Article(id=1320881822146347989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881182762447607, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060102, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749571200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852367197, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1786723200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852367197, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852367197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852367197, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881182762447607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='537', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786723200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852214756, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852214756, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=203, endPage=216, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320881822360257494, articleId=1320881822146347989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Co-Microbial Fermentation on Bioactive Components and Flavor Profile of Tea Broth, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the limitations of single-strain fermentation of tea, specifically its single metabolic pathway and limited flavor enhancement, this study employed co-liquid-state fermentation of crude dark tea using Aspergillus cristatus G-Y and Bacillus subtilis SO-2, with unfermented tea broth as the control (CK group). The synergistic effects of the dual strains on the regulatory mechanisms of soluble sugars, tea pigments, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and flavor substances in tea broth were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that co-fermentation significantly reduced polysaccharide content (0.61 mg/mL, P<0.05) and promoted the accumulation of theabrownins (positively correlated with Δa value). In terms of polyphenol metabolism, single-strain fermentation with B. subtilis reduced the levels of total polyphenols and total flavonoids (by 11.96% and 18.71%, respectively), and single-strain fermentation with A. cristatus primarily drove the degradation of esterified catechins. Importantly, co-fermentation retained the degradation advantage of A. cristatus single fermentation on esterified catechins (reduction>90%), and further regulated the polyphenol transformation pathway through microbial synergy, promoting the accumulation of gallic acid, free catechins, and other compounds, and significantly enhancing antioxidant activity (DPPH· scavenging activity IC50=0.0315 mg/mL, ABTS+· scavenging activity IC50=0.0720 mg/mL, P<0.05). Flavor analysis revealed that the dual-strain interaction coordinated amino acid metabolism, leading to a balanced accumulation of sweetness-associated amino acids (141.59 mg/L) and bitterness-associated amino acids (129.01 mg/L). Moreover, through a coupled pathway of "glucosinolate hydrolysis (A. cristatus)-esterification (B. subtilis)," key aroma compounds such as benzyl isothiocyanate were substantially enhanced (ROAV=50.77, up to 49-fold higher than in single-strain fermentations). The total volatile metabolites increased by 6.18% compared to the control. Sensory evaluation confirmed that the co-fermentation group achieved the highest scores in aroma and taste, highlighting the synergistic effect of the dual strains on flavor balance. This study demonstrates that co-fermentation with A. cristatus and B. subtilis effectively modulates the transformation of bioactive compounds and the synthesis of key flavor substances through complementary metabolic pathways, significantly improving the overall quality of tea broth.

, authors=Yinghao YUAN1, Chen XIA1, Ting ZHANG2, Xiaobo TANG1, Manyou YU1, Liugang SHI3, Bin WU3, Lu GAN1, Yongqing ZHU1, *, authorsList=Yinghao YUAN, Chen XIA, Ting ZHANG, Xiaobo TANG, Manyou YU, Liugang SHI, Bin WU, Lu GAN, Yongqing ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongqing ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320881825652786153, articleId=1320881822146347989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=复合微生物发酵对茶汤活性成分及风味的影响, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决单菌发酵茶代谢路径单一、风味增效有限的问题,该研究采用冠突曲霉(Aspergillus cristatus G-Y)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis SO-2)对黑茶毛茶进行液态复合发酵,并以未发酵茶汤为对照(CK组),解析双菌协同对茶汤可溶性糖、茶色素、多酚类化合物、抗氧化活性及风味物质的调控机制。结果表明:复合发酵显著降低茶汤多糖含量(0.61 mg/mL,P<0.05),促进茶褐素积累(与Δa值呈正相关)。多酚代谢层面,枯草芽孢杆菌单菌发酵降低了总多酚和总黄酮含量(降幅11.96%、18.71%),冠突曲霉单菌发酵主导酯型儿茶素降解;复合发酵在保留冠突曲霉单菌发酵对酯型儿茶素的降解优势(降幅>90%)的同时,通过双菌协同作用进一步调控多酚转化路径,促进没食子酸、游离儿茶素等的积累,并显著增强抗氧化活性(DPPH·清除率 IC50=0.0315 mg/mL;ABTS+·清除率 IC50=0.0720 mg/mL,P<0.05)。风味分析表明:通过双菌互作协调氨基酸代谢,使甜味氨基酸(141.59 mg/L)与苦味氨基酸(129.01 mg/L)适度积累,并基于“硫苷水解(冠突曲霉)-酯化(枯草芽孢杆菌)偶联”途径,大幅提升异硫氰酸苯甲酯等关键香气物质(OAV=50.77,较单菌组最高提升49.26倍),挥发性代谢物总量较对照组增加6.18%。感官评价证实双菌发酵组香气与滋味评分最优,凸显双菌协同对风味平衡的增效作用。综上,冠突曲霉与枯草芽孢杆菌协同发酵通过互补代谢途径,有效调控了茶汤活性成分转化与关键风味物质合成,显著提升了茶汤品质。

, authors=袁英豪1, 夏陈1, 张厅2, 唐晓波1, 余鳗游1, 施刘刚3, 吴斌3, 甘露1, 朱永清1, *, authorsList=袁英豪, 夏陈, 张厅, 唐晓波, 余鳗游, 施刘刚, 吴斌, 甘露, 朱永清, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱永清, authorNote=

袁英豪(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:功能食品研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱永清(1968−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程,E-mail:。
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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(6): 162−172., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881841226236035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VAN GEMERT L J. 化合物香味阈值汇编[M]. 刘强, 译. 2版. 北京: 科学出版社, 2015. [VAN GEMERT L J. Compilations of flavour threshold values[M]. Translated by LIU Q. 2nd ed. Beijing: Science Press, 2015.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320881842891374725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VAN GEMERT L J. Compilations of flavour threshold values[M]. Translated by LIU Q. 2nd ed. Beijing: Science Press, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320881826047050730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881826051245035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, companyId=1320881826047050730, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Chengdu 610066, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881826063827948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, companyId=1320881826047050730, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(四川省农业科学院食品与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881826135131117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881826143519726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, companyId=1320881826135131117, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Tea Research, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881826151908335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, companyId=1320881826135131117, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2四川省农业科学院茶业研究所,四川成都 610066)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320881826219017200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881826227405809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, companyId=1320881826219017200, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Ya'an Jinhua Tibetan Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Ya'an 625100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320881826235794418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, companyId=1320881826219017200, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3雅安市金花藏茶茶业有限公司,四川雅安 625100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320881831109574699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Contents of total soluble sugar, polysaccharide, and reducing sugar in tea samples, figureFileSmall=4SjBaLIc3emWORFcvHdMUA==, figureFileBig=tr93ahDJ9K6PDKWz7WTQ0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881831185072172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=图1, caption=茶样可溶性总糖、多糖及还原糖含量

注:柱状图中不同小写字母表示具有显著差异(P<0.05),字母相同表示差异不显著;图2~图3同。

, figureFileSmall=4SjBaLIc3emWORFcvHdMUA==, figureFileBig=tr93ahDJ9K6PDKWz7WTQ0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881831424147501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Results of total polyphenols and total flavonoids in tea samples, figureFileSmall=dVXN7QLt7am5l1vp/5u3rw==, figureFileBig=cKAlMfQuMizxUfkLhUpAMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881831520616494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=图2, caption=茶样总多酚和总黄酮含量结果, figureFileSmall=dVXN7QLt7am5l1vp/5u3rw==, figureFileBig=cKAlMfQuMizxUfkLhUpAMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881831591919663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Results of tea pigments (a) and color difference values (b) in tea samples, figureFileSmall=flP4c+NVhbAygK0Mzl5oDA==, figureFileBig=qywJCWSlNExmhEXyd5DIUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881831680000048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=图3, caption=茶样茶色素(a)及色差值(b)结果

注:ΔL、Δa、Δb表示样品与对照组之间的颜色差异,而ΔE是总色差,综合反映颜色变化的程度。ΔL的+值和−值代表了茶叶的明、暗色调;Δa的+值和−值分别代表了红、绿色调;Δb的+值和−值分别代表了黄、蓝色调。

, figureFileSmall=flP4c+NVhbAygK0Mzl5oDA==, figureFileBig=qywJCWSlNExmhEXyd5DIUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881831747108913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation analysis of active components in tea samples 注:*P<0.05;**P<0.01。, figureFileSmall=yvK8sySxsAXTqpHhHN4kug==, figureFileBig=zP7UUxJxFJ6EWdAxP5cqfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881831810023474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=图4, caption=茶样活性成分相关性分析, figureFileSmall=yvK8sySxsAXTqpHhHN4kug==, figureFileBig=zP7UUxJxFJ6EWdAxP5cqfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881831893909555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Determination of antioxidant activity of tea samples, figureFileSmall=OJbuTQPfxuhZShVYaxZDTg==, figureFileBig=HXvvU9LyhTfAU0/ng3hW6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881831965212724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=图5, caption=茶样抗氧化活性测定, figureFileSmall=OJbuTQPfxuhZShVYaxZDTg==, figureFileBig=HXvvU9LyhTfAU0/ng3hW6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881832036515893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Detection and analysis spectrum of amino acids, figureFileSmall=n1S1Ti+fNtTz46Dn/Iv+wA==, figureFileBig=GuUm6EUSApS/AZq9XGTmyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881832107819062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=图6, caption=氨基酸的检测分析谱图

注:除羟脯氨酸Hyp、肌氨酸、脯氨酸Pro使用紫外266 nm检测外,其他氨基酸使用紫外338 nm检测。1-天冬氨酸Asp,2-谷氨酸Glu,3-天冬酰胺Asn,4-丝氨酸Ser,5-谷氨酰胺Gln,6-组氨酸His,7-甘氨酸Gly,8-苏氨酸Thr,9-瓜氨酸Cit,10-精氨酸Arg,11-丙氨酸Ala,12-酪氨酸Tyr,13-半胱氨酸Cys,14-缬氨酸Val,15-蛋氨酸Met,16-正缬氨酸Nva,17-色氨酸Trp,18-苯丙氨酸Phe,19-异亮氨酸Ile,20-亮氨酸Leu,21-赖氨酸Lys,22-羟脯氨酸Hyp,23-肌氨酸Sar,24-脯氨酸Pro,25-γ-氨基丁酸Gaba。20-亮氨酸因低于定量限,未列入表3定量结果。

, figureFileSmall=n1S1Ti+fNtTz46Dn/Iv+wA==, figureFileBig=GuUm6EUSApS/AZq9XGTmyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881832174927927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Volcano plot of differential volatile metabolites, figureFileSmall=Cve+R1GlkcFxvAfX1rMvQw==, figureFileBig=fup0h1DyJ3ER6ObIrug9MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881832242036792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=图7, caption=差异挥发性代谢物火山图

注:a:GY vs. CK;b:SO vs. CK;c:GS vs. CK。

, figureFileSmall=Cve+R1GlkcFxvAfX1rMvQw==, figureFileBig=fup0h1DyJ3ER6ObIrug9MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881832325922873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=VIP score plot of differential metabolites, figureFileSmall=a7jP5gBCY3j+g1jkwkOFFQ==, figureFileBig=QuXl5WkUZXQMSizi2lll/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881833961701434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=图8, caption=差异代谢物VIP值图

注:a:GY vs. CK;b:SO vs. CK;c:GS vs. CK。

, figureFileSmall=a7jP5gBCY3j+g1jkwkOFFQ==, figureFileBig=QuXl5WkUZXQMSizi2lll/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881834028810299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Sensory evaluation of tea soup, figureFileSmall=OdRmfnK1wCyauAxJMW445A==, figureFileBig=q0a3XvoPFT912Ckr/cX1Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881834104307772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=图9, caption=茶汤感官评价

注:(a)CK组;(b)SO组;(c)GY组;(d)GS组。

, figureFileSmall=OdRmfnK1wCyauAxJMW445A==, figureFileBig=q0a3XvoPFT912Ckr/cX1Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320881834163028029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation scoring criteria for fermented tea soup

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标评分标准与描述语得分(分)
汤色色泽深浓(如红褐、橙红),透亮,油润感强,无沉淀 色泽尚浓,较为明亮,略有油润感,轻微沉淀 色泽浅淡,明亮度一般,油润感弱,有可见悬浮物 色泽灰暗,浑浊,或有异常色变20~25
15~19
10~14
<10
香气菌香、甜香、陈香浓郁纯正,无任何异杂气,香气协调持久 菌香、甜香明显但稍欠浓郁,或略带火功香/青气,协调性较好 香气平淡,特征香不明显,或有轻微酸气、闷气等异杂气 香气低淡,或有显著酸馒味、霉味、腐败味等令人不愉悦的气味25~30
20~24
15~19
<15
滋味醇厚顺滑,回甘强劲持久,风味饱满协调,无苦涩味或异味 滋味较醇和,有回甘,但厚度或持久性稍欠,或略带轻微可接受的苦涩 滋味淡薄,略有酸味或水味,协调性差,回甘弱 滋味粗淡,酸涩味重,或有明显的霉味、异味,令人不愉悦30~35
25~29
20~24
<20
组织状态口感浓稠、滑口,有米汤感或胶质感,无任何颗粒感或涩口感。口感尚顺滑,稠度一般,略有轻微颗粒感或涩感;口感单薄如水,或有明显的粗糙感、颗粒感、收敛性过强;口感粗糙,涩口,或有可见杂质感8~10
6~7
4~5
<4
), ArticleFig(id=1320881834238525502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

发酵茶汤感官评价评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标评分标准与描述语得分(分)
汤色色泽深浓(如红褐、橙红),透亮,油润感强,无沉淀 色泽尚浓,较为明亮,略有油润感,轻微沉淀 色泽浅淡,明亮度一般,油润感弱,有可见悬浮物 色泽灰暗,浑浊,或有异常色变20~25
15~19
10~14
<10
香气菌香、甜香、陈香浓郁纯正,无任何异杂气,香气协调持久 菌香、甜香明显但稍欠浓郁,或略带火功香/青气,协调性较好 香气平淡,特征香不明显,或有轻微酸气、闷气等异杂气 香气低淡,或有显著酸馒味、霉味、腐败味等令人不愉悦的气味25~30
20~24
15~19
<15
滋味醇厚顺滑,回甘强劲持久,风味饱满协调,无苦涩味或异味 滋味较醇和,有回甘,但厚度或持久性稍欠,或略带轻微可接受的苦涩 滋味淡薄,略有酸味或水味,协调性差,回甘弱 滋味粗淡,酸涩味重,或有明显的霉味、异味,令人不愉悦30~35
25~29
20~24
<20
组织状态口感浓稠、滑口,有米汤感或胶质感,无任何颗粒感或涩口感。口感尚顺滑,稠度一般,略有轻微颗粒感或涩感;口感单薄如水,或有明显的粗糙感、颗粒感、收敛性过强;口感粗糙,涩口,或有可见杂质感8~10
6~7
4~5
<4
), ArticleFig(id=1320881834339188799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Contents of polyphenolic compounds in different groups of tea samples (μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物保留时间(min)回归方程多酚化合物含量
CKSOGYGS
没食子酸2.932y=17.986x-1.5765257.97±1.94c241.00±0.34d847.45±0.24a798.55±0.33b
茶碱4.585y=17.265x+8.10896.32±0.01a5.70±0.00c6.63±0.01a5.89±0.01b
没食子儿茶素4.949y=1.3634x+0.1094442.58±1.33d523.59±3.38c865.19±1.36a596.73±9.08b
咖啡碱7.132y=16.168x+10.819932.49±0.50b849.62±0.20c1091.78±0.75a958.30±0.24b
表没食子儿茶素7.682y=1.2574x+1.9631986.63±0.76c872.95±6.90d1343.34±13.39a1180.96±0.51b
儿茶素8.393y=3.9183x+0.0383317.11±0.24c280.63±2.21d431.57±4.3a379.47±0.16b
表儿茶素11.350y=4.7531x+11.356178.88±0.10c157.66±0.12d332.38±0.06a282.87±0.16b
表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯14.234y=9.2547x−11.4100294.37±0.35a212.90±0.13b8.40±0.10c6.91±0.06c
没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯15.227y=9.1452x−8.5647313.42±0.26a216.12±0.16b7.29±0.16c3.36±0.02d
表儿茶素没食子酸酯16.446y=9.8038x+8.0827214.68±3.08a156.27±0.47b21.39±0.13c19.30±0.06d
儿茶素没食子酸酯17.090y=10.614x+3.423173.76±0.10a130.68±12.01b11.40±0.11c10.42±0.04c
总含量4118.21±5.38c3647.12±6.08d4966.82±17.34a4242.76±10.06b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881834418880576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同组茶样中多酚化合物及茶碱含量(μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物保留时间(min)回归方程多酚化合物含量
CKSOGYGS
没食子酸2.932y=17.986x-1.5765257.97±1.94c241.00±0.34d847.45±0.24a798.55±0.33b
茶碱4.585y=17.265x+8.10896.32±0.01a5.70±0.00c6.63±0.01a5.89±0.01b
没食子儿茶素4.949y=1.3634x+0.1094442.58±1.33d523.59±3.38c865.19±1.36a596.73±9.08b
咖啡碱7.132y=16.168x+10.819932.49±0.50b849.62±0.20c1091.78±0.75a958.30±0.24b
表没食子儿茶素7.682y=1.2574x+1.9631986.63±0.76c872.95±6.90d1343.34±13.39a1180.96±0.51b
儿茶素8.393y=3.9183x+0.0383317.11±0.24c280.63±2.21d431.57±4.3a379.47±0.16b
表儿茶素11.350y=4.7531x+11.356178.88±0.10c157.66±0.12d332.38±0.06a282.87±0.16b
表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯14.234y=9.2547x−11.4100294.37±0.35a212.90±0.13b8.40±0.10c6.91±0.06c
没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯15.227y=9.1452x−8.5647313.42±0.26a216.12±0.16b7.29±0.16c3.36±0.02d
表儿茶素没食子酸酯16.446y=9.8038x+8.0827214.68±3.08a156.27±0.47b21.39±0.13c19.30±0.06d
儿茶素没食子酸酯17.090y=10.614x+3.423173.76±0.10a130.68±12.01b11.40±0.11c10.42±0.04c
总含量4118.21±5.38c3647.12±6.08d4966.82±17.34a4242.76±10.06b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881834506960961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Free amino acid contents in tea samples (mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸回归方程游离氨基酸含量
CKSOGYGS
鲜味氨基酸天冬氨酸y=441.3851x+3.178532.75±0.14a30.99±0.01b27.34±0.25c26.35±0.21c
谷氨酸y=447.2752x+4.866630.81±0.20c37.62±0.38a24.78±0.58d32.43±0.01b
甜味氨基酸天冬酰胺y=372.1462x−3.747414.44±0.01a12.40±0.01b9.10±0.18c7.75±0.05d
丝氨酸y=505.6397x+3.27847.88±0.01a8.15±0.08a5.37±0.04d6.87±0.00c
谷氨酰胺y=408.8147x−3.12300.76±0.01c0.82±0.00c1.03±0.00b2.45±0.00a
甘氨酸y=496.7866x+0.05413.47±0.11b15.31±0.07a3.45±0.00b15.06±0.09a
苏氨酸y=539.2383x+4.08205.32±0.19c11.63±0.02a3.09±0.00d9.33±0.01b
丙氨酸y=523.3878x+4.80288.19±0.03b16.78±0.05a6.36±0.05c15.76±0.11a
羟脯氨酸y=5931.8015x−59.421144.53±0.44c73.8±0.29a41.56±0.26c59.27±0.92b
肌氨酸y=5923.5651x−74.413218.75±0.21b24.69±0.25a12.07±0.08d16.01±0.05c
脯氨酸y=5656.7433x+53.93344.74±0.09c13.3±0.96a4.66±0.02c9.09±0.03b
苦味氨基酸组氨酸y=150.0858x+1.081738.82±0.35a35.41±0.46b30.92±0.89c30.36±0.03c
瓜氨酸y=376.9530x−3.97844.22±0.31bc4.54±0.04ab4.02±0.34c4.70±0.01a
精氨酸y=536.1642x+0.124316.8±0.38a17.36±0.03a8.77±0.49c9.31±0.45b
酪氨酸y=454.5777x+4.52683.99±0.01d10.43±0.47a4.55±0.13c9.60±0.00b
缬氨酸y=499.8321x+5.21297.37±0.02b21.29±0.26a6.34±0.70b20.94±0.12a
蛋氨酸y=517.4201x+2.43661.43±0.29a1.05±0.01bND1.08±0.16b
正缬氨酸y=286.8135x+19.15142.2±0.07a1.45±0.06b1.11±0.00c0.96±0.13c
色氨酸y=354.9660x−4.09205.73±0.24c8.45±0.02a5.17±0.02d7.33±0.10b
苯丙氨酸y=447.3178x+11.01894.91±0.08c15.06±0.66a2.57±0.01d9.93±0.17b
异亮氨酸y=476.0415x+1.72797.27±0.02c10.74±0.68b6.62±0.02d11.25±0.09a
赖氨酸y=750.2950x−4.52833.10±0.05c19.65±0.09a2.34±0.00d16.01±0.04b
亮氨酸y=494.1372x+0.99652.72±0.07c17.8±0.10a1.25±0.01d7.54±0.14b
酸味氨基酸γ-氨基丁酸y=3.9696x+3.44171.23±0.08bc1.66±0.05a1.36±0.03ab1.25±0.11bc
总氨基酸271.43±0.22c410.38±0.54a213.83±2.60b330.63±0.54b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881834616012866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

茶样中游离氨基酸含量(mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸回归方程游离氨基酸含量
CKSOGYGS
鲜味氨基酸天冬氨酸y=441.3851x+3.178532.75±0.14a30.99±0.01b27.34±0.25c26.35±0.21c
谷氨酸y=447.2752x+4.866630.81±0.20c37.62±0.38a24.78±0.58d32.43±0.01b
甜味氨基酸天冬酰胺y=372.1462x−3.747414.44±0.01a12.40±0.01b9.10±0.18c7.75±0.05d
丝氨酸y=505.6397x+3.27847.88±0.01a8.15±0.08a5.37±0.04d6.87±0.00c
谷氨酰胺y=408.8147x−3.12300.76±0.01c0.82±0.00c1.03±0.00b2.45±0.00a
甘氨酸y=496.7866x+0.05413.47±0.11b15.31±0.07a3.45±0.00b15.06±0.09a
苏氨酸y=539.2383x+4.08205.32±0.19c11.63±0.02a3.09±0.00d9.33±0.01b
丙氨酸y=523.3878x+4.80288.19±0.03b16.78±0.05a6.36±0.05c15.76±0.11a
羟脯氨酸y=5931.8015x−59.421144.53±0.44c73.8±0.29a41.56±0.26c59.27±0.92b
肌氨酸y=5923.5651x−74.413218.75±0.21b24.69±0.25a12.07±0.08d16.01±0.05c
脯氨酸y=5656.7433x+53.93344.74±0.09c13.3±0.96a4.66±0.02c9.09±0.03b
苦味氨基酸组氨酸y=150.0858x+1.081738.82±0.35a35.41±0.46b30.92±0.89c30.36±0.03c
瓜氨酸y=376.9530x−3.97844.22±0.31bc4.54±0.04ab4.02±0.34c4.70±0.01a
精氨酸y=536.1642x+0.124316.8±0.38a17.36±0.03a8.77±0.49c9.31±0.45b
酪氨酸y=454.5777x+4.52683.99±0.01d10.43±0.47a4.55±0.13c9.60±0.00b
缬氨酸y=499.8321x+5.21297.37±0.02b21.29±0.26a6.34±0.70b20.94±0.12a
蛋氨酸y=517.4201x+2.43661.43±0.29a1.05±0.01bND1.08±0.16b
正缬氨酸y=286.8135x+19.15142.2±0.07a1.45±0.06b1.11±0.00c0.96±0.13c
色氨酸y=354.9660x−4.09205.73±0.24c8.45±0.02a5.17±0.02d7.33±0.10b
苯丙氨酸y=447.3178x+11.01894.91±0.08c15.06±0.66a2.57±0.01d9.93±0.17b
异亮氨酸y=476.0415x+1.72797.27±0.02c10.74±0.68b6.62±0.02d11.25±0.09a
赖氨酸y=750.2950x−4.52833.10±0.05c19.65±0.09a2.34±0.00d16.01±0.04b
亮氨酸y=494.1372x+0.99652.72±0.07c17.8±0.10a1.25±0.01d7.54±0.14b
酸味氨基酸γ-氨基丁酸y=3.9696x+3.44171.23±0.08bc1.66±0.05a1.36±0.03ab1.25±0.11bc
总氨基酸271.43±0.22c410.38±0.54a213.83±2.60b330.63±0.54b
), ArticleFig(id=1320881834691510339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Volatile flavor compounds content in tea samples (μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质种类CKGYSOGS
醇类11.61±0.22b11.38±0.33b11.24±0.38b12.33±0.18a
醛类8.40±0.21a8.56±0.14a8.45±0.25a8.49±0.56a
酸类3.58±0.10ab3.42±0.13b3.46±0.13b3.70±0.05a
酯类14.09±0.37b13.87±0.51c13.83±0.50c15.24±0.17a
酮类16.83±0.16b16.76±0.43b16.80±0.50b17.73±0.33a
萜类22.27±0.72b21.99±0.78b21.97±0.80b23.71±0.05a
烃类3.90±0.19b3.85±0.23b3.91±0.24b4.30±0.21a
醚类1.10±0.05b1.09±0.04b1.08±0.07b1.21±0.01a
酚类1.89±0.07b1.87±0.07b1.87±0.07b2.02±0.01a
杂环化合物9.29±0.27b9.00±0.29c9.08±0.29c9.78±0.16a
其他5.10±0.14b5.04±0.17b4.96±0.15b5.61±0.08a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881834775396420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

茶样中挥发性风味物质含量(μg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质种类CKGYSOGS
醇类11.61±0.22b11.38±0.33b11.24±0.38b12.33±0.18a
醛类8.40±0.21a8.56±0.14a8.45±0.25a8.49±0.56a
酸类3.58±0.10ab3.42±0.13b3.46±0.13b3.70±0.05a
酯类14.09±0.37b13.87±0.51c13.83±0.50c15.24±0.17a
酮类16.83±0.16b16.76±0.43b16.80±0.50b17.73±0.33a
萜类22.27±0.72b21.99±0.78b21.97±0.80b23.71±0.05a
烃类3.90±0.19b3.85±0.23b3.91±0.24b4.30±0.21a
醚类1.10±0.05b1.09±0.04b1.08±0.07b1.21±0.01a
酚类1.89±0.07b1.87±0.07b1.87±0.07b2.02±0.01a
杂环化合物9.29±0.27b9.00±0.29c9.08±0.29c9.78±0.16a
其他5.10±0.14b5.04±0.17b4.96±0.15b5.61±0.08a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881834859282501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

OAV values of key volatile flavor compounds (OAV>1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质CAS阈值(μg/kg)[38]风味特征描述[6,38]CKGYSOGS
醇2,6-壬二烯-1-醇28069-72-90.001青香、黄瓜皮、甜瓜香气815.63±16.69b795.35±22.63c796.23±25.77c860.41±9.31a
苯甲硫醇100-53-80.0000035大蒜、硫化物气味643.42±47.3c755.69±23.63b742.91±71.02b764.66±87.5a
二甲萘烷醇19700-21-10.00021木香、壤香、轻微药草香8.54±0.27c8.54±0.23c8.76±0.52b9.18±0.73a
(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇18409-17-10.02蘑菇、泥土、油脂气息2.15±0.08b2.12±0.07b2.12±0.05b2.31±0.1a
醛(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛557-48-20.00001清新黄瓜、紫罗兰叶、蔬菜青香4275.62±113.69b4133.98±105.73c4110.44±110.75c4561.55±25.3a
8-壬烯醛39770-04-20.0002脂肪香、柑橘皮、蜡质气息1733.11±13.86b1779.81±36.80b1747.08±38.1b1927.75±33.36a
(E)-2-己烯醛6728-26-30.0031青草、苹果、绿叶香气886.7±41.44b903.86±7.97a891.29±24.99b846.17±83.16c
(E)-2-壬烯醛18829-56-60.00008脂肪香、黄瓜、蜡质气息408.01±10.22b391.87±11.22c390.88±10.1c426.98±3.39a
2-壬烯醛2463-53-80.0001脂肪香、柑橘香326.41±8.17b313.5±8.97c312.7±8.08c341.58±2.71a
2,4-壬二烯醛6750-03-40.00005脂肪香、油炸香气、鸡肉汤香味264.3±17.56b284.96±19.58b243.33±20.3c323.96±16.34a
4-甲氧基苯甲醛123-11-50.0002花香、山楂花、杏仁香气175.61±4.42b172.66±4.87b171.35±4.67b188.28±1.92a
2-己烯醛505-57-70.017青叶、苹果皮香气159.96±7.4b163.78±1.42a161.61±4.49ab152.89±14.79c
2-辛烯醛2363-89-50.0002脂肪香、坚果香、蘑菇香气95.64±27.27c110.87±7.81b116.39±20.71ab119.19±15.16a
3-甲基戊醛15877-57-30.00041麦芽香、巧克力、可可香气114.26±2.84a108.34±4.91b107.9±4.63b115.36±6.49a
(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛5910-87-20.00016脂肪香、油炸香气82.59±5.49b89.05±6.12b76.04±6.34c101.24±5.11a
(E,E)-2,6-壬二烯醛17587-33-60.0005青香、黄瓜、紫罗兰叶香气85.51±2.27b82.68±2.11c82.21±2.22c91.23±0.51a
苯乙醛122-78-10.0063紫丁香、甜润的花香,略带蜂蜜香0.71±0.04c0.77±0.05c1.38±0.07a0.97±0.08b
萜类β-紫罗兰酮14901-07-60.000007紫罗兰、木香、浆果果香29512.01±1496.19a28744.09±1300.41c29273.23±2096.88b29608.05±287.97a
(E)-β-紫罗兰酮79-77-60.0002紫罗兰、木香1032.92±52.37a1006.04±45.51c1024.56±73.39b1036.28±10.08a
左旋龙脑464-45-90.048樟脑、药草、松针香气29.13±0.82a28.37±0.79a28.39±0.77a30.93±0.66a
D-香芹酮2244-16-80.01葛缕子、莳萝籽的辛香香气13.32±0.43a12.97±0.44b12.88±0.45b13.93±0.16a
古巴烯3856-25-50.006木香、辛香0.03±0.03c0.29±0.03a0.03±0.00c1.78±0.07b
L-小茴香酮7787-20-40.11樟脑、茴香、凉感药草香气1.17±0.01d1.56±0.06b1.39±0.04c1.77±0.03a
左旋-香芹酮6485-40-10.085留兰香、薄荷香气1.57±0.05b1.53±0.05b1.52±0.05b1.64±0.02a
藏红花醛116-26-70.003药草香、辛香0.84±0.04c1.28±0.11b1.24±0.07b1.53±0.04a
柠檬烯138-86-30.01柑橘、橙子皮香气1.12±0.04b1.29±0.09a1.43±0.05a1.30±0.14a
3,7,11-三甲基-1,6,10-十二碳三烯-3-醇7212-44-40.01花香、木香、青苹果皮香气1.28±0.01b1.01±0.15c1.37±0.22a1.27±0.17b
香叶醇106-24-10.0066玫瑰花香、香叶香气3.61±0.12b0.76±0.11c4.78±0.21a0.25±0.02c
酮5-乙基-3-羟基-4-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮698-10-20.000002焦糖甜香、槭糖浆、坚果香377522.54±8240.11b365700.33±12329.81c368382.65±14346.48c399058.11±6501.04a
1-壬烯-3-酮24415-26-70.000001蘑菇、壤香、油脂气息3654.31±931.4d4225.78±403.93c4797.49±1102.7b5366.44±919.63a
6-甲基-2-庚酮928-68-70.0081水果香、甜香、乙酸异戊酯似的气息210.44±6.27b205.98±4.21b206.79±4.11b220.91±6.37a
4-庚酮123-19-30.0082水果甜香、香蕉香气64.71±3.15a65.32±0.65a64.41±1.57a61.57±6.2b
(Z)-3-甲基-2-(2-戊烯基)-2-环戊烯-1-酮488-10-80.00026茉莉花、水果香气22.73±2.33b20.35±0.87c22.18±0.69b24.71±0.86a
5-乙基-2(5H)-呋喃酮2407-43-40.0097焦糖香、果香、面包香10.39±0.22a10.17±0.21a10.12±0.24a10.86±0.29a
四氢-6-甲基-2H-吡喃-2-酮823-22-30.02683奶油、焦糖、内酯类甜香6.55±0.02b6.70±0.14b6.69±0.19b7.21±0.15a
1-(2-噻吩基)乙酮88-15-30.001炒咖啡、坚果、烤肉香气3.40±0.25c4.24±0.32b4.37±0.13b5.39±0.59a
4-(2,6,6-三甲基-2-环己烯-1-基)-2-丁酮31499-72-60.0017木香、浆果果香、紫罗兰香2.17±0.26b2.19±0.16b2.33±0.3ab2.42±0.16a
酯3-巯基乙酸酯136954-20-60.00002硫磺、肉香、洋葱香气196.32±1.63ab190.36±5.86b188.19±3.13c208.63±4.28a
异硫氰酸苯甲酯622-78-60.0007芥末、辛辣、萝卜气味0.94±0.04c12.17±0.85b1.01±0.14c50.77±1.78a
3-甲基丁酸乙酯108-64-50.0001水果香、苹果、菠萝香气45.54±2.74a47.4±0.71a46.99±1.89a42.88±3.89b
顺式-3-己烯基异戊酸酯35154-45-10.02青果香、未成熟香蕉、霉味22.15±0.7a21.71±0.67a21.55±0.73a23.26±0.26a
2-羟基苯甲酸丁酯2052-14-40.005冬青油、薄荷香、草药香15.40±0.53a14.89±0.5a14.71±0.72a15.94±0.41a
月桂酸甲酯111-82-00.0035微弱脂肪、肥皂气息10.79±0.46b10.64±0.33b11.50±0.87ab12.72±0.28a
乙酸-2-戊酯626-38-00.015水果香、香蕉、梨香气8.30±0.41a8.70±0.06a8.58±0.21a7.99±0.72b
顺式正戊酸-3-己烯酯35852-46-10.06青果香、苹果、热带水果香气7.38±0.23a7.24±0.22a7.18±0.24a7.75±0.09a
己酸-2-甲基丁酯2601-13-00.032水果香、甜香、菠萝香气5.67±0.12a5.54±0.19a5.52±0.19a5.97±0.02a
癸酸甲酯110-42-90.0043脂肪香、葡萄酒似的气息4.89±0.8ab4.34±0.27b5.33±1.16a5.1±0.78ab
庚酸乙酯106-30-90.002水果香、甜酒香、香蕉香气4.51±0.07a4.46±0.08a4.48±0.12a4.82±0.09a
5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮706-14-90.0011奶油、桃子、椰子和乳脂香气2.65±0.16b2.66±0.1b3.58±0.36a2.55±0.14b
(E)-肉桂酸乙酯4192-77-20.0007蜂蜜、香脂、肉桂和草莓香气1.97±0.19a1.79±0.14a1.84±0.16a1.95±0.17a
其他苯乙烯100-42-50.0036甜香、塑料、汽油似的气味0.96±0.04a0.93±0.06a1.05±0.02a0.95±0.06a
2-甲基-3-丙基吡嗪15986-80-80.06坚果香、烤花生、烘烤香气1.56±0.02a1.59±0.03a1.57±0.04a1.72±0.03a
2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪13360-64-00.016坚果香、土豆、泥土气息0.09±0.01b0.13±0.00b1.06±0.02a1.19±0.12a
2-甲基-6-丙基吡嗪29444-46-00.1青椒、泥土、坚果香气0.94±0.01a0.96±0.02a0.94±0.02a1.03±0.02a
4,5-二氯-2-甲氧基苯酚2460-49-30.0025药香、烟熏、消毒剂气息29.70±1.65a28.61±0.99a27.49±1.62a29.64±0.14a
4,6-二氯愈创木酚16766-31-70.0115烟熏、药香、霉味6.46±0.36a6.22±0.22a5.98±0.35a6.44±0.03a
对羟基苯乙烯2628-17-30.01药香、烟熏、培根香气2.11±0.06b2.32±0.14b2.00±0.09b3.68±0.13a
3-(1-甲基乙基)苯酚618-45-10.005药香、焦油气息1.36±0.09c3.23±0.22a1.90±0.14c2.51±0.06b
肉豆蔻醚607-91-00.088微弱辛香2.11±0.08a2.10±0.07a2.29±0.17a2.55±0.06a
2-甲氧基萘93-04-90.001橙花、葡萄似的水果香气2.01±0.19a1.76±0.14a1.76±0.08a1.98±0.18a
), ArticleFig(id=1320881834951557190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320881822146347989, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

挥发性风味关键物质OAV值(OAV>1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质CAS阈值(μg/kg)[38]风味特征描述[6,38]CKGYSOGS
醇2,6-壬二烯-1-醇28069-72-90.001青香、黄瓜皮、甜瓜香气815.63±16.69b795.35±22.63c796.23±25.77c860.41±9.31a
苯甲硫醇100-53-80.0000035大蒜、硫化物气味643.42±47.3c755.69±23.63b742.91±71.02b764.66±87.5a
二甲萘烷醇19700-21-10.00021木香、壤香、轻微药草香8.54±0.27c8.54±0.23c8.76±0.52b9.18±0.73a
(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇18409-17-10.02蘑菇、泥土、油脂气息2.15±0.08b2.12±0.07b2.12±0.05b2.31±0.1a
醛(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛557-48-20.00001清新黄瓜、紫罗兰叶、蔬菜青香4275.62±113.69b4133.98±105.73c4110.44±110.75c4561.55±25.3a
8-壬烯醛39770-04-20.0002脂肪香、柑橘皮、蜡质气息1733.11±13.86b1779.81±36.80b1747.08±38.1b1927.75±33.36a
(E)-2-己烯醛6728-26-30.0031青草、苹果、绿叶香气886.7±41.44b903.86±7.97a891.29±24.99b846.17±83.16c
(E)-2-壬烯醛18829-56-60.00008脂肪香、黄瓜、蜡质气息408.01±10.22b391.87±11.22c390.88±10.1c426.98±3.39a
2-壬烯醛2463-53-80.0001脂肪香、柑橘香326.41±8.17b313.5±8.97c312.7±8.08c341.58±2.71a
2,4-壬二烯醛6750-03-40.00005脂肪香、油炸香气、鸡肉汤香味264.3±17.56b284.96±19.58b243.33±20.3c323.96±16.34a
4-甲氧基苯甲醛123-11-50.0002花香、山楂花、杏仁香气175.61±4.42b172.66±4.87b171.35±4.67b188.28±1.92a
2-己烯醛505-57-70.017青叶、苹果皮香气159.96±7.4b163.78±1.42a161.61±4.49ab152.89±14.79c
2-辛烯醛2363-89-50.0002脂肪香、坚果香、蘑菇香气95.64±27.27c110.87±7.81b116.39±20.71ab119.19±15.16a
3-甲基戊醛15877-57-30.00041麦芽香、巧克力、可可香气114.26±2.84a108.34±4.91b107.9±4.63b115.36±6.49a
(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛5910-87-20.00016脂肪香、油炸香气82.59±5.49b89.05±6.12b76.04±6.34c101.24±5.11a
(E,E)-2,6-壬二烯醛17587-33-60.0005青香、黄瓜、紫罗兰叶香气85.51±2.27b82.68±2.11c82.21±2.22c91.23±0.51a
苯乙醛122-78-10.0063紫丁香、甜润的花香,略带蜂蜜香0.71±0.04c0.77±0.05c1.38±0.07a0.97±0.08b
萜类β-紫罗兰酮14901-07-60.000007紫罗兰、木香、浆果果香29512.01±1496.19a28744.09±1300.41c29273.23±2096.88b29608.05±287.97a
(E)-β-紫罗兰酮79-77-60.0002紫罗兰、木香1032.92±52.37a1006.04±45.51c1024.56±73.39b1036.28±10.08a
左旋龙脑464-45-90.048樟脑、药草、松针香气29.13±0.82a28.37±0.79a28.39±0.77a30.93±0.66a
D-香芹酮2244-16-80.01葛缕子、莳萝籽的辛香香气13.32±0.43a12.97±0.44b12.88±0.45b13.93±0.16a
古巴烯3856-25-50.006木香、辛香0.03±0.03c0.29±0.03a0.03±0.00c1.78±0.07b
L-小茴香酮7787-20-40.11樟脑、茴香、凉感药草香气1.17±0.01d1.56±0.06b1.39±0.04c1.77±0.03a
左旋-香芹酮6485-40-10.085留兰香、薄荷香气1.57±0.05b1.53±0.05b1.52±0.05b1.64±0.02a
藏红花醛116-26-70.003药草香、辛香0.84±0.04c1.28±0.11b1.24±0.07b1.53±0.04a
柠檬烯138-86-30.01柑橘、橙子皮香气1.12±0.04b1.29±0.09a1.43±0.05a1.30±0.14a
3,7,11-三甲基-1,6,10-十二碳三烯-3-醇7212-44-40.01花香、木香、青苹果皮香气1.28±0.01b1.01±0.15c1.37±0.22a1.27±0.17b
香叶醇106-24-10.0066玫瑰花香、香叶香气3.61±0.12b0.76±0.11c4.78±0.21a0.25±0.02c
酮5-乙基-3-羟基-4-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮698-10-20.000002焦糖甜香、槭糖浆、坚果香377522.54±8240.11b365700.33±12329.81c368382.65±14346.48c399058.11±6501.04a
1-壬烯-3-酮24415-26-70.000001蘑菇、壤香、油脂气息3654.31±931.4d4225.78±403.93c4797.49±1102.7b5366.44±919.63a
6-甲基-2-庚酮928-68-70.0081水果香、甜香、乙酸异戊酯似的气息210.44±6.27b205.98±4.21b206.79±4.11b220.91±6.37a
4-庚酮123-19-30.0082水果甜香、香蕉香气64.71±3.15a65.32±0.65a64.41±1.57a61.57±6.2b
(Z)-3-甲基-2-(2-戊烯基)-2-环戊烯-1-酮488-10-80.00026茉莉花、水果香气22.73±2.33b20.35±0.87c22.18±0.69b24.71±0.86a
5-乙基-2(5H)-呋喃酮2407-43-40.0097焦糖香、果香、面包香10.39±0.22a10.17±0.21a10.12±0.24a10.86±0.29a
四氢-6-甲基-2H-吡喃-2-酮823-22-30.02683奶油、焦糖、内酯类甜香6.55±0.02b6.70±0.14b6.69±0.19b7.21±0.15a
1-(2-噻吩基)乙酮88-15-30.001炒咖啡、坚果、烤肉香气3.40±0.25c4.24±0.32b4.37±0.13b5.39±0.59a
4-(2,6,6-三甲基-2-环己烯-1-基)-2-丁酮31499-72-60.0017木香、浆果果香、紫罗兰香2.17±0.26b2.19±0.16b2.33±0.3ab2.42±0.16a
酯3-巯基乙酸酯136954-20-60.00002硫磺、肉香、洋葱香气196.32±1.63ab190.36±5.86b188.19±3.13c208.63±4.28a
异硫氰酸苯甲酯622-78-60.0007芥末、辛辣、萝卜气味0.94±0.04c12.17±0.85b1.01±0.14c50.77±1.78a
3-甲基丁酸乙酯108-64-50.0001水果香、苹果、菠萝香气45.54±2.74a47.4±0.71a46.99±1.89a42.88±3.89b
顺式-3-己烯基异戊酸酯35154-45-10.02青果香、未成熟香蕉、霉味22.15±0.7a21.71±0.67a21.55±0.73a23.26±0.26a
2-羟基苯甲酸丁酯2052-14-40.005冬青油、薄荷香、草药香15.40±0.53a14.89±0.5a14.71±0.72a15.94±0.41a
月桂酸甲酯111-82-00.0035微弱脂肪、肥皂气息10.79±0.46b10.64±0.33b11.50±0.87ab12.72±0.28a
乙酸-2-戊酯626-38-00.015水果香、香蕉、梨香气8.30±0.41a8.70±0.06a8.58±0.21a7.99±0.72b
顺式正戊酸-3-己烯酯35852-46-10.06青果香、苹果、热带水果香气7.38±0.23a7.24±0.22a7.18±0.24a7.75±0.09a
己酸-2-甲基丁酯2601-13-00.032水果香、甜香、菠萝香气5.67±0.12a5.54±0.19a5.52±0.19a5.97±0.02a
癸酸甲酯110-42-90.0043脂肪香、葡萄酒似的气息4.89±0.8ab4.34±0.27b5.33±1.16a5.1±0.78ab
庚酸乙酯106-30-90.002水果香、甜酒香、香蕉香气4.51±0.07a4.46±0.08a4.48±0.12a4.82±0.09a
5-己基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮706-14-90.0011奶油、桃子、椰子和乳脂香气2.65±0.16b2.66±0.1b3.58±0.36a2.55±0.14b
(E)-肉桂酸乙酯4192-77-20.0007蜂蜜、香脂、肉桂和草莓香气1.97±0.19a1.79±0.14a1.84±0.16a1.95±0.17a
其他苯乙烯100-42-50.0036甜香、塑料、汽油似的气味0.96±0.04a0.93±0.06a1.05±0.02a0.95±0.06a
2-甲基-3-丙基吡嗪15986-80-80.06坚果香、烤花生、烘烤香气1.56±0.02a1.59±0.03a1.57±0.04a1.72±0.03a
2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪13360-64-00.016坚果香、土豆、泥土气息0.09±0.01b0.13±0.00b1.06±0.02a1.19±0.12a
2-甲基-6-丙基吡嗪29444-46-00.1青椒、泥土、坚果香气0.94±0.01a0.96±0.02a0.94±0.02a1.03±0.02a
4,5-二氯-2-甲氧基苯酚2460-49-30.0025药香、烟熏、消毒剂气息29.70±1.65a28.61±0.99a27.49±1.62a29.64±0.14a
4,6-二氯愈创木酚16766-31-70.0115烟熏、药香、霉味6.46±0.36a6.22±0.22a5.98±0.35a6.44±0.03a
对羟基苯乙烯2628-17-30.01药香、烟熏、培根香气2.11±0.06b2.32±0.14b2.00±0.09b3.68±0.13a
3-(1-甲基乙基)苯酚618-45-10.005药香、焦油气息1.36±0.09c3.23±0.22a1.90±0.14c2.51±0.06b
肉豆蔻醚607-91-00.088微弱辛香2.11±0.08a2.10±0.07a2.29±0.17a2.55±0.06a
2-甲氧基萘93-04-90.001橙花、葡萄似的水果香气2.01±0.19a1.76±0.14a1.76±0.08a1.98±0.18a
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复合微生物发酵对茶汤活性成分及风味的影响
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袁英豪 1 , 夏陈 1 , 张厅 2 , 唐晓波 1 , 余鳗游 1 , 施刘刚 3 , 吴斌 3 , 甘露 1 , 朱永清 1, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(16): 203-216
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (16) : 203 -216
复合微生物发酵对茶汤活性成分及风味的影响
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袁英豪1 , 夏陈1, 张厅2, 唐晓波1, 余鳗游1, 施刘刚3, 吴斌3, 甘露1, 朱永清1, *
作者信息
  • 1四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(四川省农业科学院食品与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066
  • 2四川省农业科学院茶业研究所,四川成都 610066
  • 3雅安市金花藏茶茶业有限公司,四川雅安 625100
通讯作者:
朱永清(1968−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

袁英豪(1997−),男,硕士,研究实习员,研究方向:功能食品研究,E-mail:

Effects of Co-Microbial Fermentation on Bioactive Components and Flavor Profile of Tea Broth
Yinghao YUAN1 , Chen XIA1, Ting ZHANG2, Xiaobo TANG1, Manyou YU1, Liugang SHI3, Bin WU3, Lu GAN1, Yongqing ZHU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Chengdu 610066, China
  • 2Institute of Tea Research, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
  • 3Ya'an Jinhua Tibetan Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Ya'an 625100, China
出版时间: 2026-08-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060102
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为解决单菌发酵茶代谢路径单一、风味增效有限的问题,该研究采用冠突曲霉(Aspergillus cristatus G-Y)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis SO-2)对黑茶毛茶进行液态复合发酵,并以未发酵茶汤为对照(CK组),解析双菌协同对茶汤可溶性糖、茶色素、多酚类化合物、抗氧化活性及风味物质的调控机制。结果表明:复合发酵显著降低茶汤多糖含量(0.61 mg/mL,P<0.05),促进茶褐素积累(与Δa值呈正相关)。多酚代谢层面,枯草芽孢杆菌单菌发酵降低了总多酚和总黄酮含量(降幅11.96%、18.71%),冠突曲霉单菌发酵主导酯型儿茶素降解;复合发酵在保留冠突曲霉单菌发酵对酯型儿茶素的降解优势(降幅>90%)的同时,通过双菌协同作用进一步调控多酚转化路径,促进没食子酸、游离儿茶素等的积累,并显著增强抗氧化活性(DPPH·清除率 IC50=0.0315 mg/mL;ABTS+·清除率 IC50=0.0720 mg/mL,P<0.05)。风味分析表明:通过双菌互作协调氨基酸代谢,使甜味氨基酸(141.59 mg/L)与苦味氨基酸(129.01 mg/L)适度积累,并基于“硫苷水解(冠突曲霉)-酯化(枯草芽孢杆菌)偶联”途径,大幅提升异硫氰酸苯甲酯等关键香气物质(OAV=50.77,较单菌组最高提升49.26倍),挥发性代谢物总量较对照组增加6.18%。感官评价证实双菌发酵组香气与滋味评分最优,凸显双菌协同对风味平衡的增效作用。综上,冠突曲霉与枯草芽孢杆菌协同发酵通过互补代谢途径,有效调控了茶汤活性成分转化与关键风味物质合成,显著提升了茶汤品质。

茶汤  /  枯草芽孢杆菌  /  冠突曲霉  /  活性成分  /  代谢机制  /  风味品质

To address the limitations of single-strain fermentation of tea, specifically its single metabolic pathway and limited flavor enhancement, this study employed co-liquid-state fermentation of crude dark tea using Aspergillus cristatus G-Y and Bacillus subtilis SO-2, with unfermented tea broth as the control (CK group). The synergistic effects of the dual strains on the regulatory mechanisms of soluble sugars, tea pigments, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and flavor substances in tea broth were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that co-fermentation significantly reduced polysaccharide content (0.61 mg/mL, P<0.05) and promoted the accumulation of theabrownins (positively correlated with Δa value). In terms of polyphenol metabolism, single-strain fermentation with B. subtilis reduced the levels of total polyphenols and total flavonoids (by 11.96% and 18.71%, respectively), and single-strain fermentation with A. cristatus primarily drove the degradation of esterified catechins. Importantly, co-fermentation retained the degradation advantage of A. cristatus single fermentation on esterified catechins (reduction>90%), and further regulated the polyphenol transformation pathway through microbial synergy, promoting the accumulation of gallic acid, free catechins, and other compounds, and significantly enhancing antioxidant activity (DPPH· scavenging activity IC50=0.0315 mg/mL, ABTS+· scavenging activity IC50=0.0720 mg/mL, P<0.05). Flavor analysis revealed that the dual-strain interaction coordinated amino acid metabolism, leading to a balanced accumulation of sweetness-associated amino acids (141.59 mg/L) and bitterness-associated amino acids (129.01 mg/L). Moreover, through a coupled pathway of "glucosinolate hydrolysis (A. cristatus)-esterification (B. subtilis)," key aroma compounds such as benzyl isothiocyanate were substantially enhanced (ROAV=50.77, up to 49-fold higher than in single-strain fermentations). The total volatile metabolites increased by 6.18% compared to the control. Sensory evaluation confirmed that the co-fermentation group achieved the highest scores in aroma and taste, highlighting the synergistic effect of the dual strains on flavor balance. This study demonstrates that co-fermentation with A. cristatus and B. subtilis effectively modulates the transformation of bioactive compounds and the synthesis of key flavor substances through complementary metabolic pathways, significantly improving the overall quality of tea broth.

tea broth  /  Bacillus subtilis  /  Aspergillus cristatus  /  bioactive components  /  metabolic mechanism  /  flavor quality
袁英豪, 夏陈, 张厅, 唐晓波, 余鳗游, 施刘刚, 吴斌, 甘露, 朱永清. 复合微生物发酵对茶汤活性成分及风味的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (16) : 203 -216 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060102
Yinghao YUAN, Chen XIA, Ting ZHANG, Xiaobo TANG, Manyou YU, Liugang SHI, Bin WU, Lu GAN, Yongqing ZHU. Effects of Co-Microbial Fermentation on Bioactive Components and Flavor Profile of Tea Broth[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (16) : 203 -216 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060102
毛茶作为初制茶(由茶鲜叶经初制加工而成)的半成品,其品质优化对茶产品附加值至关重要。微生物发酵可通过酶解及生物转化提升茶叶功能性成分与风味品质。在固态或深层发酵的黑茶加工过程中,曲霉属真菌如冠突曲霉(Aspergillus cristatus)被证实对产品感官品质的形成具有关键作用,主要体现在促进茶褐素积累以改善汤色、降解苦涩多酚物质以及合成独特的花香和草药香风味物质[1−2]。Zheng等[3]利用曲霉强化茶叶发酵,非靶向代谢组学显示有95种代谢物显著增加,主要富集于氨基酸生物合成和降解途径;Cheng等[4]进一步系统阐述了曲霉属(A. cristatus)在茶叶发酵过程中的核心代谢功能及其对品质的贡献,指出其能通过调控萜烯和苯丙酸代谢途径产生独特花香和草药香,并减少涩味和苦味。另一方面,细菌属如枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)也被应用于茶叶发酵。Pripdeevech等[5]报道利用枯草芽孢杆菌发酵绿茶可显著增加挥发性化合物含量,特别是2-戊基呋喃和柠檬烯。Xiao等[6]的研究表明,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵能提升生茶叶的花香和果香,这与其增加芳樟醇、β-紫罗兰酮和3,5-辛二烯-2-酮等关键气味活性物质有关;此外,他们在黑茶发酵研究中还发现枯草芽孢杆菌具有水解酯型儿茶素的能力,表现为酯型儿茶素含量大幅降低及非酯型儿茶素含量显著增加。
尽管单一菌种(曲霉属或芽孢杆菌)发酵已被证明能改善茶叶的特定品质属性,但其代谢路径相对单一,在全面、协同提升茶叶理化特性(如糖类转化、色素平衡)、功能活性(如抗氧化能力最大化)及复杂风味谱(如氨基酸协调、香气物质多样性)方面存在局限。特别是冠突曲霉(擅长多酚氧化与糖苷水解)和枯草芽孢杆菌(擅长蛋白水解与酯化)这两种在茶叶发酵中具有重要功能但代谢特性互补的微生物,其协同作用的机制及其对茶叶综合品质的提升潜力尚缺乏系统研究。
该研究创新性选取实验室保存的功能性菌株——冠突曲霉G-Y(Aspergillus cristatus)和枯草芽孢杆菌 SO-2(Bacillus subtilis),分别进行单菌及复合菌液态发酵毛茶。通过结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)挥发性组学分析、高效液相色谱(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)多酚靶向定量等技术,系统解析不同发酵处理对茶叶可溶性糖、茶色素、多酚类物质组成、抗氧化活性及风味物质的影响差异,重点阐明双菌互作在调控茶褐素合成、多酚(特别是酯型儿茶素)降解路径、酯类香气物质生成及甜/苦味氨基酸平衡中的机制,为开发基于微生物协同发酵的高品质茶叶产品提供新策略。
微生物菌种(冠突曲霉Aspergillus cristatus G-Y、枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis SO-2) 保存于四川省农业科学院农产品加工所功能食品研究中心;黑茶毛茶 由雅安市雅州恒泰茶业有限公司(中国四川)提供;没食子酸(Gallic acid,GA)、茶碱(Theophylline,TP)、没食子儿茶素(Gallocatechin,GC)、咖啡碱(Caffeine,CAF)、表没食子儿茶素(Epigallocatechin,EGC)、儿茶素(Catechin,C)、表儿茶素(Epicatechin,EC)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Gallocatechin gallate,GCG)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epicatechin gallate,ECG)、儿茶素没食子酸酯(Catechin gallate,CG)、乙腈/甲醇、2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)、2,2'-联氮基双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid,ABTS) 分析纯,阿拉丁生化。
SW-CJ-1D超净工作台 苏州净化设备有限公司;LHS-250HC-I恒温培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;LX-800多功能酶标仪 美国伯腾仪器有限公司;1290 Infinity Ⅱ高效液相色谱仪、7890A-5975C气相-质谱联用仪、Agilent 1100液相色谱仪 Agilent公司。
PDA固体培养基:马铃薯200 g(切块),加入1000 mL蒸馏水,煮沸30 min,滤液补水至1000 mL,再加入葡萄糖20 g和琼脂18 g,用于霉菌活化。LB液体培养基:胰蛋白胨10 g、酵母提取物5 g、氯化钠10 g、蒸馏水1000 mL,用于细菌活化。
茶汤培养基:以料液质量比为1:50称取毛茶,加入纯净水煮沸45 min以制备茶汤,过滤后补水,并高压灭菌(121 ℃,20 min),用于微生物发酵。
选用实验室保存的良好菌种,冠突曲霉G-Y和枯草芽孢杆菌SO-2。将冠突曲霉G-Y接种于PDA固体培养基,于28 ℃下培养曲霉5 d以促进孢子发芽,使用无菌水洗脱并调整孢子悬液至浓度为107 个/mL。将枯草芽孢杆菌SO-2接种于LB液体培养基,于28 ℃下培养1 d,使用无菌水调整菌液浓度至为107 CFU/mL。
将冠突曲霉G-Y、枯草芽孢杆菌SO-2按照5%的接种量分别接种于制备好的茶汤(1.2.1)中(命为GY、SO组),置于30 ℃、150 r/min条件下震荡培养3 d,收集取样。
将冠突曲霉G-Y、枯草芽孢杆菌SO-2按照1:1(v/v)的比例同时接种于制备好的茶汤中,总接种量为5%(命为GS组),置于30 ℃、150 r/min条件下震荡培养3 d,收集取样。以接入等体积的无菌水作为对照(命为CK组)[7−9]。
还原糖含量测定方法参照DNS法[10],并稍作修改。取1 mL适当稀释的茶样(茶样即发酵液/茶汤,下同。稀释后质量浓度为1 mg/mL)于15 mL比色管中,加入1.5 mL DNS试剂,混匀,沸水浴显色5 min,冷却后定容至10 mL,在波长540 nm处测定吸光度。以葡萄糖溶液质量浓度(mg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,得到线性回归方程:y=0.9413x+0.0481,R2=0.9999。茶汤中还原糖含量(mg/mL)根据样品吸光度代入标准曲线方程计算,如式(1)所示:
$\rm 还原糖含量= \frac{A_t-\text{0.0481}}{0.9431}\times {N_1} $
式中:At为待测样液吸光度;N1为稀释倍数。
总糖含量测定:取1 mL适当稀释的茶样(稀释后质量浓度为1 mg/mL),加入0.75 mL 6 mol/L HCl,沸水浴水解20 min,冷却后中和至中性(6 mol/L NaOH调节pH),将中和后的溶液转移至容量瓶,用蒸馏水定容至10 mL,备用。取1 mL备用液,按上述还原糖测定方法(式(1))测定其吸光度,计算得到水解液中还原糖含量。茶汤中总糖含量(mg/mL)按式(2)计算:
$\rm 总糖含量= m_1\times \frac{V_1}{V_2}\times \frac{V_3}{V_4} $
式中:m1为式(1)计算出的水解液中还原糖浓度(mg/mL);V1为酸水解后中和定容的总体积(mL);V2为从V1中取出用于DNS测定的体积(mL);V3为DNS反应后定容的体积(该方法为10 mL);V4为用于酸水解的原始稀释茶样体积(该方法为1 mL)。计算结果即为原始茶样的总糖浓度(mg/mL),已包含水解转化和稀释步骤的校正。
多糖含量=总糖含量−还原糖含量
参照文献[11]方法并稍作修改。稀释茶样至适当浓度(5 mg/mL),取20 μL稀释液和20 μL福林酚溶液(2 mol/L)混合反应5 min,加入160 μL质量分数5% Na2CO3,轻轻震荡,静置反应60 min,于波长765 nm处测定吸光度。茶样中的总多酚含量以没食子酸当量(mg GAE/g)表示。以没食子酸质量浓度(μg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线为y=0.0039x+0.41002,R2=0.9995。
$ \rm 总多酚含量= \frac{A_1-0.4100}{0.0039}\times {N_2} $
式中:A1为待测样液吸光度;N1为稀释倍数。
参照文献[12]方法并稍作修改。稀释茶样至适当浓度(5 mg/mL),取20 μL稀释液和15 μL质量分数5%亚硝酸钠混合,避光静置6 min,加入15 μL质量分数10% AlCl3∙6H2O,间隙震荡5 min,立马加入100 μL NaOH(1 mol/L),于波长510 nm处测定吸光度。茶样中总黄酮含量以芦丁当量(mg RE/g)表示。同时以芦丁质量浓度(μg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线为y=0.0007x+0.052,R2=0.9991。
$\rm 总多酚含量= \frac{A_2-0.0520}{0.0007}\times {N_3} $
式中:A2为待测样液吸光度;N3为稀释倍数。
参照文献[8]的方法,取50 mL茶样加入50 mL质量分数2.5% NaHCO3溶液,充分混匀,取4 mL混合液体,加入4 mL饱和C2H2O4溶液和12 mL蒸馏水,以容量瓶定容至50 mL(95%乙醇),记为溶液A。另取100 mL茶样,加入100 mL乙酸乙酯,充分混匀,静置10 min待液体分层,取上层溶液8 mL,定容至25 mL(95%乙醇),记为溶液B;继续取上层溶液50 mL加入50 mL质量分数2.5% NaHCO3溶液,混匀,静置10 min,取上层溶液8 mL,定容至25 mL(95%乙醇),记为溶液C;取下层溶液4 mL,与4 mL饱和C2H2O4溶液和12 mL蒸馏水混合,定容至25 mL(95%乙醇),记为溶液D;同时以体积分数95%乙醇为空白对照,于波长380 nm处测定A、B、C、D溶液的吸光度。茶褐素、茶红素、茶黄素含量计算如式(5)~式(7):
$ \rm{茶}褐素含量\left(\text{%}\right)=\frac{2A_A\times E_1}{w}\times100 $
$ \rm{茶}红素含量\left(\text{%}\right)=\frac{E_1\times(2A_B+2A_D-2A_A-A_C)}{w}\times100 $
$ \rm{茶}黄素含量\left(\text{%}\right)=\frac{A_C\times E_2}{w}\times100 $
式中:w为干物质率,%;E1、E2为换算系数,分别为0.0706、0.0225;AA~AD为溶液A~D的吸光度。
参考王腾飞[13]方法并稍作修改。将各组发酵后的茶汤样品充分混匀后,取适量倒入比色皿(光程10 mm)至3/4高度,静置5 min以消除气泡,使用色差仪进行测定。记录L*值(明度指数)、a*值(红绿度指数)、b*值(黄蓝度指数)。以对照组(CK)茶汤的平均L*、a*、b*值作为基准,计算各处理组(GY、SO、GS)茶汤样品的色差值。ΔL*=L*样−L*CK、Δa*=a*样−a*CK、Δb*=b*样−b*CK。总色差(ΔE*)按式(8)计算:
$ \Delta E^{\text{*}}= \sqrt{({\Delta }L^{\text{*}})^2+({\Delta }a^{\text{*}})^2+({\Delta}b^{\text{*}})^2} $
式中:ΔE值综合反映了样品与CK组在颜色空间中的整体差异程度,其数值越大,表明颜色差异越显著。
参照文献[14]的方法,将茶样稀释为不同质量浓度(0.01、0.02、0.025、0.05、0.075、0.10、0.125 mg/mL)的待测液,取100 μL待测液,加入100 μL上述DPPH溶液(128.50 μg/mL,体积分数80%甲醇溶液为溶剂),室温反应30 min后,于波长517 nm处测定吸光度(As)。以上述甲醇溶液为空白组,测定吸光度(A0),以Trolox为阳性组,并测定吸光度。DPPH自由基清除率计算公式见式(9)。
$ \rm{D}PPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{A_0-A_{\text{s}}}{A_0}\times100 $
式中:A0为空白组吸光度;As为待测液或阳性组吸光度。
参照文献[14]的方法,ABTS储备液:按照1:1的体积比将ABTS(7 mmol/L)和过硫酸钾溶液(2.45 mmol/L)均匀混合,室温条件下暗处反应16 h;ABTS工作液:使用体积分数80%甲醇溶液稀释ABTS储备液,使得此溶液的吸光度为0.70±0.02(波长734 nm)。将茶样稀释为不同质量浓度(0.01、0.02、0.025、0.05、0.075、0.10、0.25、0.30、0.50 mg/mL)的样品待测液,取40 μL待测液,加入160 μL ABTS工作液,室温反应6 min,于波长734 nm处测定吸光度(Ar)。以上述甲醇溶液为空白组(Al),上述甲醇溶液替代DPPH溶液为对照组(Ah),Trolox为阳性组,并测定吸光度。ABTS+自由基清除率计算公式见式(10)。
$ \rm{A}BTS^+自由基清除率\left(\text{%}\right)=\frac{A_l-A_{\text{h}}}{A_l}\times100 $
式中:Al为空白组吸光度;Ah为待测液或阳性组吸光度。
取1 mL茶样,8000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液过0.22 μm有机滤膜至进样瓶,使用HPLC法进行测定。色谱条件:Poroshell 120 PFP(4.6 mm×100 mm,2.7 μm);DAD检测器;检测波长280 nm;流动相:体积分数1%甲酸水溶液(A),乙腈(B);柱温30 ℃;流速0.8 mL/min;进样量2 μL。梯度洗脱程序:0~10 min,5%~10% B;10~15 min,10%~20% B;15~20 min,20%~35% B;20~30 min,35%~75% B;30~32 min,75%~95% B。
取5 mL茶样,8000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液过0.22 μm滤膜至进样瓶,上机检测。色谱条件:ZORBAX Eclipse AAA(4.6 mm×150 mm,3.5 μm);检测信号:紫外338 nm(0~19 min),266 nm(19.01~25 min);流动相A:40 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠(pH7.8);流动相B:乙腈/甲醇/水=45/45/10;柱温45 ℃;流速:1.0 mL/min;进样量1 μL。梯度洗脱程序:0~1 min,0% B;1~23 min,0%~57% B;23~27 min,57%~100% B;27~34 min,100% B;34~40 min,100%~0% B;40~41 min,0% B。
参考Ruan等[15]方法,稍作修改。采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(HS-SPME-GC-MS)法测定样液的挥发性代谢物。取茶样2 mL置于15 mL的顶空瓶中,加入20 μL正己烷(10 μg/mL)和1 g氯化钠,将顶空瓶放于60 ℃水浴锅中恒温30 min,使用120 μm DVB/CWR/PDMS萃取头插入样品顶空瓶,保温萃取15 min,于250 ℃解析5 min,经GC-MS分离鉴定。
GC条件:DB-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),载气为高纯氦气(纯度不小于99.999%),流速1.2 mL/min,进样口温度250 ℃。程序升温:40 ℃保持3.5 min,以10 ℃/min速度升至100 ℃,再以7 ℃/min升至180 ℃,最后以25 ℃/min升至280 ℃,保持5 min。
定性/定量分析:将测得的未知化合物质谱图与NIST标准质谱库(NIST 20)进行比对,选择匹配度(Similarity)大于80%的物质,并结合色谱保留时间进行初步鉴定。为校正样品前处理及仪器分析过程中的潜在误差,采用内标法进行半定量分析。目标挥发性化合物的相对含量以“μg/mL样品,以内标当量计”表示,计算公式如下:
$\rm 目标化合物相对含量= \frac{B_\text{h}}{B_f}\times \frac{C_f\times V_f}{M_i} $
式中:Bh为目标化合物的色谱峰面积;Bf为内标物的色谱峰面积;Cf为加入的内标物溶液浓度(μg/μL);Vf为加入的内标物体积(μL);Mi为样品量(mL)。
基于挥发性物质含量,气味活性值计算公式如下:
$\rm 物质的气味活度值(OAV_i)= \frac{C_i}{T_i} $
式中:Ci:物质在样本中的浓度;Ti物质的嗅觉阈值。
茶汤的感官审评参照GB/T 23776-2018《茶叶感官审评方法》和相关文献[16],并针对液态发酵茶汤的特性进行修改。审评员(n=12,6男6女,年龄25~40岁)均经过专业培训,熟悉发酵茶的风味特征且感官灵敏度测试合格。审评前,将离心后的茶汤上清液置于恒温水浴锅中重新加热至55±5 ℃。取10 mL茶汤于标准审评杯中,由审评员独立进行盲评(样品随机编号)(表1)。
所有试验均独立重复3次,实验结果以平均值±标准差表示。使用Microsoft Excel 2016进行数据整理和初步计算。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和组间显著性检验,显著性水平设为P<0.05。使用Origin 2022和GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件进行图形绘制。通过迈维云平台(https://cloud.metware.cn)对挥发性代谢物分析。为有效区分不同发酵处理组间挥发性代谢物的整体差异并筛选关键差异代谢物,进行了正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)。
对比不同处理组可溶性总糖、多糖及还原糖含量,结果如图1所示。不同处理组还原糖含量表现为GY>CK>GS>SO(P<0.05),GY组还原糖含量最高为1.88±0.03 mg/mL,分析是因为冠突曲霉在代谢过程分泌的酶系作用促进还原糖的产生,进而提升茶汤回甘滋味[17]。多糖含量表现为CK>GY>SO≈GS,茶汤发酵过程中,微生物不断转化大分子糖类物质,结果显示GS组多糖含量最低(0.61±0.04 mg/mL),分析可能是在复合微生物协同作用下,加快了多糖的转化和消耗。相较于CK组,各发酵组的可溶性总糖表现为减少,其中SO组总糖含量最低,微生物生长代谢过程中不断利用和转化糖原物质,形成有机酸、风味物质(酯类、酮类)等[18]。
对比不同处理组总多酚和总黄酮含量,如图2所示。相较于CK组,GY组的总多酚(3.08±0.01 mg/mL)和总黄酮(4.01±50.13 mg/mL)含量表现为增加且为大于其余处理组(P<0.05),有研究表明冠突曲霉在发酵过程中能够分泌纤维素酶、果胶酶等水解酶,破坏茶叶细胞壁结构,释放结合态的多酚和黄酮类物质(如酯型儿茶素、黄酮苷等)[19],也可能合成新的酚类衍生物,进一步增加总多酚的复杂性。SO、GS组总多酚(SO:2.51 mg/mL,GS:2.69 mg/mL)和总黄酮含量(SO:3.10 mg/mL,GS:3.30 mg/mL)相对较低,枯草芽孢杆菌代谢过程中分泌的蛋白酶、氧化酶(如多酚氧化酶)可能催化多酚类物质的氧化聚合(如儿茶素转化为茶褐素),并分解黄酮苷为无活性的苷元,导致总含量下降[20],其中,总多酚和总黄酮含量分别下降11.96%、18.71%。
由图3(A)分析知,茶褐色和茶红素为主要茶色素,而茶黄素含量最低。其中茶褐素含量表现为GY≈GS>CK>SO,分析是冠突曲霉在发酵过程中分泌多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)等氧化酶类,催化茶多酚(如儿茶素、黄酮类)发生氧化聚合,生成茶褐素等大分子化合物[21],因此GY、GS组茶褐素含量较高,近年研究表明,茶褐素具有多种生物活性,尤其在调节代谢和肠道菌群方面作用显著[22−23]。与CK组相比,各处理组茶红素含量均减少,推测是茶红素作为中间产物在PPO、POD等酶系作用下被转化为茶褐素或降解为低分子化合物(如酚酸类物质),作为碳源参与微生物代谢[9]。此外,茶黄素含量普遍较低,且含量变化不明显。对比不同处理组色差值(图3(B)),以对照组茶汤色为基准,SO组茶汤颜色更亮,绿色、黄色增加,GY和GS组茶汤颜色变暗,红色、蓝色增加。对比整体色差(ΔE)变化,GY和GS组变化更为明显,SO组次之。
基于理化指标测定结果,对茶色素、色差值及总多酚等指标进行相关性分析,结果如图4所示。茶汤发酵是一个复杂的生化反应过程,相关性分析表明,茶褐素与ΔL、Δb呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与Δa呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),说明茶褐素的积累导致茶汤颜色变暗,且黄色减少、红色增加;同时,茶褐素、茶红素、茶黄素与总多酚、总黄酮、总糖呈现正相关,研究指出茶褐素的积累依赖总多酚的氧化,在此阶段,若总多酚的氧化速率与茶色素生成速率同步,且未被完全消耗,可能出现总多酚与色素的同步积累[24];微生物酶解作用将黄酮糖苷(如芦丁、槲皮素葡萄糖苷)水解为游离黄酮苷元,部分苷元可能参与茶色素的聚合反应,此过程中,总黄酮和茶色素可能呈现阶段性正相关[25]。
本研究根据DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力比较不同组茶样的抗氧化活性。由图5分析知,各组茶样DPPH自由基清除能力表现为GY(IC50=0.0268 mg/mL)>CK(IC50=0.0306 mg/mL)≈GS(IC50=0.0315 mg/mL)>SO(IC50=0.0363 mg/mL),统计分析表明:GY组显著大于CK、GS组(P<0.05),CK、GS组差异不显著,GS组显著大于SO组(P<0.05);ABTS+自由基清除能力表现为GY(IC50=0.0657 mg/mL)>GS(IC50=0.0720 mg/mL)>CK(IC50=0.0845 mg/mL)>SO(IC50=0.1001 mg/mL),统计分析表明:各处理组均具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。综合抗氧化能力,GY组表现最佳,其次为GS和CK组,结合理化分析结果,茶样抗氧化活性与茶多酚、茶色素等多种物质呈正相关[26]。
基于HPLC测定各组茶样主要多酚化合物和茶碱含量,结果如表2所示。相较于CK组,SO组除了没食子儿茶素,其他多酚化合物含量均减少,可能是芽孢杆菌分泌的胞外酶(如多酚氧化酶、水解酶等),分解茶多酚的酯键或糖苷键,导致多酚类物质被降解为小分子酚酸,与唐双庆等[27]报道相似。GY和GS组多酚含量呈显著性变化(P<0.05),其中,没食子酸(增幅209.55%~228.51%)、没食子儿茶素(增幅34.83%~95.49%)、表没食子儿茶素(增幅19.70%~36.15%)、儿茶素(增幅19.67%~36.29%)、表儿茶素(增幅58.13%~85.81%)含量明显增加,而表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、儿茶素没食子酸酯四个多酚单体含量显著减少(降幅90%以上),这一现象可能源于不同微生物代谢途径对多酚化合物的差异化调控,例如,Zhu等[28]的研究表明,冠突曲霉(Aspergillus cristatus)在茯砖茶发酵过程中可通过生物转化作用,将酯型儿茶素(如EGCG、ECG等)分解为游离型儿茶素和没食子酸,从而显著提升后者含量。类似地,李学震等[29]发现冠突曲霉代谢产生的胞外酶可特异性靶向多酚的酯键,导致酯型多酚的降解与非酯型多酚的积累,这一机制与本研究中GY/GS组的变化趋势吻合。生物碱方面,咖啡碱和茶碱的含量也受到发酵影响。与CK组相比,GY和GS组的咖啡碱含量显著增加(增幅2.77%~17.08%),而茶碱含量在GY组略有增加,在GS组则略有降低。
基于HPLC分析,共检测出24种氨基酸种类,本研究按照茶汤中氨基酸呈味特性,将其分为鲜味、甜味、苦味、酸味氨基酸四类,如表3所示。结果显示,微生物发酵并未明显改变鲜味氨基酸和酸味氨基酸含量(SO组鲜味氨基酸含量略微增加,GY、GS组略微减少),而甜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸含量变化较为显著。相较于CK组,芽孢杆菌单菌发酵组(SO)甜味氨基酸增加63.66%,苦味氨基酸增加65.61%,有研究表明,芽孢杆菌可通过分泌蛋白酶、淀粉酶等胞外酶,加速蛋白质水解和糖类代谢,促进甜味氨基酸(如甘氨酸、丙氨酸)的生成;同时,其代谢途径可能激活苦味氨基酸(如苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸)的合成或释放[30−31];冠突曲霉单菌发酵组(GY)两类氨基酸分别减少至86.69和73.66 mg/L;而通过两菌协同发酵后(GS),甜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸表现为增加(141.59、129.01 mg/L),可能是芽孢杆菌主导的蛋白质水解为冠突曲霉提供前体物质,冠突曲霉通过氧化还原反应调节氨基酸平衡,最终表现为甜味和苦味氨基酸的适度积累[28,32]。
本研究利用HS-SPME-GC-MS对样品组的挥发性成分进行半定量分析,结果如表4及图6所示。选取匹配度>80%的物质为代表,在全部样本中共检测到1336种挥发性代谢物,包括醇类120种、醛类85种、酸类73种、酯类247种、酮类149种、萜类256种及其他代谢成分405种。分析发现,茶汤样本中(所有样本)主要挥发性物质为(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二醛、4-(1-甲基乙基)-2-环己烯-1-酮、4-己烯-3-酮(E)-2-己烯醛、丙酸香茅酯等。差异比较:GY组和SO组的醇类(GY:11.38 μg/mL,SO:11.24 μg/mL)、酯类(GY:13.87 μg/mL,SO:13.83 μg/mL)、萜类(GY:21.99 μg/mL,SO:21.97 μg/mL)等主要风味物质含量与CK组(醇类11.61 μg/mL、酯类14.09 μg/mL、萜类22.27 μg/mL)相比无显著提升,部分物质甚至轻微降低(如酸类GY组3.42 μg/mL vs CK组3.58 μg/mL),说明单一菌种发酵对风味物质积累的促进作用有限。复合发酵组(GS)与CK组比较,GS组各类风味物质含量均显著高于CK组(P<0.05),其中:醇类(12.33 μg/mL)增加6.24%,酯类(15.24 μg/mL)增加8.16%,酮类(17.73 μg/mL)增加5.35%,萜类(23.71 μg/mL)增加6.46%,杂环化合物(9.78 μg/mL)增加5.28%,醚类(1.21 μg/mL)、酚类(2.02 μg/mL)等其他物质增幅达7.17%~10.19%。GS组中萜类物质增幅显著,这与冠突曲霉分泌的单加氧酶和糖苷水解酶密切相关,研究表明,该类酶可催化茶叶中萜烯糖苷水解,释放芳樟醇、香叶醇等萜烯类香气物质[33]。SO组中酯类合成效率较低(减少1.85%),反映其单独作用时酯化能力不足,枯草芽孢杆菌虽能分泌脂肪酶催化酯化反应,但缺乏足够的醇类前体[34]。复合发酵具有协同增效,GS组风味物质全面增长的核心机制在于两类菌的代谢互补:冠突曲霉通过β-葡萄糖苷酶水解糖苷键,释放萜烯醇和苯乙醇等醇类前体;枯草芽孢杆菌则利用酯合成酶将游离酸与醇类结合,高效合成酯类(如乙酸苯乙酯)[35]。该结果为毛茶风味定向调控提供了菌种协同理论依据。
基于气味活性值(OAV)的深入分析显示(表5),样品组共检测到102个挥发性成分的相对气味活性值(OAV)>1,其中CK组有91个物质、GY组有94个物质、SO组有98个物质、GS组有98个物质(仅展示部分物质)。核心香气物质中,5-乙基-3-羟基-4-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮(OAV=365700.33~399058.11)、β-紫罗兰酮(OAV=28744.09~29608.05)、1-壬烯-3-酮(OAV=3654.31~5366.44)、(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛(OAV=4110.44~4561.55)、8-壬烯醛(OAV=1733.11~1927.75)等物质占比最高,酮类物质可能是整体香气的核心(占OAV总量78.3%),奠定甜香基调(如β-紫罗兰酮常与水果和花香特征关联),醛类(16.1%)提供清新平衡[36],二者构成毛茶主体香气。与CK组相比,GY、SO和GS组新增异硫氰酸苯甲酯(芥末辛辣、萝卜硫香)、藏红花醛(药草香、烟熏香)、2-甲基丙酸-2-甲基丁酯(果香)等高贡献物质,其中,GS组中异硫氰酸苯甲酯OAV达50.77,较GY组(OAV=12.17)和SO组(OAV=1.01)提升3.17~49.26倍(P<0.01),可能为复合发酵通过硫苷水解-酯化偶联反应(冠突曲霉水解硫苷+枯草芽孢杆菌催化酯化)大幅提升该物质;GS组中1-壬烯-3-酮(OAV=5366)显著高于CK组(OAV=3654),增幅46.85%,可能源于冠突曲霉β-氧化途径激活亚油酸降解[37]。此外,GS组较其余发酵组还新增加古巴烯(木香)、2-(1-甲基乙基)苯酚(烟熏香)两种高贡献物质,从整体含量分析,GS组挥发性代谢物总量较对照组增加6.18%。上述结果证实,复合微生物发酵通过调控酮类、醛类及酯类代谢网络,显著提升了香气层次与品质(P<0.05),为发酵风味优化提供了理论依据。
利用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析法(OPLS-DA)对所有样本组进行展示,各组样本可以明显区分(76.20%解释率),其中CK组与其余发酵组显现显著分离,说明微生物发酵使样品组挥发性代谢物发生显著变化(P<0.05)。在此基础上,利用火山图对样品组差异挥发性代谢物进行多组比对分析,如图7所示,大量代谢物发生变化(上调或下调)。由图7(a)展示结果显示,冠突曲霉发酵后共计341个代谢物上调,100个代谢物下调,结合图8(a)分析(仅展示显著变化VIP值前20个物质),肉桂酸甲酯、丙酸戊酯、3-甲基-2(3H)-苯并呋喃酮等代谢物显著上调,β-法呢烯、7,11-二甲基-3-亚甲基-1,6,10-十二碳三烯、衣兰烯等物质显著下调;图7(b)显示,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后有367个代谢物上调,34个代谢物下调,主要包括醇类、酮类物质(如二氢-3-甲基-2,5-呋喃二酮、2,6-二甲基-3,7-辛二烯-2,6-二醇、(E)-2,6-二甲基辛-3,7-二烯-2,6-二醇、十二-酮);基于单菌发酵结果,复合发酵结果显示(图7(c))共计268个代谢物上调,118个代谢物下调,3,6-二甲基-4H-呋喃并[3,2-c]吡喃-4-酮、2,2,5-三甲基-3,4-己二酮、吡嗪酰胺、2-庚醇、1(3H)-异苯并呋喃酮等物质发生显著上调,杂环类物质显著下调。综上,微生物复合发酵结合了真菌的酯类/内酯合成能力和细菌的醇/酮产生能力,可能产生更平衡或独特的风味谱。通过其独特的代谢网络,重塑了样品的挥发性代谢物谱,展现出微生物互作的复杂性,产生更丰富多样的代谢物组合。
通过定量描述分析对各组进行感官评价,其汤色、香气、滋味、体态评分结果如图9所示。结果显示,GS组综合表现最佳,尤其在香气(27.10)和滋味(31.00)上具有显著优势(P<0.05),微生物代谢(冠突曲霉与芽孢杆菌协同)可能同时促进色素转化和香气物质合成;其次为GY组,汤色(21.08分)和滋味(29.44分)突出,冠突曲霉发酵促进茶褐素形成,使其汤色表现最佳;而SO组在汤色、滋味方面表现较为均衡,但香气(24.17)明显不如GY和GS组。由此得出结论,冠突曲霉与芽孢杆菌复合发酵茶汤,对茶汤品质具有明显提高。
本研究揭示了冠突曲霉与枯草芽孢杆菌通过代谢互补协同提升茶汤品质的核心机制。理论上阐明了由冠突曲霉主导的“酯型儿茶素水解”与枯草芽孢杆菌主导的“蛋白质降解”途径,并揭示了二者协同构成的双菌“水解-酯化偶联”新机制。该机制有效解释了复合发酵组中关键香气物质(如异硫氰酸苯甲酯)的爆发式合成,深化了我们对微生物互作驱动茶的风味代谢网络重构的理解,为研究复杂发酵体系中的菌群互作提供了典型范例。实践上,该策略能定向调控茶叶生化转化,在显著增强抗氧化活性、协调滋味平衡的同时,实现关键香气物质的爆发式增长,为开发标准化、风味可调的新型发酵茶产品提供了科学依据。未来需深入解析其分子互作信号,并优化工艺以适配产业化固态发酵,最终实现风味品质的精准设计。

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2026年第47卷第16期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060102
  • 接收时间:2025-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-11
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    1四川省农业科学院农产品加工研究所(四川省农业科学院食品与营养健康研究所),四川成都 610066
    2四川省农业科学院茶业研究所,四川成都 610066
    3雅安市金花藏茶茶业有限公司,四川雅安 625100

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朱永清(1968−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及贮藏工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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