Article(id=1320888789652853445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050316, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748707200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854028380, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854028380, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854028380, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854028380, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=31, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888789891928774, articleId=1320888789652853445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Antioxidant, Bacteriostatic, and Probiotic Activities of Loquat Honey from Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Loquat honey is a characteristic commercial honey variety from the Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area. This study measured the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, evaluated the antioxidant and bacteriostatic activities of this honey, and compared it with four other commercially available loquat honeys. The probiotic activity of Chongqing Three Gorges loquat honey was also investigated. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging assays. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and inhibition rate were used to characterize the bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). An in vitro co-culture method combined with growth curve analysis was employed to investigate the growth-promoting effects of different concentrations of Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey on Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Streptococcus thermophilus. The results indicated that loquat honey from the Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area and other commercially available samples exhibited varying degrees of antioxidant and bacteriostatic activity. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey were 51.63±1.09 mg/100 g (gallic acid equivalent) and 22.93±1.09 mg/100 g (rutin equivalent), respectively, both higher than those of commercially available samples. Regarding antioxidant capacity, the IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging of the honey samples were negatively correlated with both total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. All five loquat honey samples inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey exhibiting the strongest antibacterial effect, showing MICs of 128 mg/mL and 256 mg/mL against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Regarding probiotic activity, Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey promoted the growth of L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus, and B. adolescentis within the concentration ranges of 0~8, 0~10, and 0~6 mg/mL, respectively. The maximum specific growth rates and maximum biomass were observed at 6, 0, and 6 mg/mL, and at 8, 10, and 6 mg/mL for the three bacteria, respectively, indicating its potential prebiotic properties. These results demonstrate that Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey possesses high total phenolic and flavonoid contents, strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and potential probiotic activity, indicating its superior quality. This study provides fundamental scientific data and theoretical basis on the antioxidant, antibacterial, and probiotic activities of Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey and their material basis, laying a foundation for further resource utilization and the development of functional products.

, authors=Daoqi LONG1, Guochao WAN2, Fangyuan GAN1, Kejing PANG1, Sijing YANG1, Hua YANG1, Rong JIANG1, Zhenping LIU2, 3, *, authorsList=Daoqi LONG, Guochao WAN, Fangyuan GAN, Kejing PANG, Sijing YANG, Hua YANG, Rong JIANG, Zhenping LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenping LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888791192163025, articleId=1320888789652853445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜抗氧化、抑菌和益生活性研究, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

枇杷蜂蜜是重庆三峡库区的特色商品蜜种,本文通过测定总酚、总黄酮含量和评价抗氧化、抑菌活性,与市售的其他4种枇杷蜂蜜对比,并探究重庆三峡枇杷蜂蜜的益生活性。运用DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基清除能力评价蜂蜜的抗氧化能力,将最小抑菌浓度和抑菌率用于表征蜂蜜对革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)、革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌)的抑菌活性。采用体外共培养结合生长曲线测定方法探究不同浓度的重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜对保加利亚乳杆菌、青春双歧杆菌和嗜热链球菌的生长促进作用。结果表明,重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜及其他枇杷蜂蜜样品均表现出不同程度的抗氧化和抑菌活性。重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜的总酚和总黄酮含量分别为51.63±1.09 mg GAE/100 g、22.93±1.09 mg RE/100 g,均高于市售其他样品。在抗氧化能力方面,蜂蜜样品DPPH自由基清除率IC50、ABTS+自由基清除率IC50均与总酚和总黄酮含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。5种枇杷花蜂蜜样品均对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌有抑制效果,其中重庆三峡库区枇杷花蜂蜜表现出最强的抑菌效果,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为128 mg/mL和256 mg/mL。在益生活性方面,重庆三峡库区枇杷花蜂蜜在0~8、0~10、0~6 mg/mL的浓度区间下分别对保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和青春双歧杆菌的生长表现出促进作用,其最大比生长速率和生物总量分别出现在6、0、6 mg/mL及8、10、6 mg/mL时,表明其具有潜在益生元特性。上述结果表明,重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜具有较高总酚、总黄酮含量、较强的抗氧化、抑菌活性和潜在的益生活性,品质较好。本研究为重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜的抗氧化、抑菌和益生活性及其物质基础提供了基础科学数据,为其资源的进一步挖掘和功能产品的开发奠定了基础。

, authors=龙道崎1, 万国超2, 甘芳瑗1, 庞钶靖1, 杨思静1, 杨桦1, 姜容1, 刘振平2, 3, *, authorsList=龙道崎, 万国超, 甘芳瑗, 庞钶靖, 杨思静, 杨桦, 姜容, 刘振平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘振平, authorNote=

龙道崎(1989−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与质量安全控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘振平(1986−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品质量安全控制与特色食品资源开发,E-mail:。
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龙道崎(1989−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与质量安全控制,E-mail:

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龙道崎(1989−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与质量安全控制,E-mail:

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World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2022, 38(6): 106., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888791481570002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888791498347219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, companyId=1320888791481570002, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Chongqing Vocational Institute of Safety Technology, Chongqing 404000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888791506735828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, companyId=1320888791481570002, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆安全技术职业学院,重庆 404000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888793008296661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888793016685270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, companyId=1320888793008296661, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888793020879575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, companyId=1320888793008296661, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西华大学食品与生物工程学院,四川成都 610039)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888793121542872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888793129931481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, companyId=1320888793121542872, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888793142514394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, companyId=1320888793121542872, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3川渝共建特色食品重庆市重点实验室,四川成都 610039)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888797659779854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=DPPH radical scavenging activity of loquat honey samples at different concentrations, figureFileSmall=wPdtrikmA+QfAx3RpBEpHQ==, figureFileBig=rJAe0cjAUlLcV+963Yjlcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888797735277327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同浓度的枇杷蜂蜜样品 DPPH 自由基清除率, figureFileSmall=wPdtrikmA+QfAx3RpBEpHQ==, figureFileBig=rJAe0cjAUlLcV+963Yjlcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888797936603920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=ABTS+ radical scavenging activity of loquat honey samples at different concentrations, figureFileSmall=K5EpQRnqFehqisnj5PJv3w==, figureFileBig=AgXrgZj93Xp5n8sYLh88LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888798012101393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同浓度的枇杷蜂蜜样品 ABTS+自由基清除率, figureFileSmall=K5EpQRnqFehqisnj5PJv3w==, figureFileBig=AgXrgZj93Xp5n8sYLh88LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888798087598866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Inhibition effect of loquat honey on two bacteria in different regions, figureFileSmall=pvHgzDZfPZ5/QcfMZLaZhg==, figureFileBig=8GAFDmZejRGgqQyzwYL59Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888798146319123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同地区枇杷花蜂蜜对两种菌的抑制效果图

注:图A:对大肠杆菌抑制效果图;图B:对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果图;图中样品名称下标注的蜂蜜浓度为测得的最小抑菌浓度的枇杷花蜂蜜与等体积的菌液混合后的浓度。

, figureFileSmall=pvHgzDZfPZ5/QcfMZLaZhg==, figureFileBig=8GAFDmZejRGgqQyzwYL59Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888798213427988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of loquat flower honey and gallnut honey in Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir area on the growth promotion of probiotics, figureFileSmall=7p30neex+CFtp5EzGPJwgQ==, figureFileBig=M0H71ubIuALZeXltoLoG1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888798297314069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=CN, label=图4, caption=重庆三峡库区枇杷花蜂蜜与五倍子蜂蜜对益生菌的生长的影响

注:A(枇杷花蜂蜜)a(五倍子蜂蜜):保加利亚乳杆菌生长情况;B(枇杷花蜂蜜)b(五倍子蜂蜜):嗜热链球菌生长情况;C(枇杷花蜂蜜)c(五倍子蜂蜜):青春双歧杆菌生长情况。

, figureFileSmall=7p30neex+CFtp5EzGPJwgQ==, figureFileBig=M0H71ubIuALZeXltoLoG1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888798372811542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Maximum specific growth rate and area under the curve of different concentrations of loquat flower honey and gallnut honey on probiotics, figureFileSmall=MEEY+pfGZKH0kvPRy5nHNQ==, figureFileBig=tSCZ/86ES1t1POiLqzMtrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888798435726103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同浓度枇杷花蜂蜜与五倍子蜂蜜对益生菌作用的最大比生长速率和曲线下面积

注:A:保加利亚乳杆菌;B:嗜热链球菌;C:青春双歧杆菌,柱状图上不同小写字母表示不同浓度处理组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=MEEY+pfGZKH0kvPRy5nHNQ==, figureFileBig=tSCZ/86ES1t1POiLqzMtrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888798523806488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Analysis of total phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant properties in loquat honey (n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品总酚
(mg GAE/100 g)
总黄酮
(mg RE/100 g)
IC50(g/mL)
DPPHABTS
重庆三峡51.63±1.09a22.93±1.09a0.066±0.017c0.289±0.018c
四川成都50.70±1.27ab21.62±0.97a0.095±0.023bc0.335±0.024b
湖北神农架49.85±0.87b20.47±1.03a0.092±0.022bc0.354±0.020b
安徽黄山50.79±1.62ab20.23±1.32a0.104±0.021b0.356±0.022b
江苏苏州33.71±1.31c13.41±1.48b0.155±0.017a0.432±0.021a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888798590915353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

枇杷蜂蜜中总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化性分析(n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品总酚
(mg GAE/100 g)
总黄酮
(mg RE/100 g)
IC50(g/mL)
DPPHABTS
重庆三峡51.63±1.09a22.93±1.09a0.066±0.017c0.289±0.018c
四川成都50.70±1.27ab21.62±0.97a0.095±0.023bc0.335±0.024b
湖北神农架49.85±0.87b20.47±1.03a0.092±0.022bc0.354±0.020b
安徽黄山50.79±1.62ab20.23±1.32a0.104±0.021b0.356±0.022b
江苏苏州33.71±1.31c13.41±1.48b0.155±0.017a0.432±0.021a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888798678995738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation analysis of antioxidant components and antioxidant capacity in loquat honey

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标总酚总黄酮DPPH自由基清除率的IC50ABTS+自由基清除率的IC50
总酚1
总黄酮0.959**1
DPPH自由基清除率的IC50−0.891**−0.829**1
ABTS+自由基清除率的IC50−0.921**−0.880**0.919**1
), ArticleFig(id=1320888798754493211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

枇杷蜂蜜抗氧化成分与抗氧化能力相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标总酚总黄酮DPPH自由基清除率的IC50ABTS+自由基清除率的IC50
总酚1
总黄酮0.959**1
DPPH自由基清除率的IC50−0.891**−0.829**1
ABTS+自由基清除率的IC50−0.921**−0.880**0.919**1
), ArticleFig(id=1320888798855156508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

MIC ranges of honeys against S. aureus and E. coli (mg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种样品
五倍子蜂蜜重庆三峡四川成都湖北神农架安徽黄山江苏苏州
金黄色葡萄球菌128128256384384512
大肠杆菌256256384384512512
), ArticleFig(id=1320888798918071069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

蜂蜜样品对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的MIC(mg/mL)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种样品
五倍子蜂蜜重庆三峡四川成都湖北神农架安徽黄山江苏苏州
金黄色葡萄球菌128128256384384512
大肠杆菌256256384384512512
), ArticleFig(id=1320888798993568542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Inhibition rates of loquat honey against two bacteria in different regions (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种产地
五倍子蜂蜜重庆三峡四川成都湖北神农架安徽黄山江苏苏州
金黄色葡萄球菌94.1±4.7b96.3±3.4a93.5±3.6b87.1±2.9d89.4±4.4c76.1±4.3e
大肠杆菌98.7±2.5a96.7±4.1a64.4±3.3c72.3±3.8b57.5±2.4d54.5±2.7d
), ArticleFig(id=1320888799073260319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同地区枇杷花蜂蜜对两种菌的抑制率(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种产地
五倍子蜂蜜重庆三峡四川成都湖北神农架安徽黄山江苏苏州
金黄色葡萄球菌94.1±4.7b96.3±3.4a93.5±3.6b87.1±2.9d89.4±4.4c76.1±4.3e
大肠杆菌98.7±2.5a96.7±4.1a64.4±3.3c72.3±3.8b57.5±2.4d54.5±2.7d
), ArticleFig(id=1320888799144563488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Correlation between antibacterial and antioxidative activities of honey

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标MIC
金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌
总酚−0.562*0.083
总黄酮−0.4550.198
DPPH自由基清除率的IC500.697**0.192
ABTS+自由基清除率的IC500.759**0.193
), ArticleFig(id=1320888799299752737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888789652853445, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

抑菌活性与抗氧化活性之间的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标MIC
金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌
总酚−0.562*0.083
总黄酮−0.4550.198
DPPH自由基清除率的IC500.697**0.192
ABTS+自由基清除率的IC500.759**0.193
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重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜抗氧化、抑菌和益生活性研究
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龙道崎 1 , 万国超 2 , 甘芳瑗 1 , 庞钶靖 1 , 杨思静 1 , 杨桦 1 , 姜容 1 , 刘振平 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(7): 31-40
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (7) : 31 -40
重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜抗氧化、抑菌和益生活性研究
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龙道崎1 , 万国超2, 甘芳瑗1, 庞钶靖1, 杨思静1, 杨桦1, 姜容1, 刘振平2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆安全技术职业学院,重庆 404000
  • 2西华大学食品与生物工程学院,四川成都 610039
  • 3川渝共建特色食品重庆市重点实验室,四川成都 610039
通讯作者:
刘振平(1986−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品质量安全控制与特色食品资源开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

龙道崎(1989−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与质量安全控制,E-mail:

Antioxidant, Bacteriostatic, and Probiotic Activities of Loquat Honey from Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area
Daoqi LONG1 , Guochao WAN2, Fangyuan GAN1, Kejing PANG1, Sijing YANG1, Hua YANG1, Rong JIANG1, Zhenping LIU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Chongqing Vocational Institute of Safety Technology, Chongqing 404000, China
  • 2School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
  • 3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050316
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枇杷蜂蜜是重庆三峡库区的特色商品蜜种,本文通过测定总酚、总黄酮含量和评价抗氧化、抑菌活性,与市售的其他4种枇杷蜂蜜对比,并探究重庆三峡枇杷蜂蜜的益生活性。运用DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基清除能力评价蜂蜜的抗氧化能力,将最小抑菌浓度和抑菌率用于表征蜂蜜对革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)、革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌)的抑菌活性。采用体外共培养结合生长曲线测定方法探究不同浓度的重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜对保加利亚乳杆菌、青春双歧杆菌和嗜热链球菌的生长促进作用。结果表明,重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜及其他枇杷蜂蜜样品均表现出不同程度的抗氧化和抑菌活性。重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜的总酚和总黄酮含量分别为51.63±1.09 mg GAE/100 g、22.93±1.09 mg RE/100 g,均高于市售其他样品。在抗氧化能力方面,蜂蜜样品DPPH自由基清除率IC50、ABTS+自由基清除率IC50均与总酚和总黄酮含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。5种枇杷花蜂蜜样品均对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌有抑制效果,其中重庆三峡库区枇杷花蜂蜜表现出最强的抑菌效果,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为128 mg/mL和256 mg/mL。在益生活性方面,重庆三峡库区枇杷花蜂蜜在0~8、0~10、0~6 mg/mL的浓度区间下分别对保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和青春双歧杆菌的生长表现出促进作用,其最大比生长速率和生物总量分别出现在6、0、6 mg/mL及8、10、6 mg/mL时,表明其具有潜在益生元特性。上述结果表明,重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜具有较高总酚、总黄酮含量、较强的抗氧化、抑菌活性和潜在的益生活性,品质较好。本研究为重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜的抗氧化、抑菌和益生活性及其物质基础提供了基础科学数据,为其资源的进一步挖掘和功能产品的开发奠定了基础。

重庆三峡库区  /  枇杷蜂蜜  /  功能成分  /  生物活性  /  益生活性

Loquat honey is a characteristic commercial honey variety from the Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area. This study measured the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, evaluated the antioxidant and bacteriostatic activities of this honey, and compared it with four other commercially available loquat honeys. The probiotic activity of Chongqing Three Gorges loquat honey was also investigated. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging assays. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and inhibition rate were used to characterize the bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). An in vitro co-culture method combined with growth curve analysis was employed to investigate the growth-promoting effects of different concentrations of Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey on Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Streptococcus thermophilus. The results indicated that loquat honey from the Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area and other commercially available samples exhibited varying degrees of antioxidant and bacteriostatic activity. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey were 51.63±1.09 mg/100 g (gallic acid equivalent) and 22.93±1.09 mg/100 g (rutin equivalent), respectively, both higher than those of commercially available samples. Regarding antioxidant capacity, the IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging of the honey samples were negatively correlated with both total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. All five loquat honey samples inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey exhibiting the strongest antibacterial effect, showing MICs of 128 mg/mL and 256 mg/mL against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Regarding probiotic activity, Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey promoted the growth of L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus, and B. adolescentis within the concentration ranges of 0~8, 0~10, and 0~6 mg/mL, respectively. The maximum specific growth rates and maximum biomass were observed at 6, 0, and 6 mg/mL, and at 8, 10, and 6 mg/mL for the three bacteria, respectively, indicating its potential prebiotic properties. These results demonstrate that Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey possesses high total phenolic and flavonoid contents, strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and potential probiotic activity, indicating its superior quality. This study provides fundamental scientific data and theoretical basis on the antioxidant, antibacterial, and probiotic activities of Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area loquat honey and their material basis, laying a foundation for further resource utilization and the development of functional products.

Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area  /  loquat honey  /  functional components  /  biological activity  /  prebiotic activities
龙道崎, 万国超, 甘芳瑗, 庞钶靖, 杨思静, 杨桦, 姜容, 刘振平. 重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜抗氧化、抑菌和益生活性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 31 -40 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050316
Daoqi LONG, Guochao WAN, Fangyuan GAN, Kejing PANG, Sijing YANG, Hua YANG, Rong JIANG, Zhenping LIU. Antioxidant, Bacteriostatic, and Probiotic Activities of Loquat Honey from Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 31 -40 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050316
蜂蜜是蜜蜂采集植物的花蜜、分泌物或蜜露,与自身分泌物混合后,经充分酿造而成的天然甜物质。蜂蜜化学成分复杂,营养丰富,含有糖类、有机酸、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素、矿物质、类黄酮、酚酸和酶等[1−2],具有抗氧化、抑菌、抗炎等广泛的生物活性[3−5],是极具开发价值的天然功能性食品。其生物活性受到植物来源、地理来源、加工方式和储存条件的影响[6−7]。单花种蜂蜜是指蜜蜂只采集一种蜜源植物的花蜜、分泌物或者蜜露,经自身充分酿造的蜂蜜[8]。枇杷蜜作为我国特色单花冬蜜,源自冬季开花的枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.),因其花期纯净(冬季杂花少)、蜜源单一且具润肺止咳的功效[9],在南方商品蜜中占有重要地位。重庆三峡库区依托独特的自然地理条件、良好的生态环境和丰富的中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)资源,形成优质枇杷蜜产区,其产品具有显著的地域特色和市场潜力,亟待系统性研究与价值挖掘。
近年来,关于不同植物和地理来源蜂蜜的生物活性的研究成为热点。多酚类成分作为植物的次级代谢产物,是蜂蜜中促进人体健康的重要化合物,也是蜂蜜抗人体氧化应激活性的物质基础[10]。蜂蜜的抑菌活性与其糖类复合物(高渗透压)、多酚类物质、酶促反应生成的过氧化氢(H2O2)、甲基乙二醛等1,2-二羰基衍生物以及蜂防御素-1等天然抑菌肽密切相关[11]。大量研究证实,不同植物和地理来源蜂蜜的抗氧化能力和抑菌活性存在显著差异[5,12–13],著名的新西兰麦卡卢蜂蜜(Manuka honey)由于富含酚类物质而具有较强的抗氧化活性和抑菌活性[14],中国茴香蜜、藿香蜜和石榴蜜对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性高于麦卢卡蜜,但是其抗氧化能力低于麦卢卡蜜[15]。罗马尼亚巴纳特地区的椴树蜂蜜、蜜露蜂蜜与蓼草、野樱桃、洋槐、油菜、向日葵、飞廉、普通多花和山地多花等蜂蜜对比表现出最强的抗氧化能力[16]。沙特阿拉伯不同地区采集的五种野生蜂蜜中苜蓿蜜的抗氧化活性最高,而洋槐蜜对金黄色葡萄球菌表现出显著的抑菌活性[6]。此外,蜂蜜中的低聚糖(如果糖低聚糖)被证实具有益生元特性,可选择性促进双歧杆菌、乳酸菌等益生菌增殖,通过调节肠道菌群平衡增强宿主健康[17–18]。我国幅员辽阔,不同产地特色蜂蜜的抗氧化、抑菌、益生活性及其物质基础是学者关注的重点[19−21]。然而,针对特色区域单花蜜的研究仍存在明显局限:三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜作为具有地域标识性的单花蜜,其关键活性成分(如总酚、总黄酮)与核心功能(抗氧化、抑菌、益生活性)缺乏系统性基础数据,难以支撑其品质评价与地理标志认证。
针对上述不足,本研究对重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜的总酚、总黄酮进行了测定,并对其抗氧化能力(DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力)和抑菌活性(最小抑菌浓度、抑菌率)进行了评价,并与市售的其他4种枇杷蜂蜜样品进行了对比。此外,通过探究重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜对保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)、青春双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium adolescentis)、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)三种益生菌的生长促进作用,以期为重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜的特征挖掘提供数据参考,为其进一步开发提供理论依据。
5种枇杷花蜂蜜 重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜采自蜂农的封盖成熟蜜,其余均为市场购买的商品蜜,商品包装分别标识产地为四川成都、湖北神农架、安徽黄山、江苏苏州的枇杷蜂蜜;五倍子蜂蜜 采自重庆三峡库区蜂农的封盖成熟蜜,所有蜂蜜样品邮寄至实验室后在−20 ℃冰箱内避光保存;没食子酸标准品(GAE)、芦丁标准品(RE) 上海阿拉丁试剂公司;福林酚、亚硝酸钠、硝酸铝 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;DPPH自由基清除率检测试剂盒 北京雷根生物技术有限公司;ABTS+自由基清除能力检测试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;实验所用菌株:金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,ATCC29213)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,CMCC44102)、保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus, ATCC55195)、青春双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium adolescentis,ATCC15703)、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus,ATCC55195) 上海沪峥生物科技有限公司。
AF224电子天平 上海恒平天平科学仪器有限公司;5424离心机 德国Eppendorf有限公司;Feyond-A400酶联免疫分析仪 杭州奥盛仪器有限公司;TU-1810紫外分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司。
采用福林酚(Folin-Ciocalteu)比色法[22]测定蜂蜜总酚含量。将蜂蜜样品用蒸馏水溶解并定容,配制成浓度为0.2 g/mL的蜂蜜溶液。取0.5 mL蜂蜜溶液(0.2 g/mL)与2.5 mL福林酚试剂(0.2 mol/L)混匀静置5 min,然后加入2 mL的Na2CO3溶液(0.1 g/mL)并定容至10 mL,避光静置反应2 h后,在波长725 nm处测定吸光度值。以蒸馏水为空白对照,以没食子酸含量(0.04~0.24 mg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度值为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,根据标准曲线计算蜂蜜中的总酚含量。蜂蜜中总酚含量以100 g蜂蜜中没食子酸当量来表示,单位为mg GAE/100 g。
参考文献[23]的方法,采用硝酸铝比色法,具体操作如下:吸取蜂蜜水溶液与5%的亚硝酸钠混合,5 min后加入10%硝酸铝并混匀,6 min后加入4%的氢氧化钠溶液,用80%甲醇定容,摇匀,室温下反应15 min,以80%甲醇为空白对照,用紫外-可见分光光度计测定OD值(510 nm)。以芦丁含量(0~0.8 mg/mL)绘制标准曲线,蜂蜜中的总黄酮含量以芦丁当量来表示,单位为mg RE/100 g。
DPPH自由基清除力的测定按照试剂盒操作方法进行测定,具体操作如下:蜂蜜经氮自由基提取液稀释制备成系列浓度梯度(0.04、0.08、0.16、0.24、0.32 g/mL)的蜂蜜溶液。实验设置三组反应体系:空白对照组(200 µL提取液+900 µL无水乙醇+900 µL DPPH溶液)、样品测定组(200 µL样品提取上清液+900 µL无水乙醇+900 µL DPPH溶液)及样品对照组(200 µL样品提取上清液+1800 µL无水乙醇)。各组反应体系经充分混匀后,在避光条件下进行30 min室温孵育,随后采用紫外-可见分光光度计在特征吸收波长517 nm处进行吸光度测定。实验同时设立维生素C作为阳性对照,根据公式(1)计算各浓度样品的DPPH自由基清除率,并以此制作蜂蜜样品溶液浓度与DPPH自由基清除率之间的量效关系图。结果用一定浓度范围内的半数抑制率浓度值(Half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50)来表示枇杷花蜂蜜的DPPH自由基清除能力,IC50数值越小表示抗氧化活性越强。
$ \rm DPPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{[A_{ \mathrm{0}}- \mathrm{(A}_{ \mathrm{1}} -\mathrm{A}_{ \mathrm{2}} )]}{A_{{0}} }{\times 100} $
式中,A0为空白管的吸光度值,A1为样品测定管的吸光度值,A2为样品对照管的吸光度值。
采用ABTS+自由基清除法(ABTS法),使用试剂盒测定蜂蜜的ABTS+自由基清除能力。选用VC作为阳性对照,样品和阳性对照溶液配制均以0.48 mg/mL为起始浓度,依次向下稀释多个梯度。根据ABTS+·清除能力测定试剂盒说明书进行操作,室温避光静置反应6 min后,在波长405 nm处测定吸光度,平行试验3次,计算公式同式(1)。
受试菌悬液的制备:分别挑取金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,S. aureus)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)单菌落于已灭菌LB液体培养基中,于37 ℃培养12 h后,取1 mL培养液于离心管中,4 ℃,5000 r/min离心5 min,随后用PBS缓冲液离心洗涤2次,调整菌体浓度为105 CFU/mL备用。
最小抑菌浓度的确定:在无菌96孔板中,逐级稀释不同地区枇杷花蜂蜜(终浓度为640、512、384、256、128、64、32、18、9和0 mg/mL)与细菌悬浮液混合,于培养箱37 ℃培养24 h后,测定溶液在595 nm处吸光值(OD595)。一般OD值变化小于0.05认为是抑制菌体生长的最低浓度,并被定义为最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibition concentration,MIC)[24]。
参考文献[25]的方法,将测得的最小抑菌浓度的枇杷花蜂蜜和五倍子蜂蜜(对照)与两种调整好浓度为105 CFU/mL细菌悬液各吸取500 μL于灭好菌的2 mL EP管中进行均匀混合,放置于37 ℃恒温箱中培养12 h后,进行均匀涂板后再放置于37 ℃恒温箱中培养10 h计数,根据式(2)计算各地区枇杷花蜂蜜对这两种菌的抑菌率。
$ 抑菌率(\text{%})=\frac{空白板单菌落个数-样品板单菌落个数}{空白板单菌落个数}\times 100$
参照ZANG等[26]方法;从购买的保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和青春双歧杆菌中,分别取一环菌种接种于MRS培养基中。将培养基置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中培养48 h。随后,从培养好的菌落中取0.1 mL菌液,转接至相应的液体培养基中,继续在37 ℃下培养48 h。重复此过程两次,以获得充分活化的菌种。需要注意的是,青春双歧杆菌为厌氧菌,应将其置于含有厌氧产气袋的密封容器(乐扣盒)中进行培养,以确保厌氧环境。
参照钟千贵等[27]方法稍作修改;分别取50 μL活化后的保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)、青春双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium adolescentis)和嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)菌液(109 CFU/mL)依次加入到5 mL MRS培养基中,混匀后依次添加相同体积浓度为CK(空白)、4、6、8、10 mg/mL的五倍子蜂蜜(对照)和重庆三峡枇杷花蜂蜜于EP管中充分混匀,再依次吸取0.2 mL混合悬菌液于96孔板中放入上述条件下酶标仪中测定其生长曲线,以空白组作对照根据这三种菌在加入重庆三峡枇杷花蜂蜜后的生长情况判断其是否有促进作用。为进一步探究三种益生菌在经过不同浓度的枇杷花蜂蜜和五倍子蜂蜜作用后更为具体的生长情况,通过最大比生长速率(h−1)和曲线下面积(AUC)来进行定量表征。最大比生长速率(h−1)[28]:计算In(OD)随时间的数值导数,取最大值;曲线下面积(AUC)[29]:基于OD随时间的变化曲线,采用梯形积分法计算。
所有蜂蜜样品均测定3个平行,结果以平均值(mean)±标准差(SD)表示,用IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0软件分析数据间的显著性和相关性。蜂蜜样品之间的差异性分析采用Tukey检验进行(P<0.05)。各项指标之间的相关性通过Pearson检验得到,在P<0.05水平上使用双尾检验评估显著性。
本研究测得的5个枇杷蜂蜜样品的总酚、总黄酮含量测定结果见表1。蜂蜜中总酚含量是衡量其抗氧化活性的重要指标,蜂蜜的总酚含量受蜂蜜的地理来源、植物来源和气候条件的影响[30],是蜂蜜真伪鉴别和质量评价的重要指标性化合物[31–32]。不同枇杷花蜂蜜样品的总酚含量在33.71~51.63 mg GAE/100 g之间,其中重庆三峡库区的枇杷蜂蜜总酚含量最高。根据测定结果,枇杷蜂蜜中的总酚含量低于麦卢卡蜂蜜(1367~2358 mg GAE/100 g)[33]、荞麦蜜(1113 mg GAE/100 g)[34]、板栗蜜(105 mg GAE/100 g)[21],高于油菜蜜(14.50~30.13 mg GAE/100 g)[35]、桉树蜜(17.26 mg GAE/100 g)[36]和薰衣草蜂蜜(16.51~29.76 mg GAE/100 g)[19]。依据上述已有研究报道,枇杷蜂蜜属于中等总酚含量的蜂蜜。
黄酮类化合物是存在于蜂蜜中的一类主要抗氧化成分,主要来自植物花蜜,蜂蜜中的黄酮类化合物主要是以配基和糖苷形式存在[37]。不同枇杷蜂蜜的总黄酮含量在13.41~22.93 mg RE/100 g,重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜中的总黄酮含量处于较高水平,高于其他样品,其中江苏苏州枇杷蜂蜜样品中总黄酮含量最低,为13.41±1.48 mg RE/100 g。重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜中总黄酮含量高于柑橘蜜(5.03~4.51 mg RE/100 g)[38]和枸杞蜜(7.96~12.26 mg RE/100 g)[39],与荆条蜜中总黄酮含量接近(24±0.54 mg RE/100 g)[40]。
重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜的总酚与总黄酮含量高于其他样品,可能与该地区独特的生态条件(如冬季低温、低光照)促使枇杷树产生更多防御性次生代谢物有关。这与麦卢卡蜂蜜(高酚类含量)的生长环境(高紫外线、贫瘠土壤)机制相似[41]。
由于蜂蜜氧化反应的复杂性,采用单一的抗氧化能力测定法评价蜂蜜抗氧化能力可能不准确[42],本实验采用DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS+自由基清除能力来表征蜂蜜体外抗氧化水平。
由图1可知,本研究的所有蜂蜜样品对DPPH自由基均有清除作用,根据DPPH自由基清除曲线,随着枇杷蜂蜜样品浓度的增加,清除率不断提高。根据清除率曲线计算IC50,范围是0.066~0.155 g/mL,见表1。5种蜂蜜中对DPPH自由基清除能力最强的是重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜,其IC50值最低,为0.066±0.017 g/mL。重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜的DPPH自由基清除能力显著高于安徽黄山枇杷蜂蜜和江苏苏州枇杷蜂蜜(P<0.05)。
如图2所示,所有蜂蜜对ABTS+自由基均有清除作用,根据ABTS+自由基清除曲线,随着枇杷蜂蜜样品浓度的增加,清除率不断提高。5种枇杷蜂蜜样品ABTS+自由基清除率IC50范围是0.289~0.432 g/mL。重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜的ABTS+自由基清除率IC50为0.289±0.018 g/mL,与其他4种蜂蜜样品的ABTS+自由基清除率差异显著(P<0.05),其IC50显著低于四川成都枇杷蜂蜜、湖北神农架枇杷蜂蜜、安徽黄山枇杷蜂蜜和江苏苏州枇杷蜂蜜。上述结果表明,重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜具有较强ABTS+自由基清除率,抗氧化活性较强。
本研究采用Pearson检验分析了枇杷蜂蜜样品中总酚和总黄酮含量与抗氧化能力之间相关性,结果见表2。由表2可知,总酚含量、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除率IC50、ABTS+自由基清除率IC50两两之间均存在极显著的相关性(P<0.01),其中总酚含量与DPPH自由基清除率IC50呈极显著负相关(r=−0.891,P<0.01),与ABTS+自由基清除率IC50值也呈极显著负相关(r=−0.921,P<0.01)。这表明总酚含量越高,自由基清除能力越强(IC50值越低),抗氧化效果越好。总黄酮与DPPH自由基清除IC50、ABTS+自由基清除IC50均呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。上述结果与已有报道一致[32,43–44]。
根据对各地区枇杷蜂蜜样品抑菌活性效果初筛结果,可以发现5种枇杷蜂蜜与五倍子蜂蜜(对照)均有一定的抑菌效果。这5个地区的枇杷蜂蜜与五倍子蜂蜜(对照)对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度测定结果如表3所示。其中重庆三峡库区枇杷花蜂蜜与五倍子蜂蜜对大肠杆菌抑制作用最明显,最小抑菌浓度均为256 mg/mL;四川成都、湖北神农架枇杷蜂蜜次之,MIC值384 mg/mL。对金黄色葡萄球菌而言,重庆三峡库区枇杷花蜂蜜与五倍子蜂蜜的抑制效果最明显,MIC值为128 mg/mL;四川成都枇杷蜂蜜的抑制效果次之,MIC值为256 mg/mL;江苏苏州枇杷蜂蜜的抑菌效果最差,其MIC值达到了512 mg/mL。
蜂蜜的抑菌活性主要归因于渗透压、酸度、过氧化氢、酚类化合物和挥发性化合物等[45]。如表4所示,采用共孵育法结合涂板培养计数测定的结果表明,所有枇杷蜂蜜样品及五倍子对照样品对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均表现出不同程度的抑制效果。具体来看,五倍子蜂蜜作为对照样品,其对大肠杆菌的抑制效果最好,抑制率达到98.7%±2.5%。在枇杷蜂蜜样品中,重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜对大肠杆菌的抑制效果最佳,抑制率为96.7%±4.1%,显著高于其他枇杷蜂蜜样品(P<0.05),其次是湖北神农架枇杷蜂蜜(72.3%±3.8%),而江苏苏州枇杷蜂蜜的抑制效果最弱,仅为54.5%±2.7%。对于金黄色葡萄球菌,重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜同样表现出最强的抑制效果,抑制率达96.3%±3.4%,且显著高于其他枇杷蜂蜜(P<0.05);四川成都枇杷蜂蜜(93.5%±3.6%)和五倍子蜂蜜(94.1%±4.7%)效果次之且相近;江苏苏州枇杷蜂蜜的抑制效果最差,为76.1%±4.3%。
图3直观地呈现了上述抑菌效果:图3A(大肠杆菌)清晰地展示了五倍子蜂蜜和重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜对大肠杆菌的强抑制作用,明显优于其他样品,特别是效果最弱的江苏苏州枇杷蜂蜜;图3B(金黄色葡萄球菌)则显示出重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜、四川成都枇杷蜂蜜和五倍子蜂蜜对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果相近且明显优于江苏苏州枇杷蜂蜜,与表4数据一致。综合表4与图3数据,可以得出结论:在所测定的不同枇杷蜂蜜样品中,重庆三峡库区的枇杷蜂蜜对革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌)和革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)均表现出最优异的抑菌效果。
为了探究两种生物活性之间的相互关系,对蜂蜜的抑菌活性指标(MIC)和抗氧化活性指标进行了相关性分析。结果(表5)表明,枇杷蜂蜜对大肠杆菌的MIC值与总酚含量(r=0.083,P>0.05)、总黄酮含量(r=0.198,P>0.05)、DPPH自由基清除率IC50值(r=0.192,P>0.05)以及ABTS+自由基清除率IC50值(r=0.193,P>0.05)均无显著相关性。枇杷蜂蜜对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值与总酚含量呈显著负相关(r=−0.562,P<0.05),与DPPH自由基清除率IC50值(r=0.697,P<0.01)和ABTS+自由基清除率IC50值(r=0.759,P<0.01)则呈极显著正相关。这表明总酚含量越高、抗氧化能力越强(表现为IC50值越低)的枇杷蜂蜜,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性也越强(表现为MIC值越低)。这说明枇杷蜂蜜对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性与抗氧化能力存在着显著正相关性。相关研究报道蜂蜜的高酚酸含量有助于蜂蜜发挥抑菌活性[46–47],且部分蜂蜜的酚类或黄酮类化合物与抑菌活性之间存在显著正相关性[48]。
蜂蜜的抑菌活性与其高酸度(低pH)、高渗透性和抑菌成分的存在密切相关[49–50],其机制是阻止细胞分裂和膜、壁形成,从而起到抑菌作用[45]。这种对革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)和革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌)抑菌活性与酚类相关性表现的显著差异,其根本原因很可能在于两类细菌细胞壁结构的本质不同[51]。本研究发现枇杷蜂蜜对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性与酚类含量显著相关,提示通过选育高酚枇杷品种或优化蜜蜂采集环境提升酚类含量,可能是增强其抑菌活性的潜在途径[52]。然而,单纯依赖酚类可能不足以达到顶级抑菌蜂蜜的水平,未来研究需解析三峡枇杷蜂蜜中是否存在独特的抑菌成分及其与酚类的协同作用。
五倍子蜂蜜不仅具有良好的抑菌效果,而且还具有良好的促益生菌体外生长的效果[53]。因此,将五倍子蜂蜜作为对比,研究重庆三峡枇杷蜂蜜的益生活性。根据测定结果,三种益生菌在加入不同浓度的枇杷花蜂蜜及五倍子蜂蜜后的生长情况如图4所示,枇杷花蜂蜜和五倍子蜂蜜在较低浓度下均能促进三种益生菌的生长。其中,枇杷蜂蜜的促进浓度范围较宽:对保加利亚乳杆菌在6 mg/mL以下促进作用增强,8 mg/mL后促进作用逐渐减弱,10 mg/mL几乎停止促进或轻微抑制;对嗜热链球菌的促进作用在4~8 mg/mL随浓度增加而增强,在10 mg/mL达到临界值(与8 mg/mL相当);对青春双歧杆菌在4~6 mg/mL促进最强,8 mg/mL减弱,10 mg/mL转为抑制。相比之下,五倍子蜂蜜在较高浓度下更易转为抑制作用:对保加利亚乳杆菌在6 mg/mL以下显著促进,8 mg/mL减弱,10 mg/mL明显抑制;对嗜热链球菌在8 mg/mL以下明显促进,10 mg/mL抑制;对青春双歧杆菌在4 mg/mL以下明显促进,4~6 mg/mL促进减弱,8 mg/mL后期抑制,10 mg/mL则产生明显抑制。总体而言,枇杷蜂蜜在较宽浓度范围内表现出促生长作用,而五倍子蜂蜜在接近或达到10 mg/mL时抑制作用更显著,其中青春双歧杆菌对抑制作用尤其敏感。
通过最大比生长速率和曲线下面积(AUC)定量分析发现,重庆三峡枇杷花蜂蜜与五倍子蜂蜜对三种益生菌的最佳促进浓度存在差异。如图5所示,枇杷花蜂蜜在6 mg/mL时使保加利亚乳杆菌和青春双歧杆菌的最大比生长速率最高(分别为0.34 h−1和0.15 h−1),其曲线下面积(AUC)分别在8 mg/mL和6 mg/mL时达到峰值;而嗜热链球菌在枇杷花蜂蜜0 mg/mL时最大比生长速率最高(0.20 h−1),但在10 mg/mL时曲线下面积最大(17.27)。相较之下,五倍子蜂蜜在8、10和4 mg/mL时分别使保加利亚乳杆菌(0.32 h−1)、嗜热链球菌(0.19 h−1)和青春双歧杆菌(0.16 h−1)的生长速率达到最快,其对应的曲线下面积峰值则分别出现在6 mg/mL(28.77)、8 mg/mL(17.8)和4 mg/mL(14.17)。总体而言,在相同促进浓度下,五倍子蜂蜜对益生菌生长的促进作用略强于枇杷花蜂蜜,但两者差距不明显;随着浓度升高(尤其达到10 mg/mL),两种蜂蜜均因潜在杀菌物质或高渗透压作用转而抑制益生菌生长。
本研究对重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜及市售的4种枇杷蜂蜜样品的抗氧化、抑菌及益生活性进行了系统评价。结果表明,重庆三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜的总酚(51.63±1.09 mg GAE/100 g)与总黄酮含量(22.93±1.09 mg RE/100 g)均高于其他样品,其DPPH与ABTS+自由基清除能力(IC50分别为0.066±0.017 g/mL和0.289±0.018 g/mL)及对金黄色葡萄球菌(MIC=128 mg/mL)和大肠杆菌(MIC=256 mg/mL)的抑菌活性均居首位。值得注意的是,其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性与抗氧化能力呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。此外,在特定浓度下(0~8 mg/mL对保加利亚乳杆菌,0~10 mg/mL对嗜热链球菌,0~6 mg/mL对青春双歧杆菌),该蜂蜜显著促进三种益生菌生长,证实其潜在益生活性。本研究为三峡库区枇杷蜂蜜的品质挖掘提供了数据支撑,为三峡库区蜂产品的进一步开发利用提供了理论依据。然而,重庆三峡枇杷蜂蜜的核心活性成分及其作用机制仍需通过代谢组学等技术深入解析;其体内功效(如肠道菌群调节、抗氧化应激)有待动物模型验证;未来需探索通过优化蜜源环境、选育高活性成分枇杷品种或揭示特有抑菌/益生成分及其协同效应来提升其综合生物活性。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050316
  • 接收时间:2025-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-01
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    1重庆安全技术职业学院,重庆 404000
    2西华大学食品与生物工程学院,四川成都 610039
    3川渝共建特色食品重庆市重点实验室,四川成都 610039

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刘振平(1986−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品质量安全控制与特色食品资源开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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