基)-2-丁酮17283-81-7−0.10±0.02a0.08±0.01ab0.08±0.01b0.03±0.00c
276,10-二甲基-5,9-十一双烯-2-酮689-67-80.05±0.01b0.11±0.01a0.11±0.02a0.05±0.01b0.05±0.00b
286-甲基-6-硝基-2-庚酮142963-25-5−0.04±0.01−−−
293-辛烯-2-酮1669-44-9−−0.58±0.05b0.74±0.02a−
307-氧杂双环[2.2.1]庚烷-2-酮58564-88-80.26±0.01−−−−
316-(羟基苯基甲基)-2,2-二甲基环己酮5026-62-0−−0.67±0.02−−
321-(1-吡咯烷基)-2,5-十八碳二烯-1-酮56666-48-9−−0.03±0.01−−
331-(2,3,3-三甲基环氧乙烷-2-基)乙酮15120-99-7−−−−0.02±0.00
酯类
346,6-二甲基-2-亚甲基-二环[3.1.1]庚-3-醇乙酸酯1078-95-10.10±0.02a−−0.10±0.01a0.09±0.01a
35辛酸甲酯111-11-50.22±0.02b0.07±0.01d0.15±0.02c0.15±0.02c0.27±0.02a
36庚酸甲酯106-73-00.12±0.02b−0.08±0.01c0.24±0.02a0.12±0.02b
37己酸甲酯106-70-71.35±0.02d−2.34±0.07b2.62±0.10a1.86±0.03c
38壬酸甲酯1731-84-6−−0.02±0.00c0.07±0.01b0.10±0.03a
39泛内酯599-04-2−−0.29±0.06a0.29±0.03a0.20±0.02b
40月桂酸甲酯111-82-0−−−0.07±0.00a0.06±0.01b
4114-甲基十五烷酸甲酯5129-60-2−−−0.04±0.01−
酸类
42己酸142-62-1−−0.16±0.01−−
432-甲基己酸4536-23-6−−−−0.22±0.02
442-甲基十一烷酸24323-25-9−−−−0.05±0.01
烃类
453-氯-1-己烯53101-38-50.52±0.04b0.75±0.02a−−−
468-甲基-1-十一碳烯74630-40-30.04±0.01ab−0.05±0.01a0.04±0.00ab0.03±0.01b
473-甲基-1,6-庚二烯50871-05-1−−−−1.75±0.03
48十二烯112-41-4−−−−0.06±0.02
49丁基环丙烷930-57-40.06±0.01b−0.03±0.00a−0.10±0.01a
501-庚基-2-甲基环丙烷74663-91-5−0.05±0.00−−−
51溴代环庚烷2404-35-5−−0.06±0.01−−
其它类
522-戊基呋喃3777-69-30.45±0.03c0.45±0.03c0.42±0.03c0.53±0.02b1.28±0.04a
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不同预处理方式辅助真空冷冻干燥对鸡油菌品质的影响
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徐叶文 1 , 朱峰豆 1 , 孙丽平 1 , 庄永亮 1, 2, 3 , 顾颖 1 , 丁阳月 1 , 樊雪静 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(11): 156-166
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (11) : 156 -166
不同预处理方式辅助真空冷冻干燥对鸡油菌品质的影响
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徐叶文1 , 朱峰豆1, 孙丽平1, 庄永亮1, 2, 3, 顾颖1, 丁阳月1, 樊雪静1, *
作者信息
  • 1昆明理工大学食品科学与工程学院,云南昆明 650500
  • 2云南省木本油料技术创新中心,云南昆明 650201
  • 3云南省高原特色食品预制化重点实验室,云南昆明 650500
通讯作者:
樊雪静(1991−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

徐叶文(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Effect of Vacuum Freeze-drying Assisted by Different Pretreatment Methods on the Quality of Chanterelles
Yewen XU1 , Fengdou ZHU1, Liping SUN1, Yongliang ZHUANG1, 2, 3, Ying GU1, Yangyue DING1, Xuejing FAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
  • 2Yunnan Technology Innovation Center of Woody Oil, Kunming 650201, China
  • 3Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Food Advanced Manufacturing, Kunming 650500, China
出版时间: 2026-06-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060105
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为探究不同预处理方式对真空冷冻干燥鸡油菌干燥速率与品质的影响,本研究系统比较微波预处理(Microwave Pretreatment,MP)、漂烫预处理(Blanching Pretreatment,BP)、渗透预处理(Osmotic Pretreatment,OP)和热风预处理(Hot Air Pretreatment,HP)四种预处理方式对真空冷冻干燥鸡油菌干燥特性、微观结构、复水率、色差、总酚和总黄酮含量、抗氧化能力、游离氨基酸含量及挥发性风味的影响。结果表明,与空白对照(Control)干燥16 h相比,MP、BP、OP和HP的干燥时间分别缩短至13、11、11和13 h,MP、BP和OP对鸡油菌细胞结构破坏严重,总酚和总黄酮含量、抗氧化能力和游离氨基酸总量均下降,但HP组织结构仍较为完整,且总酚、DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力和游离氨基酸总量分别增加12.33%、30.38%、51.15%和59.86%。此外,HP、BP和OP的挥发性风味成分种类分别增加8种、4种和4种,但MP、BP和OP的挥发性风味总量有所降低,仅有HP的挥发性风味总量增加,重要风味组成如1-辛烯-3-醇、反-2-辛烯醛及2-戊基呋喃的含量分别增加13.32%、332.03%和184.44%。干燥后HP和MP的复水性和色差优于BP和OP。因此,HP是一种更适宜真空冷冻干燥鸡油菌的预处理方式,为干制食用菌的品质优化和工业开发提供了参考。

鸡油菌  /  预处理  /  干燥方式  /  品质特性  /  营养价值

To investigate the effects of different pretreatment methods on the drying rate and quality of vacuum freeze-drying chanterelles, this study systematically compared four techniques: microwave pretreatment (MP), blanching pretreatment (BP), osmotic pretreatment (OP), and hot air pretreatment (HP). The effects of these pretreatments were evaluated based on several indicators, including drying characteristics, microstructure, rehydration capacity, color difference, total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, free amino acid content, and volatile flavor composition. The results demonstrated that compared to the control group (which required 16 hours of drying), the drying durations of MP, BP, OP, and HP were shortened to 13, 11, 11, and 13 hours, respectively. MP, BP, and OP significantly damaged the cellular structure of chanterelles, resulting in reduced levels of total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and free amino acids. In contrast, HP better preserved the tissue structure and led to increases in total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS+ radical scavenging activity, and free amino acid content by 12.33%, 30.38%, 51.15%, and 59.86%, respectively. Furthermore, the number of volatile flavor compounds increased by 8, 4, and 4 types in the HP, BP, and OP groups, respectively. However, the total content of volatile flavor compounds declined in MP, BP, and OP, with only HP exhibiting an overall increase. Notably, key flavor constituents such as 1-octene-3-ol, trans-2-octenal, and 2-pentylfuran increased by 13.32%, 332.03%, and 184.44%, respectively. In terms of product quality, the rehydration capacity and color retention of chanterelles subjected to HP and MP were superior to those treated with BP and OP. Overall, hot air pretreatment (HP) emerged as the more effective pretreatment method for vacuum freeze-drying chanterelles, providing a valuable reference for improving the quality and industrial processing of dried edible fungi.

chanterelle  /  pretreatment  /  drying methods  /  quality characteristics  /  nutritional value
徐叶文, 朱峰豆, 孙丽平, 庄永亮, 顾颖, 丁阳月, 樊雪静. 不同预处理方式辅助真空冷冻干燥对鸡油菌品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (11) : 156 -166 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060105
Yewen XU, Fengdou ZHU, Liping SUN, Yongliang ZHUANG, Ying GU, Yangyue DING, Xuejing FAN. Effect of Vacuum Freeze-drying Assisted by Different Pretreatment Methods on the Quality of Chanterelles[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (11) : 156 -166 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060105
鸡油菌(Cantharellus cibarius)属于鸡油菌科鸡油菌属真菌,是全球六大著名菌根性食用菌之一,常见于欧洲、北美和亚洲地区,多收获于夏秋季节[1]。具有独特的杏香味,色泽呈黄色或橙色,口感脆嫩可口,含有多种矿物质、维生素和活性成分等,具有很高的营养价值[2]。根据研究报道,鸡油菌具有潜在的抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎症、抗高血压和抗癌作用[3]。但新鲜鸡油菌含水量较高,酶活性与化学反应速率等也都处于较高水平[4],且鸡油菌肉质娇嫩,易产生机械损伤,伤口极易感染从而引起风味和营养的损失,甚至造成腐败溃烂,导致鸡油菌品质下降。因此,对新鲜鸡油菌进行二次加工,可以保留鸡油菌的营养成分和功能活性,同时减少商业价值损失。
干燥作为一种常用的食品加工方法,可以延长食物保质期,降低包装和运输成本。真空冷冻干燥作为干燥技术的一种,其原理是通过预冻将物料中的游离水变为固体,然后在真空环境中使冰晶升华,以此降低物料水分含量[5]。该方法能最大限度保留产品的色泽、形状、风味和营养成分等。但是真空冷冻干燥效果受冷阱温度、真空度、物料自身性质、物料厚度等多种因素的影响,存在干燥时间过长,能耗高、费用昂贵等缺点。有研究表明,预处理可以改变食品的组织结构,提高真空冷冻干燥的效率和品质等[6]。因此预处理成为了改善真空冷冻干燥品质的有效措施之一。常见的预处理有冻融、超声、打孔、微波、盐渗和多方式联合等。Wang等[7]研究了冻融预处理对真空冷冻干燥枸杞品质的影响,发现冻融处理可以有效缩短干燥时间,改善冻干枸杞品质。Zhang等[8]发现,草莓片经过超声预处理后再真空冷冻干燥,可以使草莓片组织结构更加均匀,干燥时间缩短,降低干制品吸湿性等。Cai等[9]的研究表明适当的焯烫预处理结合真空冷冻干燥有助于提高冻干百合球茎的品质。但不同预处理辅助真空冷冻干燥对鸡油菌品质影响的研究鲜有报道。
本研究以云南野生鸡油菌为试验对象,采用微波预处理(Microwave Pretreatment,MP)、漂烫预处理(Blanching Pretreatment,BP)、渗透预处理(Osmotic Pretreatment,OP)和热风预处理(Hot Air Pretreatment,HP)四种预处理方式辅助真空冷冻干燥,并与无预处理的空白对照组(Control)进行比较,分析不同预处理对干制鸡油菌干燥特性、微观结构、复水能力、色差、总酚和总黄酮含量、抗氧化能力、游离氨基酸含量及挥发性风味成分的影响,筛选出适合鸡油菌冷冻干燥的预处理工艺,并为其他食用菌的真空冷冻干燥提供理论依据与技术参考。
鸡油菌(选取已成熟的鸡油菌,菌盖边缘略内卷,菌褶全部伸直,菌盖开伞度8~9分,水分含量91.55%±0.65%) 云南木水花野生菌交易中心;氯化钠 食品级,北京华兴食品商贸有限公司;氢氧化钠、甲醇、无水乙醇 分析纯,天津市风船化学试剂科技有限公司;芦丁标准品 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;没食子酸、福林酚、硝酸铝、2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基、2,2'-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺(分析纯)、邻二氯苯(色谱纯) 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;亚硝酸钠 分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司;碳酸钠 分析纯,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;磺基水杨酸 分析纯,天津市光复科技发展有限公司;氨基酸标准品 美国Sigma公司。
101A-1E电热鼓风干燥箱 上海实验仪器厂有限公司;GL-20G-C高速冷冻离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;LC-12N-50A真空冷冻干燥机、HH-8数显恒温水浴锅 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;M1-L213B微波炉 美的厨房电器制造有限公司;Na型阳离子树脂层析柱(200 mm×4.6 mm×8 μm)、Biochrom 30+氨基酸自动分析仪 英国柏楉有限公司;ZG-TP203松竫精密天平 上海然浩电子有限公司;UV-6100型紫外可见分光光度计 上海美谱达仪器有限公司;SB-5200D超声波清洗机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;CR-400色差计 日本柯尼卡美能达公司;Oxford Quorum SC7620 离子溅射镀膜仪 英国Quorum公司;Regulus 8100扫描电子显微镜 日本日立高新技术公司;HP-5MS毛细色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm) 美国安捷伦公司;GCMS-QP2010 ultra气相色谱-质谱联用仪 日本岛津公司。
新鲜鸡油菌洗干净后擦去表面水分并分为5组,每组三份,每份40 g,分别命名为空白对照组(Control)、微波预处理(Microwave Pretreatment,MP)、漂烫预处理(Blanching Pretreatment,BP)、渗透预处理(Osmotic Pretreatment,OP)和热风预处理(Hot Air Pretreatment,HP)。预处理完成后,将样品置于−20 ℃环境中预冻12 h,随后利用真空冷冻干燥机进行干燥处理。冷冻干燥过程的参数为:冷阱温度−60 ℃,真空度低于15 Pa。样品含水量低于12 g/100 g时达到干燥终点。各预处理方式的具体操作如下所示:Control:将上述干净鸡油菌均匀铺置容器内,置于−20 ℃环境中预冻12 h,而后进行真空冷冻干燥。MP:参考朱彩平等[10]的方法进行微波处理,并稍作修改。将鸡油菌铺置于皿中,利用微波炉进行预处理,微波功率设定为5.25 W/g,处理时间为2 min。BP:参考Mirzaei-Baktash等[11]的方法对鸡油菌进行漂烫处理,漂烫温度80 ℃,漂烫时间3 min。OP:参考Darishi等[12]的方法进行渗透处理,将鸡油菌与7%的NaCl溶液按照1:5(g/mL)的质量比进行处理,渗透溶液温度为46 ℃,渗透时间85 min,保持每30 min一次的搅拌频率以抵消渗透过程中产生的传质阻力[13]。在达到规定渗透时间后,快速捞出并冲洗样品,用吸水纸轻轻吸干表面水分。HP:参考Sun等[14]的方法进行热风预处理。将鸡油菌均匀铺置于干燥箱托盘上,避免交叠,热风干燥预处理的温度和时间分别设置为60 ℃和30 min。
干燥过程中每2 h进行一次称重,直至水分降至12 g/100 g时结束干燥。水分比MR(Moisture Ratio)与干燥速率DR(Drying Rate)的计算参考Wang等[7]的方法,其中干燥速率DR单位以g/(g·h)表示:
$ \text{MR=}\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{t}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}} $
式中:mt为t时刻的干基含水量(g/100 g),m0为初始干基含水量(g/100 g)。
$ \text{DR}=\frac{\left.{\text{m}}_{\text{t}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{t+Δt}}\right.}{\text{∆t}}\times 100 $
式中:mt和mt+Δt分别为t时刻与t+Δt时刻的干基含水量(g/100 g),t为时间(h),Δt为时间差(h),100为换算系数。
鸡油菌干制品纵向剖开后将菌伞横断面向上粘贴至样品台上,用离子溅射镀膜仪进行镀金处理,并在1000×的放大倍率下观察干燥鸡油菌的微观结构。
参考吴坤龙等[15]的方法进行复水率的测定,具体如下:称取2 g干制品浸入100 mL的水中,水温50 ℃,每半个小时测定一次,测定前用吸水纸去除表面水分,直至恒重,记录恒重质量,并利用下式进行复水率的计算。
$ {\text{R}}_{\text{R}}\text=\frac{{\text{w}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{w}}_{\text{2}}}\times 100 $
式中:RR为复水率(%),W1为复水后样品恒重的质量(g),W2为干制样品的质量(g)。
使用色差计测定新鲜鸡油菌和不同预处理真空冷冻干燥鸡油菌的表面颜色,每个样品选定不同的菌伞外表面进行测定。测定指标主要包括L*、a*、b*和总色差ΔE。ΔE的计算公式如下:
$ \Delta E=\sqrt{{({{L}}^{*}{-L}_{{0}}^{{*}})}^{{2}}+{({{a}}^{{*}}{-a}_{{0}}^{{*}})}^{{2}}+{({{b}}^{{*}}{-b}_{{0}}^{{*}})}^{{2}}} $
式中:L0*,a0*,b0*和L*,a*,b*分别代表新鲜和干燥鸡油菌的亮暗度,红绿度值和黄蓝度值。
干燥鸡油菌粉碎后过40目筛,精确称取1.50 g样品,加入45 mL 85%的甲醇并使用超声仪辅助提取,提取时间为30 min,提取完成后将混合物在8000 r/min的条件下离心15 min后收集上清液,作为总酚、总黄酮、DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS+自由基清除率的测定液。
总酚含量(Total Phenols Content,TPC)采用Folin-Ciocalteu法进行测定。根据Mu等[16]的方法确定,并进行一些修改。取1 mL待测液于25 mL具塞比色管内,加入1 mL福林酚溶液和2 mL 12%的碳酸钠溶液,用超纯水补足至刻度处,在25 ℃条件下避光恒温水浴2 h,并在765 nm处测定吸光值。利用没食子酸建立总酚标准曲线y=0.1001x+0.0636 (R2=0.9974),结果以没食子酸当量(Gallic Acid Equivalent,mg GAE/g)表示,并通过以下公式计算鸡油菌中总酚含量:
$ \text{TPC}\left(\text{mg GAE/g}\right)=\frac{\left.\text{C×V×N}\right.}{\left.\text{M×1000}\right.} $
式中:C为鸡油菌中总酚的质量浓度(µg/mL),V为稀释液的体积(mL),N为稀释倍数,M为鸡油菌粉末的质量(g)。
使用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠法对样品中的总黄酮含量(Total Flavonoid Content,TFC)进行测定。参考Kittibunchakul等[17]的方法并适当修改。称取1 mL待测液于25 mL比色管内,再加入9 mL 30%乙醇、1 mL 5%亚硝酸钠溶液,摇匀后静置6 min,再加入10%的硝酸铝溶液1 mL,而后摇匀静置6 min,静置结束后加入10 mL 10%的氢氧化钠溶液,并使用30%的乙醇稀释至刻度,静置15 min,于510 nm处测定吸光值。使用芦丁建立总黄酮的标准曲线y=0.9049x+0.0283(R2=0.9995),结果以芦丁当量(Rutin Equivalent,mg RE/g)表示。具体计算公式如下:
$ \text{TFC}\left(\text{mg RE/g}\right)=\frac{\left.\text{A×V×D}\right.}{\text{M}} $
式中:A为鸡油菌中黄酮的质量浓度(mg/mL),V为稀释液的体积(mL),D为稀释倍数,M为鸡油菌粉末的质量(g)。
通过分光光度法测定干制品的抗氧化活性,包括DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS+自由基清除能力。
参考Sun等[14]的方法并进行修改,将1 mL待测液加入2 mL的DPPH溶液(0.5 mmol/L)中,充分混合后在37 ℃下避光静置20 min;另取1 mL甲醇,加入2 mL 0.5 mmol/L的DPPH溶液,摇匀后同样置于37 ℃避光环境中静置20 min(空白对照);取1 mL待测液与2 mL甲醇混合均匀,同样的条件下静置(样品对照)。以上所有的吸光度均于514 nm处进行测定,利用公式进行计算。
$ \rm DPPH自由基清除率({\text{%}})=\left(1-\frac{A_i-A_j}{A_0}\right)\times 100 $
式中:Ai、Aj和A0分别表示样品、样品对照和空白对照的吸光度值。
参照Tan等[18]的方法并稍作修改。ABTS+自由基清除能力的测定方法如下:在试管中加入2 mL待测液与3 mL 80%甲醇溶液,混匀后避光静置30 min,在734 nm处测定吸光度值;再次量取2 mL待测液于干净试管内,加入3 mL ABTS溶液(734 nm处吸光度为0.70±0.02)并混匀,避光放置30 min后,同样在514 nm处测定吸光度。使用如下公式进行计算:
$ \rm ABTS^+ 自由基清除率({\text{%}})=\frac{A_1-A_2}{A_1}\times 100 $
式中:A1为溶剂代替样品吸光度值,A2为样品吸光度值。
根据Mu等[16]的方法进行氨基酸测定。称取1 g样品,溶解并定容至10 mL,混匀,4 ℃下静置24 h,取1 mL上清液并加入1 mL 5%磺基水杨酸溶液,混匀,以6000×g的离心力离心10 min,取1 mL上清液,过0.22 µm滤膜后得到滤液,使用氨基酸分析仪进行检测。实验中所用到的柠檬酸缓冲液及其pH分别为B1:3.2;B2:4.25;B5:6.45。实验中缓冲液的流速与反应流速设置为25 mL/h和10 mL/h;使用的Na型阳离子树脂层析柱长度直径200 mm×4.6 mm,颗粒大小8 µm;检测波长570 nm和440 nm;柱子升温温度按照55-65-75 ℃进行,反应槽温度138 ℃;进样量20 µL。
挥发性风味成分的测定参考钟应丽[19]的方法并稍作修改。具体如下:取1 g干燥鸡油菌置于20 mL顶空瓶中,加入1 mL饱和氯化钠溶液和10 µL 200 µg/mL的邻二氯苯溶液作为内标溶液,而后使用带PTFE/硅胶隔垫顶部开口式螺纹瓶盖密封。将顶空瓶在置于55 ℃加热装置上加热处理,并插入装有PDMS/DVB/CA且在220 ℃老化30 min的萃取针萃取吸附30 min。而后在进样口解析10 min。使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和HP-5MS毛细色谱柱进行测定。GC-MS条件如下:载气为高纯氦气(99.999%),气体流速1.0 mL/min,不分流。GC升温程序为初温50 ℃保持1 min,而后以5 ℃/min的升温速度升至180 ℃并保持5 min,而后以25 ℃/min的速度升至280 ℃并保持3 min。MS条件为:离子源温度220 ℃、接口温度220 ℃,溶剂延迟时间3.5 min,采集方式为Scan,质量范围32~500 m/z。将所得结果与NIST 20色谱库进行比对定性,筛选相似度>80的物质,随后采用内标法进行定量。
$\begin{split}&\rm 挥发性风味成分浓度({\text{µg/g}})=\\&\quad\rm\frac{{相关化合物峰面积}}{{内标物峰面积}}\times\frac{{c\times V}}{{m}}\times{1000}\end{split} $
式中:c为内标物浓度(µg/mL),V为内标物体积(μL),m为样品质量(g),1000为换算系数。
所有数据重复测定三次,实验结果以平均值±标准差(SD)的形式表示,并采用SPSS 27进行分析,单因素方差分析(ANOVA)通过Duncan进行检验(P<0.05),Origin 2021进行绘图。
干燥时间是评估干燥方法是否经济有效的最直观指标。不同预处理方式下,冷冻干燥鸡油菌水分比和干燥速率分别如图1A、图1B所示。所有样品的水分比随干燥时间增加而呈指数下降,干燥速率在初期增长迅速,在2 h达到峰值,并在4 h后逐渐放缓。空白对照(Control)、微波预处理(MP)、漂烫预处理(BP)、盐渗预处理(OP)和热风预处理(HP)达到干燥终点时所需的时间分别为16、13、11、11和13 h。与Control组相比,MP组与HP组的干燥时间缩短了18.75%;BP组和OP组的干燥时间缩短了31.25%。对各组样品干燥过程进行分析,Control组无任何预处理,水分蒸发完全依赖冷冻后内部水分结冰后的升华,因此达到干燥终点需要较长的时间。MP组的微波处理使物料内部水分子间的运动摩擦加剧,在短时间内产生大量热量,从而快速升温并促使水分迅速蒸发[20]。此外,微波处理还会对细胞结构造成一定程度的破坏,导致内部水分大量流失[21],这也是MP组干燥速率较高的重要原因之一。表观上BP组和OP组在干燥过程中水分比和干燥速率的变化趋势相似,然而,从细胞结构角度分析,BP处理会导致细胞收缩变形,甚至造成细胞壁的降解和解聚[22];而OP主要依靠细胞内外渗透压差实现脱水,相较于高温焯水,对细胞结构的破坏较小。HP处理对鸡油菌的干燥特性也产生了积极影响。在热风干燥初期,物料表面温度高于内部温度,形成温度梯度,有助于物料内部水分迅速向表面迁移,加快干燥速率[23]。因此,四种预处理方法均在不同程度上提升了鸡油菌真空冷冻干燥的干燥效率。
扫描电镜有助于直观评估加工工艺对微观结构的影响,揭示鸡油菌内部结构的变化。如图2所示,不同预处理方式下鸡油菌的微观结构表现出明显差异。图2A为Control组,其内部孔隙结构大小不一,这可能是因为在预冻时,缓慢的预冻速度使内部的水分结合形成较大的冰晶,在后续冷冻干燥过程中冰晶升华,留下大小不一的孔洞。孔洞结构的形成增大细胞间隙,但是内部纤维结构交叠,不利于水分的升华,导致干燥时间较长。图2B为MP组,具有一定的孔洞结构,内部纤维结构呈现出明显的、无规律的断裂和错位,有利于提高干燥速率[24]。图2C和图2D分别为BP组和OP组,二者微观结构相似,主要表现为细胞结构收缩坍塌、细胞壁变形。这种细胞结构的变化有利于鸡油菌内部形成微孔,加速冰晶的升华逸出,从而提升干燥速率[25]。图2E为HP组,该组样品微观结构更为完整,可能是预处理时,表层水分蒸发,避免冷冻时较大的孔洞形成而对细胞结构造成破坏。Refas等[26]的实验结果也表明热风干燥与冷冻干燥相比,对细胞破坏更小。因此,热风预处理有利于真空冷冻干燥的鸡油菌保持较好的细胞形态。
复水率是衡量干制品加水后恢复原有形态和品质能力的重要指标之一。本实验中不同预处理干制鸡油菌的复水率如表1所示。经过预处理的干制鸡油菌其复水能力均不同程度降低,依次为:Control>HP>MP>BP>OP。Control与HP组的复水率之间没有显著差异(P>0.05),可能是因为干燥过程中二者的细胞结构受破坏程度较小,组织结构更完整[27],有利于后续的复水。MP的复水率相较于Control组,下降了3.70%,微波干燥会使产品内部形成孔洞,但是过长的微波时间可能会破坏细胞结构的完整性[28]。BP和OP的复水率相比Control,分别降低了12.15%和13.63%,这可能是由于其细胞结构坍塌、细胞壁变形所致。干制品的颜色是影响商品价值,消费者食欲和购买意愿的关键指标之一。L*表示颜色的明暗程度,0(纯黑)~100(纯白),L*值越大,表明颜色越亮;a*由负到正表示颜色由绿色向红色转变;b*由负到正表示颜色由蓝色向黄色转变。如表1所示,不同预处理的干燥鸡油菌颜色参数具有显著差异(P<0.05)。与新鲜样品相比,除了BP预处理样品的L*值增大外,其余组别的L*、a*和b*值均降低。鸡油菌中的类胡萝卜素是其黄色色素的来源,在BP处理中,鸡油菌中的色素物质在高温下分解流失,致使漂烫液呈黄色[29]。此外,较高的温度可能对过氧化物酶的活性造成影响,有效遏制后续褐变反应的发生,因此L*高于其他组。所有预处理冷冻干燥后的样品a*、b*值均下降,表明颜色更偏向于绿色和蓝色,可能是干燥过程中样品的细胞结构发生变化,从而导致化学物质部分的流失和改性,导致颜色发生变化[30]。ΔE值越小,干制前后颜色变化就越小,可知短时处理的MP与温和处理的HP组经干燥后颜色变化最小。综合L*、a*、b*和ΔE进行分析,可知HP最大程度保留了新鲜鸡油菌的颜色,适宜作为一种干燥预处理方式。
干制品中酚类物质与黄酮类化合物对细胞功能具有重要影响,是评估食品营养保健功效的关键成分。如图3所示,不同预处理鸡油菌干燥样品总酚与总黄酮含量具有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中HP组与Control组样品的总酚与总黄酮含量较高,HP组总酚与总黄酮含量分别为2.46 mg GAE/g、2.52 mg RE/g;Control组总酚与总黄酮含量则分别为2.19 mg GAE/g、2.63 mg RE/g。HP组总酚与总黄酮含量较高的原因是低水分使其浓缩,且低温干燥的情况下,热敏性化合物不易降解[31]。有研究表明,适当的热风干燥有利于提高总酚与总黄酮含量[32–33]。真空冷冻干燥可以隔绝物料与氧气的接触并降低氧化酶活性,从而减少酚类与黄酮等的氧化[34],因此Control组的总酚和总黄酮含量也处于高水平状态。MP、BP和OP组多酚含量较低的原因是酚类物质具有热敏感性,处理过程中较高的温度加速了多酚物质的降解,且BP和OP预处理以水溶液为介质,加速多酚与黄酮物质的溶解浪费[35]。
DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力被广泛用于测定天然物质的抗氧化活性。如图4所示,HP组的鸡油菌DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基清除率分别为42.02%和75.94%,表现出显著优于其他组的抗氧化能力(P<0.05)。Control组与MP组在DPPH自由基清除率方面存在差异,在ABTS+自由基清除率方面无明显差异;BP组和OP组在DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率方面均无差异。HP组具有高抗氧化能力的主要原因是其具有较高的总酚和总黄酮含量。多酚和黄酮类物质具有强氧化还原电位,可以作为还原剂和氢供体,从而具有高抗氧化活性[36]。Kittibunchakul等[17]探究冻干和对流热风干燥对毛莓果实抗氧化能力的影响,发现冻干样与50、60 ℃温度下热风干燥的样品,DPPH自由基清除率无显著差异,与本实验所得结论一致。因此,可以将温和的热风处理作为一种提高和保留干制品抗氧化能力的经济有效的干燥手段。
游离氨基酸(FAA)的种类与含量是评价鸡油菌营养品质与风味特征的关键指标,直接关系到其食用价值与商品价值。不同预处理后冷冻干燥鸡油菌的游离氨基酸种类、含量以及风味特征如表2所示,本实验中检测到的游离氨基酸共计17种,总含量如下:热风预处理(HP,22.95±1.87 mg/g)>空白对照组(Control,14.36±1.04 mg/g)>微波预处理(MP,13.90±0.05 mg/g)>渗透预处理(OP,11.96±0.05 mg/g)>漂烫预处理(BP,9.38±0.19 mg/g),热风预处理组游离氨基酸总含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。其中,HP组FAA含量相比空白对照组提高了59.82%,这可能是因为热风预处理促进了蛋白质水解,从而提高了游离氨基酸水平[37]。而MP组FAA含量的降低可能是由于微波辐射抑制了蛋白酶活性,阻碍了蛋白质的降解与FAA的生成[38]。而OP与BP组中FAA含量的下降则可能与高温处理条件下部分氨基酸发生降解,转化为有机酸及其他风味化合物有关[39]。
不同游离氨基酸由于空间构型的差异,具有鲜味、甜味或苦味等不同感官属性[24]。其中,谷氨酸(Glu)是各处理组中含量最高的FAA,在干制品的鲜味特征中起到核心作用。BP与OP处理组中Glu可能因在热水中的溶解导致流失严重,因此含量较低。故这两种预处理方式不适宜用于鸡油菌的干燥前处理。此外,多种FAA之间存在协同增鲜作用,例如天冬氨酸(Asp)与Glu可与呈味核苷酸协同增强鲜味感知;丙氨酸(Ala)与Glu联合作用亦能提升鲜味强度[40]。综上分析,HP处理在提升鸡油菌风味氨基酸方面效果显著,有利于改善干制品质。
挥发性风味物质的种类和含量是评价干制菌品质的重要指标之一,对消费者购买意愿具有重要影响。在Control和四种不同预处理的真空冷冻干燥鸡油菌中共检测到53种挥发性风味成分,包括醇类(10种)、醛类(11种)、酮类(12种)、酯类(9种)、酸类(3种)、烃类(7种)和其他(1种)。其中Control、MP、BP、OP和HP分别鉴定出24、20、28、28和32种成分。图5显示了不同预处理方式下鸡油菌样品中挥发成分种类和含量的变化,其中HP组的挥发性风味成分种类和总含量均处于较高水平,而MP、BP和OP的挥发性风味成分种类和总含量均较低。这可能是因为HP的热风处理避免了水溶性风味成分的损失,且较高的处理温度使鸡油菌发生美拉德反应,脂肪分解等,产生新的风味成分[41]。微波预处理的瞬时高温不利于香气物质的富集,且会对香气物质造成破坏[42]。
根据表3可知,1-辛烯-3-醇作为主要的醇类物质,在HP中含量最高,为15.31±0.04 μg/g,相较于Control增加了15.37%,可为HP提供强烈的蘑菇香[43]。醛类物质中,具有脂肪、肉香以及黄瓜清香的反-2-辛烯醛[36]是主要成分,除了MP(0.68±0.03 μg/g),其余三种预处理组的反-2-辛烯醛含量均高于Control组(1.28±0.02 μg/g),分别为BP(2.28±0.12 μg/g)、OP(1.69±0.01 μg/g)和HP(5.53±0.03 μg/g)。不同预处理的酮类和烃类物质组成和含量差异较大,分别检测到Control组(酮类5种,烃类3种)、MP(酮类5种,烃类2种)、BP(酮类6种,烃类3种)、OP(酮类4种,烃类1种)和HP(酮类6种,烃类4种),其中HP组的种类最多,总含量最高(酮类0.62±0.03 μg/g,烃类1.94±0.06 μg/g)。此外,尽管BP的酮、烃类物质含量减少,但其酮、烃类化合物种类仍较为丰富。醇和酸发生的酯化反应是酯类物质的主要来源,该类物质在风味组成中常贡献花香味和果味[44]。不同预处理对干燥鸡油菌中酯类的组成和含量具有显著影响,其中,MP的酯类化合物最少,仅有辛酸甲酯(0.07±0.01 μg/g)一种,但其余三种预处理方式中,BP(5种,2.87±0.03 μg/g)、OP(8种,3.58±0.12 μg/g)和HP(7种,2.71±0.05 μg/g)的酯类化合物种类和含量均高于Control(4种,1.78±0.04 μg/g)。酸类化合物共计检测出三种,其中BP中检测出己酸,HP中检测出2-甲基己酸和2-甲基十一烷酸。己酸具有刺激性气味,会对BP风味造成负面影响,HP中含量较高的2-甲基己酸,因具有奶酪味可赋予HP组特殊的香气。其它化合物,如2-戊基呋喃,在HP中含量为1.28±0.04 μg/g,显著高于其他四组(P<0.05),增加了鸡油菌的脂香和肉香[45]。
本研究系统比较了四种预处理方法:微波预处理(MP)、漂烫预处理(BP)、渗透预处理(OP)及热风预处理(HP)对真空冷冻干燥鸡油菌干燥特性、微观结构、复水能力、色差、总酚和总黄酮含量、抗氧化能力、游离氨基酸以及挥发性风味组成的影响。综合各项指标进行分析比对,HP为最佳的预处理方式。即先将新鲜鸡油菌进行热风预处理,而后预冻进行真空冷冻干燥。该种预处理方式可以有效缩短18.75%的干燥时间,并且具有较好的复水性和颜色。同时,营养物质如总酚和总黄酮、游离氨基酸等含量也增加。在风味方面,其挥发性风味成分的种类与总含量也得到了提升,大大提高了真空冷冻干燥鸡油菌的感官品质。综上,热风预处理辅助真空冷冻干燥鸡油菌相较于其他干燥方式,更能满足鸡油菌的工业化干燥处理,降低干燥成本,提高营养价值与感官品质,为干制食用菌的工业化生产提供理论依据和技术参考。

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2026年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060105
  • 接收时间:2025-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-11
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    1昆明理工大学食品科学与工程学院,云南昆明 650500
    2云南省木本油料技术创新中心,云南昆明 650201
    3云南省高原特色食品预制化重点实验室,云南昆明 650500

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樊雪静(1991−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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