Article(id=1320884534833431526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050306, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748448000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853013952, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853013952, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853013952, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853013952, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=273, endPage=284, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884535148004327, articleId=1320884534833431526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Ethanol-tolerant Enzyme Preparation and One-step Efficient Extraction of Saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium Leaves, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the current issues of high consumption of organic solvent and prolonged extraction time inherent in the two-step method involving enzymes and ultrasound for efficient extraction of saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium leaves. A specific strain of black aspergillus fungus from humus soil was selectively isolated in this study. Based on the ethanol tolerance characteristics of the mixed enzymes obtained after fermentation, a one-step method using ultrasonication-enzyme-ethanol extraction process for saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium leaves was designed and compared with the ultrasonication-assisted enzymatic extraction (two-step method). The optimized conditions through single factor and response surface experiments were employed to analyze samples using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to characterize and analyze the structural features of the Xanthoceras sorbifolium leaf residue. As a results, the ethanol-tolerant cellulase mixed enzyme secreted by this strain, exhibiting an endoglucanase activity of 254±0.05 U/mL, which was demonstrated remarkable stability in 40% ethanol, with relative enzyme activities of β-glucosidase and xylanase retained at 78.67%±0.25% and 55.34%±4.00%, respectively. Importantly, the mixed enzyme does not contain ochratoxin, ensuring high safety. Under optimal conditions (ultrasonic temperature 55 ℃, power 300 W, ethanol concentration 40%, time 30 min) with mixed enzyme as a solution and anhydrous ethanol as a solvent, the response surface experiments revealed that saponin yield reached 14.98%±0.08%, representing a 101.89% increase compared to ultrasonic ethanol extraction (7.42%±0.23%). Furthermore, ethanol consumption was reduced by 30% relative to the two-step method, while saponin yield improved by 59% (9.42%±0.04%). UPLC-Q-TOF MS analysis confirmed that the saponin composition unchanged remained from one-step method and showing a significant increase in content compared to the two step method. Besides, SEM, FT-IR and XRD further confirmed the effectiveness of one-step method, inducing more substantial material degradation than the two-step method, more pronounced disruption of O-H, C=C and C-O-C bonds and complete degradation of amorphous regions. This one-step method combined the advantages of high saponin yield, low solvent consumption, mild operating conditions, and environmental friendliness, providing a novel solution for the green and efficient extraction of saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium leaves and offering valuable insight for the extraction of other natural active compounds.

, authors=Huan LONG1, Rui GUO1, Jiahong WANG1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Huan LONG, Rui GUO, Jiahong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiahong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884542001496081, articleId=1320884534833431526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=耐乙醇酶制备及一步法高效提取文冠果叶皂苷, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决目前使用酶和超声两步法提取存在有机试剂消耗量高和提取时间长的问题,实现文冠果叶皂苷高效提取,本研究从腐殖土壤中定向筛选耐乙醇的产酶菌株,根据其发酵后获得混合酶的耐乙醇特性,设计一步超声-酶-乙醇提取文冠果叶皂苷工艺并与超声辅助酶解提取(两步法)进行比较。通过单因素及响应面试验优化条件,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)、环境扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)和X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)表征和解析了文冠果叶残渣的结构特征。结果表明,黑曲霉Aspergillus niger 42发酵的混合酶耐乙醇效果最佳,其分泌的耐乙醇纤维素混合酶(内切葡聚糖酶酶活254±0.05 U/mL)在40%乙醇中稳定性显著(P<0.001)(β-葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶相对酶活分别保留78.67%±0.25%和55.34%±4.00%),且不产生赭曲霉毒素,安全性高。响应面试验显示,以混合酶作为溶液,无水乙醇作为溶质,在最优条件下(超声温度55 ℃、功率300 W、乙醇浓度40%、时间30 min),皂苷得率达14.98%±0.08%,较超声乙醇提取(7.42%±0.23%)提升101.89%,且乙醇用量较两步法减少30%,皂苷得率提高59%(9.42%±0.04%)。UPLC-Q-TOF MS证实一步法提取物的皂苷组成未变且较两步法含量显著增加。SEM、FT-IR和XRD结果分析表明,一步法较两步法处理对原料表观结构的破坏更大,对结构中的O-H、C=C和C-O-C等化学键被破坏更明显且无定形区被充分降解,该一步法兼具皂苷得率高、溶剂消耗低、操作条件温和及环境友好等优势,为文冠果叶皂苷的绿色高效提取提供了新解决方案,对其他天然活性物质的提取提供借鉴。

, authors=龙欢1, 郭锐1, 王佳宏1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=龙欢, 郭锐, 王佳宏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王佳宏, authorNote=

龙欢(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:森林食品资源深加工与利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王佳宏(1974−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:林特产品贮藏与加工利用,E-mail:。
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龙欢(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:森林食品资源深加工与利用,E-mail:

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Chemistry & Bioengineering, 2023, 40(10): 30−33., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884555943362688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG B, ZHOU X, LIU W, et al. Construction of Clostridium tyrobutyricum strain and ionic membrane technology combination pattern for refinery final molasses recovery and butyric acid production[J]. 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Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2015, 93: 29−38., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884556073386114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN H, ZHAO C, LI J, et al. Effects of extrusion on structural and physicochemical properties of soluble dietary fiber from nodes of lotus root[J]. Lwt-Food Science and Technology, 2018, 93: 204−211., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884556140494979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG W, ZENG G, PAN Y, et al. Properties of soluble dietary fiber-polysaccharide from papaya peel obtained through alkaline or ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2017, 172: 102−112., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884556199215236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ELSHEEKH M M, BEDAIWY M Y, ELNAGAR A A, et al. Saccharification of pre-treated wheat straw via optimized enzymatic production using Aspergillus niger: chemical analysis of lignocellulosic matrix[J]. Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 2023, 41(4): 309−321., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884556257935493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG H, HORIKAWA Y, TSUCHIKAWA S, et al. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy as a novel tool for crystallographic analysis in cellulose[J]. Cellulose, 2020, 27: 9767−9777., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884556320850054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Y, LIU X, CUI Y, et al. Ultrasound for microalgal cell disruption and product extraction: A review[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2022, 87: 106054., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884542194434066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884542202822675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, companyId=1320884542194434066, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1National Key Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884542215405588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, companyId=1320884542194434066, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京林业大学森林食物资源挖掘与利用全国重点实验室,江苏南京 210037)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884542278320149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884542282514454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, companyId=1320884542278320149, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Co-innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884542290903063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, companyId=1320884542278320149, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南京林业大学南方现代林业协同创新中心,江苏南京 210037)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884542345429016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884542349623321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, companyId=1320884542345429016, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Co-innovation Center of Efficient Procession of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884542358011930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, companyId=1320884542345429016, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3南京林业大学森林资源高效利用协同创新中心,江苏南京 210037)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884543872155704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Characterisation of ethanol resistance of enzymes produced by fermentation of 20 strains of bacteria in the second round of screening, figureFileSmall=xokzwgGiHnXjmwLeesADBQ==, figureFileBig=dnt32QLAuvbURqautwbRRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884543943458873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=图1, caption=第二轮筛选20株菌发酵产酶的耐乙醇特性研究

注:A. 内切葡聚糖酶;B. 滤纸酶;C. 木聚糖酶;D. β-葡萄苷酶;不同小写字母表示菌株间差异显著(P<0.001)。

, figureFileSmall=xokzwgGiHnXjmwLeesADBQ==, figureFileBig=dnt32QLAuvbURqautwbRRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884545688289338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Phylogenetic tree of strain 42, figureFileSmall=CozSNpogWsi8/P1SfqdQ1g==, figureFileBig=tjtG+N7aKPghhq3tF07qbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884545772175419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株42的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=CozSNpogWsi8/P1SfqdQ1g==, figureFileBig=tjtG+N7aKPghhq3tF07qbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884545835089980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Optimum temperature and pH of enzyme cocktails, figureFileSmall=qynbCti9ViROC4auvhbYNg==, figureFileBig=erLEiOvQP6q0McnaHnj3CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884545927364669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=图3, caption=混合酶的最适温度与pH

注:A为最适温度;B为最适pH。

, figureFileSmall=qynbCti9ViROC4auvhbYNg==, figureFileBig=erLEiOvQP6q0McnaHnj3CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884545986084926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Characterisation of ethanol resistance of enzyme cocktails, figureFileSmall=5RCFY73uGPw6anDdnj9C6A==, figureFileBig=FT7iKOO42AAyLge3OypGJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884546053193791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=图4, caption=混合酶耐乙醇特性研究

注:A为10%~60%乙醇处理30 min;B为10%~60%乙醇处理90 min;C为10%~60%乙醇处理150 min。

, figureFileSmall=5RCFY73uGPw6anDdnj9C6A==, figureFileBig=FT7iKOO42AAyLge3OypGJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884546111914048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Enzyme activities before and after one-step ultrasonic extraction with different concentrations of ethanol, figureFileSmall=PClfssGXU3SQOQeI91nbuA==, figureFileBig=EF6c8r1GUZHulRyPF9ekIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884546204188737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同浓度乙醇一步法超声提取前后的酶活

注:A. 滤纸酶活力;B. β-葡萄糖苷酶活力;C. 内切葡聚糖酶活力;D. 木聚糖酶活力;不同大写字母表示组内有显著性差异,P<0.01,不同小写字母表示组间差异显著,P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=PClfssGXU3SQOQeI91nbuA==, figureFileBig=EF6c8r1GUZHulRyPF9ekIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884546430681154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of extraction conditions on the extraction rate of saponins, figureFileSmall=d6GBoVqFRNp0/WpDEdrJbQ==, figureFileBig=lghEVxn13/m25GZeStpQBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884546510372931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=图6, caption=提取条件对皂苷得率的影响

注:A. 乙醇浓度与超声时间;B. 超声功率与超声温度;不同字母表示有显著性差异,P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=d6GBoVqFRNp0/WpDEdrJbQ==, figureFileBig=lghEVxn13/m25GZeStpQBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884546606841924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Response surface 3D plots presenting the significant interactive effect of extraction variables to the saponin yield, figureFileSmall=/VkCQLuNxHXlkqvCw42UqQ==, figureFileBig=eTz2/2zNXSe2/qZeTo56nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884546900443205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=图7, caption=提取变量对皂苷得率的显著交互作用响应面图, figureFileSmall=/VkCQLuNxHXlkqvCw42UqQ==, figureFileBig=eTz2/2zNXSe2/qZeTo56nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884547005300806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Scanning electron micrographs of Xanthoceras sorbifolium leaves after extraction by different methods (50 μm), figureFileSmall=pZvISRE5jel+Nm58jLGfMA==, figureFileBig=ctB9HZzKcg3kN3u5xKpnXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884547332456519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同方法提取后的文冠果叶的扫描电镜图(50 μm)

注:a. 对照(未经任何处理的文冠果叶);b. 超声乙醇提取样品;c. 两步法提取样品;d. 一步法提取样品。

, figureFileSmall=pZvISRE5jel+Nm58jLGfMA==, figureFileBig=ctB9HZzKcg3kN3u5xKpnXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884547391176776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=FT-IR plots of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge leaves extracted by different methods, figureFileSmall=JxfVU3TbTrSUYjykOOJHGg==, figureFileBig=r4hMmd52SqZ6P1gUn3a0Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884547454091337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同提取方法的文冠果叶FT-IR图

注:CK为对照(未经任何处理的文冠果叶),UE为经超声乙醇提取,UME为两步法提取样品,MUE为一步法提取样品。

, figureFileSmall=JxfVU3TbTrSUYjykOOJHGg==, figureFileBig=r4hMmd52SqZ6P1gUn3a0Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884547701555274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=X-ray diffraction of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge leaves after different treatments, figureFileSmall=Vovr2aArvIUFyWvM977TLQ==, figureFileBig=0r86NSasT1QJU6VNr32x8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884547768664139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同处理后的文冠果叶的X射线衍射图

注:CK为对照(未经任何处理的文冠果叶),UE为超声乙醇提取样品,UME为两步法,MUE为一步法提取样品;峰1:C20O12H32,峰2:C52O8H80,峰3:C16H28O8,峰4:C54H60O8。

, figureFileSmall=Vovr2aArvIUFyWvM977TLQ==, figureFileBig=0r86NSasT1QJU6VNr32x8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884547827384396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Box-Behnken test factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A
超声温度(℃)
B
超声功率(W)
C
乙醇浓度(%)
15024030
05530040
−16036050
), ArticleFig(id=1320884547894493261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验设计因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A
超声温度(℃)
B
超声功率(W)
C
乙醇浓度(%)
15024030
05530040
−16036050
), ArticleFig(id=1320884547969990734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

20 Fungal strains with high yields of cellulase and hemicellulase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株CMC(U/mL)FPA(U/mL)BG(U/mL)Xyl*(U/mL)
B426.37±5.99i202.93±3.88e23.10±3.22a100.98±6.27o
B6162.32±5.04c166.27±1.35f6.78±0.72c487.75±5.93b
D6139.07±5.83f34.94±4.31mn8.43±0.92c402. 62±5.60e
D15188.98±8.82ab23.10±0.66p7.45±0.67d189.37±7.30j
D17116.33±7.61g37.56±2.58im14.06±0.82b141.96±4.16m
D13141.86±6.86ef24.85±3.69o2.42±0.09d163.86±2.24k
D4146.80±9.57de57.78±0.65k6.73±1.21c155.29±6.73kl
D43200.88±3.21a65.53±4.46k2.46±0.45d290.73±5.72g
2130.82±1.66f43.53±6.89i15.41±1.70b423.95±7.25d
11146.53±6.67de27.13±2.64no15.72±0.43b444.90±6.93c
14104.67±8.69g27.89±3.31no15.41±0.73b438.58±8.54c
16157.17±6.23cd366.08±1.82c2.66±0.29d578.24±0.94a
17129.47±8.35f20.95±1.18o14.53±2.10b145.47±5.11lm
22178.26±9.59b67.07±0.58j2.92±0.34d278.10±6.88h
41178.03±8.20cde427.91±2.16b2.08±0.22d486.54±1.57b
42149.74±3.55de496.26±2.72a2.59±0.44d228.01±5.48i
S6112.32±6.10g349.77±2.25d3.32±1.81d60.96±2.70n
9613.16±7.53j156.51±4.31g8.74±2.43c104.03±6.27n
B2249.19±5.60h99.70±7.20h1.93±0.03d386.27±3.63f
5556.06±1.39de129.92±1.42i8.09±1. 60d163.70±7.53k
), ArticleFig(id=1320884548133568591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

20株高产纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的真菌菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株CMC(U/mL)FPA(U/mL)BG(U/mL)Xyl*(U/mL)
B426.37±5.99i202.93±3.88e23.10±3.22a100.98±6.27o
B6162.32±5.04c166.27±1.35f6.78±0.72c487.75±5.93b
D6139.07±5.83f34.94±4.31mn8.43±0.92c402. 62±5.60e
D15188.98±8.82ab23.10±0.66p7.45±0.67d189.37±7.30j
D17116.33±7.61g37.56±2.58im14.06±0.82b141.96±4.16m
D13141.86±6.86ef24.85±3.69o2.42±0.09d163.86±2.24k
D4146.80±9.57de57.78±0.65k6.73±1.21c155.29±6.73kl
D43200.88±3.21a65.53±4.46k2.46±0.45d290.73±5.72g
2130.82±1.66f43.53±6.89i15.41±1.70b423.95±7.25d
11146.53±6.67de27.13±2.64no15.72±0.43b444.90±6.93c
14104.67±8.69g27.89±3.31no15.41±0.73b438.58±8.54c
16157.17±6.23cd366.08±1.82c2.66±0.29d578.24±0.94a
17129.47±8.35f20.95±1.18o14.53±2.10b145.47±5.11lm
22178.26±9.59b67.07±0.58j2.92±0.34d278.10±6.88h
41178.03±8.20cde427.91±2.16b2.08±0.22d486.54±1.57b
42149.74±3.55de496.26±2.72a2.59±0.44d228.01±5.48i
S6112.32±6.10g349.77±2.25d3.32±1.81d60.96±2.70n
9613.16±7.53j156.51±4.31g8.74±2.43c104.03±6.27n
B2249.19±5.60h99.70±7.20h1.93±0.03d386.27±3.63f
5556.06±1.39de129.92±1.42i8.09±1. 60d163.70±7.53k
), ArticleFig(id=1320884548548804688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Box-Behken design and experimental results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号温度(℃)超声功率(W)乙醇浓度(%)皂苷得率(%)
1553004014.71±0.16
2553004014.98±0.38
3553004013.97±0.26
4503003010.04±0.10
560360409.38±0.23
660240408.24±0.10
7553004015.69±0.27
8503005010.78±0.19
955360508.94±0.28
1060300309.90±0.04
11553603010.43±0.24
12503604010.68±0.17
1360300509.54±0.27
14553004015.48±0.34
1555240307.32±0.03
1650240409.07±0.30
1755240509.42±0.26
), ArticleFig(id=1320884550251692113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号温度(℃)超声功率(W)乙醇浓度(%)皂苷得率(%)
1553004014.71±0.16
2553004014.98±0.38
3553004013.97±0.26
4503003010.04±0.10
560360409.38±0.23
660240408.24±0.10
7553004015.69±0.27
8503005010.78±0.19
955360508.94±0.28
1060300309.90±0.04
11553603010.43±0.24
12503604010.68±0.17
1360300509.54±0.27
14553004015.48±0.34
1555240307.32±0.03
1650240409.07±0.30
1755240509.42±0.26
), ArticleFig(id=1320884550364938322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of saponin extraction yield

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型117.41913.0547.44˂0.0001**
A1.5411.545.600.0498*
B3.6113.6113.150.0084**
C0.1210.120.440.5258
AB0.0510.050.200.6675
AC0.3010.301.100.3291
BC3.2213.2211.710.0110*
A²22.13122.1380.50˂0.0001**
B²46.70146.70169.84˂0.0001**
C²28.63128.63104.14˂0.0001**
残差1.9270.27
失拟项0.0730.020.050.9798不显著
纯误差1.8540.46
总和119.3416
R20.9839
R2Adj0.9631
), ArticleFig(id=1320884550633373779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

皂苷提取得率的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型117.41913.0547.44˂0.0001**
A1.5411.545.600.0498*
B3.6113.6113.150.0084**
C0.1210.120.440.5258
AB0.0510.050.200.6675
AC0.3010.301.100.3291
BC3.2213.2211.710.0110*
A²22.13122.1380.50˂0.0001**
B²46.70146.70169.84˂0.0001**
C²28.63128.63104.14˂0.0001**
残差1.9270.27
失拟项0.0730.020.050.9798不显著
纯误差1.8540.46
总和119.3416
R20.9839
R2Adj0.9631
), ArticleFig(id=1320884550746619988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Different extraction methods for extracting saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge leaves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法皂苷得率(%)
超声乙醇提取7.42±0.23c
两步法9.42±0.04b
一步法14.98±0.08a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884550885032021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同方法提取文冠果叶皂苷

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
提取方法皂苷得率(%)
超声乙醇提取7.42±0.23c
两步法9.42±0.04b
一步法14.98±0.08a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884551036026966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Identification of terpenoids extracted from Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge leaves using different methods by UPLC-Q-TOF MS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物保留时间
(min)
离子碎片信息m/z分子式分子结构式峰面积
一步法提取超声乙醇提取
1xanthocerasic acid5.20471.34,441.33,191.17
453.33,423.32,435.32
217.15,425.34
203.17,423.33
471.34C30H46O4335356.68477413.37
2Saikogenin B5.50457.36,439.35
191.17,427.35
409.34,421.34
203.14,231.17
203.17,133.09
457.37C30H48O3649622.12326642.07
3Oleanolic acid-Glc-Glc4.11781.47,421.35
439.35,781.46
207.17,163.05
403.33,437.34
145.04,419.33
781.47C42H68O1337765.9332076.52
4积雪草酸(Asiatic acid)7.20487.34,487.33,469.32
425.33,437.30,393.31
405.31,443.34,423.31
457.32
487.34C30H48O5225674.97214216.96
5Oleanolic acid-3-O-xylosyl(1→3)glucuronide7.70763.43,761.04,763.36
551.37,455.35,483.34
631.38,569.38,595.36
139.00
763.43C41H64O13350154.64395285.87
6知母皂苷 D
(Timosaponin D)
4.08919.49,919.47,757.43
433.32,289.21,595.38
415.32,271.20,163.06
451.26
919.48C45H74O1970422.257933.47
7知母皂苷H1
(Timosaponin H1)
3.891227.56,1095.50,1065.51
1223.73,1226.55,1095.53
1223.70,1223.77
1226.57,771.41
1227.56C56H92O2919163070.9719234064.62
8原薯蓣皂苷(Protodioscin)4.671047.55 901,50 901.48
1044.29,1044.27,1044.26
1044.25,1044.35
883.48,1044.32
1047.53C51H84O22221497.526802.13
9Cordianol B7.20487.34,487.33,275.20
485.83,409.31,487.29
159.04,215.03
487.34C30H48O5164044.5413463.83
103,12,23,25-tetrahydroxy-20S,24S-epoxydammarane-3-O-xylosylglucoside9.45787.49,625.44,607.43
769.48,513.35,787.46
733.46,349.23
751.47,527.37
787.50C41H70O14876331.78445785.93
112,3-Dihydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid2.33451.12,289.07,245.08
451.12,451.11,313.07
205.05,137.02
203.07,165.02
471.35C30H48O42104783.861441708.08
), ArticleFig(id=1320884551136690264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884534833431526, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

采用UPLC-Q-TOF MS鉴定使用不同方法从文冠果叶提取的萜类物质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化合物保留时间
(min)
离子碎片信息m/z分子式分子结构式峰面积
一步法提取超声乙醇提取
1xanthocerasic acid5.20471.34,441.33,191.17
453.33,423.32,435.32
217.15,425.34
203.17,423.33
471.34C30H46O4335356.68477413.37
2Saikogenin B5.50457.36,439.35
191.17,427.35
409.34,421.34
203.14,231.17
203.17,133.09
457.37C30H48O3649622.12326642.07
3Oleanolic acid-Glc-Glc4.11781.47,421.35
439.35,781.46
207.17,163.05
403.33,437.34
145.04,419.33
781.47C42H68O1337765.9332076.52
4积雪草酸(Asiatic acid)7.20487.34,487.33,469.32
425.33,437.30,393.31
405.31,443.34,423.31
457.32
487.34C30H48O5225674.97214216.96
5Oleanolic acid-3-O-xylosyl(1→3)glucuronide7.70763.43,761.04,763.36
551.37,455.35,483.34
631.38,569.38,595.36
139.00
763.43C41H64O13350154.64395285.87
6知母皂苷 D
(Timosaponin D)
4.08919.49,919.47,757.43
433.32,289.21,595.38
415.32,271.20,163.06
451.26
919.48C45H74O1970422.257933.47
7知母皂苷H1
(Timosaponin H1)
3.891227.56,1095.50,1065.51
1223.73,1226.55,1095.53
1223.70,1223.77
1226.57,771.41
1227.56C56H92O2919163070.9719234064.62
8原薯蓣皂苷(Protodioscin)4.671047.55 901,50 901.48
1044.29,1044.27,1044.26
1044.25,1044.35
883.48,1044.32
1047.53C51H84O22221497.526802.13
9Cordianol B7.20487.34,487.33,275.20
485.83,409.31,487.29
159.04,215.03
487.34C30H48O5164044.5413463.83
103,12,23,25-tetrahydroxy-20S,24S-epoxydammarane-3-O-xylosylglucoside9.45787.49,625.44,607.43
769.48,513.35,787.46
733.46,349.23
751.47,527.37
787.50C41H70O14876331.78445785.93
112,3-Dihydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid2.33451.12,289.07,245.08
451.12,451.11,313.07
205.05,137.02
203.07,165.02
471.35C30H48O42104783.861441708.08
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龙欢 1 , 郭锐 1 , 王佳宏 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(8): 273-284
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (8) : 273 -284
耐乙醇酶制备及一步法高效提取文冠果叶皂苷
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龙欢1 , 郭锐1, 王佳宏1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1南京林业大学森林食物资源挖掘与利用全国重点实验室,江苏南京 210037
  • 2南京林业大学南方现代林业协同创新中心,江苏南京 210037
  • 3南京林业大学森林资源高效利用协同创新中心,江苏南京 210037
通讯作者:
王佳宏(1974−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:林特产品贮藏与加工利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

龙欢(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:森林食品资源深加工与利用,E-mail:

Ethanol-tolerant Enzyme Preparation and One-step Efficient Extraction of Saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium Leaves
Huan LONG1 , Rui GUO1, Jiahong WANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1National Key Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
  • 2Co-innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
  • 3Co-innovation Center of Efficient Procession of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050306
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为解决目前使用酶和超声两步法提取存在有机试剂消耗量高和提取时间长的问题,实现文冠果叶皂苷高效提取,本研究从腐殖土壤中定向筛选耐乙醇的产酶菌株,根据其发酵后获得混合酶的耐乙醇特性,设计一步超声-酶-乙醇提取文冠果叶皂苷工艺并与超声辅助酶解提取(两步法)进行比较。通过单因素及响应面试验优化条件,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)、环境扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)和X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)表征和解析了文冠果叶残渣的结构特征。结果表明,黑曲霉Aspergillus niger 42发酵的混合酶耐乙醇效果最佳,其分泌的耐乙醇纤维素混合酶(内切葡聚糖酶酶活254±0.05 U/mL)在40%乙醇中稳定性显著(P<0.001)(β-葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶相对酶活分别保留78.67%±0.25%和55.34%±4.00%),且不产生赭曲霉毒素,安全性高。响应面试验显示,以混合酶作为溶液,无水乙醇作为溶质,在最优条件下(超声温度55 ℃、功率300 W、乙醇浓度40%、时间30 min),皂苷得率达14.98%±0.08%,较超声乙醇提取(7.42%±0.23%)提升101.89%,且乙醇用量较两步法减少30%,皂苷得率提高59%(9.42%±0.04%)。UPLC-Q-TOF MS证实一步法提取物的皂苷组成未变且较两步法含量显著增加。SEM、FT-IR和XRD结果分析表明,一步法较两步法处理对原料表观结构的破坏更大,对结构中的O-H、C=C和C-O-C等化学键被破坏更明显且无定形区被充分降解,该一步法兼具皂苷得率高、溶剂消耗低、操作条件温和及环境友好等优势,为文冠果叶皂苷的绿色高效提取提供了新解决方案,对其他天然活性物质的提取提供借鉴。

菌株筛选  /  耐乙醇纤维素酶  /  文冠果叶皂苷  /  酶学特性  /  一步法  /  工艺优化

To address the current issues of high consumption of organic solvent and prolonged extraction time inherent in the two-step method involving enzymes and ultrasound for efficient extraction of saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium leaves. A specific strain of black aspergillus fungus from humus soil was selectively isolated in this study. Based on the ethanol tolerance characteristics of the mixed enzymes obtained after fermentation, a one-step method using ultrasonication-enzyme-ethanol extraction process for saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium leaves was designed and compared with the ultrasonication-assisted enzymatic extraction (two-step method). The optimized conditions through single factor and response surface experiments were employed to analyze samples using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to characterize and analyze the structural features of the Xanthoceras sorbifolium leaf residue. As a results, the ethanol-tolerant cellulase mixed enzyme secreted by this strain, exhibiting an endoglucanase activity of 254±0.05 U/mL, which was demonstrated remarkable stability in 40% ethanol, with relative enzyme activities of β-glucosidase and xylanase retained at 78.67%±0.25% and 55.34%±4.00%, respectively. Importantly, the mixed enzyme does not contain ochratoxin, ensuring high safety. Under optimal conditions (ultrasonic temperature 55 ℃, power 300 W, ethanol concentration 40%, time 30 min) with mixed enzyme as a solution and anhydrous ethanol as a solvent, the response surface experiments revealed that saponin yield reached 14.98%±0.08%, representing a 101.89% increase compared to ultrasonic ethanol extraction (7.42%±0.23%). Furthermore, ethanol consumption was reduced by 30% relative to the two-step method, while saponin yield improved by 59% (9.42%±0.04%). UPLC-Q-TOF MS analysis confirmed that the saponin composition unchanged remained from one-step method and showing a significant increase in content compared to the two step method. Besides, SEM, FT-IR and XRD further confirmed the effectiveness of one-step method, inducing more substantial material degradation than the two-step method, more pronounced disruption of O-H, C=C and C-O-C bonds and complete degradation of amorphous regions. This one-step method combined the advantages of high saponin yield, low solvent consumption, mild operating conditions, and environmental friendliness, providing a novel solution for the green and efficient extraction of saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium leaves and offering valuable insight for the extraction of other natural active compounds.

strains screening  /  ethanol-tolerant cellulase  /  saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge leaves  /  enzymatic characteristics  /  one-step method  /  process optimization
龙欢, 郭锐, 王佳宏. 耐乙醇酶制备及一步法高效提取文冠果叶皂苷. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 273 -284 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050306
Huan LONG, Rui GUO, Jiahong WANG. Ethanol-tolerant Enzyme Preparation and One-step Efficient Extraction of Saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium Leaves[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 273 -284 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050306
文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge)又名文冠花、崖木花,是无患子科文冠果属落叶乔木[1]。文冠果叶含有丰富的三萜皂苷资源,以及黄酮和生物碱等多种生物活性成分,具有抗肿瘤[2]、抗氧化[3]、抗炎[4]和神经保护作用[5]等药理活性,其叶片于2023年8月1日通过国家卫生健康委员会审批正式成为新资源食品。然而,活性物质提取过程中,植物细胞壁中纤维素-半纤维素-木质素的复杂交联结构严重限制了其活性成分释放,导致皂苷得率较低,需要探索高效的提取方法。目前报道的提取方法如索氏提取、微波辅助提取、深共熔溶剂等存在能耗高[6]、提取溶剂昂贵[7]和易破坏热敏性成分等缺点[8]。相比之下,酶法提取具有条件温和(pH4.5~5.5,40~50 ℃)、环境友好等优势,单一纤维素商品酶对文冠果叶的降解效率差,需要多种商品酶复配提取会显著增加成本[9]。因此研究绿色、快速、低成本的皂苷提取方法,有助于文冠果叶皂苷的深加工。
多种方法联合使用可以有效提高皂苷的提取率,如何敏等[10]使用表面活性剂协同红外辅助提取柴胡皂苷提取率为8.42 mg·g−1;林通等[11]通过超声波与酶耦合萃取技术提取人参皂苷含量为239.32±0.35 mg/L。然而,现有超声-酶耦联技术普遍采用分步操作模式,存在三个关键局限:常规纤维素酶在乙醇溶液中易失活,限制同步提取;需使用70%~80%高浓度乙醇;操作流程繁琐耗时。针对上述瓶颈,建立超声、酶解和乙醇溶剂提取同步进行的一步法提取工艺,其核心在于构建耐乙醇的纤维素酶,但真菌来源的耐乙醇纤维素酶制备研究尚不充分,在文冠果叶皂苷提取中的应用未见报道。因此,开展真菌乙醇耐性纤维素酶的制备与应用研究,不仅可拓展纤维素酶在天然产物提取中的应用范围,而且为建立"超声-酶-乙醇"一步法高效提取工艺奠定基础,对推动绿色提取技术的发展具有重要价值。
因此,本研究通过定向筛选高效降解文冠果叶的真菌菌株,获取耐乙醇的纤维素混合酶并对其酶学特性进行研究,建立“超声-酶-乙醇”同步作用的一步法提取新工艺。通过单因素和响应面优化试验,实现文冠果叶皂苷的高效绿色提取,为文冠果叶皂苷的提取提供了理论依据和技术支持,也为其他植物天然产物的绿色高效提取提供借鉴。
腐殖土壤样品 江苏省南京市紫金山森林;干燥文冠果叶 来源于山东省潍坊市;羧甲基纤维素钠、对硝基苯酚葡萄糖苷(优级纯)、木糖(分析纯) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;木聚糖(优级纯) 美国Singma-Aldrich公司;对硝基苯酚(HPLC≥99.5%) 上海易恩化学技术有限公司;齐墩果酸(HPLC≥98%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;商品纤维素酶(15000 U/mL) 沧州夏盛生物科技开发有限公司;赭曲霉毒素ELISA试剂盒 百奥森食品安全科技有限公司。
ZBRTD-211数显恒温水浴锅 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司;JFZD-200A台式恒温振荡摇床 杭州旌斐仪器科技有限公司;SpectraMaxi3x酶标仪 上海美谷生物科技有限公司;BXM-30R高压蒸汽灭菌锅 上海博迅医疗生物仪器股份有限公司;Quanta 200环境扫描电子显微镜 美国FEI公司;VERTEX80V傅立叶变换红外光谱仪 德国Bruker公司;XRD Ultima IV组合型多功能水平X射线衍射仪 日本理学株式会社。
从腐殖土壤采集样品,通过稀释涂布法在PDA培养基上分离、纯化菌株。随后参考Lei等[9]方法并稍作修改进行菌株的第一轮筛选:以文冠果叶(粉碎过20目筛)作为唯一碳源进行液态发酵产酶,综合考虑木聚糖酶、内切葡聚糖酶、滤纸酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶4种酶活力,筛选出酶活性表现较高的菌株进入第二轮筛选,第二轮筛选以菌株发酵产酶的耐乙醇特性为评价指标。
粗酶液的制备:称量1.00 g文冠果叶于100 mL锥形瓶添加80 mL蒸馏水高压灭菌15 min,冷却至室温在超净工作台中接种2块直径7 mm大小、35 ℃培养2 d的菌块(2轮筛选得到的最佳菌株),在35 ℃、180 r/min发酵4 d。发酵结束后,取10 mL上清液,以12000 r/min离心5 min。所得上清液过0.22 µm的水系滤膜,即为粗酶液(混合酶)。
酶活力的测定:参照Wang等[12]、Shrestha等[13]方法测定混合酶液中的内切葡聚糖酶、滤纸酶、木聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活力。分别以羧甲基纤维素、滤纸、木聚糖和对硝基苯基葡萄糖苷为底物测定内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase,CMC)、滤纸酶(Fpase,FPA)、木聚糖酶(Xylanase,Xyl)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-Glucosidase,BG)的活力。实验组:酶液与底物(1:2,v/v)50 ℃反应10 min(CMC与Xyl均10 min,FPA 30 min),加60 µL DNS煮沸5 min,冷却加200 µL蒸馏水混匀在540 nm测吸光度。对照组:先加DNS灭活酶再加底物反应,其余步骤同实验组。BG活力:10 µL酶液与20 µL底物50 ℃反应10 min,加100 µL 0.1 mol/L NaHCO3和70 µL蒸馏水,400 nm测吸光度。
菌株的生物学鉴定:采用形态学和分子生物学鉴定经过第二轮筛选得到的最佳菌株。在PDA培养基上活化最优菌株,置于35 ℃培养2~3 d,观察真菌的菌落形态。随后送至上海宏序生物科技有限公司进行ITS序列测序。所测的基因序列在National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI)核酸序列数据库进行Blast(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)在线比对,找出与所测序列同源性最高的菌株。利用MEGA11软件将所获得的相似序列通过邻接法(neighbor-joining method)构建系统发育树。
粗酶液中赭曲霉毒素的检测:根据GB 5009.96-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中赭曲霉毒素A的测定》规定的酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测酶液中的赭曲霉毒素。
将自制混合酶置于30~80 ℃梯度温度下进行酶促反应,在pH为5下确定其最适反应温度;在最适温度条件下(50 ℃),将缓冲液pH调节至3~8,测定并确定最适pH。定义测得的最高酶活为100%,计算相对酶活,酶活力测定方法同1.2.1.2。
将混合酶与10%~60%的乙醇(以无水乙醇作为溶质,酶液作为溶剂)混合均匀于室温下放置,测定30、90、150 min时的内切葡聚糖酶、滤纸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶活力。定义未处理的酶活为100%,计算相对酶活,酶活力测定方法同1.2.1.2。
实验组:使用不同浓度的乙醇分别与混合酶混合均匀,在55 ℃、300 W超声30 min。对照组:未经过超声处理,其它条件同实验组。测定超声前后的滤纸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、内切葡聚糖酶和木聚糖酶活力,探究在一定浓度乙醇存在下超声与酶活性的关系。
称量0.10 g用石油醚脱脂后的文冠果叶,以混合酶作为溶液,无水乙醇作为溶质,调节乙醇浓度达到10%至60%的浓度范围,料液比1:50 g/mL,在一定条件下进行超声提取。该过程的pH和温度根据酶学特性研究获得的结果进行设置。
提取结束的样品以6000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液用于测定皂苷含量。皂苷含量测定参考Hiai等[14]的方法稍作修改:取10 µL待测液与20 µL 8%(w/v)的香草醛和200 µL 72%(w/v)浓硫酸混合均匀,60 ℃水浴中反应10 min,反应结束冰浴15 min,在538 nm处测量吸光值,皂苷得率(%)根据以下公式计算:
$ \text{X}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{C×V×N}}{\text{m}}\text{×100} $
式中,X:皂苷得率,%;C:根据标准曲线计算的皂苷浓度,mg/mL;V:提取液总体积,mL;N:稀释倍数;m:样品质量,mg。
称量脱脂文冠果叶0.10 g,以皂苷得率为评价指标,固定初始参数为乙醇浓度40%、超声时间15 min、超声温度50 ℃、超声功率120 W。依次考察乙醇浓度(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%)、超声时间(15、30、45、60、75 min)、超声温度(45、50、55、60、65 ℃)和超声功率(120、180、240、300、360 W)对一步法提取皂苷得率的影响。
根据单因素结果,选择对皂苷得率影响最大的三个因素超声温度、超声功率和乙醇浓度使用Design Expert Ver.13.0设计三因素三水平响应面优化试验(试验因素水平如表1所示),以皂苷得率(Y)作为响应值,通过回归方程拟合分析得到最佳提取条件。
为研究优化后的一步法(MUE)提取文冠果叶皂苷的有效性,将其与超声乙醇提取(UE)、两步法(UME),即超声乙醇辅助酶解提取法(先酶解再超声乙醇提取)进行比较。所有提取方法均参考朱美旗等[15]报道的方法并稍作修改:超声乙醇提取(UE):准确称取0.10 g脱脂文冠果叶粉,按料液比1:50(g/mL)加入70%乙醇,于60 ℃、300 W超声提取30 min,过滤测定皂苷含量。 两步法:取0.10 g样品,按料液比1:50 g/mL加入含商品纤维素酶(450 U/mL)的缓冲液,50 ℃、180 r/min振荡酶解30 min,灭酶、过滤。残渣同超声乙醇提取条件,合并两次滤液测定皂苷含量。
采用超高效液相色谱(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography,UPLC)和串联质谱(Tandem mass spectrometry,MS/MS)分析鉴定一步法、超声乙醇提取的三萜类化合物[16]。样品前处理:分别取不同方法提取液200 µL,加入等体积含内标的70%甲醇溶液,涡旋15 min,4 ℃条件下以12000 r/min离心3 min,移取上清液,用0.22 µm的微孔滤膜过滤后,保存于进样瓶中上机检测。
色谱条件:Agilent SB-C18色谱柱(1.8 µm×2.1 mm×100 mm)40 ℃分离;流动相由A相为超纯水(加入0.1%的甲酸)和B相为乙腈(加入0.1%的甲酸)组成;进样量2 µL后洗脱梯度为0.00 min,5% B;9.00 min,95% B;10.00~11.10 min,5% B,并以5% B平衡至14 min。
质谱条件:电喷雾离子源(electrospray ionization,ESI)温度500 ℃;离子喷雾电压(IS)5500 V(正离子模式)/−4500 V(负离子模式),碰撞诱导解离参数设置为高。最后优化各个MRM离子对的去簇电压(declustering potential,DP)和碰撞能(collision energy,CE),最后基于自建数据库MWDB(metware database),根据二级谱信息进行物质定性定量。
微观结构观察:将不同方法提取后的文冠果叶残渣粘贴在载玻片上并涂上金粉,利用扫描电子显微镜观察文冠果叶粉的形态特征。
红外分析:对不同方法提取的悬浊液以6000 r/min离心10 min,残渣于40 ℃烘至恒重后备用。以未处理的文冠果叶粉作为对照,参照李雪等[17]的方法对其进行结构表征,将不同方法提取后的文冠果叶残渣进行红外光谱扫描,样品分别与KBr混合研磨压制成半透明薄片,在500~4000 cm−1下测量样品的红外光谱,每个光谱平均由60次独立扫描组成。
晶体结构观察:使用X射线衍射仪测定不同方法提取后的文冠果叶残渣的晶形结构,在40 kV和15 mA下用Cu-Kα辐射评估冻干样品的晶体结构,衍射角范围在5°~50°(2θ)之间测量,扫描速度为5°/min。
所有实验均重复三次,结果以平均值±标准偏差表示,使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行数据的单因素方差分析和多重比较(邓肯检验或最小显著差异检验),以上统计分析P<0.05被认为具有显著差异,并使用Origin 2021作图。
从腐殖土壤样品中一共分离纯化出87株真菌菌株,综合比较滤纸酶(Fpase,FPA)、内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase,CMC)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-Glucosidase,BG)、木聚糖酶(Xylanase,Xyl)活力,筛选出20株黑色曲霉优势菌株,结果如表2所示。
对20株菌发酵产的混合酶进行耐乙醇实验,筛选可以高效耐乙醇的产酶菌株。结果如图1所示,20株菌株发酵产的滤纸酶、内切葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶经过40%乙醇处理30 min,都具有一定的乙醇耐受性,但综合比较4种酶耐乙醇特性,仅有菌株42表现出较好的耐乙醇能力,其β-葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶相对酶活分别保留78.67%±0.25%和55.34%±4.00%,最终选择菌株42作为优势菌株。
结合形态学和分子生物学比对结果构建系统发育树(图2),菌株42为Aspergillus niger。此外,利用ELISA方法检测黑曲霉可能产生的赭曲霉毒素含量,菌株42发酵物中,该毒素的含量为0 µg/kg,表明该菌株是一株安全菌株,可用于工业生产。
酶是能够加速高效化学反应的天然催化剂,但是酶易受温度和pH的影响,因此,研究酶学特性参数是保持高效催化作用的关键因素[18]。如图3所示,在30~50 ℃,滤纸酶、内切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和木聚糖酶的最适温度为50 ℃,与Herculano等[19]报道使用曲霉发酵蓖麻豆粕产的纤维素酶的最适温度一致。在pH特性方面,滤纸酶、内切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、木聚糖酶的最适pH为5.0。
研究混合酶耐乙醇特性有利于提高混合酶的应用,使用不同浓度乙醇对混合酶处理30~150 min结果如图4所示:使用低浓度10%乙醇处理30 min,β-葡萄糖苷酶、木聚糖酶、内切葡聚糖酶和滤纸酶的相对酶活均大于55%;当乙醇浓度提高至30%,除内切葡聚糖酶活性丧失,其余酶的相对酶活仍大于50%;乙醇浓度继续升高至40%~60%,仅有β-葡萄糖苷酶在高浓度60%乙醇处理30 min,仍然保持62.82%±0.31%的相对酶活。说明β-葡萄糖苷酶表现出最优异的乙醇耐受性,木聚糖酶和滤纸酶次之,而内切葡聚糖酶对乙醇最敏感。
结果如图5所示:与未处理组(超声前)相比,在32%、40%和48%乙醇条件下经30 min超声处理后,滤纸酶、内切葡聚糖酶和木聚糖酶活力均显著提高(P<0.01)。其中,对于滤纸酶和木聚糖酶,40%乙醇超声处理后效果最优活力,两者分别达到未处理组的3.16倍和2.61倍;当乙醇浓度升至48%时,超声处理后的滤纸酶和内切葡聚糖酶活力略有下降,但木聚糖酶活力进一步增至3.29倍,这可能与不同酶的基因编码差异及其对超声响应的特异性有关[20]。超声波的物理和化学效应有利于改变3D结构的构象变化和狭窄的尺度尺寸分布与分子基团可用性增加[21],但不会破坏其三级结构,导致隐藏的活性位点暴露在酶的表面,并使它们被更多的底物分子接触[22]。然而,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在超声处理后下降,推测是由于长时间超声、超声强度过大破坏酶的构象、超声产生的羟基或氢自由基与蛋白质骨架反应阻塞活性位点导致酶聚集,造成活性位点阻塞β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活性下降[23]。
以皂苷得率为指标,对一步法提取皂苷的工艺条件:乙醇浓度、超声温度、超声时间、超声功率分别进行单因素优化,结果如图6所示。皂苷在乙醇溶液中具有更高的溶解度,从而促进皂苷的释放[24]。乙醇浓度在10%~40%时,皂苷得率随浓度升高而增加,而超过40%后得率下降,表明40%乙醇为最佳比例(图6A)。如图6A所示,随时间的增加,皂苷得率逐渐增大在30 min达到最大,随后趋于平稳。试验温度范围内,皂苷得率随超声温度先升高而增大,55 ℃皂苷得率达到最大11.59%±0.18%(P<0.01),继续升高温度,皂苷得率降低(图6B)。因为温度提高降低溶剂的黏度分子运动加快,从而增强扩散性促进皂苷的溶解[25],但温度过高,皂苷的糖苷键和苷元结构易发生断裂,造成皂苷分解得率降低[16]。从图6B可知,皂苷得率也是随着超声功率的升高,先增大而后减低,在300 W皂苷得率达到最大值13.71%±0.17%(P<0.01)。由于超声功率越高,产生的高速、强烈的空化效应和搅拌作用越强[26],同时混合酶和超声功率二者协同作用于文冠果叶细胞壁,导致文冠果叶细胞壁结构破坏,皂苷得率增加;但超声波功率过大,过高的功率导致超声空化过程中增加了溶剂中的气泡数量,从而降低向介质传输的超声波能量并降低皂苷得率[27]。基于上述试验结果,确定后续优化试验的因素及其水平范围分别为:乙醇浓度(30%~50%)、超声温度(50~60 ℃)和超声功率(240~360 W)。
根据单因素结果,选取超声温度、超声功率、乙醇浓度三个因素进行Box-Behken试验设计,结果如表3所示,皂苷得率变化为7.32%~15.69%。基于试验结果建立的二次回归模型为:
皂苷得率(%)=14.966−0.43875A+0.6725B+0.12375C−0.1175AB−0.275AC−0.8975BC−2.293A2−3.3305B2−2.608C2。
对该模型的方差分析结果如表4所示。回归模型的F值为47.44,P˂0.0001,表明模型极显著,失拟项P=0.9798>0.05,表明失拟项不显著。该模型的总决定系数R2为0.9839,调整决定系数R2Adj为0.9631,预测决定系数R2Pred为0.9653,说明模型的拟合程度好,准确性和可靠性高。根据F值可知影响皂苷得率的因素大小:超声功率>超声温度>乙醇浓度。
响应面各因素之间交互作用分析如图7所示:在超声温度不变的情况下,皂苷得率随着超声功率的增加而呈现上升趋势,在300 W有最大的响应值,沿着乙醇浓度轴也有显著的影响,且等高线图为椭圆形,表明这两个因素有强烈的交互作用。根据响应面软件预测得到的最佳一步法提取皂苷的条件为:超声温度54.50 ℃、超声功率306.08 W、乙醇浓度为40.11%,在此条件下一步法提取皂苷的理论值为15.02%。结合实际操作情况,调整超声温度为55 ℃、超声功率300 W、乙醇浓度为40%、超声30 min进行3次重复试验验证Design Expert Ver.13.0预测结果,得到皂苷得率为14.98%±0.08%。
比较3种方法提取文冠果叶中的皂苷得率如表5所示。皂苷得率由低到高顺序:超声乙醇提取(UE)˂两步法(UME)˂一步法提取(MUE)。植物细胞壁主要是由纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和果胶相互交联而形成的,是植物有效成分溶出的主要物理障碍[28],利用两步法提取文冠果叶皂苷得率为9.42%±0.04%,仅高于超声乙醇提取(7.42%±0.23%),而定向筛选的纤维素混合酶与超声乙醇联用建立的一步法提取文冠果叶皂苷得率为14.98%±0.08%,与超声乙醇提取和两步法相比,皂苷得率分别提高101.89%和59.02%,表明一步法提取效果显著(P˂0.01)优于其他方法。此外,一步法与张媛媛等[29]使用微波辅助离子液体提取文冠果叶皂苷(6.34%)相比,产率显著提高了136.27%。一步法将超声、酶、乙醇三者联合,同时发挥作用提高皂苷得率,通过超声波产生的空化效应、热效应和机械效应,使溶剂之间发生剧烈的撞击,这种撞击作用很容易破坏植物细胞壁,从而将细胞内的物质释放到提取溶剂中[30],皂苷具有两亲性,可能在乙醇溶液中提取效果更好;同时利用文冠果叶作为底物发酵产生的纤维素混合酶具有专一性和耐乙醇性,高效发挥酶解作用加速细胞壁破裂促进皂苷溶出[31]。已有研究表明适当的超声波会破坏纤维素酶的结构,增加其表面积,导致酶表面结构更粗糙,比表面积更大,有利于在随后的酶水解过程中更容易与底物结合,从而提高酶活性[32]。一步法与传统方法相比,具有皂苷得率高、工艺流程简单、快速(常规法先酶解5 h[11],再超声提取1 h,一步法时间缩短91.67%)、减少有机溶剂的使用量(常规超声乙醇提取,乙醇用量70%[33],一步法仅需40%)的优点,这些优势使得一步法兼具高效性、环保性和经济性,为工业化生产应用提供理论依据。
使用UPLC-Q-TOF MS研究酶乙醇一步超声提取和超声乙醇提取的皂苷的组成,从文冠果叶提取出的提取物鉴定出31种萜类化合物,其中包含9种皂苷和3种甾体皂苷。包括知母皂苷H1、齐墩果酸、原薯蓣皂苷等。一步法提取和超声乙醇提取物的组成相似,说明不同方法提取并没有改变萜类物质,仅在相对含含量上有一定差异,具体信息见表6。利用一步法提取甾体皂苷Protodioscin、三萜皂苷Protodioscin 3,12,23,25-tetrahydroxy-20S,24S-epoxydammarane-3-O-xylosylglucoside的峰面积明显高于超声乙醇提取,说明酶乙醇一步超声提取皂苷是一种绿色高效的方法。
图8为扫描电子显微镜(SEM)记录的不同处理文冠果叶的表面形貌。未经任何处理的文冠果叶细胞结构皆完整、紧密。经过不同处理后,叶粉表面粗糙,细胞表面明显受损。利用70%乙醇超声(图8b)提取的样品细胞表面部分呈光滑状、有裂纹、细胞结构部分被破坏,可能是乙醇是一种极性溶剂,能够有效溶解植物中的活性成分,而且乙醇有较好的渗透性,可以迅速渗透植物细胞,使溶剂能够与目标物质充分接触提高提取率[34]。两步法(图8c)提取文冠果叶皂苷,其细胞壁受到较大的破坏、光滑,表面有物质溶出,而经过一步法提取后的文冠果叶(图8d),细胞结构破坏程度更大,大面积呈现平滑,有明显的碎裂以及溶出大量物质。可能是超声波产生的空化作用,协同混合酶打破细胞壁并导致不同程度的细胞组织损伤,从而导致裂纹与破裂[35];同时乙醇加快活性物质溶解到溶剂中。因此,相对两步法提取和超声乙醇提取,采用一步法提取皂苷明显更快速高效。
对经不同处理前后的文冠果叶残渣进行FT-IR测试分析,如图9所示:超声乙醇提取与对照相比,在3428.05 cm−1与1626.97 cm−1处峰型和未发生任何变化,峰强度略微降低。而经过两步法和一步法提取后的文冠果叶残渣与对照相比,在3428.05、1240.70、1052.41与1626.97 cm−1处峰强度明显降低,但是一步法处理后的特征峰强度变化更为显著。3428.05 cm−1处的峰是由于纤维素和半纤维素的O-H拉伸振动[36],1626.97 cm−1处的峰对应木质素芳香族结构中C=C键的拉伸振动,1240.70 cm−1是木质素组分拉伸振动的结果,1052.41 cm−1处的吸收峰是半纤维素中醚键(C-O-C)的特征峰[37],这可能是混合酶酶解破坏了植物细胞壁结构,超声的空化作用加强了植物细胞结构的破坏,导致峰强度下降明显。
X射线衍射(XRD)是一种用于表征聚合物晶体结构的重要技术,能够深入分析经过不同处理后的文冠果叶残渣结构。如图10所示,经过超声乙醇提取、两步法与对照相比,纤维素的晶体结构几乎一致,峰型基本未发生改变,只存在强度上的差异,说明不同的处理方法并未完全打破纤维素的晶体结构,但经过一步法提取结束的文冠果叶残渣发生明显变化,出现新的特征峰以及峰强度发生改变。可以通过结晶度指数(CrI)直接描述生物质(如纤维素)的结晶度的相对含量,或间接解释其无定形相[38],利用一步法提取和对照相比,结晶度增加了0.21%,可能是一步法提取去除了文冠果叶无定形成分。未处理的(CK)文冠果叶主要为C52O8H80(I型纤维)与C54H60O8对应均是酚类化合物[39]。而经过超声乙醇提取和两步法提取后,发现C52O8H80对应的特征峰强度降低,表明对应的结晶强度下降以及C54H60O8消失说明超声可以使得的细胞中的高分子发生降解为小分子。对比对照、超声乙醇提取和两步法与MUE提取方法,发现MUE提取后,新出现C20O12H32(COD 96-450-8027,单体为乙酰乙酸甲酯)与C16H28O8(COD 96-450-8027,单体为丁酸甲酯)酯类化合物,这是因为超声通过高频振动与空化效应对细胞壁产生巨大的剪切力[40],破坏细胞壁,同时酶的加入可以进一步协助超声加剧细胞壁的破坏,但同时超声也会使得长碳链结构(C52O8H80与C54H60O8)发生破坏生成短链的酸、醇类物质,并与酶或酶解产物发生反应酯类化合物,因此一步法处理后产物增多,更彻底的破坏细胞壁。
本研究成功解决了传统的两步法提取皂苷时存在的高有机溶剂消耗和提取时间长的问题。通过定向筛选的一株能产耐乙醇纤维素酶菌株Aspergillus niger 42,并基于其酶学特性建立了高效提取文冠果叶皂苷的一步法。在最优提取条件(提取温度55 ℃、纤维素酶酶液中乙醇含量40%、超声功率300 W处理30 min)下,文冠果叶中提取皂苷的得率达到14.98%±0.08%,较两步法提高1.58倍,并将酶解和提取时间合并缩短至30 min。通过SEM、FT-IR和XRD对文冠果叶进行表征和分析,发现一步法处理较两步法对原料表观结构的破坏程度更大,O-H、C=C和C-O-C等化学键被破坏更明显且无定形区被充分降解,下一步可以通过基因组探究一步法高效提取的机理。该研究成果不仅为文冠果叶皂苷的绿色高效提取提供了新的解决方案,也能为其他天然活性物质的提取提供借鉴。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050306
  • 接收时间:2025-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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    1南京林业大学森林食物资源挖掘与利用全国重点实验室,江苏南京 210037
    2南京林业大学南方现代林业协同创新中心,江苏南京 210037
    3南京林业大学森林资源高效利用协同创新中心,江苏南京 210037

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王佳宏(1974−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:林特产品贮藏与加工利用,E-mail:。
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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