Article(id=1320880686391735063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880625310085394, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748707200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852096411, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1788192000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852096411, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852096411, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852096411, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880625310085394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1', pageEnd='596', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788192000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852081848, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852081848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=342, endPage=354, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880686593061656, articleId=1320880686391735063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Co-fermentation with Mixed Lactic Acid Bacteria and Eggshell Powder on the Quality of Blue Honeysuckle Juice (Lonicera caerulea L.), columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the quality of processed blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) products, this study employed a mixed starter culture of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus) in combination with eggshell powder for co-fermentation to produce calcium-enriched fermented blue honeysuckle juice. An unfermented group, a single lactic acid bacteria fermentation group, and co-fermentation groups with lactic acid bacteria and eggshell powder (at addition levels of 0.5% and 1%) were established to systematically evaluate juice yield, soluble solids contents, sensory quality, calcium contents, polyphenol and anthocyanin contents, as well as the composition of non-volatile metabolites. The results showed that lactic acid bacteria fermentation increased the soluble solids contents of the juice, reduced bitterness and astringency, and promoted the accumulation of total phenolics and anthocyanins. Co-fermentation with eggshell powder effectively increased the bioavailable calcium contents of the juice and promoted the conversion of calcium carbonate into readily absorbable calcium chelates. Among them, the 1% eggshell powder group exhibited total calcium, organic acid-bound calcium, and protein-bound calcium contents of 2229.73, 1681.44, and 537.90 mg/L, respectively. A total of 732 metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Lactic acid bacteria fermentation effectively promoted the enrichment of functional components such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, and amino acid derivatives, with the co-fermentation groups supplemented with eggshell powder showing the most pronounced effects. In conclusion, the synergistic fermentation of lactic acid bacteria and eggshell powder significantly improved the flavor and nutritional quality of blue honeysuckle juice, providing a new strategy for the development of calcium-enriched functional beverages and the high-value utilization of blue honeysuckle resources.

, authors=Jialing YE1, Junyi LI1, Yuemei ZHANG1, 2, *, Ying WANG1, *, Jinpeng WANG1, Wendi TENG1, Jinxuan CAO1, authorsList=Jialing YE, Junyi LI, Yuemei ZHANG, Ying WANG, Jinpeng WANG, Wendi TENG, Jinxuan CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuemei ZHANG, Ying WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880690376323889, articleId=1320880686391735063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=复合乳酸菌与蛋壳粉协同发酵对蓝靛果果汁品质的影响, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升蓝靛果深加工品质,本研究选择复合乳酸菌(嗜酸乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌)与蛋壳粉协同发酵,制备高钙型发酵蓝靛果果汁。设置未发酵组、乳酸菌单一发酵组及乳酸菌与蛋壳粉(添加量为0.5%和1%)共发酵组,系统评估果汁的出汁率、可溶性固形物、感官品质、钙含量、多酚与花色苷含量及非挥发性代谢物质组成。结果表明,乳酸菌发酵提高了果汁的可溶性固形物含量,降低了苦味与涩味,促进总酚和花色苷积累;蛋壳粉共发酵有效提升果汁生物钙含量,促进碳酸钙转化为易吸收的钙螯合物,其中1%蛋壳粉组总钙、有机酸钙和蛋白钙含量分别为2229.73、1681.44和537.90 mg/L;液相色谱-质谱联用鉴定出732种代谢物,乳酸菌发酵有效促进黄酮、酚酸、萜类、糖苷、生物碱、氨基酸衍生物等功能成分的富集,且蛋壳粉共发酵组表现最为显著。综上,乳酸菌与蛋壳粉协同发酵显著提升蓝靛果果汁的风味与营养品质,为高钙功能性饮品开发及原料高值化利用提供了新思路。

, authors=叶佳灵1, 李珺祎1, 张月美1, 2, *, 王颖1, *, 王金鹏1, 滕雯迪1, 曹锦轩1, authorsList=叶佳灵, 李珺祎, 张月美, 王颖, 王金鹏, 滕雯迪, 曹锦轩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张月美, 王颖, authorNote=

叶佳灵(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:畜产品加工与质量控制,E-mail:

李珺祎(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:畜产品加工与质量控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张月美(1991−),博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
王颖(1987−),博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工与资源功能化利用,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3kVschBreL8u9vzvp6604Q==, magXml=qDYjVnzyxPyxKLUGFYh0rw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=W1n9EJ4xbM+/IuN0S0eFPg==, pdfFileSize=3221582, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=aFJMTx8RClo6JPn0Qgr73w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=n+QL+ZvGYOQbMQ4eyDbVRw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880847394287763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880686391735063, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2362717231@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880847478173845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880686391735063, authorId=1320880847394287763, language=EN, stringName=Jialing YE, firstName=Jialing, middleName=null, lastName=YE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Health Sciences, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100080, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320880847608197270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880686391735063, authorId=1320880847394287763, language=CN, stringName=叶佳灵, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京工商大学食品与健康学院,老年营养与健康教育部重点实验室,北京 100080, bio={"content":"

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注:不同小写字母表示不同组别间有显著差异(P<0.05),图3、图6~图8同。

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注:图中“*”表示两组间存在显著性差异(P<0.05);“**”表示两组间存在非常显著性差异(P<0.01);“***”表示两组间存在高度显著性差异(P<0.001);“****”表示两组间存在极显著性差异(P<0.0001);“ns”表示两组间无显著性差异。

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Sensory evaluation criteria of product

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标感官评分标准
口感(30分)果味浓郁,口感丰满协调,酸甜适口,回味连绵,无涩味(21~30)
果味微弱,酸甜比例不协调,偏酸或偏甜,有微弱涩味,无邪杂味(11~20)
果味寡淡,酸甜失常,涩味较重,有邪杂味(1~10)
色泽(20分)颜色均匀协调,清亮透明,光泽良好(14~20)
颜色存在偏差,较透明,不够清凉,略有光泽(8~13)
颜色过深或过浅,不透明,光泽度差(1~7)
香气(30分)果香和发酵香浓郁细腻,香气协调,有愉悦感,无异味(21~30)
果香和发酵香较明显,略有异味(11~20)
果香和发酵香寡淡,香气不正,酒精味或杂味为较重(1~10)
质地(20分)无悬浮物、沉淀物,质地均匀澄清(14~20)
略有悬浮物,无沉淀物(8~13)
悬浮物、沉淀物较多,分层(1~7)
), ArticleFig(id=1320880855174721754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880686391735063, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

产品感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官指标感官评分标准
口感(30分)果味浓郁,口感丰满协调,酸甜适口,回味连绵,无涩味(21~30)
果味微弱,酸甜比例不协调,偏酸或偏甜,有微弱涩味,无邪杂味(11~20)
果味寡淡,酸甜失常,涩味较重,有邪杂味(1~10)
色泽(20分)颜色均匀协调,清亮透明,光泽良好(14~20)
颜色存在偏差,较透明,不够清凉,略有光泽(8~13)
颜色过深或过浅,不透明,光泽度差(1~7)
香气(30分)果香和发酵香浓郁细腻,香气协调,有愉悦感,无异味(21~30)
果香和发酵香较明显,略有异味(11~20)
果香和发酵香寡淡,香气不正,酒精味或杂味为较重(1~10)
质地(20分)无悬浮物、沉淀物,质地均匀澄清(14~20)
略有悬浮物,无沉淀物(8~13)
悬浮物、沉淀物较多,分层(1~7)
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复合乳酸菌与蛋壳粉协同发酵对蓝靛果果汁品质的影响
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叶佳灵 1 , 李珺祎 1 , 张月美 1, 2, * , 王颖 1, * , 王金鹏 1 , 滕雯迪 1 , 曹锦轩 1
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(17): 342-354
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (17) : 342 -354
复合乳酸菌与蛋壳粉协同发酵对蓝靛果果汁品质的影响
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叶佳灵1 , 李珺祎1 , 张月美1, 2, * , 王颖1, * , 王金鹏1, 滕雯迪1, 曹锦轩1
作者信息
  • 1北京工商大学食品与健康学院,老年营养与健康教育部重点实验室,北京 100080
  • 2晨光生物科技集团股份有限公司,河北邯郸 057250
通讯作者:
张月美(1991−),博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
王颖(1987−),博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工与资源功能化利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

叶佳灵(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:畜产品加工与质量控制,E-mail:

李珺祎(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:畜产品加工与质量控制,E-mail:

Effects of Co-fermentation with Mixed Lactic Acid Bacteria and Eggshell Powder on the Quality of Blue Honeysuckle Juice (Lonicera caerulea L.)
Jialing YE1 , Junyi LI1 , Yuemei ZHANG1, 2, * , Ying WANG1, * , Jinpeng WANG1, Wendi TENG1, Jinxuan CAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Health Sciences, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100080, China
  • 2Chenguang Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd., Handan 057250, China
出版时间: 2026-09-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060002
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为提升蓝靛果深加工品质,本研究选择复合乳酸菌(嗜酸乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌)与蛋壳粉协同发酵,制备高钙型发酵蓝靛果果汁。设置未发酵组、乳酸菌单一发酵组及乳酸菌与蛋壳粉(添加量为0.5%和1%)共发酵组,系统评估果汁的出汁率、可溶性固形物、感官品质、钙含量、多酚与花色苷含量及非挥发性代谢物质组成。结果表明,乳酸菌发酵提高了果汁的可溶性固形物含量,降低了苦味与涩味,促进总酚和花色苷积累;蛋壳粉共发酵有效提升果汁生物钙含量,促进碳酸钙转化为易吸收的钙螯合物,其中1%蛋壳粉组总钙、有机酸钙和蛋白钙含量分别为2229.73、1681.44和537.90 mg/L;液相色谱-质谱联用鉴定出732种代谢物,乳酸菌发酵有效促进黄酮、酚酸、萜类、糖苷、生物碱、氨基酸衍生物等功能成分的富集,且蛋壳粉共发酵组表现最为显著。综上,乳酸菌与蛋壳粉协同发酵显著提升蓝靛果果汁的风味与营养品质,为高钙功能性饮品开发及原料高值化利用提供了新思路。

蓝靛果  /  蛋壳粉  /  乳酸菌发酵  /  感官品质  /  钙含量

To improve the quality of processed blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) products, this study employed a mixed starter culture of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus) in combination with eggshell powder for co-fermentation to produce calcium-enriched fermented blue honeysuckle juice. An unfermented group, a single lactic acid bacteria fermentation group, and co-fermentation groups with lactic acid bacteria and eggshell powder (at addition levels of 0.5% and 1%) were established to systematically evaluate juice yield, soluble solids contents, sensory quality, calcium contents, polyphenol and anthocyanin contents, as well as the composition of non-volatile metabolites. The results showed that lactic acid bacteria fermentation increased the soluble solids contents of the juice, reduced bitterness and astringency, and promoted the accumulation of total phenolics and anthocyanins. Co-fermentation with eggshell powder effectively increased the bioavailable calcium contents of the juice and promoted the conversion of calcium carbonate into readily absorbable calcium chelates. Among them, the 1% eggshell powder group exhibited total calcium, organic acid-bound calcium, and protein-bound calcium contents of 2229.73, 1681.44, and 537.90 mg/L, respectively. A total of 732 metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Lactic acid bacteria fermentation effectively promoted the enrichment of functional components such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, and amino acid derivatives, with the co-fermentation groups supplemented with eggshell powder showing the most pronounced effects. In conclusion, the synergistic fermentation of lactic acid bacteria and eggshell powder significantly improved the flavor and nutritional quality of blue honeysuckle juice, providing a new strategy for the development of calcium-enriched functional beverages and the high-value utilization of blue honeysuckle resources.

Lonicera caerulea L.  /  eggshell powder  /  lactic acid bacteria fermentation  /  sensory quality  /  calcium contents
叶佳灵, 李珺祎, 张月美, 王颖, 王金鹏, 滕雯迪, 曹锦轩. 复合乳酸菌与蛋壳粉协同发酵对蓝靛果果汁品质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (17) : 342 -354 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060002
Jialing YE, Junyi LI, Yuemei ZHANG, Ying WANG, Jinpeng WANG, Wendi TENG, Jinxuan CAO. Effects of Co-fermentation with Mixed Lactic Acid Bacteria and Eggshell Powder on the Quality of Blue Honeysuckle Juice (Lonicera caerulea L.)[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (17) : 342 -354 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060002
蓝靛果,学名蓝靛果忍冬(Lonicera caerulea L.),又名山茄子、羊奶子、黑瞎子果等,富含花青素、氨基酸、维生素及矿物质,具有抗氧化、降脂、保护视力及预防心血管疾病等保健功能[1−2]。作为黑龙江省特色小浆果,蓝靛果虽营养丰富,但果实小、种皮薄,且在采摘和运输过程中容易破损,造成腐烂变质,限制了其鲜食推广,造成较大经济损失[3]。目前关于蓝靛果加工的研究进展主要集中在果汁、果酒等产品的开发[4−5]。
近年来,发酵果汁成为国内外食品领域的研究热点[6]。果汁发酵过程不仅会产生大量的氨基酸、短链脂肪酸等营养物质和益生代谢产物,还能形成丰富的醇类、酯类等风味成分[7],其独特的口感和菌种的保健功能日益受到关注。乳酸菌是一类利用碳水化合物发酵产生乳酸的革兰氏阳性细菌,具有增强人体免疫活性、促进抗氧化物质的代谢及提高营养吸收效率等多种益生功能[8−9]。目前乳酸菌已成为果汁发酵的重要功能菌株,其在水果加工领域的应用不断拓展[10]。已有研究表明,乳酸菌发酵能有效改善果汁品质与风味,如泡菜源乳酸菌发酵猕猴桃果汁[11]、复合乳杆菌发酵枣-山楂饮料[12]、乳酸菌发酵芒果汁[13]等均取得良好效果。
蛋壳粉是一种由废弃蛋壳加工获得的优质钙源,含约93%的碳酸钙,可作为补钙剂或饲料添加剂,广泛应用于食品、保健品及功能性材料开发中[14−15]。目前研究多采用化学或生物转化手段,将碳酸钙转化为乳酸钙、柠檬酸钙、葡萄糖酸钙等高生物利用率的有机酸钙[16]。其中,微生物发酵法因能耗低、工艺简便、环境友好而成为制备有机酸钙的优选途径[17]。黄翔等[18]研究揭示,乳酸菌发酵可有效提升蛋壳粉的乳酸钙产量,显示出该方法的可行性与应用潜力。因此,本研究将蛋壳粉作为天然钙源引入蓝靛果果汁发酵体系,通过发酵代谢与矿物转化协同作用实现风味改善与钙活性提升,对于拓宽废弃蛋壳资源化利用途径、开发新型健康饮料提供了可持续且经济高效的新途径。
本研究以蓝靛果为主要原料,结合乳酸菌与蛋壳粉协同发酵工艺,制备兼具营养价值、独特风味及益生功能的高钙发酵蓝靛果果汁。通过系统分析发酵过程中出汁率、可溶性固形物、感官品质、钙含量、多酚与花色苷含量及非挥发性代谢产物,揭示发酵对果汁品质与功能成分的影响机制,旨在为我国多样化浆果资源的高值化利用及功能产品开发提供理论依据和技术参考。
蓝靛果 购自安图县松江镇丽玲土特产商行;发酵乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌发酵菌粉 1010 CUF/g,购自西安米先尔生物科技有限公司;蛋壳粉 市售食品级,购自海川蛋制品有限公司;ADS-F-KY008-48 总酚(TP)试剂盒 青岛艾迪生物科技有限公司;Boxbio-AKPL021C-植物花色苷含量检测试剂盒 北京百瑞极生物科技有限公司。
L3-LJ150榨汁机 九阳股份有限公司;AR2140分析天平 上海梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;SpectraMax Mini酶标仪 北京普思百得科技发展有限公司;AD-T20便携式数显折光仪 广州爱宕科学仪器有限公司;TU-18紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;L500-A台式离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;HH-2数显恒温水浴锅 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;FE28精密pH计 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司;PXSJ-216F离子计、PCa-1钙离子计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;GZC-429恒温培养箱 江苏新春兰科学仪器有限公司;Agilent 5110电感耦合等离子体光发射光谱(ICP-OES) 安捷伦科技有限公司;SA402B电子舌 北京盈盛恒泰科技有限责任公司;Thermo Vanquish液相色谱仪、Thermo Q Exactive Focus质谱仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司。
蓝靛果果汁的制备工艺如图1所示。选取成熟、完整且新鲜的蓝靛果,清洗干净后进行打浆。将打浆后的样品分成四个组别:NF(未发酵组)、F(单一发酵组)、FB05(蛋壳粉共发酵组)以及FB10(蛋壳粉共发酵组),蛋壳粉添加量分别为果浆质量的0%、0%、0.5%和1%,添加结束后进行灭菌处理(80 ℃,20 min)。冷却至37 ℃后向上述果浆中添加复合乳酸菌发酵剂,乳酸菌粉混合发酵剂(嗜酸乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌按1:2:1的质量比提前混合)分别按果浆质量的0%、4%、4%和4%添加至上述四组样品中,混合均匀后将所有组样品置于37 ℃培养箱中发酵72 h。发酵完成后,样品经过热杀菌(80 ℃,20 min)终止发酵,离心(4 ℃,8000 r/min,10 min)获得蓝靛果发酵果汁样品,于4 ℃下储存,并在4 d内完成后续分析测定。
对1.2.1得到的果浆进行离心(4 ℃,8000 r/min,10 min),计算出汁率。
$\rm \text{W(\text{%})}=\frac{{\text{m}}_{1}}{\text{m}}\times 100 $
式中:$ {\mathrm{W}} $表示果汁出汁率,%;m表示发酵前蓝靛果果浆的质量,g;$ {\mathrm{m}}_{1} $表示发酵完成后进行离心处理获得的发酵蓝靛果汁质量,g。
采用便携式数显折光仪测定可溶性固形物含量。
分别对1.2.1得到的四组果汁样品进行电子舌分析。首先进行平衡操作。传感器在清洗液中清洗90 s,然后在参比液中清洗120 s,再用另一参比液清洗120 s,最后将传感器置于平衡位置归零30 s。随后进行上机测试,测试时间为30 s,首先输出初味值;随后在参比液中清洗3 s,并将传感器插入新的参比液中测试回味30 s。食品五味传感器(C00、AE1、CA0、CT0、AAE)各测试4次,去掉第1次循环,取后三次平均值作为最终测试结果。
依据NY 82.2-1988《果汁测定方法 感官检验》制定感官评定标准,感官评价小组由15名经过培训的感官评价人员组成,评定人员在试验前2 h未进食、吸烟,且人员之间分开进行评价。冷藏果汁样品于室温恢复至25 ℃时进行感官评价,根据果汁口感、色泽、香气和质地四项进行评分,使用上述标准的线性尺度按百分制(80分及以上为优、60~79分为良、40~59分为中、20~39分为差、19分及以下为极差)进行打分。具体产品感官评分标准见表1。
采用电感耦合等离子体光发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)对果汁样品进行总钙含量检测。检测前进行液体酸消解处理,即定量移取样品2 mL,于电热板上低温加热,待蒸发至近干时加入10 mL硝酸溶液,继续加热蒸至近粘稠状后加入5 mL去离子水并继续加热,蒸发至近干时取下冷却,用去离子水冲洗烧杯后定容至10 mL,摇匀待测。最后进行上机检测,记录数据。
取5 mL果汁样品,加入25 mL无水乙醇以沉淀蛋白钙,在10000 r/min,10 min条件下离心,将沉淀在35 ℃条件下烘干,获得固体粉末样品,使用ICP测定蛋白钙含量。检测前进行固体微波消解处理,即称取2 mg样品,用少量水润湿后加入10 mL硝酸,拧紧罐盖置入消解仪。预消解120 ℃ 30 min后,进行微波消解:130 ℃(升温5 min,稳定 3 min)、150 ℃(升温3 min,稳定10 min)、180 ℃(升温3 min,稳定30 min)。冷却至60 ℃后,用去离子水定容至25 mL,摇匀待测。最终进行上机检测,记录数据。
采用钙离子计测定1.2.4.2中果汁样品离心后上清液中游离钙的含量。测定前对PCa-1电极进行活化和标定:将电极在0.001 mol/L CaCl2离子活化液中浸泡2 h,并将安装好的电极及配套参比电极(3 mol/L KCl 补液至液口)置于轻微漩涡的去离子水中清洗10 min(期间更换水2~3次)。测定时,将上清液与0.1 mol/L KCl按1:1混合并搅拌形成轻微漩涡,滤纸吸干活化电极后插入溶液中,待读数稳定后记录数据。
有机酸钙含量可用下述公式计算。
$ {\omega }_{3}=\omega -{\omega }_{1}-{\omega }_{2} $
式中:$ {\omega }_{3} $表示有机酸钙含量,mg/L;$ \omega $表示总钙含量,mg/L;$ {\omega }_{1} $表示蛋白钙含量,mg/L;$ {\omega }_{2} $表示游离钙含量,mg/L。
依据ADS-F-KY008-48 总酚(TP)试剂盒说明书,采用福林酚法测定总酚含量。称取约0.1 g果汁样品,加入1.5 mL60%乙醇,于60 ℃振荡提取2 h,离心(25 ℃,12000 r/min,10 min)后,取40 μL上清液,加入200 μL福林酚溶液,室温避光反应3 min,再加入200 μL碳酸钠溶液(10%,w/w)与260 μL蒸馏水,于25 ℃反应30 min。以蒸馏水为空白对照,于760 nm处测定吸光度。根据以下公式计算总酚含量。
$ {\text{M}}_{\text{总酚}}=146.4\times ({\text{A}}_{\text{C}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{K}}+0.0025)\text{×D} $
式中,$ {\text{M}}_{\text{总酚}} $是总酚含量,μg/mL;$ {\mathrm{A}}_{\text{C}} $是测试管在760 nm下的吸光值;$ {\mathrm{A}}_{\text{K}} $是空白管在760 nm下的吸光值;D是稀释倍数。
根据Boxbio-AKPL021C-植物花色苷含量检测试剂盒说明书,采用pH示差法测定花色苷含量。称取0.1 g果汁样品,加入1 mL提取液,于60 ℃浸提30 min后,离心(25 ℃,12000 r/min,10 min),取100 μL上清液,分别加入900 μL的pH1.0和pH4.5的缓冲液,混匀后测定530 nm与700 nm吸光值。根据以下公式计算花色苷含量。
$ \text{M}_{\text{花色苷}}=\frac{11.309\times(\text{A}_1-\text{A}_2-\text{A}_3+\text{A}_4)}{\text{W}} $
式中,$ {\mathrm{M}}_{\text{花色苷}} $为花色苷含量,mg/100 g;$ {\mathrm{A}}_{1} $为A组溶液在530 nm下的吸光值,$ {\mathrm{A}}_{2} $为A组溶液在700 nm下的吸光值,$ {\mathrm{A}}_{3} $为B组溶液在530 nm下的吸光值,$ {\mathrm{A}}_{4} $为B组溶液在700 nm下的吸光值;$ \text{W} $表示待测样本质量,g。
采用LC-MS对蓝靛果果汁的非挥发性代谢物组成进行分析,样品前处理参照Demurtas等[19]的方法进行。取1 mL冷藏果汁样品,加入400 μL甲醇溶液,涡旋1 min后,离心(4 ℃,12000 r/min,10 min),取上清液转移至2 mL离心管中,浓缩至约0.1 mg并干燥。随后加入150 μL含2-氯-L-苯丙氨酸(4 mg/L)的80%甲醇溶液复溶,取上清液经0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤后用于LC-MS分析。
色谱分析采用Thermo Vanquish 超高效液相系统(Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA),配备 ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3 色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm,Waters, USA),流速0.3 mL/min,柱温40 ℃,进样量2 μL。正离子模式:流动相为0.1%甲酸乙腈(B2)和 0.1%甲酸水(A2),梯度洗脱程序为:0~1 min,10% B2;1~5 min,10%~98% B2;5~6.5 min,98% B2;6.5~6.6 min,98%~10% B2;6.6~8 min,10% B2。负离子模式:流动相为乙腈(B3)和5 mmol/L甲酸铵水(A3),梯度洗脱程序为:0~1 min,10% B3;1~5 min,10%~98% B3;5~6.5 min,98% B3;6.5~6.6 min,98%~10% B3;6.6~8 min,10% B3[20]。质谱分析采用Thermo Q Exactive Focus 质谱仪(Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA),电喷雾离子源(ESI)正负离子模式同时采集数据[21]。
在非挥发性代谢物鉴定分析中,使用SCIEX Analyst Work Station Software(Version 1.6.3)对质谱数据和目标化合物进行定量分析。所得质谱原始数据通过ProteoWizard软件包(v3.0.8789)中的MSConvert模块转换为文本格式后,导入R软件进行最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)、火山图分析与聚类分析。差异代谢产物的筛选标准为变量重要性投影值VIP>1且t检验P<0.05。
实验数据采用Excel 2019进行整理,利用Origin 2022和IBM SPSS Statistics 26软件进行显著性与相关性分析。所有实验均进行三次平行测定,每个平行样设三次重复。不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05)。
果汁生产中出汁率的测定通常反映果汁的生产成本与效益。如图2所示,未发酵对照组的出汁率为56.6%,经乳酸菌发酵后的出汁率显著降低至53.4%(P<0.05),表明乳酸菌发酵对蓝靛果果汁出汁率的抑制作用。其原因可能在于乳酸菌发酵过程中消耗果肉中的碳源[22],同时酸化环境降低了果胶酶活性并改变了细胞壁结构,从而影响了果汁的释放[23]。廖茂雯[11]研究表明,乳酸菌发酵猕猴桃果汁过程中,可溶性糖类等物质被利用,使果汁出汁率较未发酵组降低。此外,在0.5%和1%蛋壳粉共发酵条件下,果汁出汁率较单独发酵组分别提高了7.01%和8.04%(P<0.05)。这可能是由于乳酸菌发酵产生的有机酸与蛋壳粉的碳酸钙反应生成有机酸钙,缓冲体系酸度,避免pH过低对果胶酶活性和细胞壁结构的不利影响。此外,发酵体系中游离钙含量降低可能进一步减少果胶过度交联,使果胶网络保持适度松散状态[24],有利于果汁析出。
可溶性固形物是评价果汁澄清度及其所含营养与风味成分的重要指标[25]。蓝靛果中的可溶性固形物主要包括天然糖类、有机酸、多酚类物质及少量矿物质[1]。如图3所示,未发酵组可溶性固形物含量为11.3%,反映出蓝靛果果汁中天然溶解性物质的固有含量。与未发酵对照组相比,单一发酵组、0.5%和1%蛋壳粉组分别提高了28.99%、29.59%和22.49%(P<0.05)。表明发酵菌种的生理活动促进了果肉中糖类和有机酸等可溶性固形物质的渗出。这与廖茂雯等[26]的研究结果相似。此外,0.5%蛋壳粉组的可溶性固形物含量较单一发酵组无显著性差异,可能是由于添加蛋壳粉含量中大部分为碳酸钙,其溶解度较低[27],对可溶性固形物含量变化未有显著影响。然而,1%蛋壳粉组果汁可溶性固形物含量较0.5%蛋壳粉组相比显著降低(P<0.05),推测可能是由于蛋壳粉添加量过高,其碳酸钙成分可能与果汁中的有机酸等成分发生化学反应,形成不溶性沉淀物,从而降低可溶性固形物的含量[28]。
电子舌具备客观性强、灵敏度高和检测标准化等优势,能够实现对果汁风味与口感等多维感官特性的精准分析[29]。电子舌测定结果如图4所示。PCA得分如图(图4b)所示,四组果汁样品在感官维度上存在明显区别,说明单一乳酸菌发酵及蛋壳粉共发酵均可改变蓝靛果果汁风味结构。电子舌雷达图(图4a)显示,未发酵组的苦味、涩味和苦味回味数值较高,可能与蓝靛果中多酚类物质(如花青素、鞣质)相关[30]。相较于未发酵组,三组乳酸菌发酵组果汁的苦味和涩味属性显著降低,而酸味增强。目前已有研究证实乳酸菌发酵能够改善枸杞汁[31]和蓝金银花汁[4]的风味,降低苦涩感。与单一发酵组相比,乳酸菌与蛋壳粉共发酵可减轻果汁酸味和咸味,可能因蛋壳粉中的碳酸钙部分中和了酸性代谢产物,从而改善整体口感[32]。
为补充电子舌客观评估,本研究增加人工感官评价,对果汁气味和口感进行综合主观评定。通过感官评价对四组蓝靛果果汁的口感、色泽、香气和质地四方面进行比较分析(图5)。未发酵组总得分为79.4,在各方面得分较为均衡,反映出蓝靛果本身的自然香气和色泽。单一乳酸菌发酵组总得分为79.0,可能是由于乳酸菌在发酵时增强的酸味对部分评审者的接受度造成一定影响,然而,在口感和质地两方面得分略高于未发酵组别,体现出乳酸菌发酵对果汁的风味优化作用。这一结果与姜瑞[33]对蓝莓枸杞发酵果汁的研制及功能性评价研究结果相似。此外,其香气值较未发酵组有所提升,可能归因于乳酸菌发酵过程中产生了酯类和醇类等具有挥发性的芳香代谢产物[34]。与单一乳酸菌发酵相比,蛋壳粉共发酵组感官评分更高,其中0.5%蛋壳粉组总分为83.0,在口感和色泽上表现最佳,表明适量乳酸钙与发酵风味物质协同提升了果汁质地与风味[35]。而1%蛋壳粉共发酵组总分下降,香气较低,可能是由于过量添加蛋壳粉导致乳酸钙生成过多,产生不良风味,影响风味平衡[36]。
ICP-OES技术具有高灵敏度和高精度性能[37],能够准确、快速地检测样品中总钙含量及不同形态的钙含量。
如图6(a)所示,未发酵果汁总钙含量为179.75 mg/L,不满足食品安全国家标准中定义高钙食品(液体)中钙含量应大于等于1200 mg/L的要求[38]。单一发酵组总钙含量为191.85 mg/L,而蛋壳粉组果汁总钙含量显著提高(P<0.05),0.5%和1%蛋壳粉组总钙含量分别为1488.19 mg/L和2229.73 mg/L,达到国家高钙食品标准,有效增强了发酵果汁的钙营养水平。
乳酸菌发酵代谢产生的有机酸与蛋壳粉反应生成有机酸钙[39-40]。如图6(b)所示,未发酵果汁有机酸钙含量为12.12 mg/L,单一发酵组有机酸钙含量为93.95 mg/L,表明发酵有效促进了果汁中有机酸的产生[41]。而0.5%和1%蛋壳粉组的有机酸钙含量分别为1091.21 mg/L和1681.44 mg/L,表明一定范围内蛋壳粉添加量的增加与果汁中有机酸钙的含量形成正向促进关系。这与赵奉龙等[42]对蛋壳粉钙形式转化研究的结果相似。
蛋白钙是一种钙螯合肽,通常具有较高的生物可利用性,更容易被人体吸收[43]。如图6(c)所示,未发酵组蛋白钙含量为136.44 mg/L,而乳酸菌单一发酵组的蛋白钙含量为61.20 mg/L,这种降低可能与乳酸菌在发酵过程中产生的有机酸有关[44]。酸性环境可能会改变蛋白肽段残基的电荷状态和空间构象,从而影响其与钙离子的结合[45],导致蛋白钙含量减少。0.5%和1%蛋壳粉组蛋白钙含量分别显著提高至375.49 mg/L和537.90 mg/L(P<0.05),这一结果与江丹莉等[46]对蛋壳粉促进蛋白钙沉积的研究结果一致,说明一定范围内蛋壳粉添加量的增加促进蛋白钙在果汁中的累积,有效提升了果汁的营养价值。
游离钙通常以溶液形式存在,但其吸收效率可能不如一些螯合形式的钙。如图6(d)所示,未发酵组离子钙含量约为31.19 mg/L,单一发酵组离子钙含量约为36.70 mg/L,较未发酵组显著增加约17.7%(P<0.05),这可能是由于乳酸菌发酵使环境酸性增强[47],对钙离子的溶出具有一定的促进作用。0.5%蛋壳粉组离子钙含量显著下降至21.49 mg/L(P<0.05),1%蛋壳粉组进一步降低至10.40 mg/L(P<0.05),两组均存在显著差异,可能是由于蛋壳粉中的大部分游离钙与果汁发酵产生的有机酸结合,使有机酸钙含量增加、游离钙含量逐渐下降[48]。
综上所述,乳酸菌与蛋壳粉共发酵促进蛋壳粉中的碳酸钙转化成易于人体吸收的生物钙钛螯合物,从而显著提高了蓝靛果果汁中总钙、有机酸钙和蛋白钙的含量。这一过程有效提升了蓝靛果果汁的营养价值,为蛋壳粉在发酵果汁加工领域中的应用提供理论依据。
多酚是一类含有苯环和多个羟基的天然化合物[49−50],总酚含量常被视为评价果汁抗氧化能力的关键指标[51]。如图7所示,单一乳酸菌发酵可使总酚含量较未发酵组(10.94 μg/mL)提高14.7%,添加0.5%与1%蛋壳粉共发酵组分别提升7.40%和18.28%(P<0.05),表明乳酸菌发酵有助于提升总酚水平,适量添加蛋壳粉可进一步增强该效果。其机制可能与乳酸菌分泌的水解酶(如β-半乳糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶)有关,可将结合态酚水解释放为游离酚,并破坏多糖结构暴露更多酚羟基。目前已有研究亦证实乳酸菌发酵毛酸浆[52]、蓝靛果-沙棘[53]、蓝莓-黑莓果汁[54]均可提升多酚含量与抗氧化能力。
花色苷是花青素与糖类以糖苷键结合形成的化合物,广泛存在于植物细胞中[55]。蓝靛果富含矢车菊素、天竺葵素等花色苷[56],其含量与果汁抗氧化活性密切相关[57−58]。由图8可知,未发酵组的花色苷含量为65.05 mg/100 g,与未发酵组相比,三组发酵处理均显著提高了花色苷含量(依次提高了22.06%,18.05%和9.81%,P<0.05),其机制可能与发酵产生有机酸促进吡喃型花色苷形成、pH下降稳定花色苷结构有关[59−60]。韩晓云等[61]利用毕赤酵母菌和融合魏斯氏乳酸菌发酵桑葚时观察到花色苷生物合成增强、抗氧化活性提升等现象。与单一发酵组相比,蛋壳粉共发酵组花色苷含量下降(分别降低3.29%和10.05%,P<0.05),且随蛋壳粉添加量升高呈下降趋势。原因可能是蛋壳粉释放的Ca2+抑制乳酸菌β-葡萄糖苷酶活性[62],该酶可水解花色苷并导致其降解[63]。由于游离钙含量依次为F>FB05>FB10,对酶的抑制作用逐渐减弱、酶活增强,导致花色苷降解增加,最终呈现F>FB05>FB10的含量趋势。
为探究不同组果汁样本非挥发性代谢物的整体差异性,采用偏最小二乘法-判别分析(PLS-DA)对代谢物数据进行建模分析。如图9(a)所示,主成分PC1和PC2的累计贡献率为55.1%,能够较为准确地反映样本间代谢物的主要变异趋势。此外,四组样本在PC1和PC2坐标轴上分布明显分离,且均处于95%置信区间内,表明各组之间在代谢物组成上存在显著差异,未发酵组与乳酸菌发酵组、蛋壳粉共发酵组间的区分度较高,说明乳酸菌发酵显著改变了蓝靛果果汁的非挥发性代谢物组成。乳酸菌在发酵过程中对原料中的碳水化合物、有机酸、氨基酸等成分进行代谢转化,生成新的代谢物,导致代谢图谱明显重构[64]。
进一步通过差异代谢物的层次聚类分析(图9(b)所示),明确不同处理组间的代谢轮廓。聚类结果显示,三组乳酸菌发酵样本被归为同一聚类,与未发酵组显著区分,进一步验证了乳酸菌参与的发酵处理对非挥发性代谢物组成的影响具有一定一致性。此外,乳酸菌与蛋壳粉共发酵的两个样本在代谢轮廓上与单一乳酸菌发酵组形成明显分离,提示蛋壳粉的加入在一定程度上调节了乳酸菌发酵过程中代谢通路的表达,进一步影响了代谢产物的种类与相对丰度。
为了直观展示不同处理组间的差异代谢物分布情况,进一步利用火山图进行可视化分析(图10)。图中红色和蓝色散点代表显著性差异代谢物,其中红色为显著上调代谢物,蓝色为显著下调代谢物,而灰色散点则是无显著差异的代谢物。图10(a)显示,乳酸菌发酵前后共鉴定出834种差异代谢物,其中,未添加蛋壳粉的发酵组差异代谢物上调240种,下调594种,表明发酵过程对果汁代谢物组成产生了显著调控作用。进一步分析蛋壳粉添加对乳酸菌发酵果汁代谢物的影响时发现,0.5%蛋壳粉组相较于单一发酵组(图10(b)),上调代谢物195种,下调159种;而在1.0%蛋壳粉组中(图10(c)),上调136种,下调180种。这一趋势表明蛋壳粉加入对乳酸菌发酵代谢路径具有调节作用,可能通过改变底物组成、调节pH或提供微量矿物质等方式影响乳酸菌的代谢活性,从而引发代谢物的再分布。
研究共检测到果汁中含有732种非挥发性代谢物(图11),涵盖21个代谢物类群。主要包括氨基酸及其衍生物(8.74%),有机酸与酚酸(8.74%),糖类及其衍生物(9.29%),黄酮类(7.51%),脂肪酸及其衍生物(6.42%),核苷酸及其衍生物(4.92%),生物碱(4.37%),木脂素类(2.46%),萜类(4.64%),维生素(1.37%),以及酯类(4.92%)、醛类(1.91%)、醇类(1.64%)、酮类(1.91%)和醌类(0.82%)等非挥发性风味代谢物类群。整体代谢物组成覆盖了果汁中风味物质、营养因子和潜在生物活性物质的多个维度,反映出蓝靛果果汁代谢网络的复杂性和功能多样性。
进一步比较不同处理组的代谢物变化发现,乳酸菌发酵显著提升了黄酮类、酚酸类、萜类、氨基酸及其衍生物、糖苷类、生物碱、维生素和木脂素类等代谢物的相对丰度;且在蛋壳粉共发酵组中,糖苷类、生物碱、黄酮类和酚酸类代谢物的积累水平进一步升高,显示出蛋壳粉的引入对代谢物调控具有协同增强作用。蓝靛果本身富含花色苷、黄酮类物质、多酚等营养成分,而乳酸菌发酵能够通过碳源代谢、酶促水解及微生物次级代谢途径,有效促进这些生物活性物质的释放、转化或新生合成,进一步提高果汁的营养价值及风味品质[65−67]。萜类化合物积累的促进作用可能与乳酸菌代谢活动对于果实中次生代谢相关生物合成途径的间接激活作用有关。乳酸菌分泌的多种酶类(如蛋白酶、糖苷酶、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶等)可能是释放和转化结合态化合物的核心驱动力[68]。通过分泌蛋白酶降解蓝靛果中的蛋白质,释放出更多的游离氨基酸;分泌糖苷酶能够分解糖苷化合物的糖基,使糖苷类物质从结合态转化为游离态,增强其在发酵液中的浓度;分泌纤维素酶和木聚糖酶可能作用于蓝靛果果实的细胞壁结构,释放更多木脂素聚合物或其前体化合物。蛋壳粉共发酵组含有更高的糖苷类、生物碱、黄酮类及酚酸类含量。蛋壳粉富含碳酸钙和微量矿物元素(如镁、锌、铁等)[15],可作为发酵补充物,改善乳酸菌发酵环境,增强其代谢活性和酶促反应效率,释放更多的结合态成分并促进功能性物质的合成。
相比于未发酵组,乳酸菌发酵显著降低了蓝靛果果汁中糖类、有机酸类、核苷酸类的相对含量。糖类和核苷酸类可能分别作为乳酸菌生长的碳源和氮源物质,同时乳酸菌可以利用部分有机酸(如苹果酸、柠檬酸)通过三羧酸循环(TCA循环)或其他代谢途径为细胞提供能量[31]。糖类、有机酸类等成分的减少有助于降低果汁中的总能量和酸涩感,与电子舌和感官评价的结果相一致。
黄酮类物质具有抗氧化和抗炎的生理功效[69]。在四组果汁中共呈现出9种典型黄酮类的差异代谢物,分别是(+)-表儿茶素、(R)-香芹酮、山柰酚、槲皮素、猫眼草黄素、原花青素B2、无色矢车菊素、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和橙皮苷(图12)。三组乳酸菌发酵组黄酮类化合物的相对含量明显高于未发酵组。相比乳酸菌单一发酵组,蛋壳粉共发酵组中(+)-表儿茶素、(R)-香芹酮、槲皮素、猫眼草黄素、无色矢车菊素和橙皮苷的相对含量更高,表明蛋壳粉的添加有助于黄酮类物质的富集与稳定。乳酸菌在发酵过程中产生的β-葡萄糖苷酶是促进黄酮类化合物生物转化的关键酶,能够有效催化糖苷键的断裂,促进黄酮苷向黄酮醇的转化,从而显著提升黄酮类化合物的相对含量[70]。
本研究以蓝靛果为原料,结合乳酸菌发酵与蛋壳粉钙强化技术,系统分析了蓝靛果果汁的品质提升机制。研究结果表明,乳酸菌发酵提高了果汁的可溶性固形物含量、总酚和花色苷水平(与未发酵组相比分别提高了28.99%、14.72%和22.06%),减轻了苦味与涩味,使得整体风味更加协调;同时,蛋壳粉共发酵有效缓解了单一发酵导致的酸味突出问题,增强了果汁的咸味协调性与感官接受度。此外,共发酵体系显著提高了果汁中生物钙的含量(P<0.05),1%蛋壳粉组总钙、有机酸钙和蛋白钙含量分别达到2229.73、1681.44和537.90 mg/L,表明乳酸菌发酵可促进蛋壳粉中碳酸钙向更易吸收的钙螯合物转化。液相色谱-质谱联用鉴定出732种代谢物,代谢组学分析揭示,共发酵体系促进了黄酮类、酚酸类、糖苷类和生物碱等功能性代谢物的富集,使果汁的营养组成和风味物质谱更为多样和协调。与既往研究主要关注果蔬发酵对风味改善或抗氧化活性提升不同,本研究首次将蛋壳粉引入蓝靛果乳酸菌发酵体系,提出了“发酵-钙强化”双重协同的品质提升新策略,拓展了乳酸菌发酵在高钙功能性饮品开发中的应用范围,对推动蓝靛果和蛋壳粉资源的深加工与营养强化饮品的产业化具有重要意义。然而,本研究仍存在一定的局限性,例如蛋壳粉添加比例、乳酸菌发酵参数对果汁风味特征及代谢调控的最优条件尚需系统优化,发酵过程中有机钙与果胶、果汁感官之间的作用机制也未完全明确,其抗氧化活性等潜在功能成分及营养物质消化率的影响和变化规律尚未挖掘。未来研究可进一步从发酵工艺优化、有机钙吸收与转化机制及其与风味构建的关联、抗氧化活性探究及体外消化实验等方面展开深入探索,以进一步丰富钙强化型果蔬发酵饮品的品质调控理论。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060002
  • 接收时间:2025-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-01
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    1北京工商大学食品与健康学院,老年营养与健康教育部重点实验室,北京 100080
    2晨光生物科技集团股份有限公司,河北邯郸 057250

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张月美(1991−),博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
王颖(1987−),博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工与资源功能化利用,E-mail:。
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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