Article(id=1320882098827801213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852433162, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852433162, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852433162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852433162, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=272, endPage=279, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882099096236670, articleId=1320882098827801213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Establishment and Application of Multiplex Real-time PCR Method for Rapid Detecting Four Animal-derived Ingredients in Beef Products, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To establish a multiplex real-time PCR assay capable of simultaneously and rapidly identifying bovine, chicken, duck and porcine components in beef products and thus to counteract economically motivated adulteration with cheaper meats. Methods: Species-specific primers and TaqMan probes targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) gene were designed and screened for cattle, chicken, duck and pig. A single-tube reaction system was constructed and systematically validated for sensitivity, specificity, linearity and adulteration simulation. Results: The assay exclusively amplified DNA from cattle, chicken, duck and pig, with no cross-reactivity against 6 non-target species. The method simultaneously detected four animal-derived DNA with 10−4 ng/μL sensitivity and a 0.01% (w/w) detection limit. Screening of 100 retail beef samples revealed 24 adulterated products, predominantly containing duck meat and/or pork. All results were fully concordant with those obtained by the national standard method. Conclusion: The developed multiplex real-time PCR protocol is rapid, cost-effective and high-throughput, significantly enhancing the capability to detect meat adulteration and providing robust technical support for food-safety regulation and consumer protection.

, authors=Qiqi XIA1, 2, Yuanyuan LIANG1, 2, Chen ZHU1, 2, Fangyuan ZHENG1, 2, Liping SUN1, 2, Chang TANG1, 2, Pengpeng LIU1, 2, *, authorsList=Qiqi XIA, Yuanyuan LIANG, Chen ZHU, Fangyuan ZHENG, Liping SUN, Chang TANG, Pengpeng LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pengpeng LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882100471968394, articleId=1320882098827801213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=4种动物源性成分荧光定量PCR方法的建立及其在牛肉制品掺假鉴定中的应用, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:针对目前市场上牛肉中使用鸡、鸭和猪肉掺假行为,本研究建立一种能够同时、快速鉴别牛肉制品中牛、鸡、鸭和猪4种动物源性成分的荧光定量PCR方法。方法:以细胞色素b(Cytb)基因为靶基因,设计并筛选牛、鸡、鸭、猪四组特异性引物及TaqMan探针,构建单一反应体系;通过灵敏度、特异性、线性与检出限实验对方法进行系统验证。结果:该方法仅对牛、鸡、鸭和猪有特异性扩增,与其他动物的核酸无交叉反应;同时检测4种动物源性DNA的灵敏度为10−4 ng/μL,检出限低至0.01%(质量比);对100份市售牛肉制品的分析显示,有24份样品掺假,且主要掺入成分为鸭肉和猪肉,实验结果与标准方法一致。结论:该方法具有快速、高效、成本低和高通量的特点,显著提升了肉类掺假检测能力,为食品安全监管和消费者权益保护提供了强有力的技术支持。

, authors=夏琪琪1, 2, 梁媛媛1, 2, 朱晨1, 2, 郑方媛1, 2, 孙丽萍1, 2, 唐畅1, 2, 刘鹏鹏1, 2, *, authorsList=夏琪琪, 梁媛媛, 朱晨, 郑方媛, 孙丽萍, 唐畅, 刘鹏鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘鹏鹏, authorNote=

夏琪琪(1992−),女,本科,工程师,研究方向:食品安全检测,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘鹏鹏(1985−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全检测,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=FuiBHL6C/Ukb6//gVeLtsg==, magXml=FQtFfvZ8QMK6cML20J8FXg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Yw+GIPKNnnMf3SaABfnY4g==, pdfFileSize=1235261, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tWAYKrKga8fm2O4FJbR/0w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=SXptOQ57TmT+dSv2+yA2Jg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882102556537490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=380729309@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882102648812181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, authorId=1320882102556537490, language=EN, stringName=Qiqi XIA, firstName=Qiqi, middleName=null, lastName=XIA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Zhejiang Fangyuan Test Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
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注:a.18S内参基因引物探针可行性效果图,1:鸭源性DNA扩增曲线,2:牛源性DNA扩增曲线,3:鸡源性DNA扩增曲线,4:猪源性DNA扩增曲线;b.4种目标源性引物探针可行性效果图,1:鸭源性DNA扩增曲线,2:牛源性DNA扩增曲线,3:鸡源性DNA扩增曲线,4:猪源性DNA扩增曲线。

, figureFileSmall=/28HHTnPJUndDCoNsA+IOA==, figureFileBig=tWAYKrKga8fm2O4FJbR/0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882105186366149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Specificity of detection system, figureFileSmall=hapOu2m6APBODlHpBrrrtw==, figureFileBig=WDJJHlHiZBFMp1J+cyk7ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882106851504838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=CN, label=图2, caption=实验体系特异性

注:a.10个动物源性样品内参基因扩增曲线;b.目标源性样品扩增曲线,1:鸭;2.牛;3.鸡;4.猪;5.非目标源性(鹅、山羊、绵羊、野鼠、裸盖鱼和驴)。

, figureFileSmall=hapOu2m6APBODlHpBrrrtw==, figureFileBig=WDJJHlHiZBFMp1J+cyk7ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882106939585223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Amplification curves of four target components, figureFileSmall=8i4Rl715gVK1ShJ6No2YiQ==, figureFileBig=3x51/LIRecsQa8qVP4f/6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882107015082696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=CN, label=图3, caption=4种目标源性扩增曲线

注:a.鸭源性扩增曲线,1~6:DNA浓度为1×101~1×10−4 ng/μL;b.鸡源性扩增曲线,1~6:DNA浓度为1×101~1×10−4 ng/μL;c.猪源性扩增曲线,1~6:DNA浓度为1×101~1×10−4 ng/μL;d.牛源性扩增曲线,1~7:DNA浓度为1×101~1×10−5 ng/μL。

, figureFileSmall=8i4Rl715gVK1ShJ6No2YiQ==, figureFileBig=3x51/LIRecsQa8qVP4f/6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882107128328905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Quantitative analysis curves of four source components, figureFileSmall=V15/kVJ3WMmjWp5t/GOreQ==, figureFileBig=JRD9Ah1GZBp2QSg0+mNKMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882107241575114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=CN, label=图4, caption=4种源性成分定量分析曲线

注:a.鸭源性标准曲线;b.鸡源性标准曲线;c.猪源性标准曲线;d.牛源性标准曲线。

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注:a.鸭源性检测;b.鸡源性检测;c.猪源性检测;d.牛源性检测。

, figureFileSmall=/a0RE3NoRgGb9jYfiXRDZA==, figureFileBig=izjftDi6t7OJt7Htv0gg1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882107723920077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers and TaqMan probes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称序列(5’—3’)TM (℃)GC(%)扩增片段长度(bp)
牛FCCTTCTCTATCCTAATTCTTGC54.841168
RCGATGGTGATATATGGGTG51.647
PCY5-AATCCCCCTACTACACACCTCC-BHQ262.955
鸭FCGGATCTCTGCTCGCCATC60.163101
RCTACTGAGGAGAAAGCAAGGGA60.850
PFAM-CCTACTGGCTATGCACTACACCGCA-BHQ165.856
鸡FGTATTACTATCATCCACCTCAC54.141137
RGAGTATGAGAGTTAAGCCCAGA57.845
PVIC-CATCTCATCCGACTCTGACAAAATTCC-BHQ162.344
猪FCAGAATGATATTTCTTATTCGCC54.035116
RGTGTAGTATGGGCATTAAAATTAG53.533
PROX-TGGAGTGCTAGCTCTAATAGCCTCC-BHQ163.252
内参FGTAGTGACGAAAAATAACAATAC52.53092
RCCTCCAATGGATCCTCG55.159
PCY5-AGGCCCTGTAATTGGAATGAGTCC-BHQ263.550
), ArticleFig(id=1320882107962995406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物及探针序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称序列(5’—3’)TM (℃)GC(%)扩增片段长度(bp)
牛FCCTTCTCTATCCTAATTCTTGC54.841168
RCGATGGTGATATATGGGTG51.647
PCY5-AATCCCCCTACTACACACCTCC-BHQ262.955
鸭FCGGATCTCTGCTCGCCATC60.163101
RCTACTGAGGAGAAAGCAAGGGA60.850
PFAM-CCTACTGGCTATGCACTACACCGCA-BHQ165.856
鸡FGTATTACTATCATCCACCTCAC54.141137
RGAGTATGAGAGTTAAGCCCAGA57.845
PVIC-CATCTCATCCGACTCTGACAAAATTCC-BHQ162.344
猪FCAGAATGATATTTCTTATTCGCC54.035116
RGTGTAGTATGGGCATTAAAATTAG53.533
PROX-TGGAGTGCTAGCTCTAATAGCCTCC-BHQ163.252
内参FGTAGTGACGAAAAATAACAATAC52.53092
RCCTCCAATGGATCCTCG55.159
PCY5-AGGCCCTGTAATTGGAATGAGTCC-BHQ263.550
), ArticleFig(id=1320882108038492879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Concentration and purity of beef products DNA extracted by 3 kinds of methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法样品浓度(ng/μL)A260/A280
磁珠法样品170.04±1.851.80±0.03
样品226.31±1.011.62±0.04
样品346.34±0.931.60±0.03
样品478.65±1.841.76±0.03
样品554.72±1.711.74±0.04
样品622.04±0.871.65±0.05
离心柱法样品1443.86±10.691.81±0.02
样品2308.80±7.071.79±0.02
样品3107.07±2.951.78±0.02
样品4195.55±3.911.78±0.01
样品5380.37±8.741.77±0.02
样品6210.79±3.931.80±0.01
NaOH裂解法样品118.62±0.732.07±0.04
样品211.64±0.822.06±0.04
样品314.68±0.732.03±0.03
样品412.49±0.442.04±0.03
样品511.94±0.582.16±0.05
样品615.29±0.812.12±0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320882108118184656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

采用3种提取方法提取的牛肉制品DNA浓度及纯度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法样品浓度(ng/μL)A260/A280
磁珠法样品170.04±1.851.80±0.03
样品226.31±1.011.62±0.04
样品346.34±0.931.60±0.03
样品478.65±1.841.76±0.03
样品554.72±1.711.74±0.04
样品622.04±0.871.65±0.05
离心柱法样品1443.86±10.691.81±0.02
样品2308.80±7.071.79±0.02
样品3107.07±2.951.78±0.02
样品4195.55±3.911.78±0.01
样品5380.37±8.741.77±0.02
样品6210.79±3.931.80±0.01
NaOH裂解法样品118.62±0.732.07±0.04
样品211.64±0.822.06±0.04
样品314.68±0.732.03±0.03
样品412.49±0.442.04±0.03
样品511.94±0.582.16±0.05
样品615.29±0.812.12±0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1320882108382425809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detection of adulteration in actual beef product source components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
本实验建立的多重荧光定量PCR方法检测结果(Ct值)标准方法结果判定
编号样品名称牛鸭鸡猪内参结果判定
1牛肉串−17.27±0.90−−18.15±0.07检出鸭检出鸭
2牛肉小串−−17.77±0.27−21.56±0.13检出鸡检出鸡
3牛肉小串−−19.09±0.04−22.19±0.11检出鸡检出鸡
4烧烤食材牛肉串−19.25±0.2333.52±0.25−22.26±0.10检出鸭、鸡检出鸭、鸡
5牛肉小串−17.64±0.2332.02±0.10−18.34±0.01检出鸭、鸡检出鸭、鸡
6牛肉串−−−18.04±0.6218.07±0.04检出猪检出猪
7烧烤牛肉串−−−17.68±0.1918.04±0.03检出猪检出猪
8小肥牛风味肉串−15.69±0.13−−23.17±0.35检出鸭检出鸭
9手工牛肉串29.46±0.58−−16.92±0.6418.47±0.01检出牛、猪检出牛、猪
10卤牛肉17.65±0.5315.68±0.48−−22.50±0.01检出牛、鸭检出牛、鸭
11红柳牛肉串30.86±0.1120.49±0.45−17.32±0.1522.95±0.22检出牛、鸭、猪检出牛、鸭、猪
12轻享薄切牛肉干15.57±0.05−−33.56±0.1922.57±0.25检出牛、猪检出牛、猪
13卤五香牛腱子29.16±0.16−−15.05±0.2123.01±0.29检出牛、猪检出牛、猪
14卤牛肉15.65±0.15−−27.57±0.5023.31±0.01检出牛、猪检出牛、猪
15醬牛肉15.10±0.09−34.19±0.4826.48±0.4523.27±0.23检出牛、鸡、猪检出牛、鸡、猪
16醬牛肉14.95±0.01−−29.49±0.1323.62±0.45检出牛、猪检出牛、猪
17鲜嫩真牛肉串15.35±0.11−26.35±0.33−23.06±0.19检出牛、鸡检出牛、鸡
18生牛肉串(自制)15.67±0.08−29.03±0.19−23.32±0.02检出牛、鸡检出牛、鸡
19牛肉串17.21±0.0831.87±0.74−17.89±0.1318.13±0.09检出牛、鸭、猪检出牛、鸭、猪
20麦臻选牛肉串16.65±0.30−32.29±0.01−21.62±0.17检出牛、鸡检出牛、鸡
21黑椒味牛排肉串16.46±0.5833.17±0.20−−19.06±0.13检出牛、鸭检出牛、鸭
22手柄牛肋条串15.68±0.5226.37±0.08−−18.59±0.33检出牛、鸭检出牛、鸭
23牛肉串16.70±0.2328.56±0.62−−23.34±0.66检出牛、鸭检出牛、鸭
24牛肉串15.58±0.5034.06±1.24−−23.80±0.35检出牛、鸭检出牛、鸭
), ArticleFig(id=1320882108462117586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882098827801213, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实际牛肉制品源性成分检测掺假情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
本实验建立的多重荧光定量PCR方法检测结果(Ct值)标准方法结果判定
编号样品名称牛鸭鸡猪内参结果判定
1牛肉串−17.27±0.90−−18.15±0.07检出鸭检出鸭
2牛肉小串−−17.77±0.27−21.56±0.13检出鸡检出鸡
3牛肉小串−−19.09±0.04−22.19±0.11检出鸡检出鸡
4烧烤食材牛肉串−19.25±0.2333.52±0.25−22.26±0.10检出鸭、鸡检出鸭、鸡
5牛肉小串−17.64±0.2332.02±0.10−18.34±0.01检出鸭、鸡检出鸭、鸡
6牛肉串−−−18.04±0.6218.07±0.04检出猪检出猪
7烧烤牛肉串−−−17.68±0.1918.04±0.03检出猪检出猪
8小肥牛风味肉串−15.69±0.13−−23.17±0.35检出鸭检出鸭
9手工牛肉串29.46±0.58−−16.92±0.6418.47±0.01检出牛、猪检出牛、猪
10卤牛肉17.65±0.5315.68±0.48−−22.50±0.01检出牛、鸭检出牛、鸭
11红柳牛肉串30.86±0.1120.49±0.45−17.32±0.1522.95±0.22检出牛、鸭、猪检出牛、鸭、猪
12轻享薄切牛肉干15.57±0.05−−33.56±0.1922.57±0.25检出牛、猪检出牛、猪
13卤五香牛腱子29.16±0.16−−15.05±0.2123.01±0.29检出牛、猪检出牛、猪
14卤牛肉15.65±0.15−−27.57±0.5023.31±0.01检出牛、猪检出牛、猪
15醬牛肉15.10±0.09−34.19±0.4826.48±0.4523.27±0.23检出牛、鸡、猪检出牛、鸡、猪
16醬牛肉14.95±0.01−−29.49±0.1323.62±0.45检出牛、猪检出牛、猪
17鲜嫩真牛肉串15.35±0.11−26.35±0.33−23.06±0.19检出牛、鸡检出牛、鸡
18生牛肉串(自制)15.67±0.08−29.03±0.19−23.32±0.02检出牛、鸡检出牛、鸡
19牛肉串17.21±0.0831.87±0.74−17.89±0.1318.13±0.09检出牛、鸭、猪检出牛、鸭、猪
20麦臻选牛肉串16.65±0.30−32.29±0.01−21.62±0.17检出牛、鸡检出牛、鸡
21黑椒味牛排肉串16.46±0.5833.17±0.20−−19.06±0.13检出牛、鸭检出牛、鸭
22手柄牛肋条串15.68±0.5226.37±0.08−−18.59±0.33检出牛、鸭检出牛、鸭
23牛肉串16.70±0.2328.56±0.62−−23.34±0.66检出牛、鸭检出牛、鸭
24牛肉串15.58±0.5034.06±1.24−−23.80±0.35检出牛、鸭检出牛、鸭
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4种动物源性成分荧光定量PCR方法的建立及其在牛肉制品掺假鉴定中的应用
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夏琪琪 1, 2 , 梁媛媛 1, 2 , 朱晨 1, 2 , 郑方媛 1, 2 , 孙丽萍 1, 2 , 唐畅 1, 2 , 刘鹏鹏 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(13): 272-279
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (13) : 272 -279
4种动物源性成分荧光定量PCR方法的建立及其在牛肉制品掺假鉴定中的应用
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夏琪琪1, 2 , 梁媛媛1, 2, 朱晨1, 2, 郑方媛1, 2, 孙丽萍1, 2, 唐畅1, 2, 刘鹏鹏1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江方圆检测集团股份有限公司,浙江杭州 310018
  • 2浙江省市场监管生物安全重点实验室,浙江杭州 310018
通讯作者:
刘鹏鹏(1985−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全检测,E-mail:。
作者简介:

夏琪琪(1992−),女,本科,工程师,研究方向:食品安全检测,E-mail:

Establishment and Application of Multiplex Real-time PCR Method for Rapid Detecting Four Animal-derived Ingredients in Beef Products
Qiqi XIA1, 2 , Yuanyuan LIANG1, 2, Chen ZHU1, 2, Fangyuan ZHENG1, 2, Liping SUN1, 2, Chang TANG1, 2, Pengpeng LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Zhejiang Fangyuan Test Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Biosafety Detection for Zhejiang Market Regulation, Hangzhou 310018, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060031
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目的:针对目前市场上牛肉中使用鸡、鸭和猪肉掺假行为,本研究建立一种能够同时、快速鉴别牛肉制品中牛、鸡、鸭和猪4种动物源性成分的荧光定量PCR方法。方法:以细胞色素b(Cytb)基因为靶基因,设计并筛选牛、鸡、鸭、猪四组特异性引物及TaqMan探针,构建单一反应体系;通过灵敏度、特异性、线性与检出限实验对方法进行系统验证。结果:该方法仅对牛、鸡、鸭和猪有特异性扩增,与其他动物的核酸无交叉反应;同时检测4种动物源性DNA的灵敏度为10−4 ng/μL,检出限低至0.01%(质量比);对100份市售牛肉制品的分析显示,有24份样品掺假,且主要掺入成分为鸭肉和猪肉,实验结果与标准方法一致。结论:该方法具有快速、高效、成本低和高通量的特点,显著提升了肉类掺假检测能力,为食品安全监管和消费者权益保护提供了强有力的技术支持。

荧光定量PCR  /  牛肉制品  /  动物源性成分  /  肉类掺假

Objective: To establish a multiplex real-time PCR assay capable of simultaneously and rapidly identifying bovine, chicken, duck and porcine components in beef products and thus to counteract economically motivated adulteration with cheaper meats. Methods: Species-specific primers and TaqMan probes targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) gene were designed and screened for cattle, chicken, duck and pig. A single-tube reaction system was constructed and systematically validated for sensitivity, specificity, linearity and adulteration simulation. Results: The assay exclusively amplified DNA from cattle, chicken, duck and pig, with no cross-reactivity against 6 non-target species. The method simultaneously detected four animal-derived DNA with 10−4 ng/μL sensitivity and a 0.01% (w/w) detection limit. Screening of 100 retail beef samples revealed 24 adulterated products, predominantly containing duck meat and/or pork. All results were fully concordant with those obtained by the national standard method. Conclusion: The developed multiplex real-time PCR protocol is rapid, cost-effective and high-throughput, significantly enhancing the capability to detect meat adulteration and providing robust technical support for food-safety regulation and consumer protection.

fluorogenic quantitative PCR  /  beef products  /  animal-derived ingredients  /  meat adulteration
夏琪琪, 梁媛媛, 朱晨, 郑方媛, 孙丽萍, 唐畅, 刘鹏鹏. 4种动物源性成分荧光定量PCR方法的建立及其在牛肉制品掺假鉴定中的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 272 -279 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060031
Qiqi XIA, Yuanyuan LIANG, Chen ZHU, Fangyuan ZHENG, Liping SUN, Chang TANG, Pengpeng LIU. Establishment and Application of Multiplex Real-time PCR Method for Rapid Detecting Four Animal-derived Ingredients in Beef Products[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 272 -279 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060031
牛肉作为全球消费量最大的肉类食品之一,其市场需求持续增长的同时也逐渐凸显掺假问题[1−2]。部分不法商家为降低成本、牟取更高利润,常使用其他低价肉类(如鸡肉、鸭肉、猪肉)与牛肉混合或完全替代牛肉[3]。这类掺假肉类经过加工后,在感官特性上与真牛肉相似,消费者难以通过常规手段辨别[4]。牛肉掺假问题手段呈现复杂化、多样化、隐蔽化的趋势,不仅损害消费者权益,扰乱市场秩序,还可能引发宗教争议[1,5]。《解读2023年度食品安全与健康十大热点》指出食品掺假宛如不断膨胀的“毒瘤”,是食品安全的“隐形杀手[6]。如何有效鉴别肉类的真实成分,保障消费者权益,已成为亟待解决的食品安全问题。
食品真实性鉴定技术的研究和应用近年来取得了显著进展,如光谱分析、免疫学检测(如ELISA)、生物质谱技术和荧光定量PCR方法等[7−9]。李斌等[5]研究的高光谱反射和透射融合技术虽能达到95%以上的识别准确率,但检出限较高且易受添加剂干扰。高通量测序技术可实现同时检测多种未知物种,检测灵敏度达1%,但为减缓DNA降解,对环境控制的要求较高,同时存在不可避免的定量偏差[10]。ELISA法检测目标蛋白,简便快速,但受限于蛋白质变性,故不适用于熟肉制品[11−12]。电子舌检测方法利用主成分分析技术,可同时识别三种肉类,但无法分析成分复杂的加工肉制品[13]。近红外光谱技术(NIR)通过有机物形成的光谱来识别掺假元素,可无损检测,但需要单独建立数据库[14−15]。相较而言,实时荧光定量PCR技术凭借其快速、灵敏、特异性强等优势,已成为肉制品掺假检测领域极具实用性和推广价值的重要技术手段[16−18]。例如王磊[19]通过荧光定量PCR方法检测肉制品中的鸭源成分,而杜丽丽[20]则通过三重PCR方法检测肉制品中羊、猪、鸭肉三种成分。然而,传统的PCR技术局限于单一反应体系仅能检测单一靶基因,且当面对复杂样品时需进行多次独立检测以逐一排查可疑成分,不仅显著增加了时间成本和试剂消耗,还容易发生漏检或误检[21]。
为此,本研究基于荧光定量PCR技术,根据牛、鸭、鸡和猪4种动物源性成分的特异性引物及扩增片段大小,通过优化反应体系和扩增条件,建立了一种快速高通量精准对4种不同动物源性成分的检测方法。通过构建这一检测方法,本研究旨在提高牛肉制品中牛、鸭、鸡和猪源性成分检测效率,为食品安全市场监管提供有效的技术支持。
肉制品 通过随机抽样方式,从超市、农贸市场、网络平台等不同销售渠道采购酱卤牛肉、牛肉干、冷冻牛肉串等牛肉制品,确保样品的代表性和多样性,所有样品在48 h内冷链运送至实验室;血液/细胞/组织基因组DNA提取试剂盒 天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;游离DNA提取试剂盒(磁珠法) 广州华峰生物科技有限公司;荧光定量PCR引物及探针合成 生工生物工程(上海)有限公司;Pro Taq HS预混型探针法qPCR试剂 湖南艾科瑞生物工程有限公司。
ABI7300实时荧光定量PCR仪 美国应用生物系统公司;Nano-300超微量分光光度计 杭州奥盛仪器有限公司;Beckman Microfuge 16台式微量离心机 美国贝克曼库尔特有限公司;D1200板式加热器 美国Labnet公司;Vortex-genie2漩涡式振荡器 Scientific Industries。
使用无菌水漂洗去除样品表面杂物,采用无菌剪刀多点取样后用无菌均质器均质。分别采用离心柱法、磁珠法、NaOH裂解液法对均质后的样品(每份约200 mg)进行DNA提取,每种方法设置3次平行实验。离心柱法的提取参考血液/细胞/组织基因组DNA提取试剂盒说明书[22]。磁珠法的提取参考磁珠法提取DNA试剂盒说明书。NaOH裂解液法为均质样品与NaOH裂解液按体积比为1:10混匀(NaOH裂解液为0.5 mol/L NaOH与10 mol/L Na2EDTA以体积比为1:1配制)后涡旋5 s,室温放置1 min,取上清即为DNA溶液。
根据Genebank数据库,分别获取牛Cytb基因(NC_006853.1)、鸭Cytb基因(EU585609.1)、鸡Cytb基因(OK206569.1)、猪Cytb基因(AY830188.1)序列及各物种18S rRNA序列,通过比对筛选出物种相关的保守序列,使用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计引物及探针(表1),本研究所用引物及探针均由上海生工生物工程有限公司合成。
样品检测体系:2×Pro Taq HS qPCR反应预混液12.5 μL,牛、鸭、鸡、猪的正向引物(10 μmol/L)和反向引物(10 μmol/L)各1.0 μL,牛、鸭、鸡、猪的荧光探针(10 μmol/L)各1.0 μL,样品DNA溶液0.5 μL,无核酸酶水补足至25 μL;18S rRNA内参PCR体系:2×Pro Taq HS qPCR反应预混液12.5 μL,内参基因的正向引物(10 μmol/L)、反向引物(10 μmol/L)和内参荧光探针(10 μmol/L)各1.0 μL,样品DNA溶液0.5 μL,无核酸酶水补足至25 μL;反应条件:95 ℃预变性10 s,95 ℃变性5 s,60 ℃退火及延伸30 s,共进行40个循环,每个循环结束收集荧光信号。用含目标源性成分的样品作为阳性对照;以不含目标源性成分的样品作为阴性对照;以无菌水作为空白对照。阳性信号:荧光通道有荧光信号检出,且出现典型的扩增曲线,Ct值≤35.0;阴性信号:荧光通道无荧光信号检出,或有荧光信号但无典型扩增曲线,Ct值>35。
利用1.2.3建立的检测方法对4种目标源性样品(牛、鸭、鸡、猪)和6种非目标源性样品(鹅、山羊、绵羊、野鼠、裸盖鱼、驴)的DNA进行检测,DNA模板浓度10~100 ng/μL,验证本方法的特异性。
对所提取的牛、鸭、鸡、猪4种DNA溶液进行10倍梯度稀释,使浓度梯度为101、100、10−1、10−2、10−3、10−4、10−5 ng/μL。以稀释后的DNA为模板进行多重荧光定量PCR扩增,重复3次,以DNA浓度对数值为横坐标,Ct值为纵坐标建立标准曲线。
参照范维等[23]的方法进行不同比例模拟样品的制备。将预先混匀的9 g猪肉糜与1 g牛肉糜间歇性混匀10 min,得到含10%牛肉的猪肉样本(A1);将预先混匀的9 g猪肉糜与1 g A1样品间歇性混匀10 min,得到含1%牛肉的猪肉样本(A2);将预先混匀的9 g猪肉糜与1 g A2样品间歇性混匀10 min,得到含0.1%牛肉的猪肉样本(A3);将预先混匀的9 g猪肉糜与1 g A3样品间歇性混匀10 min,得到含0.01%牛肉的猪肉样本(A4);以同样方法依次制备其他源性混合样本。
分别取含1%、0.1%、0.01%牛肉的猪肉样本、含1%、0.1%、0.01%牛肉的鸭肉样本、含1%、0.1%、0.01%牛肉的鸡肉样本;含1%、0.1%、0.01%鸭肉的牛肉样本,含1%、0.1%、0.01%鸭肉的鸡肉样本,含1%、0.1%、0.01%鸭肉的猪肉样本;含1%、0.1%、0.01%鸡肉的牛肉样本,含1%、0.1%、0.01%鸡肉的鸭肉样本,含1%、0.1%、0.01%鸡肉的猪肉样本;含1%、0.1%、0.01%猪肉的牛肉样本,含1%、0.1%、0.01%猪肉的鸭肉样本,含1%、0.1%、0.01%猪肉的鸡肉样本,用离心柱法提取样品的DNA,进行动物源性成分检测,验证本方法的检出限。
将从不同渠道购买的100份牛肉制品进行编号。用离心柱法提取牛肉制品样本的DNA,分别采用建立的多重荧光定量PCR方法和GB/T 38164-2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法实时荧光PCR法》[24]对样品进行检测,对比两种方法的检测结果。
本研究DNA扩增曲线均由实时荧光定量PCR仪(美国应用生物系统公司,ABI7300)产生;结果中标准曲线和柱状图均由Excel绘制和统计。
为了探索牛肉制品DNA提取最合适的方法,本研究提取6份不同牛肉制品的DNA,以比对提取效果。如表2所示,离心柱法提取的DNA浓度和纯度均较高(A260/A280在1.8左右);磁珠法提取的DNA浓度和纯度适中;而NaOH裂解法提取的DNA浓度偏低且显示DNA有少许降解(A260/A280大于2)。综合考虑,离心柱法是最适合用于牛肉制品DNA提取的方法。
本研究使用牛、鸭、鸡、猪的阳性样本提取的DNA为模板(DNA模板浓度10~100 ng/μL),通过荧光定量PCR体系对Cytb基因及内参基因(18S rRNA)进行扩增。结果如图1所示,所有样品的内参基因引物及Cytb基因特异性引物均呈现典型的S型扩增曲线,且Ct值均小于35,表明本研究所设计的引物和探针可以对牛、鸭、鸡、猪目标源性成分进行检测。
为了验证本研究采用的引物及探针是否受其他动物源性成分影响,本研究采用1.2.3建立的检测方法对牛、鸭、鸡、猪、鹅、山羊、绵羊、野鼠、裸盖鱼和驴的DNA模板进行检测(DNA模板浓度10~100 ng/μL)。结果如图2所示,所有样本的18S rRNA内参信号均呈现阳性结果(图2a),表明检测方法可行性较好。牛、鸭、鸡和猪的DNA均呈现阳性结果(Ct值≤35且扩增曲线呈S型),而鹅、山羊、绵羊、野鼠、裸盖鱼和驴的DNA均呈现阴性结果(图2b)。上述结果表明本体系内未发生交叉反应,具有较高的特异性。
为了验证本研究对牛、鸡、鸭和猪的DNA检测灵敏度,使用1.2.5所述实验方法进行实验。结果如图3所示,4种动物源性DNA模板在1×101~1×10−4 ng/μL范围内均具有典型的S型扩增曲线,表明该检测体系在此区间具有良好的扩增效率。标准曲线结果显示(图4a~d),鸭源性标准曲线(y=−2.5914x+25.07,R2=0.9912)、鸡源性标准曲线(y=−2.9486x+20.517,R2=0.9911)、猪源性标准曲线(y=−3.3629x+21.809,R2=0.9979)、牛源性标准曲线(y=−3.2717x+21.224,R2=0.9905)均表现出良好的线性关系。综上所述,本体系对4种目标源性(牛、鸡、鸭、猪)的DNA检测灵敏度达到10−4 ng/μL。结果还表明当模板DNA质量浓度低于该阈值时,虽然可观察到扩增信号,但线性关系丧失且重复性显著降低。
提取不同质量分数样本的DNA,通过多重荧光定量PCR检测不同质量分数(1%、0.1%、0.01%)的混合肉样,在CY5通道(牛)、FAM通道(鸭)、HEX通道(鸡)和ROX通道(猪)通道中分别验证交叉混合样品的识别能力,结果如图5显示,当目标源性成分掺入比例为0.01%时,各通道均能检测到特异性荧光信号且Ct值≤35.0,表明该方法的最低检出限可达0.01%质量分数。
本研究通过对比建立的多重荧光定量PCR方法与GB/T 38164-2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》对100份市售牛肉制品的检测,结果如表3所示,两种方法的检测结果具有高度一致性。100份牛肉制品中有76份样品检测结果与其商品标签中描述一致(未列出)、8份样品未检出牛源性成分、16份样本检出鸡或鸭或猪源性成分。在8份未检出牛源性成分的牛肉制品中,有2份只检出鸭源性成分,有2份只检出鸡源性成分,有2份只检出猪源性成分,有2份同时检出鸭源性成分和鸡源性成分。在余下16份问题样本中有5份检出鸭源性成分、5份检出猪源性成分、3份检出鸡源性成分、2份检出鸭源性成分和猪源性成分、1份检出鸡源性成分和猪源性成分。综上所述,采用本研究建立的方法与标准方法的检测结果基本保持一致,可见本实验构建的检测方法结果较为可靠,可用于牛肉制品掺杂掺假情况的检测。
近年来为防止不法商家对肉制品的掺假行为,针对肉制品中动物种类的检测方法取得了显著进展,如光谱分析、免疫学检测(如ELISA)、生物质谱技术和荧光定量PCR方法等。由于荧光定量PCR技术具有便捷快速、操作简单、检测费用低和仪器设备要求低等特点,其在动物源性鉴定方面得到了广泛的应用。目前有较多报道均利用多重PCR或荧光定量PCR方式对肉制品动物源性检测[4,23−27]。
本研究在前人的基础上建立了一种基于荧光定量PCR技术的动物源性成分检测方法,对市面上用鸡肉、鸭肉和猪肉替代牛肉的牛肉制品进行鉴别检测。本研究通过优化特异性引物探针组合,实现了在同一反应体系中高效同步检测牛、鸭、鸡和猪4个物种,从而大大提高了检测的效率。本研究使用牛、鸭、鸡和猪Cytb基因作为目的基因,该基因位于线粒体基因组,其含量在单个细胞中可高达103~104拷贝数,远远高于细胞核单拷贝的基因,因此本研究建立的检测方法可以用于高度加工或热处理之后的牛肉制品[28−30]。本研究还通过比较目前常用的三种DNA提取方式,结果显示血液/细胞/组织基因组DNA提取方法在牛肉制品的DNA提取中最好,其提取的DNA含量和纯度都符合实验需求。此外,本研究通过对梯度稀释的DNA模板检测,证明了本研究建立的检测方法可以有效识别到10−4 ng/μL的目标DNA。本实验通过模拟掺假实验,结果表明本研究建立的方法检出限可达0.01%(w/w)。本研究还通过和GB/T 38164-2019《常见畜禽动物源性成分检测方法实时荧光PCR法》对市面上购买的100份样品进行检测比较,结果表明本方法和标准方法得出的结论一致。
综上所述,本研究成功构建了一种基于多重荧光定量PCR技术的动物源性成分快速检测方法,该方法通过优化特异性引物与探针组合,可在同一反应体系中高效、特异性地检测牛、鸭、鸡、猪四种物种成分,灵敏度高(检出限达0.01%质量分数,DNA检测下限为10−4 ng/μL),能够有效识别低比例掺杂情况,可满足对市售常见牛肉制品掺杂掺假的风险评估需求。本研究显著降低了时间、人力与物料成本,适用于大批量样品的筛查,且在实际应用中与标准方法GB/T 38164-2019结果一致,展现出良好的可靠性与适用性。该技术的推广有望提升肉类制品的风险识别效率与精准度,为市场监管和风险防控提供高效、可靠的技术支持。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060031
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
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    1浙江方圆检测集团股份有限公司,浙江杭州 310018
    2浙江省市场监管生物安全重点实验室,浙江杭州 310018

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刘鹏鹏(1985−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:食品安全检测,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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