Article(id=1320882253224325792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748707200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852469974, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852469974, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852469974, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852469974, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=448, endPage=456, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882253429846689, articleId=1320882253224325792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Preparation and Application of Ascorbyl Palmitate, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ascorbyl palmitate (AP) is also known as vitamin C ester or vitamin C palmitate, which serves as a new liposoluble antioxidant in food areas such as edible oils and infant formula. This paper reviews the preparation and application of AP, the current bottlenecks of chemical methods via direct esterification, transesterification, and acyl chloride approach to synthesis ascorbyl palmitate, thus emphasizing the benefits and prospects of enzymatic synthesis of AP. Besides, the regulating mechanisms of antioxidant, and anti-tumor effects of AP, as well as its potential applicability in food, healthcare and cosmetic arear are discussed. Hence, this review paper provides a theoretical basis for the healthy functions of ascorbyl palmitate, and gives scientific insights into its sustainable preparation, large-scale production and prospective application in future.

, authors=Hongyu GUO1, Yi ZHANG2, *, Zhonghui LIU2, Bing LIANG3, Mingming ZHENG2, *, authorsList=Hongyu GUO, Yi ZHANG, Zhonghui LIU, Bing LIANG, Mingming ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yi ZHANG, Mingming ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882254847521454, articleId=1320882253224325792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的制备及应用进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯(Ascorbyl palmitate,AP)又称为维生素C酯或维生素C棕榈酸酯,作为新型脂溶性抗氧化剂被应用到油脂和婴幼儿配方奶粉等食品领域。本文综述了抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的制备及应用进展研究,重点探讨了基于直接酯化法、酯交换法和酰氯法等化学法制备抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的现状和瓶颈难题,以及酶法催化制备AP的优势和未来发展方向。论述了AP的抗氧化、抗肿瘤等作用机理及其在食品、保健品和化妆品等领域的应用前景。本文旨在为抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的健康功效提供理论基础,为其绿色制备、规模化生产和前瞻性应用提供科学参考。

, authors=郭红雨1, 张逸2, *, 刘忠慧2, 梁冰3, 郑明明2, *, authorsList=郭红雨, 张逸, 刘忠慧, 梁冰, 郑明明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张逸, 郑明明, authorNote=

郭红雨(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:高酸价油的脱酸和功能脂质的制备,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张逸(1992−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:新型酶反应体系和功能脂质研发,E-mail:。
郑明明(1983−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:高活性酶制剂创制和功能性脂质开发,E-mail:。
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pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF), YOUNES M, AQUILINA G, et al. 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注:数据来源于Web of Science。

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Research progress of chemical synthesis method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法底物溶剂催化剂反应时间 (h)转化率(%)优势缺点参考文献
直接酯化法抗坏血酸、棕榈酸浓硫酸浓硫酸4~1685.0步骤简单、工艺成熟能耗高、污染大、分离路线繁琐[7]
叔丁醇24~36>80.0[8]
浓硫酸2482.0[9]
硫酸1968.1[10−11]
DMAc/CH2Cl2对甲苯磺酸22.471.8[12]
酯交换法抗坏血酸、棕榈酸甲酯甲醇浓硫酸1084.4成本较低、更安全环保产品纯度低(95%)[13]
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸乙酯无水乙醇浓硫酸1675.0[2]
酰氯法抗坏血酸、棕榈酰氯DMAc/CH2Cl2HCl气体1884.3能耗低、产品纯度高(>98%)副产物较多、分离困难[14]
HCl气体1884.0[15]
无催化剂690.3[16]
抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯、棕榈酰氯CH2Cl2DMAc1085.0[17]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882258840498922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882253224325792, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

化学合成法研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法底物溶剂催化剂反应时间 (h)转化率(%)优势缺点参考文献
直接酯化法抗坏血酸、棕榈酸浓硫酸浓硫酸4~1685.0步骤简单、工艺成熟能耗高、污染大、分离路线繁琐[7]
叔丁醇24~36>80.0[8]
浓硫酸2482.0[9]
硫酸1968.1[10−11]
DMAc/CH2Cl2对甲苯磺酸22.471.8[12]
酯交换法抗坏血酸、棕榈酸甲酯甲醇浓硫酸1084.4成本较低、更安全环保产品纯度低(95%)[13]
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸乙酯无水乙醇浓硫酸1675.0[2]
酰氯法抗坏血酸、棕榈酰氯DMAc/CH2Cl2HCl气体1884.3能耗低、产品纯度高(>98%)副产物较多、分离困难[14]
HCl气体1884.0[15]
无催化剂690.3[16]
抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯、棕榈酰氯CH2Cl2DMAc1085.0[17]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882258924385003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882253224325792, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Research progress on the enzymatic synthesis of AP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底物溶剂催化剂反应时间 (h)转化率/产物浓度优势缺点参考文献
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸叔丁醇Novozyme 4351767%6 h内反应速率快,转化率可达56%整体转化率低、反应温度
较高70 ℃
[25−26]
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸甲酯2-甲基-2-丁醇Novozyme 4355~2519 g/L证明了水的热力学活性和反应介质的疏水性会影响反应的速率和平衡抗坏血酸添加量太大,与棕榈酸摩尔比9:1[27]
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸叔戊醇Novozyme 4357216.6 g/L使用相转移剂提高了产物浓度耗时长[28]
抗坏血酸、棕榈油叔戊醇Novozyme 4352465%使用廉价原料棕榈油,降低成本转化率低[29]
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸叔丁醇洋葱伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶4889.5%抗坏血酸用量少、转化率高、酶能循环使用10次耗时较长[30]
抗坏血酸、油酸丙酮Candida sp.
99-125
4891%转化率高、自制固定化酶、酶能循环使用10次酶添加量大(30%)、抗坏血酸添加量大[31]
抗坏血酸、月桂酸乙腈Novozyme 4356.793%转化率高、耗时短、温度低(40 ℃)酶添加量大(34.5%)[32]
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸甲酯叔丁醇黑曲霉脂肪酶2423%无需分离,可直接用做食品添加剂转化率低[33]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882258999882476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882253224325792, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

酶催化合成AP研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底物溶剂催化剂反应时间 (h)转化率/产物浓度优势缺点参考文献
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸叔丁醇Novozyme 4351767%6 h内反应速率快,转化率可达56%整体转化率低、反应温度
较高70 ℃
[25−26]
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸甲酯2-甲基-2-丁醇Novozyme 4355~2519 g/L证明了水的热力学活性和反应介质的疏水性会影响反应的速率和平衡抗坏血酸添加量太大,与棕榈酸摩尔比9:1[27]
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸叔戊醇Novozyme 4357216.6 g/L使用相转移剂提高了产物浓度耗时长[28]
抗坏血酸、棕榈油叔戊醇Novozyme 4352465%使用廉价原料棕榈油,降低成本转化率低[29]
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸叔丁醇洋葱伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶4889.5%抗坏血酸用量少、转化率高、酶能循环使用10次耗时较长[30]
抗坏血酸、油酸丙酮Candida sp.
99-125
4891%转化率高、自制固定化酶、酶能循环使用10次酶添加量大(30%)、抗坏血酸添加量大[31]
抗坏血酸、月桂酸乙腈Novozyme 4356.793%转化率高、耗时短、温度低(40 ℃)酶添加量大(34.5%)[32]
抗坏血酸、棕榈酸甲酯叔丁醇黑曲霉脂肪酶2423%无需分离,可直接用做食品添加剂转化率低[33]
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抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的制备及应用进展
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郭红雨 1 , 张逸 2, * , 刘忠慧 2 , 梁冰 3 , 郑明明 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(13): 448-456
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (13) : 448 -456
抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的制备及应用进展
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郭红雨1 , 张逸2, * , 刘忠慧2, 梁冰3, 郑明明2, *
作者信息
  • 1江苏科技大学生物技术学院,江苏镇江 212100
  • 2中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,油料脂质化学与营养湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430062
  • 3惠州市康维健生物科技有限公司,广东惠州 516211
通讯作者:
张逸(1992−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:新型酶反应体系和功能脂质研发,E-mail:。
郑明明(1983−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:高活性酶制剂创制和功能性脂质开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

郭红雨(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:高酸价油的脱酸和功能脂质的制备,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Preparation and Application of Ascorbyl Palmitate
Hongyu GUO1 , Yi ZHANG2, * , Zhonghui LIU2, Bing LIANG3, Mingming ZHENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
  • 2Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition of Oil Crops, Wuhan 430062, China
  • 3Huizhou Comvikin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Huizhou 516211, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060003
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抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯(Ascorbyl palmitate,AP)又称为维生素C酯或维生素C棕榈酸酯,作为新型脂溶性抗氧化剂被应用到油脂和婴幼儿配方奶粉等食品领域。本文综述了抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的制备及应用进展研究,重点探讨了基于直接酯化法、酯交换法和酰氯法等化学法制备抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的现状和瓶颈难题,以及酶法催化制备AP的优势和未来发展方向。论述了AP的抗氧化、抗肿瘤等作用机理及其在食品、保健品和化妆品等领域的应用前景。本文旨在为抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的健康功效提供理论基础,为其绿色制备、规模化生产和前瞻性应用提供科学参考。

抗坏血酸  /  抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯  /  酶法合成  /  抗氧化性  /  功能性脂质

Ascorbyl palmitate (AP) is also known as vitamin C ester or vitamin C palmitate, which serves as a new liposoluble antioxidant in food areas such as edible oils and infant formula. This paper reviews the preparation and application of AP, the current bottlenecks of chemical methods via direct esterification, transesterification, and acyl chloride approach to synthesis ascorbyl palmitate, thus emphasizing the benefits and prospects of enzymatic synthesis of AP. Besides, the regulating mechanisms of antioxidant, and anti-tumor effects of AP, as well as its potential applicability in food, healthcare and cosmetic arear are discussed. Hence, this review paper provides a theoretical basis for the healthy functions of ascorbyl palmitate, and gives scientific insights into its sustainable preparation, large-scale production and prospective application in future.

ascorbic acid  /  ascorbyl palmitate  /  enzymatic synthesis  /  antioxidation  /  functional lipid
郭红雨, 张逸, 刘忠慧, 梁冰, 郑明明. 抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的制备及应用进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 448 -456 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060003
Hongyu GUO, Yi ZHANG, Zhonghui LIU, Bing LIANG, Mingming ZHENG. Research Progress on the Preparation and Application of Ascorbyl Palmitate[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 448 -456 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060003
抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯(Ascorbyl palmitate,AP),化学名称为L-2,3,5-三羟基-2-己烯酸-γ-内酯-6-十六酸酯,主要由棕榈酸与抗坏血酸等天然成分通过催化酯化反应制得[1]。AP兼具抗坏血酸部分的羟基亲水基团和棕榈酸部分的长链烷基亲油基团,作为一种高效的脂溶性抗氧化剂及营养强化剂,在现代食品、化妆品和医疗保健品等领域应用前景广阔[2]。此外,AP易被细胞吸收并在组织和器官累积,为机体内细胞膜等脂质部分提供抗氧化保护,具有良好的自由基清除、抗氧化、抗衰老及抗肿瘤等健康功效[3]。图1总结了近12年来AP相关文献报道,结果显示AP发文量和引用量整体呈上升趋势,分别由2012年的16篇和15次引用,增加到2024年的39篇和1414次引用。其中,2012年至2020年的文献主要以AP的定向制备为主,而近5年的研究更多地关注AP在食品加工、药物递送、功效评价等领域的应用。本文系统论述了近年来AP的不同制备方法、分离纯化手段及应用等方面的研究进展,并对其存在的问题进行讨论和发展方向进行展望,以期为AP在食品、医药、化妆品等领域的产业化发展提供参考依据。
目前,AP主要通过在抗坏血酸的6-OH上引入棕榈酸制备,在提升其脂溶性的同时也克服了抗坏血酸仅应用于极性环境的缺陷(图2)。根据制备工艺和催化剂不同,AP制备主要分为化学合成和生物酶法两种,基于抗坏血酸羟基与棕榈酸进行酯化反应,或与棕榈酸甲(乙)酯等进行酯交换反应,实现抗坏血酸原本活性的保留与棕榈酸良好脂溶性的结合[4−5]。
化学合成AP主要包括直接酯化法、酯交换法和酰氯法,通过在抗坏血酸6位C原子的羟基位点引入具有脂溶性的多不饱和脂肪酸链制取[6]。表1归纳总结了基于直接酯化法、酯交换法和酰氯法三种化学法合成AP的重要文献。
直接酯化法是以抗坏血酸和棕榈酸为原料,浓硫酸为催化剂,直接酯化反应制取AP粗品[18−19]。图3为直接酯化法合成AP的反应过程。Seib公司[7]以98%~99%硫酸作为催化剂,通过将1.2 mol/L抗坏血酸与过量脂肪酸在20 ℃下反应16 h,最终获得收率为85%的L-抗坏血酸-6-脂肪酸酯。类似地,Pandey等[9]用99%浓硫酸作为催化剂,将 1.0 g L-抗坏血酸与1.8 g棕榈酸在室温下连续搅拌反应24 h,可得到产率82.0%的AP。杨立会等[10−11]进一步发现,在浓硫酸催化棕榈酸与抗坏血酸直接酯化反应过程中,加入抗氧化剂增效剂植酸可将AP产率从68.1%显著提升至74.5%。当前,以浓硫酸为催化剂和反应溶剂的直接酯化法合成步骤简单、工艺成熟,但浓硫酸用量大、对设备腐蚀严重,生产操作危险,废水排放严重。此外,抗坏血酸的不稳定性导致反应需在低温下进行,由此造成的慢反应速率是造成AP产业化生产成本高的主要因素。
酯交换法也采用浓硫酸作为催化剂和溶剂,催化棕榈酸甲酯或棕榈酸乙酯上的酯基和抗坏血酸的6位C原子上羟基发生酯交换反应制备AP。酯交换法主要由两步组成,第一步是中间体棕榈酸酯的合成;第二步是棕榈酸酯与抗坏血酸反应合成AP(图4)。龚大春等[13]以棕榈酸甲酯为起始物质,分别以甲醇为溶剂和99%浓硫酸为催化剂,室温反应10 h制备84.4% AP。张卫等[2]优化L-抗坏血酸与棕榈酸乙酯摩尔比至1:0.75,反应温度为25 ℃,可将酯交换时间由36 h大幅缩短至16 h,并保持了75%的AP得率。酯交换法采用棕榈酸酯取代棕榈酸,有效避免棕榈酸乳化的问题[12]。此外,棕榈酸甲(乙)酯在浓硫酸中溶解度更高,相对于直接酯化法可减少浓硫酸用量,加快了反应速度,节约了生产成本[20]。然而,酯交换法反应路线较直接酯化法更长,并且也使用大量浓硫酸作为催化剂和溶剂,仍有潜在的食品安全隐患,同时存在AP得率和纯度均较低的缺点,因此产业化应用潜力较小[21]。
相较于直接酯化法和酯交换法利用浓硫酸作为催化剂,酰氯法制备AP则采用SOCl2、PCl3、Cl2等酰氯化试剂使饱和棕榈酸转变为活泼性的棕榈酰氯,再与抗坏血酸反应得到抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯[22]。棕榈酰氯法合成工艺由两步组成,第一步是棕榈酰氯的制备,第二步是抗坏血酸的酯化(图5)。陆豫等[14]首先采用棕榈酸和二氯亚砜合成棕榈酰氯,再加入到N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)和二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2)混合体系中,在0 ℃下通入氯化氢气体并与抗坏血酸充分反应18 h,可获取84.3% AP。与此同时,王宏民等[15]报道当抗坏血酸和棕榈酰氯摩尔比为1.1:1时,0 ℃下反应18 h,AP收率为84%。祝显虹等[16]利用单因素法优化了酰氯法制备AP的反应条件,以15 mL DMAc/5 mL CH2Cl2为体系,先在10 ℃下酰氯化反应0.5 h,再在25 ℃下酯化反应6 h,n(棕榈酸):n(SOCl2):n(抗坏血酸)=1.0:1.3:1.2时,AP收率为90.3%。酰氯较为活泼,可实现温和反应条件下制备AP,同时酰氯法避免了强腐蚀性的浓硫酸使用,能耗和污染较小,AP产品纯度也更高[23]。但于棕榈酰氯比较活泼,工业生产的反应条件不容易控制,且反应过程中容易产生SO2、HCl等副产物,反应得到的AP也需要经过繁琐的分离和提纯,这限制了其产业化应用[24]。
酶催化法合成AP主要是利用脂肪酶作为催化剂,催化抗坏血酸与棕榈酸发生酯化反应。与化学法相比,酶催化法具有反应条件温和,专一性强,副产物少等优势。表2归纳了酶催化法合成AP的重要文献。
Lerin等[25−26]考察了在不同溶剂中Novozyme 435催化制备AP的效果,发现以叔丁醇为溶剂可使AP得率达到67%。类似地,Humeau等[27]用棕榈酸甲酯和抗坏血酸作为反应原料,以2-甲基-2-丁醇为溶剂,Novozyme 435催化棕榈酸甲酯(酰基供体)与抗坏血酸反应5 h可生成19 g/L的AP。李红等[28]也同样使用Novozyme 435作为催化剂,在反应体系中添加了四丁基溴化铵作相转移剂,叔戊醇作溶剂,当棕榈酸与抗坏血酸摩尔比为3:1时,在50 ℃下反应72 h,可得AP产物浓度为16.6 g/L。张洪勇等[29]则是以天然油脂棕榈油为酰基供体,以叔戊醇为溶剂,在55 ℃下反应24 h后AP转化率为65%。而孙燕等[33]则是以黑曲霉脂肪酶作为催化剂,以叔丁醇作为溶剂,当酶添加量为15%(w/w),反应底物棕榈酸甲酯与抗坏血酸摩尔比为1.3:1,并加入1%(w/v)水,在36 ℃下反应24 h,VC的转化率为23%。此外,Zhang等[34]则是将南极念珠菌脂肪酶B(Candida antarctica lipase B,CALB)固定在疏水修饰后的有序介孔二氧化硅(OMS)载体上,制得更清洁高效的自制固定化酶CALB@OMS-C8,以叔丁醇为溶剂合成不饱和抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯,当固定化酶浓度为7.4 g/L,反应底物L-抗坏血酸与脂肪酸的摩尔比为1:5,分子筛浓度为60 g/L时,L-抗坏血酸酯、L-抗坏血酸亚油酸酯和L-抗坏血酸亚麻酸酯等不同不饱和抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯的转化率分别达到71.8%、74.1%和76.8%。类似地,Li等[35]通过将黑曲霉脂肪酶(Aspergillus niger lipase,ANL)固定在树脂上,催化L-抗坏血酸与棕榈酸酯化反应合成抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯。实验数据显示,以二氧环己烷为溶剂,在抗坏血酸和棕榈酸摩尔比为1:4,抗坏血酸浓度为5%,反应温度为50 ℃的条件下,搅拌反应24 h,AP转化率为83.6%。吕欣等[36]同样使用固定化技术,将脂肪酶Pseudomonas cepacia lipase固定在亲水性大分子羧甲基纤维素上,催化反应24 h合成AP,转化率可达85.3%。Holtheuer等[37]使用商业固定化酶Lipozyme 435作为催化剂,丙酮作为溶剂,在温度为55 ℃时,AP转化率达到80%(22.6 g/L)以上。固定化酶在反应条件下具有优异的稳定性,在酶促催化反应循环中具有很好的重复使用性,并且与游离酶相比,更容易从反应混合物中分离,对有机溶剂也具有较强的耐受性。
目前,因酶催化法合成抗坏血酸酯绿色无污染、安全无公害越来越受到科学研究者青睐,也符合国家倡导的“绿色化学”要求,但是酶催化法还存在产率低、反应耗时长、催化剂价格昂贵等亟待解决的产业瓶颈。
自由基(超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基)是一种不饱和电子物质,进入人体后会与细胞蛋白质分子争夺电子,使蛋白质支链发生烷基化,导致分子发生畸变而致癌[38]。油脂在高温煎炒的过程中,容易生成自由基,同时发生多种化学反应,导致油脂酸价、过氧化值、羰基价等指标上升[39]。AP是一种有效的油脂氧化自由基阻断剂,能够优先与自由基结合,形成较稳定的抗坏血酸自由基,进而切断氧化反应,在富含脂质的环境中提供持久、靶向的抗氧化保护,避免油脂氧化酸败反应的进行,其清除自由基的作用机理如图6所示。具体来说,它充当单线态氧猝灭剂,中和不稳定的激发态氧,从而防止自由基引起的氧化[40],AP与自由基结合后无法形成双环,六个碳原子共享其未成对的一个单独电子,进而发生歧化反应,最终导致自由基引发的链式氧化反应结束[41]。此外,AP与其他抗氧化剂配合使用时,能够表现出协同增效作用。例如,耿志明等[42]报道将AP与生育酚混合使用时,生育酚先与自由基反应生成生育酚自由基,AP又促进活性生育酚的再生,AP还能与剩余自由基结合生成AP自由基。类似研究[43]也指出AP能够螯合氧分子,并通过氧化还原反应和电位改变,实现与螯合剂的协同作用以及生育酚等主要抗氧化剂的再生。吴伟民[44]也发现AP可与具有抗菌功效的亲油磺化改性木质素胺协同发挥抗氧化作用,将自由基清除率提升至96.1%。赵艳芳等[45]考察了复合抗氧化剂对鲐鱼背腹部肌肉脂肪的抗氧化效果,实验数据表明,在添加0.022%天然生育酚、0.031%二氢杨梅素、0.021%抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的条件下,过氧化值最低,为22.1 meq/kg。此外,AP的掺入还能有效延缓纳米乳液的氧化,自由基清除活性可达92.1%,用作omega-3脂肪酸的理想来源[46]。
由于棕榈酸长链的接入,AP拥有了亲脂的特性,可以轻易通过细胞膜的磷脂双分子层并稳定存在于细胞内发挥作用。AP同时拥有亲水性的抗坏血酸基(即维生素C基团)和亲脂性的棕榈酸基,其双亲性的分子结构使之具有一定表面活性,主要表现在三个方面:a.乳化作用;b.润湿作用;c.分散作用。基于亲水性和亲油性基团同步作用,AP能够在油水界面上形成稳定的乳化层,防止油滴聚集和分层,从而起到乳化作用。此外,AP能够降低液体与固体表面之间的张力,使液体更容易在固体表面铺展和润湿,形成稳定的水包油型乳液[47]。袁宜如等[48]研究发现维生素C棕榈酸酯能降低蛋白体系中油水界面膜的界面张力,是一种良好的乳化稳定剂,稳定性可达90%以上。与此同时,AP可吸附在悬浮液中的颗粒表面,促进颗粒的均匀分散,这种特性在颜料、染料等工业领域具有重要意义[49]。Shamiya等[50]制备了一种由AP纳米纤维和明胶甲基丙烯酰聚合物组成的可见光触发原位胶凝药物载体,实验证明了AP纳米纤维的外围亲水基团能通过氢键与其他亲水分子相互作用,增强了凝胶的弹性。类似地,Zhai等[51]制备了一种基于AP的水凝胶系统,在5 h内释放了大约60%的药物,并显示出合理的细胞毒性特征,该研究证明AP作为表面活性剂可辅助水凝胶将大分子物质递送至IBD肠粘膜。
AP能产生内源性H2O2,可破坏特定的肿瘤微环境,增强Fenton反应。研究人员使用负载阿帕替尼的胶束和负载含铁的AP纳米颗粒的脂质体协同辅助肿瘤治疗,增强氧灌注和改善肿瘤免疫抑制的同时又能通过加快Fenton反应杀死肿瘤细胞[52]。此外,AP也可通过其他途径直接或间接抑制肿瘤细胞。例如,El-far等[53]报道AP治疗肿瘤的机理是通过抑制信号转导和转录激活因子3(STAT3)通路,从而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,细胞周期停滞在G2/M期,从而防止其转移和扩散。Kim等[54]合成的抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯也可作为乳化剂,在油-水界面中表现出优异的抗肿瘤活性,在水包油乳液中也表现出良好的自由基清除活性和脂质氧化抑制活性。在肿瘤发生的过程中,氧化应激反应是一个重要的促进因素,而AP能够保护机体内细胞膜的脂质结构,减少氧化应激对细胞的损伤,从而降低肿瘤发生的风险[55]。Lamie等[56]研究表明,AP能有效地抑制皮肤癌细胞的增殖,并且与其抗氧化性相结合,抗癌作用显著。Smart等[57]的研究也发现,膳食AP能够抑制TPA(12-十四烷酰佛波醇-13-乙酸酯)诱导的与肿瘤促进相关的生化参数。
除了上述功能活性外,AP还具有抗炎、促进胶原蛋白再生、降血脂等其他生理活性。AP的抗炎作用是通过限制炎症细胞因子的扩散和炎症介质的释放,从而阻断炎症信号的传导,削弱炎症反应,减轻炎症症状[58]。随着年龄增长,人体皮肤中的胶原蛋白逐渐流失,导致皮肤失去弹性,出现松弛和皱纹,而AP可以刺激细胞中的前胶原Ⅰ和Ⅲ基因转录,促进胶原蛋白的合成与再生,帮助肌肤恢复其原有的弹性与紧致[59]。这表明,AP能增加人皮肤成纤维细胞中胶原蛋白的表达,激活胶原蛋白合成和再生的潜力,可在美容护肤等领域发挥作用。除此之外,AP还具有一定的降血脂作用,降低胆固醇水平,从而改善血脂代谢[60]。AP在预防心血管疾病方面也具有潜力,它能够抑制血小板的聚集,减少血栓形成的风险,降低心血管疾病的发病风险[61]。
食品在加工和贮藏过程中易发生氧化,形成活性氧,导致营养成分损失和产品品质下降[62]。AP能有效去除含油食品中游离氧原子和单线态氧分子,抑制产品中自由基和过氧化物的生成,延缓酸败味的产生,保持含油食品的新鲜度与营养价值[63]。Sheybani等[64]实验数据显示,AP可将亚麻荠油的氧化诱导期从2.6 h延长至4.1 h,DPPH自由基清除率由14.8%提高到44.5%,过氧化值由4.0 meqO2/kg oil降至2.3 meqO2/kg oil。也有研究表明二油酰磷脂酰胆碱与AP组合作用能使散装油的DPPH反应性增加10.2倍,有效抑制油的氧化进程,这进一步说明AP在油脂中表现出优异的抗氧化效果,能安全、有效地延长油脂的货架期[65]。此外,AP还作为抗氧化剂被应用在婴幼儿奶粉中。一般而言,婴幼儿配方奶粉通常含有多不饱和脂肪酸(如DHA、EPA、AA)成分,但如果长期暴露在微量金属如Cu2+和Fe3+的环境下,这些脂肪酸就容易发生氧化反应,进而生成带有难闻且有毒气味的醛类化合物。FAF(EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings)等[1]报道了AP不仅可以抑制婴儿奶粉的氧化,还能同时摄入适量的维生素C。AP作为抗氧化剂也能延缓腌制肉和罐头肉等加工肉中脂肪的氧化过程,保护肉类食品的颜色稳定性并防止其产生刺鼻的有害气味,保证加工肉制品的品质与风味[66]。
AP在烘焙行业,尤其是在面包、饼干等食品生产中有着广泛的应用。AP可以阻断抗营养物质如植酸、单宁的抑制作用,这些抗营养物质主要通过干扰负责蛋白质和铁的分解酶来阻碍机体对蛋白质和铁的消化和吸收[67]。Pizarro等[68]研究发现,在面包制作过程中加入AP可以有效降低植酸盐和单宁对铁吸收的抑制作用,从而提高铁的生物利用度并促进其吸收。此实验用硫酸亚铁强化面包中铁的吸收,其平均吸收率为10.5%。当AP与Fe的摩尔比为4:1时,铁的吸收率显著提高到20.2%。此外,AP还可代替起酥油用作面团膨松剂,能增强面食产品的柔软度,提高面团的弹性,从而使烘焙产品具有更好的口感与品质。相应地,Alemán等[69]在饼干制备过程中添加了AP,能防止生育酚和生育三烯酚的氧化和损失,在其实验条件下,总生育酚的含量仅从218.6 mg/kg降至171.7 mg/kg,总生育三烯酚的含量仅从455.3 mg/kg降至405.9 mg/kg,有效减少了其损失。
在医疗和生物制药领域,AP展现出了广泛的应用潜力。它不仅能够辅助治疗坏血病、增强人体免疫力、预防贫血,在肥胖治疗方面也显示出了较为显著的效果。Scarano等[70]的研究发现,通过皮下注射AP可以诱导体内脂肪细胞凋亡,从而有效减少局部脂肪积累,特别是腹部皮下脂肪。实验数据显示,在接受治疗后,患者腰围从平均78.8 cm减少到了70.8 cm,臀围则从93.6 cm略微下降至92.6 cm,同时腰臀比由0.84改善为0.76,减脂效果显著。
此外,AP还被认为具有一定的抗癌作用,对肿瘤细胞表现出选择性毒性,可作为抗癌药物[71−73]。Ledinski等[74]进一步探索了将AP包裹于固体脂质纳米颗粒中(SLN-AP)的形式,研究发现这种新型给药方式能保护AP的抗肿瘤有效成分,使其活性保持稳定,进而表现出更强的抗肿瘤功效。Lamie等[56]开发了一种含有伊曲康唑和抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯的脂质体,用于治疗皮肤癌,研究表明该脂质体对治疗皮肤癌有效,并表现出良好的稳定性和抗氧化性。Kamaljeet 等[75]研究还提到AP在治疗阿尔茨海默病中也起着重要作用。
对于水溶性较差但仍需口服给药的抗癌药物来说,在肠道部位的药物吸收效率较低是限制其功效的主要因素之一。然而当AP进入体内后会被分解成维生素C和棕榈酸两部分,其中,生成的维生素C不仅可以作为难溶性药物的理想助溶剂来促进药物吸收,而且自身也是一种强效抗氧化剂,在多种疾病的预防与治疗中扮演着重要角色。因此,基于上述机制,研究人员推测通过摄入AP间接补充维生素C可能达到与直接服用纯维生素C相似的生理效益[5],同时还解决了纯维生素C不稳定,脂溶性差等问题。这一发现为开发更加高效便捷的脂溶性维生素补充途径提供了新思路。Zhao等[76]使用AP/羟丙基-β-环糊精包涵体复合物负载纳米纤维膜,通过AP加速活性氧的清除,显著加速糖尿病伤口愈合过程。
自由基是导致皮肤老化和损伤的主要原因之一。作为一种高效的抗氧化剂,AP能够优先与自由基结合,从而保护皮肤免受自由基的损害,进而终止其对皮肤的破坏,起到提高皮肤抗氧化能力,延缓皮肤衰老的作用。此外,AP还具有美白和祛斑的功效,可通过抑制酪氨酸酶活性,减少黑色素生成,帮助淡化色斑并提亮肤色,虽然维生素C最初用于美白和祛斑,但与AP相比,其渗透皮肤的能力相对有限[77]。因此,AP凭借其良好的皮肤渗透能力和黑色素抑制能力,为解决色素沉着问题提供了更为有效的途径,Jesus 等[59]的研究进一步揭示了由于AP优异的自由基清除能力,紫外线引起的皮肤并发症显著减少,在防晒护肤品领域颇有潜力。AP还有望替代维生素C,增强皮肤胶原蛋白的产生以达到抗衰老的目的[78]。
AP因其乳化和润湿作用,促进乳液、乳霜与皮肤角质层的脂质相互作用,在护肤品等领域也备受瞩目。Jovanović等[79]的研究指出,通过脂质体包封技术,AP在乳液制剂中的皮肤渗透性和涂抹性得到了显著提升,同时在皮肤表面形成了一层薄膜,增强了保湿效果。研究表明与传统的乳胶和乳膏相比,使用脂质体包封后的乳胶和乳膏角质层中AP的吸收量分别增加了19.7%和14.3%。这一发现强调了AP在提升护肤品性能方面,尤其是增强皮肤对活性成分吸收效果的重要作用。
AP作为一种新型的脂溶性抗氧化剂,能有效中和自由基,为食品加工和储运提供抗氧化保护,在食用油及婴幼儿配方奶粉等食品领域应用广泛。与此同时,AP可促进铁吸收和增强机体免疫力,可作为营养强化剂和食品添加剂,在食品保健领域发挥重要作用。除此之外,AP也具有抗肿瘤等功能活性,被用作药物助溶剂和抗癌药物辅剂,推动其在生物医药领域的应用发展。然而,AP的规模化生产仍以化学合成法为主,存在能耗高、污染大、分离路线繁琐等产业难题;酶催化法制备虽然相对绿色安全,但反应耗时过长、分离纯化过程繁琐、生产成本昂贵,是限制AP清洁化、绿色化和高端化发展的产业瓶颈难题。因此,AP的未来发展趋势应以技术创新为动力,进一步聚焦高活性酶制剂的创制及酶催化工艺优化,减少AP绿色制备过程中的副产物并提高产品纯度。加快从上游原料(如维生素C)到下游应用(如食品、医药辅料)的产业链协同,通过微胶囊化与纳米技术提升AP的稳定性和生物利用率。针对不同应用场景,定向开发高纯度型(食品防腐)、缓释型(医药)的差异化、功能化产品,拓展AP在食品、药品、化妆品等领域的应用范围。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060003
  • 接收时间:2025-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-01
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    1江苏科技大学生物技术学院,江苏镇江 212100
    2中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,油料脂质化学与营养湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430062
    3惠州市康维健生物科技有限公司,广东惠州 516211

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张逸(1992−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:新型酶反应体系和功能脂质研发,E-mail:。
郑明明(1983−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:高活性酶制剂创制和功能性脂质开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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