Article(id=1320176081823453818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320175721343987874, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050241, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792684105591, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1781452800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792684105591, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792684105591, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792684105591, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320175721343987874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='517', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781452800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792684019647, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792684019647, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=350, endPage=360, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320176082012197499, articleId=1320176081823453818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Physicochemical Quality and Key Aroma Components of Yihong Congou Black Tea in Different Seasons, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the physicochemical properties and key aroma compounds of Yihong congou tea across different seasons, a multidisciplinary methodology was employed, integrating sensory evaluation, colorimetry, standardized physicochemical assays, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Samples of spring-, summer-, and autumn-harvested teas from high-altitude regions were systematically analyzed. Results showed that significant seasonal differences were found in physicochemicals. Spring tea exhibited the highest amino acid content (4.13%, P<0.05) and sensory evaluation scores, along with the highest volatile compound concentration (1633.68 μg/kg, P<0.05). Summer tea had the more content of polyphenols (10.76%, P<0.05), while autumn tea showed increased soluble sugar content (5.69%, P<0.05). 63 volatile compounds were identified across seasons, including 40 common to all samples. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and variable importance in projection (VIP) identified 7 key discriminators (VIP>1, P<0.05): Nerol, linalool, methyl salicylate, (E)-2-hexenal, nonanal, linalool oxide I, and citral. GC-O analysis detected 18 aroma-active compounds. Phenylacetaldehyde, linalool oxide II, linalool, and β-ionone demonstrated high aroma intensity (AI>2.5). A comparative analysis of the aroma components in Yihong Gongou tea across different seasons showed notable seasonal differences in phenethylaldehyde, a key element of floral sweetness. Higher aroma levels of linalool oxide II, and (E)-furanoid linalool oxide were found in spring tea. In summer tea, higher aroma intensity values were observed for linalool, N-butyric acid (trans)-2-hexenyl ester and α-phellandrene. The woody aroma compound α-terpineol was only found in autumn tea. Integrated analysis of GC-O and relative odor activity value (ROAV) established linalool (ROAV>10, AI>3.0), nerol (ROAV>10, AI>2.5), β-ionone (ROAV>1, AI>2.5) and nonanal (ROAV>1, AI>2.0) were the key aroma compounds. These findings could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the quality of Yihong Congou tea and the utilization of fresh leaf resources.

, authors=Yuqian LUO1, 2, Shaoqi HUANG3, Yuying RAO1, 2, Shiwei GAO2, Pengcheng ZHENG2, Kunbo WANG1, Bingbing CAO4, *, Fei YE2, *, authorsList=Yuqian LUO, Shaoqi HUANG, Yuying RAO, Shiwei GAO, Pengcheng ZHENG, Kunbo WANG, Bingbing CAO, Fei YE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bingbing CAO, Fei YE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320176083853496972, articleId=1320176081823453818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同季节宜红工夫茶理化品质与关键呈香成分分析, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同季节宜红工夫茶的理化品质和关键呈香成分,本研究采用感官审评、色差分析、理化检测、顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用(Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)和气相色谱-嗅辨(Gas chromatography olfactometry,GC-O)等技术,系统解析了高海拔地区春季、夏季和秋季所制宜红工夫茶的品质特征与关键呈香成分。结果表明:不同季节的工夫红茶的理化品质存在显著差异,其中春茶的氨基酸含量较高(4.13%,P<0.05)且感官审评综合评分最高,香气成分含量也相对较高(1633.68 μg/kg,P<0.05),夏茶的多酚类物质含量较高(10.76%,P<0.05),秋茶的可溶性糖含量较高(5.69%,P<0.05)。不同季节所制的宜红工夫茶共检测出63种挥发性香气物质,其中共性成分40种,采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)及变量投影重要性分析(Variable importance in projection,VIP)筛选发现橙花醇、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、反式-2-己烯醛、壬醛、芳樟醇氧化物I和柠檬醛的VIP>1且P<0.05。GC-O分析鉴定出18种呈香成分,其中AI>2.5的有苯乙醛、芳樟醇氧化物II、芳樟醇、β-紫罗兰酮。比较不同季节宜红工夫茶的呈香成分,发现呈花甜香的苯乙醛在三个季节中差异显著,芳樟醇氧化物II及(E)-吡喃型芳樟醇氧化物在春茶中的呈香强度更高,夏茶中芳樟醇、N-丁酸(反-2-己烯基)酯与α-荜澄茄油烯呈香强度较高,呈木香的α-松油醇仅在秋茶中被鉴定出来。综合GC-O和相对香气活度值(Relative odor activity value,ROAV)结果,分析发现芳樟醇(ROAV>10,AI>3.0)、橙花醇(ROAV>10,AI>2.5)、β-紫罗兰酮(ROAV>1,AI>2.5)、壬醛(ROAV>1,AI>2.0)是宜红工夫茶的关键呈香成分。本研究可为进一步提升宜红工夫茶品质和鲜叶资源利用率提供理论依据。

, authors=罗雨芊1, 2, 黄少奇3, 饶玉莹1, 2, 高士伟2, 郑鹏程2, 王坤波1, 曹冰冰4, *, 叶飞2, *, authorsList=罗雨芊, 黄少奇, 饶玉莹, 高士伟, 郑鹏程, 王坤波, 曹冰冰, 叶飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曹冰冰, 叶飞, authorNote=

罗雨芊(1999−),女,硕士,研究方向:茶叶加工与综合利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曹冰冰(1991−),女,高级工程师,研究方向:茶叶加工与新产品研发,E-mail:。
叶飞(1983−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:茶叶加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=rOndqKa3GYYwcZZ2pyzZiw==, magXml=suznzkBqrLijIIzpjXfrNg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/bijBSvOsFZAg+x/pWCwYg==, pdfFileSize=3719971, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=DYrU4CEuyCtzPfSKwRAbhw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=4mSBMZ8Rb3aR2fmpQVnSTg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320176085011124890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=luoyuqian77@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320176085090816669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, authorId=1320176085011124890, language=EN, stringName=Yuqian LUO, firstName=Yuqian, middleName=null, lastName=LUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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figureFileBig=DYrU4CEuyCtzPfSKwRAbhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176088467231444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Dry tea, brew and infused leaves of Yihong congou black tea processed in different seasons, figureFileSmall=o1iUQgd09wqsYvhvVkVUOw==, figureFileBig=cXUg6T+brGnMEe+HvtAVDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176088567894741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同季节宜红工夫茶的干茶、茶汤和叶底, figureFileSmall=o1iUQgd09wqsYvhvVkVUOw==, figureFileBig=cXUg6T+brGnMEe+HvtAVDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176088635003606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of the main physico chemical components of Yihong congou black tea processed in different seasons, figureFileSmall=j2JGRM6uudDinjOhgjDjhA==, figureFileBig=fsjEjlav0bAY7+ZEwPzeDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176088689529559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同季节宜红工夫茶主要理化成分含量的变化

注:A.水浸出物含量;B.可溶性糖含量;C.茶多酚含量;D.氨基酸含量;E.酚氨比;F.儿茶素苦涩指数;不同小写字母表示数据之间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=j2JGRM6uudDinjOhgjDjhA==, figureFileBig=fsjEjlav0bAY7+ZEwPzeDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176088756638424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Heat map of phenolic content changes of Yihong congou black tea processed in different seasons, figureFileSmall=vepUgRimB+mT+D7q/QKq1g==, figureFileBig=Sr8+y4IEehPSF1kjPMnTwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176088832135897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同季节宜红工夫茶酚类物质含量的变化热图, figureFileSmall=vepUgRimB+mT+D7q/QKq1g==, figureFileBig=Sr8+y4IEehPSF1kjPMnTwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176088895050458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Total ion chromatograms of Yihong congou black tea processed in different seasons, figureFileSmall=EuZwvKNfU2SiDMT0hxvVMg==, figureFileBig=7p4y6quS8wbjdihMxoAD+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176088962159323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同季节宜红工夫茶的总离子流图, figureFileSmall=EuZwvKNfU2SiDMT0hxvVMg==, figureFileBig=7p4y6quS8wbjdihMxoAD+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176089025073884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Total and relative contents of the main aroma components of yihong congou black tea processed in different seasons, figureFileSmall=mP4nh2c6d9D2Tj+QvN16nQ==, figureFileBig=Nc4Ri8znMwq5rJPCfQmf2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176089087988445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同季节宜红工夫茶的主要香气成分总含量及相对含量

注:A.香气化合物总量;B.香气化合物相对含量;不同小写字母表示不同季节的茶叶相对含量差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=mP4nh2c6d9D2Tj+QvN16nQ==, figureFileBig=Nc4Ri8znMwq5rJPCfQmf2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176089167680222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=OPLS-DA score chart of Yihong congou black tea processed in different seasons compounds in black tea (A), validation model (B), VIP score plot (C), figureFileSmall=S6cxTIf16a8Vpou6LELdqw==, figureFileBig=39hUcPj+mYBrYE3n+qqTrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176089234789087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同季节宜红工夫茶挥发性化合物OPLS-DA得分图(A)及其验证模型(B)、VIP得分图(C), figureFileSmall=S6cxTIf16a8Vpou6LELdqw==, figureFileBig=39hUcPj+mYBrYE3n+qqTrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320176089322869472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Color qualities of dry tea, brew and infused leaves of Yihong congou black tea processed in different seasons

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间干茶色泽茶汤色泽叶底色泽
L*a/bL*a/bL*a/b
春41.76±0.02a0.33±0.01c31.15±0.02c0.09±0.00b44.66±0.06b0.53±0.00b
夏41.77±0.01a0.34±0.00b33.24±0.18a0.08±0.00c44.41±0.05c0.51±0.01c
秋41.20±0.01b0.38±0.00a31.48±0.03b0.18±0.00a44.97±0.02a0.56±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1320176089402561249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同季节宜红工夫茶的干茶、茶汤和叶底色泽品质结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间干茶色泽茶汤色泽叶底色泽
L*a/bL*a/bL*a/b
春41.76±0.02a0.33±0.01c31.15±0.02c0.09±0.00b44.66±0.06b0.53±0.00b
夏41.77±0.01a0.34±0.00b33.24±0.18a0.08±0.00c44.41±0.05c0.51±0.01c
秋41.20±0.01b0.38±0.00a31.48±0.03b0.18±0.00a44.97±0.02a0.56±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1320176089486447330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Qualitative and quantitative results of aroma components of Yihong congou black tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别CAS时间(min)香气组分香气组分含量(μg/kg)
春夏秋
醇类1576-95-09.73顺-2-戊烯醇−−5.32±1.43
928-95-013.97反式-2-己烯醇5.02±1.66a5.30±1.72a7.78±3.82a
100-51-622.83苯甲醇9.14±3.67a4.11±2.61a8.75±5.27a
10339-61-423.013-壬烯醇−3.02±2.69−
111-87-524.72辛醇−−5.74±3.73
5989-33-325.09芳樟醇氧化物II32.00±11.68a60.23±10.27b40.56±21.99a
34995-77-226.59芳樟醇氧化物I11.81±4.53a24.62±4.24a28.35±17.07a
78-70-626.63芳樟醇297.62±81.41a493.57±110.56a481.13±262.31a
20053-88-726.74脱氢芳樟醇−−59.25±33.07
60-12-827.23苯乙醇21.62±7.21b36.78±7.87a31.49±13.66a
143-08-829.881-壬醇−4.32±1.22a6.34±4.01a
112-42-530.21十一醇5.94±4.11−−
14049-11-730.35(E)-芳樟醇氧化物(吡喃型)7.92±2.83a8.87±2.54a7.77±3.83a
99-48-933.42香芹醇12.11±2.17a2.79±0.97b2.46±2.26b
98-55-531.45α-松油醇−3.88±1.53−
106-25-233.98橙花醇590.04±131.89a167.03±30.31b118.91±51.49b
醛类590-86-36.42异戊醛4.49±1.60a3.44±1.36a15.74±12.82a
96-17-36.582-甲基丁醛7.83±2.78a7.72±1.39a39.37±38.29a
66-25-110.92正己醛53.19±20.04a42.34±7.05a66.67±31.27a
6728-26-313.46反式-2-己烯醛102.57±30.27a48.99±8.05a85±0.98a
111-71-715.90庚醛9.87±3.25a5.57±1.60a12.56±6.21a
100-52-719.23苯甲醛21.16±5.93b17.46±3.01b52.89±26.05a
124-13-021.38正辛醛5.00±1.72a7.94±1.84a6.88±2.98a
4313-03-521.92(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛3.67±1.18a3.31±0.19a−
122-78-123.62苯乙醛38.72±23.02b36.22±6.45b81.99±1.02a
2548-87-024.41反-2-辛烯醛3.55±0.79a3.80±0.45a8.04±4.08a
124-19-626.77壬醛35.31±5.18a37.90±8.33a48.60±9.74a
18829-56-629.57反-2-壬烯醛1.24±0.52a2.31±0.58a2.25±1.64a
116-26-731.67藏红花醛2.90±0.74a1.61±0.61a3.31±1.98a
112-31-231.84癸醛6.58±2.90a5.66±2.83a10.28±6.00a
432-25-732.65β-环柠檬醛7.37±1.83a7.13±2.40a4.92±0.89a
472-66-234.402,6,6-三甲基-1-环己烯基乙醛4.91±1.82a3.44±0.73a3.53±2.13a
5392-40-534.79柠檬醛33.23±8.69a8.61±4.45b6.63±4.16b
酯类16491-36-430.58N-己酸(反-2-己烯基)酯−8.44±0.43−
119-36-831.32水杨酸甲酯149.25±35.20a49.98±9.14b104.99±47.56ab
53398-85-932.982-甲基丁酸叶醇酯3.38±0.80b8.24±3.07a5.17±0.72b
35154-45-133.22异戊酸叶醇酯7.66±1.41a5.54±2.29a4.45±2.66a
1189-09-937.44香叶酸甲酯4.58±1.15−−
6378-65-040.07己酸己酯3.60±0.59a1.85±1.12b1.33±0.35b
31501-11-840.11(Z)-己酸-3-己烯酯0.23±0.01a4.40±0.03b2.39±1.63b
酮类110-93-020.32甲基庚烯酮6.20±1.76a4.38±1.05a4.16±1.99a
127-41-327.99α-紫罗兰酮2.51±0.74−−
79-76-541.85γ-紫罗兰酮−0.88±0.27−
689-67-842.78香叶基丙酮3.75±1.00a1.69±0.79b−
14901-07-644.21β-紫罗兰酮14.29±8.46a8.73±2.80ab5.81±3.19b
烯烃类123-25-320.44月桂烯43.38±13.37a23.98±12.76a28.20±17.50a
99-83-221.42α-水芹烯1.17±0.43a0.83±0.42a−
138-86-322.79柠檬烯7.08±0.85b7.06±4.48b23.80±10.83a
80-56-823.52α-蒎烯11.13±3.36−−
586-63-022.02萜品油烯−0.89±0.33−
673-84-729.582,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯3.13±1.43−−
13466-78-932.553-蒈烯15.49±4.30a7.54±1.74b7.04±2.89b
99-86-533.15松油烯−−3.71±2.54
17699-14-839.08α-荜澄茄油烯−11.06±5.03−
483-76-145.74Δ-杜松烯3.70±0.19a3.44±0.28a1.06±0.34a
483-77-245.91顺-菖蒲烯2.50±0.32a2.22±0.62a1.79±1.13a
87-44-547.28石竹烯−4.12±2.91a11.59±4.73a
其他75-18-34.74二甲基硫6.61±2.07b7.09±2.37b41.61±27.49a
3208-16-07.452-乙基呋喃7.33±1.96a4.43±0.99a−
70424-14-521.13(E)-2-(2-戊烯基)呋喃3.79±1.16a1.93±1.01a3.28±1.44a
106-87-629.36乙烯基环己烯二氧化物−−0.90±0.17
36431-72-836.76茶香螺烷0.66±0.19b1.34±0.64a1.40±1.19b
96-76-445.502,4-二叔丁基苯酚1.63±0.08a−2.96±1.09a
), ArticleFig(id=1320176089570333412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同季节宜红工夫茶GC-MS定性定量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别CAS时间(min)香气组分香气组分含量(μg/kg)
春夏秋
醇类1576-95-09.73顺-2-戊烯醇−−5.32±1.43
928-95-013.97反式-2-己烯醇5.02±1.66a5.30±1.72a7.78±3.82a
100-51-622.83苯甲醇9.14±3.67a4.11±2.61a8.75±5.27a
10339-61-423.013-壬烯醇−3.02±2.69−
111-87-524.72辛醇−−5.74±3.73
5989-33-325.09芳樟醇氧化物II32.00±11.68a60.23±10.27b40.56±21.99a
34995-77-226.59芳樟醇氧化物I11.81±4.53a24.62±4.24a28.35±17.07a
78-70-626.63芳樟醇297.62±81.41a493.57±110.56a481.13±262.31a
20053-88-726.74脱氢芳樟醇−−59.25±33.07
60-12-827.23苯乙醇21.62±7.21b36.78±7.87a31.49±13.66a
143-08-829.881-壬醇−4.32±1.22a6.34±4.01a
112-42-530.21十一醇5.94±4.11−−
14049-11-730.35(E)-芳樟醇氧化物(吡喃型)7.92±2.83a8.87±2.54a7.77±3.83a
99-48-933.42香芹醇12.11±2.17a2.79±0.97b2.46±2.26b
98-55-531.45α-松油醇−3.88±1.53−
106-25-233.98橙花醇590.04±131.89a167.03±30.31b118.91±51.49b
醛类590-86-36.42异戊醛4.49±1.60a3.44±1.36a15.74±12.82a
96-17-36.582-甲基丁醛7.83±2.78a7.72±1.39a39.37±38.29a
66-25-110.92正己醛53.19±20.04a42.34±7.05a66.67±31.27a
6728-26-313.46反式-2-己烯醛102.57±30.27a48.99±8.05a85±0.98a
111-71-715.90庚醛9.87±3.25a5.57±1.60a12.56±6.21a
100-52-719.23苯甲醛21.16±5.93b17.46±3.01b52.89±26.05a
124-13-021.38正辛醛5.00±1.72a7.94±1.84a6.88±2.98a
4313-03-521.92(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛3.67±1.18a3.31±0.19a−
122-78-123.62苯乙醛38.72±23.02b36.22±6.45b81.99±1.02a
2548-87-024.41反-2-辛烯醛3.55±0.79a3.80±0.45a8.04±4.08a
124-19-626.77壬醛35.31±5.18a37.90±8.33a48.60±9.74a
18829-56-629.57反-2-壬烯醛1.24±0.52a2.31±0.58a2.25±1.64a
116-26-731.67藏红花醛2.90±0.74a1.61±0.61a3.31±1.98a
112-31-231.84癸醛6.58±2.90a5.66±2.83a10.28±6.00a
432-25-732.65β-环柠檬醛7.37±1.83a7.13±2.40a4.92±0.89a
472-66-234.402,6,6-三甲基-1-环己烯基乙醛4.91±1.82a3.44±0.73a3.53±2.13a
5392-40-534.79柠檬醛33.23±8.69a8.61±4.45b6.63±4.16b
酯类16491-36-430.58N-己酸(反-2-己烯基)酯−8.44±0.43−
119-36-831.32水杨酸甲酯149.25±35.20a49.98±9.14b104.99±47.56ab
53398-85-932.982-甲基丁酸叶醇酯3.38±0.80b8.24±3.07a5.17±0.72b
35154-45-133.22异戊酸叶醇酯7.66±1.41a5.54±2.29a4.45±2.66a
1189-09-937.44香叶酸甲酯4.58±1.15−−
6378-65-040.07己酸己酯3.60±0.59a1.85±1.12b1.33±0.35b
31501-11-840.11(Z)-己酸-3-己烯酯0.23±0.01a4.40±0.03b2.39±1.63b
酮类110-93-020.32甲基庚烯酮6.20±1.76a4.38±1.05a4.16±1.99a
127-41-327.99α-紫罗兰酮2.51±0.74−−
79-76-541.85γ-紫罗兰酮−0.88±0.27−
689-67-842.78香叶基丙酮3.75±1.00a1.69±0.79b−
14901-07-644.21β-紫罗兰酮14.29±8.46a8.73±2.80ab5.81±3.19b
烯烃类123-25-320.44月桂烯43.38±13.37a23.98±12.76a28.20±17.50a
99-83-221.42α-水芹烯1.17±0.43a0.83±0.42a−
138-86-322.79柠檬烯7.08±0.85b7.06±4.48b23.80±10.83a
80-56-823.52α-蒎烯11.13±3.36−−
586-63-022.02萜品油烯−0.89±0.33−
673-84-729.582,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯3.13±1.43−−
13466-78-932.553-蒈烯15.49±4.30a7.54±1.74b7.04±2.89b
99-86-533.15松油烯−−3.71±2.54
17699-14-839.08α-荜澄茄油烯−11.06±5.03−
483-76-145.74Δ-杜松烯3.70±0.19a3.44±0.28a1.06±0.34a
483-77-245.91顺-菖蒲烯2.50±0.32a2.22±0.62a1.79±1.13a
87-44-547.28石竹烯−4.12±2.91a11.59±4.73a
其他75-18-34.74二甲基硫6.61±2.07b7.09±2.37b41.61±27.49a
3208-16-07.452-乙基呋喃7.33±1.96a4.43±0.99a−
70424-14-521.13(E)-2-(2-戊烯基)呋喃3.79±1.16a1.93±1.01a3.28±1.44a
106-87-629.36乙烯基环己烯二氧化物−−0.90±0.17
36431-72-836.76茶香螺烷0.66±0.19b1.34±0.64a1.40±1.19b
96-76-445.502,4-二叔丁基苯酚1.63±0.08a−2.96±1.09a
), ArticleFig(id=1320176089654219493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ROAV values of key aroma components of Yihong congou black tea in different seasons

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
香气组分阈值[35]ROAV
春夏秋
芳樟醇0.69.92±2.72a16.45±3.69a16.04±8.74a
脱氢芳樟醇0.11−−10.77±6.01
橙花醇0.339.34±8.79a11.14±2.02b7.93±3.43b
(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛0.0491.50±0.48a1.35±0.05a−
反-2-辛烯醛0.00323.65±5.28a2.53±0.21b5.36±2.72b
壬醛1−−1.16±0.36
癸醛0.11.37±0.58a1.13±0.57a2.06±0.48a
α-荜澄茄油烯0.03−9.75±4.38−
β-紫罗兰酮0.093.44±0.69a1.94±0.62b1.29±0.71b
辛醇0.054−−2.13±1.38
), ArticleFig(id=1320176089725522662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同季节宜红工夫茶关键香气成分的ROAV值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
香气组分阈值[35]ROAV
春夏秋
芳樟醇0.69.92±2.72a16.45±3.69a16.04±8.74a
脱氢芳樟醇0.11−−10.77±6.01
橙花醇0.339.34±8.79a11.14±2.02b7.93±3.43b
(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛0.0491.50±0.48a1.35±0.05a−
反-2-辛烯醛0.00323.65±5.28a2.53±0.21b5.36±2.72b
壬醛1−−1.16±0.36
癸醛0.11.37±0.58a1.13±0.57a2.06±0.48a
α-荜澄茄油烯0.03−9.75±4.38−
β-紫罗兰酮0.093.44±0.69a1.94±0.62b1.29±0.71b
辛醇0.054−−2.13±1.38
), ArticleFig(id=1320176089801020135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Based on GC-O smelling the aroma of Yihong congou black tea processed in different seasons

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号时间
(min)
香气成分气味特征[30,39]气味强度(AI)
春夏秋
16.952-甲基丁醛刺激性气味221.5
211.25正己醛青草香211.75
320.53甲基庚烯酮柑橘香222
424.05苯乙醛花甜香23.52.5
525.47芳樟醇氧化物I花香22.52
626.27芳樟醇氧化物II玉兰花香32.252
726.62芳樟醇花香33.53
826.86壬醛柠檬香22.52
927.63苯乙醇蜜甜香11.52
1029.62顺-3-壬烯-1-醇蜡状密瓜皮202
1130.73(E)-芳樟醇氧化物
(吡喃型)
花香、木香2.521.75
1230.95N-丁酸(反-2-己烯基)酯杏子成熟发酵味01.750
1331.73水杨酸甲酯薄荷香11.51.75
1433.18α-松油醇松木和丁香花香气001.75
1534.39橙花醇花香1.751.52
1639.08α-荜澄茄油烯草本气味01.750
1740.32己酸己酯青甜香220
1844.53β-紫罗兰酮花香2.52.53
), ArticleFig(id=1320176089884906216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320176081823453818, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同季节宜红工夫茶的GC-O结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号时间
(min)
香气成分气味特征[30,39]气味强度(AI)
春夏秋
16.952-甲基丁醛刺激性气味221.5
211.25正己醛青草香211.75
320.53甲基庚烯酮柑橘香222
424.05苯乙醛花甜香23.52.5
525.47芳樟醇氧化物I花香22.52
626.27芳樟醇氧化物II玉兰花香32.252
726.62芳樟醇花香33.53
826.86壬醛柠檬香22.52
927.63苯乙醇蜜甜香11.52
1029.62顺-3-壬烯-1-醇蜡状密瓜皮202
1130.73(E)-芳樟醇氧化物
(吡喃型)
花香、木香2.521.75
1230.95N-丁酸(反-2-己烯基)酯杏子成熟发酵味01.750
1331.73水杨酸甲酯薄荷香11.51.75
1433.18α-松油醇松木和丁香花香气001.75
1534.39橙花醇花香1.751.52
1639.08α-荜澄茄油烯草本气味01.750
1740.32己酸己酯青甜香220
1844.53β-紫罗兰酮花香2.52.53
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不同季节宜红工夫茶理化品质与关键呈香成分分析
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罗雨芊 1, 2 , 黄少奇 3 , 饶玉莹 1, 2 , 高士伟 2 , 郑鹏程 2 , 王坤波 1 , 曹冰冰 4, * , 叶飞 2, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(12): 350-360
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (12) : 350 -360
不同季节宜红工夫茶理化品质与关键呈香成分分析
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罗雨芊1, 2 , 黄少奇3, 饶玉莹1, 2, 高士伟2, 郑鹏程2, 王坤波1, 曹冰冰4, * , 叶飞2, *
作者信息
  • 1湖南农业大学茶学教育部重点实验室,湖南长沙 410128
  • 2湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所,湖北武汉 430064
  • 3五峰土家族自治县茶叶发展中心,湖北五峰 443400
  • 4宜昌茶业集团有限公司,湖北宜昌 443001
通讯作者:
曹冰冰(1991−),女,高级工程师,研究方向:茶叶加工与新产品研发,E-mail:。
叶飞(1983−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:茶叶加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

罗雨芊(1999−),女,硕士,研究方向:茶叶加工与综合利用,E-mail:

Analysis of the Physicochemical Quality and Key Aroma Components of Yihong Congou Black Tea in Different Seasons
Yuqian LUO1, 2 , Shaoqi HUANG3, Yuying RAO1, 2, Shiwei GAO2, Pengcheng ZHENG2, Kunbo WANG1, Bingbing CAO4, * , Fei YE2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
  • 3Tea Development Center of Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County, Wufeng 443400, China
  • 4Yichang Tea Industry Group Co., Ltd., Yichang 443001, China
出版时间: 2026-06-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050241
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为探究不同季节宜红工夫茶的理化品质和关键呈香成分,本研究采用感官审评、色差分析、理化检测、顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用(Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)和气相色谱-嗅辨(Gas chromatography olfactometry,GC-O)等技术,系统解析了高海拔地区春季、夏季和秋季所制宜红工夫茶的品质特征与关键呈香成分。结果表明:不同季节的工夫红茶的理化品质存在显著差异,其中春茶的氨基酸含量较高(4.13%,P<0.05)且感官审评综合评分最高,香气成分含量也相对较高(1633.68 μg/kg,P<0.05),夏茶的多酚类物质含量较高(10.76%,P<0.05),秋茶的可溶性糖含量较高(5.69%,P<0.05)。不同季节所制的宜红工夫茶共检测出63种挥发性香气物质,其中共性成分40种,采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)及变量投影重要性分析(Variable importance in projection,VIP)筛选发现橙花醇、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、反式-2-己烯醛、壬醛、芳樟醇氧化物I和柠檬醛的VIP>1且P<0.05。GC-O分析鉴定出18种呈香成分,其中AI>2.5的有苯乙醛、芳樟醇氧化物II、芳樟醇、β-紫罗兰酮。比较不同季节宜红工夫茶的呈香成分,发现呈花甜香的苯乙醛在三个季节中差异显著,芳樟醇氧化物II及(E)-吡喃型芳樟醇氧化物在春茶中的呈香强度更高,夏茶中芳樟醇、N-丁酸(反-2-己烯基)酯与α-荜澄茄油烯呈香强度较高,呈木香的α-松油醇仅在秋茶中被鉴定出来。综合GC-O和相对香气活度值(Relative odor activity value,ROAV)结果,分析发现芳樟醇(ROAV>10,AI>3.0)、橙花醇(ROAV>10,AI>2.5)、β-紫罗兰酮(ROAV>1,AI>2.5)、壬醛(ROAV>1,AI>2.0)是宜红工夫茶的关键呈香成分。本研究可为进一步提升宜红工夫茶品质和鲜叶资源利用率提供理论依据。

季节  /  宜红工夫茶  /  气相色谱-嗅辨仪  /  理化品质  /  相对香气活度值  /  呈香成分

To investigate the physicochemical properties and key aroma compounds of Yihong congou tea across different seasons, a multidisciplinary methodology was employed, integrating sensory evaluation, colorimetry, standardized physicochemical assays, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Samples of spring-, summer-, and autumn-harvested teas from high-altitude regions were systematically analyzed. Results showed that significant seasonal differences were found in physicochemicals. Spring tea exhibited the highest amino acid content (4.13%, P<0.05) and sensory evaluation scores, along with the highest volatile compound concentration (1633.68 μg/kg, P<0.05). Summer tea had the more content of polyphenols (10.76%, P<0.05), while autumn tea showed increased soluble sugar content (5.69%, P<0.05). 63 volatile compounds were identified across seasons, including 40 common to all samples. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and variable importance in projection (VIP) identified 7 key discriminators (VIP>1, P<0.05): Nerol, linalool, methyl salicylate, (E)-2-hexenal, nonanal, linalool oxide I, and citral. GC-O analysis detected 18 aroma-active compounds. Phenylacetaldehyde, linalool oxide II, linalool, and β-ionone demonstrated high aroma intensity (AI>2.5). A comparative analysis of the aroma components in Yihong Gongou tea across different seasons showed notable seasonal differences in phenethylaldehyde, a key element of floral sweetness. Higher aroma levels of linalool oxide II, and (E)-furanoid linalool oxide were found in spring tea. In summer tea, higher aroma intensity values were observed for linalool, N-butyric acid (trans)-2-hexenyl ester and α-phellandrene. The woody aroma compound α-terpineol was only found in autumn tea. Integrated analysis of GC-O and relative odor activity value (ROAV) established linalool (ROAV>10, AI>3.0), nerol (ROAV>10, AI>2.5), β-ionone (ROAV>1, AI>2.5) and nonanal (ROAV>1, AI>2.0) were the key aroma compounds. These findings could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the quality of Yihong Congou tea and the utilization of fresh leaf resources.

seasons  /  Yihong congou black tea  /  gas chromatography-olfactory  /  physicochemical quality  /  relative odor activity value  /  aroma components
罗雨芊, 黄少奇, 饶玉莹, 高士伟, 郑鹏程, 王坤波, 曹冰冰, 叶飞. 不同季节宜红工夫茶理化品质与关键呈香成分分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (12) : 350 -360 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050241
Yuqian LUO, Shaoqi HUANG, Yuying RAO, Shiwei GAO, Pengcheng ZHENG, Kunbo WANG, Bingbing CAO, Fei YE. Analysis of the Physicochemical Quality and Key Aroma Components of Yihong Congou Black Tea in Different Seasons[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (12) : 350 -360 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050241
茶作为全球三大无酒精饮料之首,其特征风味与健康属性引领茶叶消费稳步增长[1−2]。中国是世界茶产业的主导力量,茶园面积和茶叶产量均居世界前列,2014年~2023年我国红茶生产和消费呈现高速增长状态,红茶加工量和内销量年平均增长率分别为12.8%和11.9%,可见我国红茶产业兴旺[3]。
宜昌工夫红茶是中国传统三大工夫红茶之一,其核心产地之一的宜昌市夷陵区,以高海拔、毗邻三峡库区等特点在业界享有盛誉。前人研究已为宜红工夫茶的工艺优化奠定了重要基础。如付本鑫[4]优化得到了宜红工夫茶的萎凋程度、发酵时间和干燥温度等参数,显著提升了感官品质;Qu等[5]优化了发酵参数;仇方方等[6]采用远红外和微波处理,显著提高了苯甲醛、(E)-β-紫罗酮、反式-橙花叔醇等关键香气成分含量,并促进吡嗪、嘧啶等具有特征烘烤香的杂环化合物生成,为提升宜红工夫茶独特的甜香风味提供了新方法。
香气是衡量红茶品质的关键因素,红茶的特征香气表现为甜香、花果香及蜜甜香[7]。蜜甜香是宜红工夫茶的显著特点,相关的研究鉴定得到了宜红的主要香气成分有苯乙醛、2-甲基丁醛、β-紫罗酮和水杨酸甲酯等[8−9]。在红茶香气特征品质形成机制研究中,采用合适的滚炒干燥可以提高宜红工夫茶中部分甜香成分含量[10]。茶叶的理化和香气品质不仅取决于加工工艺,地理环境和季节更替等也显著影响红茶中香气物质的组成和含量[11]。相关研究表明,高海拔产地的茶叶香气品质更高,甜味、果味和花香等特征更明显[12]。目前关于宜红工夫茶的研究多集中于优化加工工艺,而对不同季节高海拔地区所制宜红工夫茶的关键呈香成分的研究未见报道。在此背景下,为了更好地提高宜昌产区鲜叶的资源利用率,发挥宜红工夫茶的产地优势,扩大产业规模,本文拟采用不同季节的高海拔鲜叶原料和同一加工工艺,研究比较宜红工夫茶的理化品质,筛选得到关键呈香成分,为宜红工夫茶的定向精准加工和精细化拼配提供理论依据和技术指导。
茶鲜叶 宜昌市夷陵区邓村乡群体种(海拔800~1000米),1芽1叶,分别采摘于2024年4月5日、2024年7月20日和2024年9月2日,每个样品设置三个重复;甲醇、乙腈、乙酸 色谱级,美国Fisher公司;表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(≥98%)、表没食子儿茶素(≥95%)、表儿茶素(≥98%)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(≥98%)、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(≥98%)、儿茶素没食子酸酯(≥98%)、没食子儿茶素(≥98%)、儿茶素(≥99%)、咖啡碱(≥99%)、癸酸乙酯(99%) 美国Sigma Aldrich公司。
6CR-55 茶叶揉捻机组 五峰天池茶叶机械有限公司;6CJ-50 茶叶解块机 黄山市白云机械有限公司;6CH-20 链板式烘干机 宜昌旺盛茶叶机械设备有限公司;JY-6HZ-7B 茶叶烘焙机 福建佳友茶叶机械智能科技股份有限公司;Milli-RO PLUS 30纯水机 法国Millipore公司;UV-2550紫外可见分光光度计 日本岛津公司;CM-5分光光度色差计 日本柯尼卡美能达公司;Water 2695高效液相色谱仪、2998 PDA检测器 美国Waters公司;SPME手动进样手柄、50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS固相微萃取头 美国SuPeclo公司;Agilent 7890A气相色谱仪、Agilent 5975C质谱、DB-5MS UI弹性石英毛细管柱(60 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm) 美国Agilent公司;Gerstel ODP3嗅觉检测口 德国Gerstel公司。
工艺流程:茶鲜叶(1芽1叶,含水率75%~77%)→萎凋(12~14 h,茶坯含水率56%~58%)→揉捻(90~100 min)→解块→发酵(温度30 ℃,时间4.5 h,中间翻堆2次)→毛火(100~105 ℃,15 min)→足火(80 ℃,90 min)→提香(60 ℃,180 min)。
茶叶感官品质:由3名(2女1男,年龄在25~42,审评经验5~20年)专业审评员组成,采用GB/T 23776-2018《茶叶感官审评方法》对茶样进行感官审评[13],计算公式为:感官得分=外形×0.25+汤色×0.10+香气×0.25+滋味×0.30+叶底×0.10;茶多酚和儿茶素含量采用GB/T 8313-2008《茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量的检测方法》进行检测[14];儿茶素苦涩指数=(ECG+EGCG+EGC+GC)/(EC+C)[15];游离氨基酸总量采用GB/T 8314-2013《茶 游离氨基酸总量的测定》方法检测[16];可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮比色法;干茶、茶汤和叶底色泽:色差法测定(光源D65,角度4°),汤色检测采取3 g茶叶加150 mL沸水冲泡5 min,过滤后用专用比色皿测定茶汤色泽属性L*、a、b值,分别代表汤色的明亮度、红绿色度、黄蓝色度。a/b比值越高,红色越明显;比值越低,黄色越突出[17]。
HS-SPME-GC-MS分析测定香气成分,首先,准确称取1.0 g茶样放入顶空萃取瓶中并加入50.0 mL沸水,再加入2.0 μL的内标(0.862 g/mL×10−3癸酸乙酯),然后将萃取头(试验前在240 ℃下老化15 min)插入顶空萃取瓶中,在60 ℃水浴中平衡10 min,吸附50 min后取出并立即插入GC仪的进样口中,解吸附6 min,同时启动仪器收集数据[18]。
GC条件:载气为高纯氦气,进样口温度240 ℃,流速1.0 mL/min。色谱柱(DB-5MS UI,60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 µm)温度以50 ℃保持5 min,以3 ℃/min升至180 ℃保持2 min,然后以10 ℃/min升至250 ℃保持3 min。
MS条件:电子电离能量为70 eV;质量扫描范围为50~600 u;离子源温度为230 ℃;四极杆温度为150 ℃;MS传输线温度为280 ℃。
GC-O分析:载气为高纯氮气,氮气流量1.45 mL/min,加湿器流速为12 mL/min。嗅闻系统输出温度为220 ℃,嗅闻出口温度为240 ℃。分析方法:香气强度描述采用5点刻度法:0表示未闻到;1表示微弱;2表示中等;3表示较强;4表示极强。嗅闻过程中记录保留时间、强度值和呈味描述。
定性:将 GC-MS 分析得到的质谱数据在NIST17.L 标准谱库中检索,综合质谱匹配度来进行筛选化合物。
定量:采用内标法定量,各组分含量的计算公式如下:
$\rm W_{i}=\frac{S_i}{S_{is}}\times M_{is} $
其中:Wi为每个挥发性成分的含量(µg/kg);Si为挥发性成分的峰面积;Mis为内标癸酸乙酯的质量;Sis为内标癸酸乙酯的峰面积。
ROAV分析:采用相对香气活度值(Relative odor activity value,ROAV)分析并确定对样品总体风味贡献最大的组分,并分析春夏秋3个季节的宜红茶茶样的关键香气成分。ROAV为挥发性成分的相对浓度(C)与其气味阈值(T)的比值,C为组分在样品中的质量浓度(μg/L);T为对应组分在水中的气味阈值[19]。
本研究实验测定均重复3次,采用Origin软件进行数据处理并绘制图表,数据采用单因素(ANOVA)分析和显著性分析,P<0.05表示有显著差异。
不同季节宜红工夫茶的感官审评结果见图1,春夏秋三季宜红工夫茶的总分均高于90分,外形上条索均较紧细显金毫,说明高海拔地区鲜叶所制的宜红工夫茶外形品质优异;汤色上,春茶红艳明亮(92分),比夏茶和秋茶高1分;在滋味上,春茶滋味醇厚鲜爽(93分),而夏茶表现出醇厚(91.5分),秋茶则表现为醇厚尚爽(92.5分);在香气上,春茶香气蜜甜,馥郁持久(94分),次之的是秋茶甜香持久(92分),夏茶甜香尚持久(91.5分)。在叶底上,秋茶的叶底颜色稍暗,比春茶和夏茶低1分。在外形上,春夏秋三个季节的宜红工夫茶没有明显的差异。因此,单从感官品质评价来说,春茶最佳,秋茶次之,夏茶最后。付静[20]对不同季节的工夫红茶进行感官审评,综合排序依次为春季、秋季、夏季,本研究结果与之相符。
比较不同季节的宜红工夫茶的色泽品质(图2和表1),结果发现春季和夏季的干茶较亮,干茶L*值相比秋季较高(P<0.05)。不同季节的干茶色相值(a/b)具有显著差异(P<0.05),其中春茶最低(P<0.05),秋茶最高(P<0.05)。不同季节的茶汤色泽L*值在31.15~33.24之间,夏茶L*值最高(33.24,P<0.05),春茶最低(31.15,P<0.05),其中感官品质得分与茶汤色差分析有较高的相关性,L*值与品质得分呈极显著负相关[21],说明春茶的茶汤最优,这与感官审评结果一致。在叶底色泽上,秋茶的L*值与a/b比值均最高(P<0.05),说明秋茶叶底色泽偏红。综合以上的色泽数据结果可以发现,高海拔地区不同季节的宜红工夫茶的色泽品质都相对较好,其中春茶色泽品质最好,夏茶次之,秋茶最后。
理化成分是茶叶的感官品质基础,水浸出物、可溶性糖、茶多酚、氨基酸类物质等主要化学成分含量呈现明显的季节性变化规律。比较发现,夏茶的水浸出物和茶多酚(图3)含量显著高于春秋两季(P<0.05),夏茶的茶多酚含量达10.76%,较春茶(8.31%)和秋茶(8.40%)分别升高了29.48%和28.10%,推测这与高海拔地区夏季的高温强光,促进儿茶素类物质合成直接相关[22]。水浸出物含量达37.43%,推测是夏季高温多雨,茶树生长旺盛,叶片成熟度高,导致水浸出物升高,所制成的红茶滋味醇厚。可溶性糖与茶叶中的甜味呈正相关[23],秋茶的可溶性糖(5.69%)含量在3个季节中最高,呈现独特的甜味,可能与高海拔地区秋茶鲜叶中的糖类物质转化相关[24]。氨基酸是茶叶鲜爽滋味的主要贡献者[22],春茶的氨基酸含量(4.13%)显著高于夏季(3.53%)和秋季(3.89%)(P<0.05),可能与春季低温和昼夜温差相关,但滋味浓度可能不及夏茶。酚氨比可作为茶树品种适制红茶的重要指标,酚氨比高通常表现为滋味更浓、涩感明显[25],夏茶的酚氨比为3.05,显著高于春茶和秋茶(P<0.05)。
儿茶素是决定茶汤滋味、浓稠度的关键成分,儿茶素可分为非酯性儿茶素和酯型儿茶素两类,非酯型儿茶素(EGC、GC、EC和C)的收敛性较弱,苦涩味较轻,而酯型儿茶素(EGCG、GCG、ECG和CG)则具有更强的收敛性和明显的涩味[26]。不同季节宜红工夫茶的儿茶素总量为3.40%~6.05%,比较发现,夏茶的儿茶素总量(6.05%)最高,秋茶最低(3.40%),夏茶酯型儿茶素中的EGCG、ECG含量显著高于春秋两季(P<0.05),分别为1.38%和1.49%。在非酯型儿茶素中,春茶的EGC含量最高,为0.46%,较夏茶增加了36.90%,这可能是由于不同季节的光照强度和温度协同调节儿茶素合成,从而影响茶汤滋味[27]。咖啡碱是红茶重要的苦味物质[28],从图4可知,咖啡碱的含量从春季到秋季呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。茶叶品质不仅与儿茶素总量有关,还与儿茶素苦涩味指数有关[29],从图3可知,春夏秋3个季节的儿茶素苦涩指数分别为2.42、3.00和3.63,秋茶的苦涩指数显著高于春夏两季(P<0.05),儿茶素苦涩指数季节变化:秋茶>夏茶>春茶,说明秋茶的苦涩味最强,夏茶次之,春茶较柔和。
综合以上结果发现,不同季节所制的宜红茶的理化成分具有显著区别(P<0.05),春茶的氨基酸含量最高,为所制成的红茶滋味鲜爽奠定了基础。夏茶的多酚类物质以及水浸出物含量最高,说明高海拔地区的夏茶滋味相对醇厚。秋茶的可溶性糖含量较高,赋予了独特的甜味。综合比较,春茶品质最优,这与感官审评结果一致。
宜红工夫茶的总离子色谱图如图5所示,不同季节所制茶样的挥发性化合物存在一定差异,其中春茶的挥发性化合物峰面积较高,秋茶次之。从表2可知,3个季节宜红工夫茶共检测出63种挥发性香气物质,其中醇类16种,醛类17种,酯类7种,酮类5种,烯烃类12种,其他类化合物6种,其中共有挥发性成分40种。比较发现,春夏秋3个季节宜红工夫茶检测出的香气挥发性化合物分别有40种、50种、48种。春茶的挥发性香气物质总量为1633.68 μg/kg(P<0.05),夏茶的挥发性香气物质总量为1204.17 μg/kg,秋茶的挥发性香气物质总量为1102.48 μg/kg。由此可见,从所检测到的香气挥发性化合物的种类及总含量综合来看,夏季宜红工夫茶所检测到的香气挥发性化合物的种类最多,而春茶的香气总含量最高。
从图6可知,3个季节的宜红工夫茶的挥发性香气物质组分上有较大区别,其中醇类、醛类和酯类化合物被认为是红茶中关键的香气成分[30]。醇类多显花果甜香,醛类常带青草芬芳,酯类兼具花果青香,上述香气成分的相互协调,赋予工夫红茶的特征香型[31]。在宜红工夫茶中醇类物质相对含量最高,其含量远远高于其他香气物质含量,各季节的醇类物质相对含量在51.79%~67.48%之间,其中夏茶的醇类物质相对含量最高,高达67.48%。醛类物质占比第二,相对含量在18.26%~32.86%,其中秋茶的醛类相对含量最高(32.86%)。第三大挥发性化合物为酯类,相对含量在5.78%~11.58%之间,春茶的酯类相对含量最高(11.58%),几乎是夏茶的两倍。酮类、烯烃类以及其他类物质的相对含量占比低,酮类(0.77%~1.29%),烯烃类(3.25%~5.46%),其他类(1.49%~3.25%)。
正交偏最小二乘法(Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)是茶叶品质判别中一种有效方法[32]。结果表明:春夏秋3个季节的宜红工夫茶区分明显(图7A),具有95%的置信区间,其拟合参数R2X=0.841,R2Y=0.98,Q2=0.873,R2和Q2超过0.5表示模型拟合结果可接受[33]。为进一步验证模型的稳定性,采用置换检验方法,进行了200次的交叉验证(图7B),其参数为R2=0.603,Q2=-0.792,Q2与Y轴相交的截距<0,说明该模型没有出现过拟合,具有较强的预测能力,能较好地区分3个季节宜红工夫茶的挥发性化合物。从图中(图7C)可以看出,VIP>1的物质有11种,综合OPLS-DA判别发现,三个季节中VIP>1,P<0.05的香气成分有7种,分别是橙花醇、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、反式-2-己烯醛、壬醛、芳樟醇氧化物I、柠檬醛,这7种挥发性化合物是区分春夏秋3个不同季节的宜红工夫茶的关键差异性香气成分。
ROAV值是评价香气贡献度的重要指标,ROAV>1的成分对茶叶整体香气品质的贡献度更大[34]。从表3可以看出,在3个季节的宜红工夫茶中ROAV>1的香气化合物有芳樟醇、脱氢芳樟醇、橙花醇、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、反-2-辛烯醛、壬醛、癸醛、α-荜澄茄油烯、β-紫罗兰酮、辛醇。与春茶相比,夏茶的香气差异性化合物为α-荜澄茄油烯,具有草本香气,赋予了夏茶的草香,秋茶的差异性香气化合物为脱氢芳樟醇、壬醛、辛醇,具有热带草木味和柠檬香,形成了秋茶的木质香调。
在3个季节所制的宜红工夫茶中ROAV值最高的是芳樟醇(9.92~16.45),芳樟醇以花香和蜜香为主[36],是形成宜红工夫茶花蜜香的主要贡献成分,其次是带有玫瑰花香的橙花醇(7.93~39.34),这两种香气化合物对宜红的香气贡献值最大,共同构成了宜红独特的花香和甜香。β-紫罗兰酮作为茶叶香气中一种关键的酮类香气代谢物[37],一般具有紫罗兰花香,还可能呈现出水果的香气特性,为茶叶香气增添了花果甜香的特征。本结果与郑鹏程等[8]研究结果相符。
GC-O是鉴别和量化茶叶中的关键香气成分的重要手段[38]。本研究在3个季节的宜红工夫茶中共鉴定得到18种呈香成分(AI>1),包括醇类8种、醛类4种、酯类3种、酮类2种、烯烃类1种(表4),其中春季10种、夏季11种、秋季12种,3个季节共有的呈香物质有13种,分别为2-甲基丁醛、正乙醛、甲基庚烯酮、苯乙醛、芳樟醇氧化物I、芳樟醇氧化物II、芳樟醇、壬醛、苯乙醇、(E)-芳樟醇氧化物(吡喃型)、水杨酸甲酯、橙花醇、β-紫罗兰酮。GC-O嗅闻鉴定出的18种挥发性物质的香气成分主要有花香、甜香、果香、青草香、木质香等类型,其中含量较高和呈香强的有芳樟醇氧化物 II(玉兰花香)、芳樟醇(花香)、苯乙醛(花甜香)、β-紫罗兰酮(花香),呈香强度均接近3.0,表明它们是宜红工夫茶花香和甜香的重要贡献物质,这与在审评时所闻到的蜜甜香一致。该结论与Lu等[40]研究结果相符,其研究表明单萜醇、芳香醇等香气物质能促进红茶香气的形成。比较不同季节的宜红工夫茶的呈香成分,结果发现春茶中的芳樟醇氧化物II及(E)-吡喃型芳樟醇氧化物的呈香强度均高于夏秋茶,其中花香和甜香风味贡献较大。夏茶中芳樟醇的呈香强度值最高(3.5),且N-丁酸(反-2-己烯基)酯与α-荜澄茄油烯呈香强度也高于春秋茶,这些香气物质共同构成了夏茶特有的香气特征。秋茶中的苯乙醇(蜜甜香)、水杨酸甲酯(薄荷香)、α-松油醇(松木香)和橙花醇(花香)的呈香强度较高。值得注意的是,赋予木香的α-松油醇仅在秋茶中被鉴定出来,而花甜香的苯乙醛在三个季节中也有显著差异,其呈香强度以夏茶最高(3.5),秋茶次之(2.5),这可能与春、夏、秋三季光照强度的变化等因素有关[41]。
综合GC-O和ROAV结果,比较发现ROAV值较高的香气化合物,其嗅闻的气味强度也会较高,两种方法呈现出了一致性,但两种方法鉴定出的部分香气物质贡献度也存在差异[42],在GC-O所鉴别出来的18个物质中,部分ROAV值<1的化合物也能被嗅闻到较高的气味强度,其中包括3个季节中共有的甲基庚烯酮(柑橘香)、(E)-芳樟醇氧化物(吡喃型)(花香),春茶、秋茶中的顺-3-壬烯-1-醇(蜡状密瓜皮)以及夏茶中的壬醛(柠檬香)。而部分ROAV>1的物质却没有被嗅闻到,其中包括(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、反-2-辛烯醛、癸醛等,可能是由于ROAV的计算基于一个简单的模型系统中的浓度-阈值比率,这可能无法完全捕捉到茶叶基质中香气感知的复杂性[39]。因此,本研究结合GC-O和ROAV两种方法,综合分析发现芳樟醇、β-紫罗兰酮、橙花醇、壬醛ROAV>1且GC-O嗅闻强度AI>2的香气活性化合物是形成不同季节宜红工夫茶特征香气的关键化合物,而苯乙醛、甲基庚烯酮、芳樟醇氧化物Ⅰ、芳樟醇氧化物Ⅱ及(E)-芳樟醇氧化物(吡喃型)等AI>2的香气活性化合物可能对宜红工夫茶的香气特征及强弱具有辅助作用。
Xu等[43]研究表明,香叶醇、苯乙醛、芳樟醇、苯乙醇和β-紫罗兰酮是影响祁门红茶整体香气的关键化合物,Ma等[44]发现,苯乙醛、芳樟醇、香茅醇和3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪对滇红香气具有重要贡献,Lu等[40]则鉴定出芳樟醇、β-大马士酮和苯乙醛为英红的主要香气活性化合物。本研究分析发现,芳樟醇、β-紫罗兰酮、橙花醇和壬醛为宜红工夫茶的关键呈香成分。相比其他地区的工夫红茶,β-紫罗兰酮和橙花醇为宜红工夫茶的差异性香气化合物。值得注意的是,宜红与祁红的关键呈香物质较为相似,这可能是由于两者均为中小叶种的茶树鲜叶所制[45]。此外,虽然芳樟醇、苯乙醛等香气成分在四种工夫红茶中均存在,但其呈香强度在不同产区红茶间存在显著差异,推测这种差异主要受栽培环境及气候条件等因素影响,最终造就了不同产区红茶特征香气的感官差异[34]。
本研究综合分析了高海拔地区春、夏、秋三季所制宜红工夫茶的理化品质与香气成分。结果表明:三季宜红工夫茶均符合优质商品茶标准。在理化成分方面,春茶氨基酸含量最高;夏茶的水浸出物、茶多酚含量及儿茶素总量较高;秋茶的可溶性糖含量最高。香气分析共鉴定出63种香气物质,其中共性成分40种。夏茶香气种类最多(50种),春茶香气物质总量最高(1633.68 μg/kg,P<0.05)。通过OPLS-DA分析,春、夏、秋三季宜红工夫茶样品区分明显,并筛选出7种关键差异香气成分(VIP值>1且P<0.05):橙花醇、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、反式-2-己烯醛、壬醛、芳樟醇氧化物I、柠檬醛。比较不同季节宜红工夫茶的呈香成分,发现呈花甜香的苯乙醛在三个季节中差异显著,芳樟醇氧化物II及(E)-吡喃型芳樟醇氧化物在春茶中的呈香强度更高,夏茶中芳樟醇、N-丁酸(反-2-己烯基)酯与α-荜澄茄油烯呈香强度较高,呈木香的α-松油醇仅在秋茶中被鉴定出来。综合GC-O与ROAV结果,确定宜红工夫茶的关键香气物质为芳樟醇(花香)、β-紫罗兰酮(花香)、橙花醇(花香)和壬醛(柠檬香)。
综上所述,本研究分析了不同季节宜红工夫茶的理化品质,并筛选出其关键呈香成分。然而,在实际生产中,高海拔地区的夏茶资源尚未得到充分利用,后续研究将基于夏茶特性,优化夏季宜红工夫茶定向精准加工技术,并开展产品拼配工作,为宜红工夫茶的品质调控及新产品研发提供数据与理论支撑。

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2026年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050241
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
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    1湖南农业大学茶学教育部重点实验室,湖南长沙 410128
    2湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所,湖北武汉 430064
    3五峰土家族自治县茶叶发展中心,湖北五峰 443400
    4宜昌茶业集团有限公司,湖北宜昌 443001

通讯作者:

曹冰冰(1991−),女,高级工程师,研究方向:茶叶加工与新产品研发,E-mail:。
叶飞(1983−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:茶叶加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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