Article(id=1320175785537810911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050310, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748448000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684034952, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684034952, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684034952, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684034952, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=86, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320175785726554592, articleId=1320175785537810911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Physicochemical Properties and in Vitro Digestibility of Dejiang Gastrodia elata Powder with Different Particle Sizes, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore how particle size affects the physicochemical and in vitro digestion properties of Dejiang Gastrodia elata powder, this study ultrafinely ground the material into four fractions (50, 100, 200, and 300 mesh). Their microstructure, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and in vitro digestion were examined, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the optimal grind size. The results showed that the grinding treatment mainly modified the physical morphology of Dejiang G.elata powder, while its molecular structure unchanged. The angle of repose and slip angle of the powder increased with decreasing particle size, whereas the bulk density, water-holding capacity, and oil-holding capacity decreased. The 200-mesh powder exhibited significantly higher soluble sugar content (13.43%) than the other particle sizes (P<0.05). Although no significant differences in polyphenol content were observed across particle sizes (P>0.05), the 50-mesh powder showed notably higher flavonoid (4.51%) and vitamin C (4.50 mg/100 g) contents (P<0.05), and the 100-mesh powder showed notably higher antioxidant capacity (P<0.05). During in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the 200-mesh powder exhibited significantly higher soluble sugar release, whereas the 300-mesh powder showed greater polyphenol release than the other particle sizes (P<0.05). PCA identified 50-mesh as the optimal particle size for Dejiang G. elata powder. Collectively, quality differs by particle size,with 50-mesh powder showing the best overall properties, which provided a reference basis for further in-depth research on G. elata powder.

, authors=Miao ZHU*, Ruofei RAN, Xuqun XIA, Ying ZHU, Qingqing LIU, Gangfeng LI, authorsList=Miao ZHU, Ruofei RAN, Xuqun XIA, Ying ZHU, Qingqing LIU, Gangfeng LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Miao ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320175788104724975, articleId=1320175785537810911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同粒径德江天麻粉理化特性及体外消化特性研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同粒径德江天麻粉理化特性及体外消化特性的差异,本研究采用超微粉碎制备4种不同粒径的德江天麻粉体(50目、100目、200目、300目),并对其微观结构、理化特性、抗氧化活性及体外模拟胃肠消化过程进行研究,同时通过主成分分析确定最佳粒径。结果表明:粉碎处理主要改变了德江天麻粉体的物理形态特征,而未对其分子结构产生影响。粉体的休止角和滑角随粒径减小而增加,而堆密度、持水力和持油性则呈下降趋势;粒径为200目粉体的可溶性总糖含量(13.43%)显著高于其他粒径粉末(P<0.05),不同粒径粉体之间多酚含量没有显著性差异(P>0.05),粒径为50目粉体的黄酮含量(4.51%)和维生素C含量(4.50 mg/100 g)显著高于其他粒径粉末(P<0.05);粒径为100目粉体的抗氧化活性显著高于其他粒径粉末(P<0.05);在模拟体外胃肠消化过程中粒径为200目粉体的可溶性总糖及粒径为300目粉体的多酚释放量则显著高于其他粒径粉体(P<0.05)。基于主成分分析法得出50目德江天麻粉体的综合得分最高。综上,不同粒径德江天麻粉的品质各有不同,其中50目的综合品质最好,可为后续天麻粉的深入研究提供参考依据。

, authors=朱苗*, 冉若飞, 夏序群, 朱颖, 刘庆庆, 李刚凤, authorsList=朱苗, 冉若飞, 夏序群, 朱颖, 刘庆庆, 李刚凤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱苗, authorNote=

朱苗(1989−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:特色食品资源开发与利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱苗(1989−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:特色食品资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
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朱苗(1989−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:特色食品资源开发与利用,E-mail:

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Wuxi: Jiangnan University, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175804202463868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈元震. 超微粉碎对牛蒡粉特性及酚类物质肠道吸收的影响[D]. 舟山: 浙江海洋大学, 2022. [CHEN Yuanzhen. Effects of superfine grinding on properties of Arctium lappa L. powder and intestinal absorption of Arctium lappa L. polyphenols[D]. Zhoushan: Zhejiang Ocean University, 2022.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320175804286349949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Yuanzhen. Effects of superfine grinding on properties of Arctium lappa L. powder and intestinal absorption of Arctium lappa L. polyphenols[D]. Zhoushan: Zhejiang Ocean University, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320175788335411696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175788343800305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, companyId=1320175788335411696, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320175788352188914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, companyId=1320175788335411696, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=铜仁学院材料与化学工程学院,贵州铜仁 554300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320175791049126428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Scanning electron microscope images of different particle sizes of Dejiang G. elata powder, figureFileSmall=Q26Q3Wr/aurolln0WCu+YQ==, figureFileBig=jn8Wi1IEt/yIDrFIbU7BpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320175791133012509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同粒径德江天麻粉末扫描电镜图像

注:A~D分别为50、100、200、300目粉体,1~3依次为放大100×、500×、2000×。

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注:不同字母代表有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

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注:不同小写字母表示同一消化时间不同粒径之间的显著性差异,图5~图7同。

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Physical properties of Dejiang G. elata powder with different particle size

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理特性粒径
50目100目200目300目
休止角(°)0.37±0.10c0.44±0.04c0.72±0.04b1.03±0.11a
堆密度(g/mL)0.752±0.031a0.740±0.001a0.715±0.001b0.667±0.001c
滑角(°)41.33±0.58d52.33±1.53c58.67±1.53b77.67±3.06a
持水力(g/g)1.37±0.03a1.35±0.04a1.33±0.06a1.30±0.05a
持油性(g/g)0.20±0.01a0.19±0.01a0.16±0.01b0.16±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1320175794442318382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同粒径德江天麻粉体的物理特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理特性粒径
50目100目200目300目
休止角(°)0.37±0.10c0.44±0.04c0.72±0.04b1.03±0.11a
堆密度(g/mL)0.752±0.031a0.740±0.001a0.715±0.001b0.667±0.001c
滑角(°)41.33±0.58d52.33±1.53c58.67±1.53b77.67±3.06a
持水力(g/g)1.37±0.03a1.35±0.04a1.33±0.06a1.30±0.05a
持油性(g/g)0.20±0.01a0.19±0.01a0.16±0.01b0.16±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1320175794517815855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical characteristics of Dejiang G. elata powder with different particle size

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学特性粒径
50目100目200目300目
可溶性总糖(%)5.38±0.0003d6.59±0.0009c13.43±0.0016a9.26±0.0018b
多酚(%)1.21±0.0000a1.20±0.0001a1.20±0.0000a1.21±0.0002a
黄酮(%)4.51±0.0002a4.48±0.0003b4.43±0.0001c4.44±0.0001c
维生素C
(mg/100 g)
4.50±0.0590a2.66±0.1158b1.76±0.1356d2.12±0.1392c
), ArticleFig(id=1320175794714948144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同粒径德江天麻粉的化学特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学特性粒径
50目100目200目300目
可溶性总糖(%)5.38±0.0003d6.59±0.0009c13.43±0.0016a9.26±0.0018b
多酚(%)1.21±0.0000a1.20±0.0001a1.20±0.0000a1.21±0.0002a
黄酮(%)4.51±0.0002a4.48±0.0003b4.43±0.0001c4.44±0.0001c
维生素C
(mg/100 g)
4.50±0.0590a2.66±0.1158b1.76±0.1356d2.12±0.1392c
), ArticleFig(id=1320175794794639921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Eigenvalues and variance contribution rates

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主成分特征值贡献率(%)累计贡献率(%)
18.81358.75558.755
23.92526.16984.924
), ArticleFig(id=1320175794870137394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

特征值及方差贡献率

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主成分特征值贡献率(%)累计贡献率(%)
18.81358.75558.755
23.92526.16984.924
), ArticleFig(id=1320175795146961459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Principal component loading matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标成分
12
休止角−0.888−0.351
堆密度0.9270.237
滑角−0.97−0.206
持水力0.9390.32
持油性0.7230.688
可溶性总糖0.05−0.995
多酚−0.1260.424
黄酮0.6850.721
维生素C0.7020.588
DPPH−0.3870.879
羟自由基0.1780.214
胃可溶性总糖释放量0.936−0.272
肠可溶性总糖释放量−0.428−0.882
胃多酚释放量−0.8950.207
肠多酚释放量−0.9860.152
), ArticleFig(id=1320175795222458932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

主成分载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标成分
12
休止角−0.888−0.351
堆密度0.9270.237
滑角−0.97−0.206
持水力0.9390.32
持油性0.7230.688
可溶性总糖0.05−0.995
多酚−0.1260.424
黄酮0.6850.721
维生素C0.7020.588
DPPH−0.3870.879
羟自由基0.1780.214
胃可溶性总糖释放量0.936−0.272
肠可溶性总糖释放量−0.428−0.882
胃多酚释放量−0.8950.207
肠多酚释放量−0.9860.152
), ArticleFig(id=1320175795331510837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Principal component analysis score

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目F1F2综合得分得分排行
主成分得分系数0.6920.308
50目4.6103.1184.151
100目1.6212.3421.842
200目0.101−1.977−0.543
300目−4.2300.462−2.784
), ArticleFig(id=1320175795566391862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320175785537810911, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

主成分分析得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目F1F2综合得分得分排行
主成分得分系数0.6920.308
50目4.6103.1184.151
100目1.6212.3421.842
200目0.101−1.977−0.543
300目−4.2300.462−2.784
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不同粒径德江天麻粉理化特性及体外消化特性研究
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朱苗 * , 冉若飞 , 夏序群 , 朱颖 , 刘庆庆 , 李刚凤
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(12): 86-94
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (12) : 86 -94
不同粒径德江天麻粉理化特性及体外消化特性研究
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朱苗* , 冉若飞, 夏序群, 朱颖, 刘庆庆, 李刚凤
作者信息
  • 铜仁学院材料与化学工程学院,贵州铜仁 554300
通讯作者:
朱苗(1989−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:特色食品资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

朱苗(1989−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:特色食品资源开发与利用,E-mail:

Physicochemical Properties and in Vitro Digestibility of Dejiang Gastrodia elata Powder with Different Particle Sizes
Miao ZHU* , Ruofei RAN, Xuqun XIA, Ying ZHU, Qingqing LIU, Gangfeng LI
Affiliations
  • College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050310
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为探究不同粒径德江天麻粉理化特性及体外消化特性的差异,本研究采用超微粉碎制备4种不同粒径的德江天麻粉体(50目、100目、200目、300目),并对其微观结构、理化特性、抗氧化活性及体外模拟胃肠消化过程进行研究,同时通过主成分分析确定最佳粒径。结果表明:粉碎处理主要改变了德江天麻粉体的物理形态特征,而未对其分子结构产生影响。粉体的休止角和滑角随粒径减小而增加,而堆密度、持水力和持油性则呈下降趋势;粒径为200目粉体的可溶性总糖含量(13.43%)显著高于其他粒径粉末(P<0.05),不同粒径粉体之间多酚含量没有显著性差异(P>0.05),粒径为50目粉体的黄酮含量(4.51%)和维生素C含量(4.50 mg/100 g)显著高于其他粒径粉末(P<0.05);粒径为100目粉体的抗氧化活性显著高于其他粒径粉末(P<0.05);在模拟体外胃肠消化过程中粒径为200目粉体的可溶性总糖及粒径为300目粉体的多酚释放量则显著高于其他粒径粉体(P<0.05)。基于主成分分析法得出50目德江天麻粉体的综合得分最高。综上,不同粒径德江天麻粉的品质各有不同,其中50目的综合品质最好,可为后续天麻粉的深入研究提供参考依据。

天麻  /  不同粒径  /  理化特性  /  体外模拟胃肠消化  /  主成分分析

To explore how particle size affects the physicochemical and in vitro digestion properties of Dejiang Gastrodia elata powder, this study ultrafinely ground the material into four fractions (50, 100, 200, and 300 mesh). Their microstructure, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and in vitro digestion were examined, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the optimal grind size. The results showed that the grinding treatment mainly modified the physical morphology of Dejiang G.elata powder, while its molecular structure unchanged. The angle of repose and slip angle of the powder increased with decreasing particle size, whereas the bulk density, water-holding capacity, and oil-holding capacity decreased. The 200-mesh powder exhibited significantly higher soluble sugar content (13.43%) than the other particle sizes (P<0.05). Although no significant differences in polyphenol content were observed across particle sizes (P>0.05), the 50-mesh powder showed notably higher flavonoid (4.51%) and vitamin C (4.50 mg/100 g) contents (P<0.05), and the 100-mesh powder showed notably higher antioxidant capacity (P<0.05). During in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the 200-mesh powder exhibited significantly higher soluble sugar release, whereas the 300-mesh powder showed greater polyphenol release than the other particle sizes (P<0.05). PCA identified 50-mesh as the optimal particle size for Dejiang G. elata powder. Collectively, quality differs by particle size,with 50-mesh powder showing the best overall properties, which provided a reference basis for further in-depth research on G. elata powder.

Gastrodia elata  /  different particle sizes  /  physicochemical properties  /  in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion  /  principal component analysis
朱苗, 冉若飞, 夏序群, 朱颖, 刘庆庆, 李刚凤. 不同粒径德江天麻粉理化特性及体外消化特性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050310
Miao ZHU, Ruofei RAN, Xuqun XIA, Ying ZHU, Qingqing LIU, Gangfeng LI. Physicochemical Properties and in Vitro Digestibility of Dejiang Gastrodia elata Powder with Different Particle Sizes[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050310
天麻,兰科植物天麻(Gastrodia. elata. Bl.)的干燥块茎,富含天麻素、香荚兰素、天麻多糖、有机酸、巴利森苷类等活性成分[1],同时现代药理研究发现其具有改善心血管[2]、改善记忆[3]、调节神经系统[4]、降血糖[5]等作用。2023年正式被纳入“按照传统既是食品又是中药材的物质目录”,拓宽了天麻的应用范围,而德江天麻麻形饱满、质地紧密、有效成分含量高,于2007年获得国家地理标志登记保护。
目前天麻主要以粉末入药或食品,故提高天麻粉的品质变得尤为重要。而超微粉碎技术可以改善粉体的特性及粉体中活性成分的溶出,如罗晓莉等[6]用超微粉碎和普通粉碎对裂褶菌进行了处理,证明了超微粉碎能改善粉体的水合性质及营养成分的溶出,王若彤等[7]和Li等[8]将枇杷枝条和豆渣超微粉碎得到不同粒径的粉体,结果表明只有合适的粉体粒径才能最大限度地提高活性成分的溶出及增强疗效,而高翰博[9]则对不同粒径天麻粉饮片溶出的有效成分进行了分析,发现粒径对多糖类大分子成分溶出的影响高于对天麻素、对羟基苯甲醇等小分子成分。但目前对天麻粉理化特性及体外消化特性的影响却未见报道。
本研究采用机械粉碎与分级过筛得到不同粒径的德江天麻粉,对不同粒径德江天麻粉体的微观形态、理化性质、抗氧化性进行研究,通过建立模拟体外胃肠消化系统,考察其可溶性总糖和多酚在消化过程中的释放,并通过主成分分析确定不同粒径的德江天麻粉的最佳粒径,旨在为后续天麻粉的深入研究提供参考依据。
德江天麻(红天麻) 贵州德江县康奇药植开发有限责任公司;无水碳酸钠 分析纯,天津市光复科技发展有限公司;氢氧化钠 分析纯,成都金山化学试剂有限公司;无水亚硫酸钠 分析纯,天津市永大化学试剂有限公司;氯化钾 分析纯,天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司。
XQM-2立式行星式球磨机 长沙天创粉末技术有限公司;H1850高速台式离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;OLD-800A多功能粉碎机 揭阳空港区豪展五金制品厂;UPH-III-25TN优普系列超纯水机 四川优普超纯科技有限公司;VERTEX 70V傅里叶红外光谱仪 德国布鲁克公司;ZEM15扫描电子显微镜 安徽泽攸科技有限公司;SuperMax 3100多功能酶标仪 上海闪谱生物科技有限公司。
先将德江天麻原料置于多功能粉碎机中进行初步粉碎,经50目标准筛筛分后获得粗粉(50目)。随后将粗粉置于球磨机中,670 r/min研磨20 min,通过逐级研磨和筛分分别获得德江天麻超微粉体100、200、300目。
采用扫描电子显微镜对4种不同粒径的德江天麻粉进行微观形貌分析。将各样品固定在样品台上,在加速电压3.00 kV的条件下观察,选择100~2000倍的放大倍数。
精确称取50、100、200、300目四种规格的德江天麻粉样品,分别以粉末:溴化钾(1:100)比例进行均匀混合。将混合物置于研钵中研磨充分,使用压片机制成薄片。将制备好的样品片置于红外光谱仪的样品仓内,设置光谱采集参数:波数为4000~500 cm−1,累计扫描32次,光谱分辨率为4 cm−1。
将漏斗垂直固定,调节漏斗下端出口与下方水平放置的纸保持5 cm垂直距离。准确称量10 g德江天麻粉,缓慢倒入漏斗中,使粉体通过重力作用自由下落到纸面形成圆锥体,待完全静止后,测量圆锥体的直径(D)和高度(H)[10]。休止角计算如下:
$\rm \text{tan}\theta =\frac{2H}{D} $
式中:H指圆锥体的垂直高度(cm);D指圆锥体的最大直径(cm)。
准确称量干燥洁净量筒的初始质量(M1),取适量德江天麻粉末,通过漏斗以恒定速度倒入量筒,记录粉末所占体积(V)。再次称量装有粉末的量筒总质量(M2)[11]。堆密度计算如下:
$\rm \rho =\frac{{M}_{2}-{M}_{1}}{V} $
式中:ρ代表堆密度(g/mL);M1代表量筒的质量(g);M2代表量筒加粉末的质量(g);V代表粉末体积(mL)。
参考Zhang等[11]的方法,修改如下:准确称取4.00 g天麻粉,平铺在一块光滑玻璃板中部,缓慢调节平板倾斜度,当观察到有90%以上天麻粉滑动时,立即停止倾斜。此时,使用量角器准确测定平板表面和水平面之间的夹角,该角度值即为滑角。
准确称取样品2.0 g于离心管中,向其加入去离子水25 mL,在沸水中缓缓加热搅动10 min,期间不断用玻璃棒搅拌使其均匀受热,加热混匀后自动冷却至室温,3000 r/min离心15 min,离心完成后,将离心管倒置在试管架板上,静置,待水分完全滴干后精确称量[12]。
$\rm 持水力(\text{g/g})=\frac{{{m}}_{2}-{{m}}_{1}}{{m}_{1}} $
式中,m2:弃去上清液后样品质量,g;m1:离心前样品质量,g。
准确称取2.0 g样品,加入离心管中。操作过程同持水性操作。将上层游离油倾出后,精确称量[13]。
$\rm 持油性(\text{g/g})=\frac{{m}_{2}-{m}_{1}}{{m}_{1}} $
式中,m1:离心前样品质量,g;m2:弃去上清液后样品质量,g。
供试品溶液制备:参照程立君等[14]的方法并进行修改。精确称取1 g天麻粉样品于锥形瓶中,加入25 mL去离子水,35 ℃超声提取20 min,定容至100 mL后过滤。取滤液5 mL定容至50 mL作为供试样品溶液,分别测定可溶性总糖、多酚、黄酮和维生素C的含量。
参考徐如静等[15]的方法进行测定。取1 mg/mL葡萄糖液0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、 1.0、1.2 mL,分别加水至2.0 mL。再加入1 mL 5%苯酚溶液和5 mL浓硫酸,静置10 min,沸水浴反应15 min,冷却至室温,在490 nm处测量吸光度值。得到葡萄糖标准曲线为y=0.0297x+0.0266(R2=0.9901)。
参考Folinol比色法[16]进行测定。取1 mg/mL没食子酸标准溶液0.0、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6、1.8、2.0 mL,分别加蒸馏水5.0mL,混匀,加1 mol/L福氏试剂1.5 mL和7%碳酸钠3.0 mL,用水稀释至25 mL,30 ℃水浴加热 30 min,取出摇匀,在765 nm处测定吸光度值,得到没食子酸标准曲线为y=0.0059x+0.0115(R2= 0.9952)。
参考Chumroenphat等[17]的方法。取芦丁标准品10.00 mg,用60%乙醇溶解,定容至50 mL得质量浓度为0.2 mg/mL芦丁标准储备液。取上述标准储备液0、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0 mL于25 mL容量瓶中,加入50 mg/mL NaNO2溶液0.7 mL,摇匀放置6 min,加入100 mg/mL Al(NO3)3溶液0.7 mL,摇匀放置6 min,加入1 mol/L NaOH溶液5 mL,60%乙醇定容至刻度,摇匀放置,显色15min,于510 nm处测吸光度,得到芦丁标准曲线为y=0.0477x+0.0418(R2=0.9917)。
参照GB 5009.86-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中抗坏血酸的测定》中2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法。
准确移取2.0 mL待测溶液,加入2.0 mL 0.1 mmol/L DPPH-无水乙醇溶液,混匀后避光静置25 min于517 nm波长处测定吸光度值(A1)。另取2.0 mL待测液与2.0 mL无水乙醇混合,在相同条件下测定吸光度(A2)。空白对照组:将2.0 mL 0.04 g/L DPPH-无水乙醇溶液与2.0 mL无水乙醇混匀,同法测定吸光度(A0)[18]。计算公式如下:
$ \rm{D}PPH自由基清除率(\text{%})=1-\frac{(A_1-A_2)}{A_0}\times100 $
式中:A0表示DPPH-乙醇溶液的吸光度;A1表示样品和DPPH-乙醇溶液的吸光度;A2表示样品-乙醇溶液的吸光度。
准确移取1.0 mL待测样品,依次加入1 mL 9 mmol/L FeSO4溶液和1 mL 9 mmol/L H2O2溶液,充分混匀后室温反应10 min。向上述混合液中加入1 mL 9 mmol/L水杨酸-乙醇溶液,混匀后置于37 ℃恒温水浴中反应30 min,反应完成后取出冷却至室温,以3000 r/min离心20 min[19]。取上清液于510 nm波长处测定吸光度,计算公式如式(6):
$\rm 羟自由基清除率(\text{%})=\frac{{A}_{0}-({A}_{1}-{A}_{2})}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A0指空白对照组的吸光度;A1指样品组吸光度;A2指样品对照组的吸光度(水代替水杨酸)。
参考杨明琛等[20]的方法稍作修改。模拟胃消化液:准确称取氯化钠3.10 g、氯化钙0.17 g、氯化钾1.12 g及碳酸氢钠0.60 g,用超纯水溶解后定容至1000 mL。使用1 mol/L盐酸溶液调节pH至2.0后,加入1.60 g胃蛋白酶,充分溶解后静置过夜备用。取制备好的胃消化液100 mL,加入0.20 g不同粒径的天麻粉样品。将混合液置于37 ℃恒温振荡水浴箱中,在50 r/min条件下进行避光消化反应。分别在反应起始(0 min)及反应30、60、90、120 min时取样3 mL,立即于沸水浴中处理2 min以使酶失活,待后续测定。
参考洪晴悦[21]的方法稍作修改。模拟肠道消化液:准确称量氯化钠0.54 g、氯化钙0.35 g、氯化钾0.66 g,使用超纯水溶解后定容至1000 mL。采用1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至中性(7.0)后,加入0.41 g胰蛋白酶,充分溶解后即得肠道消化液。取经胃消化60 min的样品3 mL,与50 mL新配制的肠道消化液混合。将混合液置于恒温振荡水浴器中,在37 ℃,50 r/min条件下进行避光孵育。分别在孵育起始(0 min)及30、60、90、120 min时取样3 mL,立即置于沸水浴中处理2 min以终止酶反应,待后续测定。
根据“1.2.4.1可溶性总糖含量测定”和“1.2.4.2多酚含量测定”进行测定。
分别对15个指标的数据进行标准化处理,采用SPSS19.0软件进行数据分析,得出相关特征值、方差贡献率、主成分载荷矩阵和各主成分得分。将各主成分得分与相应的权重进行计算,得出不同粒径德江天麻粉综合得分[22]。
所有实验数据均通过三次独立重复测定获得,结果以“平均值±标准偏差”的形式呈现。采用Excel整理数据、Origin 21进行作图,同时运用SPSS 19.0 软件进行方差分析,P<0.05表示数据存在统计学显著性差异。
如图1所示,德江天麻粒径为50目和100目粉体颗粒尺寸较大,多呈不规则块状,粒径分布不均匀,粉末特性较为完整。随着粒径的减小,颗粒开始出现一定范围的团聚现象,如50目粉末呈现出轻微团聚现象,而粒径为300目粉末聚集明显。超微粉的表面与粗粉差别很大,表面片层结构几乎消失,原有的组织结构被破坏,变成了絮绒状结构,表面积增大,表面变得疏松多孔,内部结构暴露,分子间吸附性增强,出现团聚现象[23]。已有研究表明粉碎处理在一定程度上破坏粉体的表面结构,进而影响粉体的物理化学性质[24]。
从图2可以看出,经过超微粉碎处理后,不同粒径的德江天麻粉在峰位置和峰形状上呈现出较高的一致性。在波长为3380 cm−1处产生的吸收峰与纤维素衍生的酚和醇有关;在波数为2930 cm−1处产生的吸收峰源于-CH2或-CH3上C-H的伸缩振动[25];在波长为1641 cm−1处产生的吸收峰是由酯化的C=O的非对称伸缩振动所产生的[26];在波长为1418 cm−1处产生的吸收峰是-CH2和-CH对称弯曲振动引起的[27];在波长为1020 cm−1处出现的吸收峰是由于纤维素和半纤维素中C-O的伸缩振动以及O-H的变角振动形成的糖环C-O-C和C-O-H所致[28]。超微粉碎并没有改变主要的特征峰,说明超微粉碎对德江天麻粉中的官能团没有明显影响,也没有改变粉体的分子结构。
表1数据显示,随着德江天麻粉体粒径逐渐减小,其休止角呈现持续增大的变化规律,粒径为300目粉体休止角最大,为1.03°。且粒径为50目和100目粉体与粒径为200目和300目之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),原因可能是随着粉体粒径的减小,粉体的比表面积增大,粉体颗粒间相互作用更强,使得粉体流动性变差,从而导致休止角变大[29]。德江天麻粉体粒径不断减小,堆密度也呈现出不断减小的趋势,且粒径为50目和100目粉体与粒径为200目和300目之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。德江天麻粉体粒径不断减小,堆密度不断减小的原因可能是粒径变小,粉体表面积逐渐变大,粉体表面静电力增强,黏着力增大,导致摩擦力增大,从而阻碍了粉体的堆积,故堆密度减小,流动性变弱[30]。德江天麻粉体的滑角随着粒径减小而不断增加,从粒径为50目粉体滑角41.33°增大到粒径为300目粉体滑角77.67°,并且不同粒径粉体之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。随着粉体粒径持续减小,物料滑角增大,粉体之间吸附力和凝聚性增强,相应的粉体流动性就会变差。这可能是由于随着粉体粒径的不断减小,粉体的比表面积增大,粉体颗粒间的相互作用力和静电引力增加,产生颗粒附着、聚合现象,从而增加了粉体与玻璃板之间的摩擦力,导致其流动性下降[31]。
持水力与持油性是样品受到外部离心力或压力时保持水分、油的能力[32]。由表1可知,随着德江天麻粉体粒径不断减小,持水力和持油性不断减小,并且不同粒径粉体之间持水力没有显著性差异(P>0.05),粒径为50目和100目粉体与粒径为200目和300目粉体之间持油性存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。这可能是由于超微粉碎的作用力破坏了细胞结构,细胞破损比例增加,使其对水分和油脂的束缚变小,导致粉体的持水力和持油性下降[33]。
如表2所示,随着德江天麻粉体粒径不断减小,可溶性总糖含量先升高后降低,粒径为200目粉体可溶性总糖含量最高,为13.43%,并且与其他粒径粉体有显著性差异(P<0.05)。这可能是由于超微粉碎破坏了天麻细胞壁,从而增加了提取溶剂与德江天麻粉体的接触面积,促进了可溶性总糖的溶出。而随着粒径进一步减小导致德江天麻细胞结构遭严重破坏,可溶性总糖含量有所降低[34]。
随着德江天麻粉体粒径不断减小,多酚含量先降低后升高,且不同粒径粉体之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05),这可能是因为部分多酚与细胞壁多糖或蛋白质结合,需特定条件(如酸/酶解)释放,单纯物理粉碎难以显著提高游离多酚含量。这与李家祺等[35]的研究结果相似,超微粉碎对椰粕中多酚的溶出率无显著性差异。
实验数据显示,德江天麻粉体在50~300目粒径区间内,其黄酮含量呈现出先降低后升高的变化特征,其中粒径为50目的德江天麻粉体黄酮含量最高,其含量为4.51%,并且与其他粒径粉体有显著性差异(P<0.05)。这可能是由于超微粉碎时受到剧烈作用力的时间较长,颗粒之间摩擦时间变长而导致温度变高,黄酮物质易受热分解,故含量降低[36]。
不同粒径德江天麻粉体的维生素C含量如表2所示。随着德江天麻粉体粒径不断减小,维生素C含量先降低后升高,其中粒径为50目粉体维生素C含量最高,为4.50 mg/100 g,并且与其他粒径粉体之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。这可能是由于剧烈的粉碎过程对细胞膜和细胞结构的破坏作用,会使细胞中成分的溶出率增高,对于维生素而言可能加速氧化破坏的作用强于增加溶出率的作用,故其含量随着粒径的减小而有所下降[37]。
图3显示了不同粒径德江天麻粉的抗氧化活性测定结果。实验结果表明,经过超微粉碎处理后,各粒径样品均表现出对DPPH和羟自由基有一定的清除能力,随着德江天麻粉体粒径不断减小,对DPPH自由基清除能力先升高后降低,随后又有所升高。其中粒径为100目粉体对DPPH自由基清除能力最强,为41.22%;对羟自由基清除能力先升高后降低,其中粒径为100目粉体对羟自由基清除能力最强,为73.5%。综合不同粒径粉体对DPPH自由基以及羟自由基的清除能力,认为粒径为100目粉体抗氧化活性相对较高,且与其他粒径间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。天麻经过粉碎后,其有效成分如天麻素、巴利森苷等成分溶出量增加[38],其体外自由基清除能力提高,而当粒径太小,这些活性物质在粉碎过程中易被氧化,结构受到破坏,导致抗氧化活性降低。
图4显示了不同粒径的德江天麻粉在模拟胃部消化液中可溶性总糖的溶出情况。在0~120 min内,随着体外胃部消化模拟时间的延长,50目粉体的可溶性总糖溶出量先增加后下降,再逐渐增加后降低,而粒径为100、200和300目粉体表现出先升高后降低的特征,表明100、200和300目粉体在消化液中可溶性总糖前期溶出快,随着消化时间的延长,释放出的可溶性总糖被胃液持续分解,导致可溶性总糖溶出量逐渐减少。从整体溶出规律上看,粒径为200目粉体的可溶性总糖溶出量较其他粒径高,这一现象说明,德江天麻粉体的粒径大小会影响其在胃部消化时可溶性总糖的溶出效率,其中粒径为200目粉体的模拟胃部消化效果最佳,并且与其他粒径粉体之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。
图5反映了不同粒径的德江天麻粉在模拟肠道消化过程中可溶性总糖的溶出情况。在0~120 min的消化时间内,各粒径样品的可溶性总糖溶出量随消化时间延长呈现出不一样的变化趋势。其中,粒径为200目,可溶性总糖含量呈现升高趋势,粒径300目粉体的可溶性总糖含量先降低后升高,粒径为100目粉体呈现出先升高后降低。从整体看,其中粒径为200目粉体的可溶性总糖溶出量最高,这一结果与前期模拟胃部消化实验中溶出结果一致,并且与其他粒径粉体之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。实验结果表明粉体的粒径大小与体外模拟胃肠道消化过程中活性物质的释放有关,寇福兵[39]对板栗粉研究表明,在胃肠消化过程中超微粉碎技术可以较好地将板栗粉中的活性成分释放,从而被人体吸收,本实验结果与之一致。
图6展示了不同粒径的德江天麻粉在模拟胃部消化液环境下多酚物质的释放规律。在0~120 min的消化过程中,不同粒径样品的多酚溶出量呈现出相似的变化规律。从整体溶出规律上看,以粒径为300目粉体的多酚溶出量最高,且显著高于其他粒径粉体(P<0.05),这可能是超微粉碎过程破坏了粉体细胞壁屏障,使酚类物质暴露,提高了颗粒与胃液的混合效率[40]。
图7呈现了不同粒径的德江天麻粉在模拟肠道消化时多酚的释放情况。在0~120 min的消化过程中,随着模拟时间的延长,各粒径天麻粉的多酚释放规律整体呈下降趋势;从整体溶出规律上看,多酚的释放量都随粒径减小而增大,以粒径为300目粉体的多酚溶出量较其他粒径的粉体高,这与陈元震[41]的研究结果一致,在肠期消化过渡过程中,牛蒡粉末中酚类物质的释放量均显著降低,且随着粒径的减小,酚类物质的溶出量会增加。实验结果表明,德江天麻粉的粒径大小会影响其在模拟肠道消化液环境中多酚的溶出量,以粒径为300目粉体在模拟肠道消化中展现出理想的溶出特性,并且与其他粒径粉体之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。
由表3可知,选取特征值大于1的成分为主成分,可知有2个主成分,并且这2个主成分的方差累计贡献率达84.924%,所以提取2个主成分(F1、F2)代表原来的15个指标评价4种不同粒径德江天麻粉体的综合情况。
如表4所示,根据主成分载荷矩阵,可以观察到各指标变量在不同主成分上的载荷值。其中,第一主成分因子中持水力(0.939)的载荷较大,所以第一主成分以持水力影响为主,负向载荷最大的是肠多酚释放量(−0.986)和滑角(−0.97),说明第一主成分与持水力呈正相关关系,与肠多酚释放量和滑角呈负相关关系。第二主成分因子中DPPH含量(0.879)的载荷较大,所以第二主成分以DPPH含量影响为主,负向载荷最大的是可溶性总糖(−0.995)和肠可溶性总糖释放量(−0.882),说明第二主成分与DPPH含量呈正相关关系,与可溶性总糖和肠可溶性总糖释放量呈负相关关系。这两个主成分因子内包含了大部分评价德江天麻粉体的指标,因此可以综合以上两个主成分来评价4种不同粒径德江天麻粉体的综合情况。
设2个主成分得分依次为Y1、Y2,X1~X15分别为休止角、堆密度、滑角、持水力、持油性、可溶性总糖、多酚、黄酮、维生素C、DPPH、羟自由基、胃可溶性总糖释放量、肠可溶性总糖释放量、胃多酚释放量、肠多酚释放量的标准化值。以主成分载荷矩阵为权重构建2个主成分的得分表达式:
Y1=−0.888X1+0.927X2−0.97X3+0.939X4+0.723X5+0.05X6−0.126X7+0.685X8+0.702X9−0.387X10+0.178X11+0.936X12−0.428X13−0.895X14−0.986X15
Y2=−0.351X1+0.237X2−0.206X3+0.32X4+0.688X5−0.995X6+0.424X7+0.721X8+0.588X9+0.8797X10+0.214X11−0.272X12−0.882X13+0.207X14+0.152X15
各粒径综合得分=0.692Y1+0.308Y2。如表5所示,可以观察到各粉体在2个综合因子方面的综合得分及排行。综合得分排名为50目>100目>200目>300目,综合得分最高的是50目粉体,为4.15。综合分析,确定不同粒径德江天麻粉体的最佳粒径为50目。
不同粒径对德江天麻粉体的理化特性、抗氧化能力及模拟体外胃肠消化特性有一定影响。超微粉碎过程只破坏了粉体的表面结构而未改变分子结构;随着粒径的减小,德江天麻粉体的堆密度、持水力和持油性不断下降,休止角和滑角不断增加;200目粉体的可溶性总糖含量显著高于其他粒径粉末,50目粉体的黄酮含量和维生素C含量均高于其他粒径粉末,各粉体间多酚含量无显著性差异;100目粉体抗氧化活性显著高于其他粒径粉末;粒径为200目和300目粉体在模拟体外胃肠消化过程中可溶性总糖和多酚的释放量较其他粒径粉体高。基于主成分分析,50目粉体综合得分最高,为4.15,确定不同粒径德江天麻粉体的最佳粒径为50目。本研究进一步验证了适当粉碎处理能改善粉体的品质,后续将构建氧化应激或代谢综合征小鼠模型以研究不同粒径天麻粉体对抗氧化、抗炎等功效的影响。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050310
  • 接收时间:2025-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-29
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    铜仁学院材料与化学工程学院,贵州铜仁 554300

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朱苗(1989−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:特色食品资源开发与利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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