Article(id=1320166196754891073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060099, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749571200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681748808, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681748808, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681748808, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681748808, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=491, endPage=502, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166196947829058, articleId=1320166196754891073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress in Preparation, Composition, and Bioactivities of Bovine Colostrum Peptides, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bovine colostrum garnered considerable attention due to its unique nutritional profile and health-promoting effects. With the continuous improvement of bio-enzymatic hydrolysis technology, bovine colostrum peptides became a key research object in the fields of functional foods and dietary supplements owing to their multiple biological activities. This article provides a systematic review of the preparation methods of bovine colostrum peptides, including enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, ultrasound and high hydrostatic pressure-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as separation, purification methods and structural identification techniques. It summarizes the advantages and limitations of these preparation, separation, purification, and structural characterization methods, and proposed potential future research directions. The amino acid composition and structural features underlying the bioactivities of typical bovine colostrum peptides are outlined. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the latest research advances in the biological activities of bovine colostrum peptides, including antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antihypertensive effects and systematically reviewes and discusses their mechanisms of action. However, further investigations about the bovine colostrum peptides are required for the optimization of production process, biological activities in depth mechanism and product manufacturing. With innovations in production technologies and the advancement of basic research, bovine colostrum peptides demonstrate broad application prospects in the functional food industry.

, authors=Baotang SHEN1, Lifei CHEN1, Junqing ZHANG2, Jiaqi ZHANG1, Zhongjie CHEN3, Ya GAO1, Aoge MENG1, Jianqiang ZHANG1, Rong'an CAO1, *, authorsList=Baotang SHEN, Lifei CHEN, Junqing ZHANG, Jiaqi ZHANG, Zhongjie CHEN, Ya GAO, Aoge MENG, Jianqiang ZHANG, Rong'an CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Rong'an CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166201628672355, articleId=1320166196754891073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=牛初乳肽制备、组分及生物活性研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

牛初乳以其独特的营养特性与健康促进效应而备受关注。随着生物酶解技术的持续进步,牛初乳肽因其广泛的生物学活性,成为功能性食品和膳食补充剂领域的重点研究对象。本文系统综述了牛初乳肽的酶水解、发酵法、超声和高静水压辅助酶水解制备方法,肽的分离纯化和结构鉴定技术,总结了牛初乳肽制备、分离纯化和结构鉴定方法的优势与局限性,并提出未来发展方向。概述了典型牛初乳肽的氨基酸组成和发挥生物活性的结构特征,并重点阐述了牛初乳肽发挥抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血糖及抗高血压一系列生物活性的最新研究进展,并对其作用机制进行了系统梳理与探讨。然而,牛初乳肽生产工艺优化、生物活性深层作用机制及产品转化需要深入研究,随着生产技术的革新与基础研究的深入,牛初乳肽在功能性食品领域展现出广阔的应用前景。

, authors=申宝堂1, 陈丽妃1, 张俊青2, 张佳奇1, 陈忠杰3, 高雅1, 孟奥格1, 张建强1, 曹荣安1, *, authorsList=申宝堂, 陈丽妃, 张俊青, 张佳奇, 陈忠杰, 高雅, 孟奥格, 张建强, 曹荣安, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曹荣安, authorNote=

申宝堂(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曹荣安(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=c/vVHQZFJ4AIMOBx15yd8w==, magXml=GaAAvDOl6IVMSO4ZGiuFRw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DtUtuhB5f13jOTsCvsA/Aw==, pdfFileSize=6926661, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=BSZmeEy/Fu2UWI9WbIgsCw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RIYh6n1LvBCJv2a3ekBCUA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320166202194903406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166196754891073, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1661488423@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320166202274595184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166196754891073, authorId=1320166202194903406, language=EN, stringName=Baotang SHEN, firstName=Baotang, middleName=null, lastName=SHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320166202362675569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166196754891073, authorId=1320166202194903406, language=CN, stringName=申宝堂, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319, bio={"content":"

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牛初乳肽制备、组分及生物活性研究进展
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申宝堂 1 , 陈丽妃 1 , 张俊青 2 , 张佳奇 1 , 陈忠杰 3 , 高雅 1 , 孟奥格 1 , 张建强 1 , 曹荣安 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(14): 491-502
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (14) : 491 -502
牛初乳肽制备、组分及生物活性研究进展
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申宝堂1 , 陈丽妃1, 张俊青2, 张佳奇1, 陈忠杰3, 高雅1, 孟奥格1, 张建强1, 曹荣安1, *
作者信息
  • 1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
  • 2黑龙江飞鹤乳业有限公司,黑龙江哈尔滨 164800
  • 3大庆康泰华年生物科技有限公司,黑龙江大庆 166200
通讯作者:
曹荣安(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

申宝堂(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Research Progress in Preparation, Composition, and Bioactivities of Bovine Colostrum Peptides
Baotang SHEN1 , Lifei CHEN1, Junqing ZHANG2, Jiaqi ZHANG1, Zhongjie CHEN3, Ya GAO1, Aoge MENG1, Jianqiang ZHANG1, Rong'an CAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
  • 2Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Industry Co., Ltd., Harbin 164800, China
  • 3Daqing Kangtai Huannian Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Daqing 166200, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060099
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牛初乳以其独特的营养特性与健康促进效应而备受关注。随着生物酶解技术的持续进步,牛初乳肽因其广泛的生物学活性,成为功能性食品和膳食补充剂领域的重点研究对象。本文系统综述了牛初乳肽的酶水解、发酵法、超声和高静水压辅助酶水解制备方法,肽的分离纯化和结构鉴定技术,总结了牛初乳肽制备、分离纯化和结构鉴定方法的优势与局限性,并提出未来发展方向。概述了典型牛初乳肽的氨基酸组成和发挥生物活性的结构特征,并重点阐述了牛初乳肽发挥抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血糖及抗高血压一系列生物活性的最新研究进展,并对其作用机制进行了系统梳理与探讨。然而,牛初乳肽生产工艺优化、生物活性深层作用机制及产品转化需要深入研究,随着生产技术的革新与基础研究的深入,牛初乳肽在功能性食品领域展现出广阔的应用前景。

牛初乳肽  /  制备方法  /  结构组成  /  生物活性

Bovine colostrum garnered considerable attention due to its unique nutritional profile and health-promoting effects. With the continuous improvement of bio-enzymatic hydrolysis technology, bovine colostrum peptides became a key research object in the fields of functional foods and dietary supplements owing to their multiple biological activities. This article provides a systematic review of the preparation methods of bovine colostrum peptides, including enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, ultrasound and high hydrostatic pressure-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as separation, purification methods and structural identification techniques. It summarizes the advantages and limitations of these preparation, separation, purification, and structural characterization methods, and proposed potential future research directions. The amino acid composition and structural features underlying the bioactivities of typical bovine colostrum peptides are outlined. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the latest research advances in the biological activities of bovine colostrum peptides, including antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antihypertensive effects and systematically reviewes and discusses their mechanisms of action. However, further investigations about the bovine colostrum peptides are required for the optimization of production process, biological activities in depth mechanism and product manufacturing. With innovations in production technologies and the advancement of basic research, bovine colostrum peptides demonstrate broad application prospects in the functional food industry.

bovine colostrum peptides  /  preparation methods  /  structural composition  /  bioactivities
申宝堂, 陈丽妃, 张俊青, 张佳奇, 陈忠杰, 高雅, 孟奥格, 张建强, 曹荣安. 牛初乳肽制备、组分及生物活性研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 491 -502 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060099
Baotang SHEN, Lifei CHEN, Junqing ZHANG, Jiaqi ZHANG, Zhongjie CHEN, Ya GAO, Aoge MENG, Jianqiang ZHANG, Rong'an CAO. Research Progress in Preparation, Composition, and Bioactivities of Bovine Colostrum Peptides[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 491 -502 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060099
牛初乳是雌性牛在分娩后72 h内分泌的第一批乳汁,被称为“液体黄金”和“营养丰富的乳汁”,它是一种非常复杂的液体,颜色呈现淡黄色,苦味大、粘稠度高[1−3],含有高浓度的免疫球蛋白、生长因子、抗菌成分、维生素、矿物质以及必需脂肪酸[4−6]。牛初乳肽是通过酶解或微生物发酵等生物技术手段,从牛初乳中的核心蛋白质(乳清蛋白、酪蛋白、免疫球蛋白等)中释放出具有特定生物活性的小分子肽类化合物,其分子量通常在1~35 kDa之间,部分肽段由11~12个氨基酸组成[7],具有多种有益的生物活性(图1),包括抗菌、抗高血压、抗血栓、抗癌、抗氧化、抗真菌、免疫调节和促进矿物质结合等活性[8−9]。
牛初乳肽的研究起源于对牛乳蛋白酶解产物的探索,1979年,Brant团队首次从牛乳β-酪蛋白的水解物中分离出β-阿片样肽,揭示了牛乳蛋白中隐藏的活性肽段[10],这一发现标志着牛初乳肽研究的开端,展示了水解牛初乳蛋白质释放生理活性成分的潜力。20世纪后期相关研究,逐渐发现了牛初乳富含免疫球蛋白、生长因子和抗菌肽等成分[11],并陆续从牛初乳酪蛋白水解物中鉴定出多种功能肽。2002年,首项临床研究验证了牛初乳对远端结肠炎的潜在疗效,标志着其从传统经验向科学验证的过渡[12]。随着科技的进步,牛初乳肽的制备技术也得到了显著发展,酶水解和微生物发酵水解技术的应用实现了牛初乳蛋白质高效水解,并可以最大程度保留牛初乳肽免疫活性成分,推动牛初乳肽水解研究发展[13−14]。在应用方面,牛初乳肽一系列的生物学活性在食品和医药等方面有着广泛的用途,尤其是新冠疫情爆发后,其生物活性功能备受消费者青睐[15]。本文综述了牛初乳肽的制备方法、分离纯化和鉴定技术,介绍了典型牛初乳肽组成和发挥生物活性结构特征,揭示了牛初乳肽的生物活性作用及作用机理,为牛初乳肽研究制备和功能性食品应用提供理论依据。
酶水解是目前制备牛初乳肽最高效且应用广泛的方法,其作用机制主要通过特异性酶切位点破坏蛋白胶束结构及β-乳球蛋白的构象表位(图2),提高牛初乳蛋白的加工适性和提高蛋白酶解产物的功能特性[16−17],一般使用胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶等单一酶或两种及以上蛋白酶来制备牛初乳肽[18−19]。
诸多研究表明,不同蛋白酶体系对牛初乳蛋白的水解作用可定向生成多种生物活性肽。碱性蛋白酶在pH9.0、37 ℃条件下对去除酪蛋白的牛初乳血清蛋白进行4 h酶解,经分离鉴定获得分子量低于3 kDa的抗氧化活性肽[20],其在pH8.5、55 ℃下酶解牛初乳酪蛋白4 h,可水解出黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制肽[21]。高活性丝氨酸蛋白酶在pH7.4、50 ℃条件下对牛初乳乳清蛋白酶解3 h,可高效制备分子量为1.3 kDa的抗氧化肽段[22]。胰蛋白酶在pH7.4、36 ℃持续酶解初乳乳清蛋白12 h,成功制备并分离出TT1抗菌肽[23]。对于复合酶解体系,固定化胰蛋白酶pH8.0、50 ℃水解牛初乳3.5 h,收集上清液样品调pH至8.0,再采用固定化嗜热菌蛋白酶于40 ℃二次酶解16 h,可获得含有29个磷酸化位点,高纯度的酪蛋白磷酸肽[24]。Gao等[21]首先使用胃蛋白酶在强酸性条件下(pH2.0,37 ℃)对牛初乳酪蛋白进行2 h酶解,将上清液调至中性(pH7.5)后采用胰蛋白酶在40 ℃二次酶解3 h,成功实现了黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制肽的高效定向富集与分离。
现代乳品工业中广泛应用的发酵剂培养物具有蛋白水解活性,其利用微生物源性蛋白酶的蛋白质降解作用,可定向释放生物活性肽段(图3),这为新型功能性发酵乳制品的开发提供了重要技术路径[25]。图3为微生物菌株发酵牛初乳简易流程图,由特定乳酸球菌、乳酸杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌C25菌株及与开菲尔谷物组成的复合发酵体系,在牛初乳发酵制备牛初乳肽过程中对蛋白质的水解发挥着关键作用[26]。
野生乳酸乳杆菌菌株接种于灭菌牛初乳基质,在30 ℃下进行12 h固态发酵后,经离心处理后收集上清液,超滤技术分离得到血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制肽[27]。L. kefiri JK 17作为功能性发酵剂在37 ℃条件下对脱脂牛初乳进行24 h发酵,制备出分子量小于3 kDa的ACE-I抑制肽[28]。乳酸杆菌在酸性环境(pH4.6)37 ℃中发酵培养牛初乳24 h,成功获得具有广谱抗菌活性的多肽组分[29]。进一步研究显示,鼠李糖乳杆菌C25在37 ℃下对牛初乳乳清蛋白发酵48 h,发酵产物鉴定出16种抗菌活性肽和40种免疫调节肽。另外,该菌株对印度瘤牛牛初乳乳清发酵得到生物活性肽,其表现出对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)及鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)的抑制效果[30−31]。在复合发酵体系中,念珠菌菌株与开菲尔谷物形成复合菌群,在30 ℃下对牛初乳粉协同发酵72 h,成功分离出分子量低于10 kDa,具有ACE活性抑制及细胞增殖调节特性的双功能活性肽[32]。Cotârleţ等[33]利用非致病性假丝酵母对牛初乳进行48 h酶促生物转化,随后联合开菲尔谷物与商业FreshQ发酵剂在30 ℃进行二次乳酸发酵48 h,最终超滤富集获得分子量小于3 kDa的抗氧化肽。
酶水解与微生物发酵法广泛应用于牛初乳肽制备,酶水解法适用于制备具有高生物活性的特定短链肽,但其反应条件较为苛刻,生产效率较低,成本较高,而在大规模工业应用中受到限制。今后需进一步优化酶水解工艺,以提高制备效率并降低生产成本。微生物发酵法生产工艺相对简便、成本较低,广泛应用于规模化生产。然而,在微生物发酵过程中易产生代谢副产物,发酵条件控制难度较大,导致产物组成复杂、分离纯化困难。未来研究应致力于筛选和纯化高性能菌株,提升微生物发酵法在工业应用中的可控性与产物一致性。
超声辅助(ultrasound-assisted processing,UAP)作为一种非热物理加工技术,凭借其空化效应和机械振动特性,在牛初乳生物活性肽制备领域展现出独特的绿色工艺优势[34]。该技术通过与酶水解形成协同增效机制,高频超声(20~40 kHz)产生的空化微泡破灭时释放的瞬时高压(>100 MPa),可有效破坏乳蛋白分子间的非共价键(氢键、疏水相互作用及范德华力),促使蛋白质三级结构展开并暴露出隐藏的酶切位点(图4),提高蛋白酶与底物结合效率和提升酶催化效率[35]。研究表明,经UAP处理(400 W,20 min)的牛初乳蛋白水解产物,其抗氧化活性及抗菌效能均优于传统酶解工艺,超声诱导产生的短肽(分子量<3 kDa)具有更良好的氨基酸序列(富含His-Pro-Pro结构)及较强的分子柔性[36]。Wu等[37]采用UAP(28 kHz,15 min)酶解牛初乳清蛋白,发现水解产物的ACE抑制活性和巨噬细胞免疫调节活性显著提升。超声诱导的蛋白质去折叠过程伴随着β-折叠和β-转角构象重组,这种结构重塑效应不仅降低了酶解反应的活化能,还促进了具有特定空间构象的生物活性肽的定向释放。
高静水压加工(high pressure processing,HPP)作为非热处理技术,在100~1000 MPa静水压范围内通过压力改变蛋白质结构的机制,为牛初乳生物活性肽的绿色制备提供了创新解决方案[38]。高压诱导破坏乳蛋白分子间疏水相互作用及氢键网络重组,促使蛋白质三级结构解离及四级结构展开(图5),进而暴露β-乳球蛋白和α-乳白蛋白的隐藏酶切位点[39]。研究表明,HHP处理能显著促进牛初乳清蛋白的水解效率及其产物的生物活性,在HHP(100 MPa)辅助胃蛋白酶水解牛初乳清蛋白35 min条件下,牛初乳清蛋白水解度(hydrolysis degree,DH)提高了35%,并且β-乳球蛋白的水解率提高98%,该处理显著增强了水解产物的体外抗氧化能力[40]。此外,Fei等[41]的研究也证实了HHP(200 MPa)对牛初乳β-乳球蛋白水解的强化作用,其DH值相较于预处理增加至27.53%,并显著提高了水解产物中分子量<2 kDa的生物活性肽段比例,提升其生物可利用性。
UAP和HPP是应用于牛初乳肽制备中的两种非热新型加工技术,诱导牛初乳蛋白质变性、改善酶切位点可及性,提高酶解效率及最终产物的生物利用度。然而,目前关于UAP与HPP引起蛋白质变性的作用机制研究较浅,且该技术设备的前期投入与后期维护成本较高,生产能力目前仍限于批量处理,限制了其大规模应用。今后需进一步探究UAP与HPP对蛋白质结构变性的作用机理,并致力于开发易于控制、操作简便、可实现连续化生产的新型环保预处理技术。
膜分离和色谱法作为生物活性肽的非热力学分离纯化技术,凭借其温和操作条件及宽泛分子截留范围(0.5~35 kDa),特别是对功能活性的小分子肽段(<10 kDa)的选择性富集能力[42],膜分离和色谱法已成为牛初乳肽精细化分离的核心技术(图6)。研究显示,采用再生纤维素膜切向流过滤系统,在碱性条件(pH8.0,流速1.6 L/h),调控膜表面Zeta电位(−32.5 mV)产生的静电排斥效应,可使牛初乳中胰岛素样生长因子-I(insulin like growth factor-I,IGF-I)的回收率较酸性条件(pH5.8)提升4.6倍,实现99.9%高分子量杂质蛋白的高效去除[43]。Tam等[44]创新的使用Synder NFW纳滤膜在18.05 L·min−1、27 bar条件下过滤牛初乳乳清水解渗透物回收生物活性肽,纯化出ACE抑制肽和抗氧化活性肽。在层析分离体系中,利用AKTA prime plus色谱系统对牛初乳酶解液进行梯度洗脱,首先通过阳离子交换柱在10 mmol/L磷酸钠缓冲液(pH6.6)中以1 mL/min流速进行初步富集,随后采用1.5 kDa超滤膜,实现casecidin-15与casecidin-17的分离[45]。
膜分离与色谱技术因其对分子量范围的精确筛分能力及对特定肽段的选择性富集作用,被广泛应用于牛初乳酶解液中功能肽的分离与纯化。当前膜分离存在效率低,产物成分不稳定问题,色谱技术因处理量低、成本高昂,难以实现规模化工业应用。今后需进一步探究牛初乳肽与膜材料之间的相互作用机制,并积极开发新型高效分离介质,提高目标活性肽的得率与纯度,推动大规模分离纯化工艺的建立与应用。
液相色谱-质谱联用技术(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)是耦合液相色谱的分离能力与质谱的高灵敏度检测能力,已成为小分子量肽段鉴定的核心分析手段[46]。该技术首先利用液相色谱基于化合物极性、分子尺寸等理化性质实现组分分离,再利用质谱完成离子化及质量分析,提供精确的结构鉴定与定量信息[47]。BIOPEP-UWM、PeptideRanker和PepBank肽数据库为筛选牛初乳生物活性肽的肽链长度、分子量、生物活性功能筛选提供支持[48−49]。分子对接是一种研究配体与靶标之间相互作用的计算方法,预测复合物的构象及其结合亲和力[50],AutoDock软件预测牛初乳肽与靶蛋白的刚性或局部柔性对接结合模式[51]。Hau等[52]采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析水牛初乳酪蛋白胃蛋白酶水解物分子量,经LC-MS/MS鉴定出DELQDKIHPFAQTQS和IVSVEPTSTPTTE等6种分子量<3 kDa新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽段。利用Auto Dock肽分子对接,新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制肽通过氢键和疏水相互作用,破坏酶-底物复合物的形成,具有潜在抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶功能活性。Zheng等[53]用LC-MS/MS鉴定水牛初乳发酵产物肽段分子质量和氨基酸组成,再根据BIOPEP、PeptideRanker、Uniprot数据库和Western blot多级生物信息学筛选出分子量<2 kDa的潜在抗炎活性的肽GG13(GPGAPADPGRPTG)。
LC-MS/MS和生物信息学分析技术在牛初乳肽的结构鉴定中发挥着关键作用,为目标肽段的合成与研究提供了重要技术支持。LC-MS/MS技术具有高灵敏度和多组分并行分析能力,提供肽段序列和修饰等结构信息,该技术仪器成本高、操作流程复杂。生物信息学分析技术能高效筛选和初步识别目标活性肽,但其预测准确性高度依赖于数据库的覆盖度与完整性,可能导致部分肽段无法匹配或注释不全。为了突破成本、技术门槛及数据库局限性,未来应扩大牛初乳肽数据库、并开发更经济、高效的质谱检测方法。
牛初乳乳铁蛋白肽(lactoferrin peptide,LFP)是牛初乳乳铁蛋白经酶解等方式产生的具有特定功能的小分子肽段,不仅保留了母体蛋白的核心功能域,还表现出显著的广谱抗菌活性、免疫调节特性及抗肿瘤效应,还在促进铁离子生物利用度和维持肠道菌群稳态方面具有重要生理功能[54]。牛初乳铁素B(lactoferricin B,Lfcin B)是牛初乳LFP家族的一员,由25个氨基酸残基通过特定序列组装而成,分子量大约为3 kDa,乳铁蛋白呈双叶球状结构,每个叶含一个铁结合位点,其空间构象呈现典型的α-螺旋与反向平行β-折叠组成的混合二级结构,并通过N端第2位与C端第19位半胱氨酸残基间形成的分子内二硫键稳定结构,牛初乳Lfcin B的结构如图7所示[55]。这种独特的结构特征与其膜渗透性和靶标识别能力密切相关,为解释其生物学活性提供了分子的构效理论基础[56]。
牛初乳酪蛋白磷酸肽(casein phosphor peptides,CPPs)是胰蛋白酶定向酶解牛乳酪蛋白获得的磷酸化多肽,作为国际公认的功能性食品添加剂,牛初乳中的CPPs具备双重生物效应,既可作为矿物质载体增强营养吸收,又能调控细胞信号通路发挥生理调节功能,目前已被欧盟食品安全局及美国FDA批准用于临床营养干预方案[57]。牛初乳CPPs的序列长度通常为25个氨基酸残基,核心区域包含连续的磷酸化丝氨酸簇(-Ser-Ser-Ser-Glu-Glu-)和酸性氨基酸,形成典型的阴离子富集结构域,图8为CPPs结构图[58]。磷酸化修饰产生的带负电磷酸根基团($ \text{-PO}_{3}^{2-} $)与Ca2+之间通过离子键和配位键形成稳定络合物,这种分子间相互作用构建了负电性离子团以捕获矿物离子,提升矿物质在肠道中的跨膜转运效率[59]。
牛初乳含有许多生长因子、激素和细胞因子。临床研究表明,从牛初乳中提取的生长因子具有病治疗和降低损伤等生物学特性[60−61]。生长因子在伤口愈合、骨骼和肌肉发育以及细胞增殖等重要的代谢活动中发挥作用,它们通过与细胞表面的特定受体结合来表达生物活性功能,启动一系列细胞内信号事件,从而实现精确调控,这一复杂的信号网络刺激了基因表达和细胞功能的调控,指导细胞的一系列行为。表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)、胰高血糖素样肽-2(glucagon like peptide-2,GLP-2)和IGF-1是生长因子的主要类型[62]。
在牛初乳中分离出的EGF作为首个完成三维结构解析的生长因子家族成员,其具有促细胞分裂增殖、调节表皮、乳腺和肠道发育的作用,并可作为血管生成因子发挥作用[63]。EGF分子量为6.2 kDa,由53个氨基酸残基组成的单链多肽,EGF分子呈现典型的拓扑构型,图9为EFG结构图。N端结构域包含一个反平行β-折叠(β1和β2),由两对二硫键(Cys6-Cys20,Cys14-Cys31)形成刚性核心[64−65]。C端结构域通过β-转角柔性连接和Cys33-Cys42二硫键维持其构象稳定性形成动态柔性区域,二硫键形成的刚性核心与柔性C端共同决定了EGF与EGFR结合的亲和力和特异性[66]。
牛初乳中的GLP-2是肠源性代谢调节肽之一,并与胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon like peptide-1,GLP-1)共同构成肠道-胰腺功能调节网络的核心组分[67−68]。临床试验证明,GLP-2刺激非反刍动物和反刍动物损伤后的肠隐窝细胞增殖,减少肠粘膜上皮细胞的凋亡和炎症,刺激肠道上皮发育,并增强营养吸收和肠道完整性[69−70]。GLP-2分子量为3.9 kDa,是由33个氨基酸残基组成的单链多肽[71]。图10为GLP-2结构图,GLP-2的C端区域(Leu17-Lys30)与GLP-2受体(GLP-2R)的胞外域结合,而N端(His1-Asp16)不直接参与受体接触,但通过构象变化影响信号激活。残基5-18构成α-螺旋核心,并使残基2-4处的无规卷曲实现构象柔性调控[72]。该结构域内保守的His1-Ala2-Asp3三肽基序与GLP-2受体胞外域形成互补电荷相互作用,这种结构使其与GLP-2受体特异性结合,从而发挥其生物活性[73]。
牛初乳中的IGF-1作为生长激素信号转导的核心效应分子,激活下游酪氨酸激酶受体介导的级联反应,在调控细胞增殖、分化及代谢稳态等生理过程中发挥着核心调控作用[75]。IGF-1在儿童期驱动细胞增殖和组织分化,也在成年期持续发挥合成代谢功能,维持骨骼肌蛋白合成速率[76]。IGF-1分子量为7.6 kDa,是由70个氨基酸残基组成的单链多肽,其三维结构稳定性依赖于三个保守的链内二硫键Cys6-Cys48(连接B结构域β1-β2环)、Cys18-Cys61(锚定A端结构域α螺旋区)及Cys47-Cys52(稳定C端结构域),共同构成典型的β-α-β折叠构象[77]。IGF-1如图11所示,N端结构域(残基1~29)形成双β折叠片层,而C端结构域(残基42~70)呈现两圈α螺旋,两者通过疏水核心维持空间构象稳定性[78]。
牛初乳肽展现出良好的抗菌功能,其活性源于肽段能破坏微生物细胞膜完整性、抑制生物膜形成等机制,有效抑制多种病原菌的生长[79]。牛初乳ε-聚赖氨酸抗菌肽和α-R1肽凭借阳离子特性,利用静电相互作用靶向结合革兰氏阴性菌外膜脂多糖的磷酸基团,诱导脂质双分子层重构。通过氢键网络与磷脂酰甘油和心磷脂形成跨膜孔道,导致膜电位去极化及三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)泄漏,破坏细菌细胞膜的结构,使细菌不能进行正常代谢而凋亡[80]。牛初乳乳铁素H的GRRRR结构可高效螯合Fe3+,通过铁载体竞争机制使细菌铁摄取系统失活,剥夺细菌生长所需的铁元素,抑制细菌的生长繁殖[81]。研究学者也发现,牛初乳LFP的L5/L8环区与细菌GspB蛋白受体特异性结合,阻断病原体黏附,同时激活TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,提升巨噬细胞吞噬指数以诱导细菌颗粒的吞噬作用[82]。肥胖小鼠动物实验证实,牛初乳GLP-2通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路调控紧密连接蛋白ZO-1,抑制细菌及其脂多糖代谢产物脂多糖的渗透,降低肠道上皮的通透性,增强肠道屏障功能,减少细菌移位[83]。牛初乳RR4肽抑制MAPK信号通路中的ERK、JNK和p38激酶,干扰细菌的应激响应和免疫调节功能,此通路在病原体中的PAMP识别中起关键作用,抑制后可降低细菌的免疫逃逸能力[84]。
牛初乳抗菌肽的抗菌机制主要包括直接作用于病原体及其间接调节宿主免疫两方面。一方面,牛初乳抗菌肽通过静电相互作用与细菌细胞膜结合,破坏膜结构的完整性,并进一步抑制细菌胞内关键生理功能,从而导致细菌死亡。另一方面,牛初乳抗菌肽调节免疫系统,增强免疫细胞的活性,提升机体对细菌的清除能力;还能增强上皮细胞屏障的完整性,并巩固物理防御机制有效阻止细菌侵入体内(图12)。
癌症已成为威胁人类健康的主要致死性疾病之一,传统放疗和化疗手段存在较强的毒副作用,牛初乳抗癌肽具有高度靶向性和良好安全性,显示出良好的应用前景与研究价值。在T淋巴细胞调控层面,牛初乳酪蛋白水解肽在体外刺激小鼠T细胞后,小鼠CD4+T细胞中Th1特异性转录因子T-bet表达上调,Th2标志性细胞因子IL-4水平下降,通过IL-12/STAT4通路诱导Th1极化,增强T淋巴细胞对肿瘤杀伤活性[85]。牛初乳中LFP下调细胞周期蛋白(Cyclin E1)和转录因子E2F2,抑制DNA复制,将癌细胞分裂生长阻滞于S期,阻止癌细胞分裂增殖[86]。蛋白质组学分析显示,牛初乳酪蛋白水解产物中鉴定的9种特征肽段,其中核受体2C2抑制肽下调核受体NR2C2介导的Cyclin D1和Bcl-2表达,抑制致癌信号通路,阻止肿瘤细胞的产生[87]。在口腔鳞癌细胞模型中,牛初乳LFP抑制Akt磷酸化和激活SOCS3,阻断mTOR/S6K及JAK/STAT3信号通路传导,抑制口腔鳞癌生长[88]。牛初乳BAMA肽通过β1/FAK信号轴抑制肿瘤细胞葡萄糖摄取和ATP生成,从而抑制肿瘤细胞生长[84]。NSG小鼠异种移植模型研究表明,瘤内注射牛初乳Lfcin B会使肿瘤体积密度减小,导致细胞凋亡并抑制侵袭,但不影响正常细胞[89]。协同治疗方面,牛初乳乳铁蛋白衍生肽与谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶P1(glutathione S-transferase,P1 GST P1)抑制剂联用,双重抑制GST P1酶活性,使癌细胞线粒体膜电位崩溃,提高MCF-7癌细胞凋亡率,阻止癌细胞的生长[90]。
牛初乳抗癌肽通过多途径发挥抗肿瘤作用。牛初乳抗癌肽增强T淋巴细胞的活性,提升其精准识别并清除癌细胞的能力;直接作用于肿瘤细胞,抑制DNA复制,阻遏癌细胞的增殖;降低癌细胞对能量的摄取,诱导线粒体膜位点崩溃,抑制癌细胞生长;并且调控关键信号通路及结合特定分子靶点,干预癌细胞的生成(图13)。
活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)等氧化物可诱发氧化应激反应,导致细胞损伤并引发炎症。牛初乳抗氧化肽直接清除自由基、激活抗氧化关键酶活性等多种机制发挥抗氧化功能,有效减轻氧化应激对细胞的损害,维持细胞结构与功能的完整性[91]。水牛初乳抗氧化肽直接清除超氧阴离子自由基($ \text{O}_{2}^{-} $·)和羟基自由基(·OH),终止自由基链式反应,保护细胞免受氧化损伤[92]。小鼠诱导运动模型显示,牛初乳抗氧化肽使小鼠运动后骨骼肌中脂质氢过氧化物含量下降,黄嘌呤氧化酶活性降低,增强超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活力,骨骼肌总抗氧化能力提高,减少小鼠骨骼肌肉在运动中氧化应激引起的损伤[93]。水牛初乳肽(YVHPFH),激活SIRT3/FoxO3a信号通路,提高H2O2酶活性,降低HepG2细胞内ROS,减轻2,4-二硝基苯酚诱导的氧化应激对细胞伤害[94]。水牛酪蛋白衍生的十肽(YQEPVLGPVR)提高H2O2抗氧化酶活性,抑制细胞ROS生成,同时使Nrf-2的mRNA参与氧化还原信号传导的转录因子表达下降,提高肠上皮细胞的氧化应激,减轻肠上皮氧化应激造成的损伤[95]。秀丽隐杆线虫模型研究发现,水牛初乳肽(SFVSEVPEL)阻断Cullin-3介导的Nrf2降解,促进Nrf2核转位,提高ARE调控的SOD、ROS和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶-1表达,增强抗氧化酶活性,减少氧化应激对细胞的损伤,提高隐杆线虫存活率[96]。Lee等[97]利用双荧光素酶实验证实,牛初乳LFP增强Nrf2启动子活性,调节Keap1/Cullin-3通路实现氧化还原稳态重建,并且阻断NF-κB通路,降低诱导型一氧化氮合酶和环氧合酶-2表达,减少NO等促氧化介质[98]。
牛初乳抗氧化肽直接清除$ \text{O}_{2}^{-} $·和·OH,并重新构建细胞氧化还原平衡状态,从而保护细胞免受氧化损伤;提高ROS和SOD等关键抗氧化酶活性,将活性氧物质转化为无害的物质;同时阻断相关信号通路减少NO等促氧化介质的释放,增强细胞抗氧化能力(图14)。
牛初乳肽具有降血糖生物活性,其作用机制涉及多途径调控葡萄糖代谢过程。牛初乳二肽基肽酶IV(dipeptidyl peptidase IV,DPP-IV)抑制肽通过Tyr37与酶活性中心Ser630形成氢键网络,抑制DPP-IV催化活性,使血浆GLP-1半衰期延长至26 min,并促进胰岛β细胞cAMP/PKA信号介导的胰岛素分泌,提高血糖代谢能力[99−100]。牛初乳酪蛋白衍生肽激活骨骼肌细胞AMPKα2 Thr172和下游ACC Ser79位点磷酸化,抑制肝脏糖异生关键酶PEPCK和G6Pase,同时促进IRS1 Tyr612磷酸化及葡萄糖转运蛋白4的膜转位效率,维持血糖平衡[101]。牛初乳酪蛋白MCH肽中的Ile-Pro-Pro段通过变构效应增强AMPKγ亚基与AMP结合能力,使C2C12肌管细胞提高葡萄糖摄入速率,增强骨骼肌细胞对葡萄糖摄取能力,生成肌糖原从而降低葡萄糖浓度[102]。生长因子协同作用方面,在糖尿病大鼠模型研究中发现,牛初乳EGF通过ERK1/2通路抑制FoxO1核转位,而IGF-1与受体结合激活PI3K p85α亚基酪氨酸磷酸化,EGF与IGF-1联合作用使肝脏细胞提高葡萄糖摄取量,合成肝糖原,降低血糖浓度[103−105]。肠道菌群调节机制中,Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠模型实验阐明,牛初乳降血糖肽使Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠肠道中的另枝菌属(Allobaculum)、志贺氏菌属(Shigella)等丰度降低,而布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、颤螺菌属(Oscillospira)等丰度增加从而改善肠道菌群,调节肠道中的代谢产物,缓解Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠高血糖症状[106]。
牛初乳肽的降血糖作用机制涉及多个层次的生物学调控过程。牛初乳降糖肽能降低DPP-IV活性,并且增强胰岛β细胞功能,促进胰岛素分泌,提高血糖代谢能力;提升骨骼肌与肝细胞对葡萄糖的摄取与利用效率,降低细胞外周血糖水平;还能调节肠道菌群结构和代谢产物,增强胰岛素与其受体的结合能力,缓解Ⅱ型糖尿病高血糖症状(图15)。
牛初乳肽已被证实具有降血压活性,在预防和管理高血压方面有潜在应用价值。结构生物学研究表明,水牛初乳IQKVAGTW肽通过其C端Trp105吲哚环与ACE活性中心Zn2+形成金属螯合作用,使Tyr3侧链与ACE S2亚位点Ala354形成π-烷基相互作用,从而抑制ACE活性,达到降低血压的作用[107]。牛初乳IgG蛋白水解产物中SY-6、FF-4和WL-103肽,上调小鼠静脉内皮细胞中eNOS Ser1177磷酸化水平,促进NO生成释放,激活平滑肌细胞酶活力,改善主动脉环内皮依赖性舒张反应,促进血管舒张,缓解血压对血管壁的损伤[108]。牛初乳FPQYLQYPYACE肽利用RNA-seq研究分析发现,下调RhoA/ROCK通路关键基因,同时上调SKCa通道中KCNN4表达,抑制血管紧张素II(angiotensin Ⅱ,Ang II)诱导的血管平滑肌细胞迁移,调节血管重塑的能力,提高血管张力[109]。在Ang II诱导高血压小鼠模型中,研究发现源自水牛初乳PG1肽促进ERK1/2通路磷酸化及上调Rac1-GTP表达,拮抗Ang II所引起的血管收缩作用,发挥血管保护功能[110]。
牛初乳肽的抗高血压作用主要通过抑制ACE活性,减少Ang Ⅱ的生成。牛初乳抗高血压不仅促进NO的合成与释放,还能使血管平滑肌细胞迁移调节血管重塑的能力,增强血管舒张功能,并且抑制Ang Ⅱ的生物学效应进一步改善血管顺应性,有效减轻高血压所致的血管病理损伤(图16)。
牛初乳肽因独特的营养价值和多样化的生物活性功能,已成为学术界研究焦点,相关研究的深度与应用领域持续拓展。在制备技术方面,已从传统的单一酶水解方法,逐步发展为多酶复合水解、固定化酶解及微生物发酵酶解等新型高效方法,提高了牛初乳肽的制备效率及生物活性。得益于膜分离技术的不断进步与色谱技术的广泛应用,牛初乳肽的分离与纯化能力得到提升,推动了大量具有潜在功能的牛初乳短肽的发现。在结构表征领域,肽鉴定技术的持续发展为精准解析肽的分子量、氨基酸序列及其生物活性位点提供了关键工具。更重要的是,现代分子组学技术的迅猛发展,深入揭示牛初乳肽在抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、糖代谢调控以及血压稳态维持等多维度的作用机制。
然而,牛初乳肽在实际应用层面仍面临若干挑战,需要深入研究以推进其发展。首先,牛初乳肽在水解过程中暴露出的疏水性氨基酸易导致产物呈现不良苦味,制约了其在食品市场的接受度,优化水解制备工艺或探索风味掩蔽、修饰策略以改善其味觉感官特性。其次,目前关于牛初乳生物活性的研究多局限于细胞模型和动物实验层面,牛初乳肽人体消化吸收后,其活性是否得以有效维持、具体作用机制以及与其他代谢途径的交互影响,均尚未充分阐明,因此需要开展大量的临床试验,填补人体应用研究方面的空白。最后,目前牛初乳肽的研究成果大多停留于理论探索阶段,在功能性食品和药品领域尚未实现大规模商业化应用。亟需深入洞察市场消费需求,加强与产业界的紧密研发协作,提升其市场渗透率。随着生物工程技术的持续创新与突破,牛初乳肽有望突破瓶颈,发展成为契合精准营养理念的新一代功能性食品的核心活性组分,并在精准医疗领域发挥关键作用。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060099
  • 接收时间:2025-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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    1黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,黑龙江大庆 163319
    2黑龙江飞鹤乳业有限公司,黑龙江哈尔滨 164800
    3大庆康泰华年生物科技有限公司,黑龙江大庆 166200

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曹荣安(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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