Article(id=1321766511862206906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050231, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793063293661, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793063293661, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793063293661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793063293661, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=172, endPage=182, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321766512113865147, articleId=1321766511862206906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Physicochemical and Microstructural Variation of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Meat during Microwave Vacuum Drying, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Macrobrachium rosenbergii is rich in nutritional components and has delicious flavor, giving it significant commercial value. However, it is prone to spoilage and deterioration due to high moisture content. Drying is an important way for the high-value processing and utilization of aquatic products. In this study, the effects of initial status of M. rosenbergii meat (both the fresh M. rosenbergii meat and the frozen M. rosenbergii meat), microwave power intensities (1~5 W/g), and drying temperatures (45~60 ℃) on the drying efficiency, specific energy consumption, microstructure, and quality attributes of M. rosenbergii meat to obtain dried shrimp products with superior quality and high energy efficiency during microwave vacuum drying (MVD). The optimal drying conditions were selected based on a comprehensive weighted scoring method by a comprehensive assessment of the drying efficiency and quality attributes of dried products. The results demonstrated that compared to fresh M. rosenbergii meat, frozen samples that directly treated by MVD resulted in the dried products possessing a more intact structure with more internal pores and stable protein structure, as well as a higher astaxanthin content (0.93 μg/g), improved color, superior rehydration capacity, enhanced water-holding ability, and a significantly higher comprehensive quality score (P<0.05). At microwave power intensity of 5 W/g, microwave vacuum dried M. rosenbergii meat exhibited a denser porous structure, accompanied by the shortest drying time (15.27 min), lowest specific energy consumption (4.55 kW∙h/kg), highest water-holding capacity (20.34%), and highest comprehensive score among the tested power intensity levels (P<0.05). Among the four controlled temperatures, M. rosenbergii meat dried at 55 ℃ displayed regular internal pores and moderate fiber contraction, along with a lower hardness (200.57 N), and superior rehydration ratio (5.31) and water-holding capacity (20.42%). To sum up, compared to the fresh M. rosenbergii meat, the frozen meat was suitable material during MVD. The frozen M. rosenbergii meat was recommended to be dried at a power intensity of 5 W/g and drying temperature of 55 ℃ to achieve the dried products with superior quality, high drying efficiency and lower energy consumption.

, authors=Zhuo ZHANG1, Ya ZHAO1, Ruichang GAO2, Qilong SHI1, *, authorsList=Zhuo ZHANG, Ya ZHAO, Ruichang GAO, Qilong SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qilong SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321766513346990534, articleId=1321766511862206906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=微波真空干燥罗氏沼虾虾仁理化特性与微观结构变化, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

罗氏沼虾营养丰富、肉质鲜美,具有重要商业价值。但其含水率高,容易腐败变质。干燥是水产品高值化加工利用的重要途径。为提高罗氏沼虾虾仁微波真空干燥(microwave vacuum drying,MVD)效率,获得高品质虾仁干制品,本研究探讨了物料初始状态(新鲜虾仁和冷冻虾仁)、微波功率密度(1~5 W/g)和干燥温度(45~60 ℃)对MVD虾仁的干燥效率、比能耗、微观结构和品质特性的影响,并采用综合加权评分法对虾仁干燥效率和干制品品质进行综合评估,优选虾仁干燥工艺参数。结果表明,相较于鲜虾仁,将冷冻虾仁直接MVD的制品结构更完整、孔隙率高,蛋白质结构更稳定,而且具有更高的虾青素含量(0.93 μg/g),色泽、复水性能、持水能力和综合评分更优(P<0.05)。微波功率密度5 W/g时,虾仁呈疏松多孔结构,干燥时间最短(15.27 min)、比能耗最低(4.55 kW·h/kg),持水能力最高(20.34%),综合评分优于其他功率密度(P<0.05)。此外,微波干燥温度55 ℃时,虾仁内部孔隙规整,纤维适度收缩,硬度较低(200.57 N),复水比(5.31)和持水能力(20.42%)表现最佳。综上,相比于鲜虾仁,冷冻虾仁在微波功率密度5 W/g、温度55 ℃条件下干燥,可得到“优质、高效、低能耗”干制品。

, authors=张焯1, 赵亚1, 高瑞昌2, 石启龙1, *, authorsList=张焯, 赵亚, 高瑞昌, 石启龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=石启龙, authorNote=

张焯(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品干燥理论与技术,E-mail:

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石启龙(1974−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬/水产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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张焯(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品干燥理论与技术,E-mail:

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张焯(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品干燥理论与技术,E-mail:

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Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2024.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321766520749937148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766511862206906, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Compiled by the Fisheries and Fishery Administration Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the National Aquatic Technology Extension Station, and the Chinese Society of Fisheries. 2024 China Fisheries Statistical Yearbook[M]. 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Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2021, 45(5)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321766526865232424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766511862206906, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DONG X, WANG J, RAGHAVAN V. Impact of microwave processing on the secondary structure, in-vitro protein digestibility and allergenicity of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) proteins[J]. 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LWT, 2020, 130: 109638., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321766527142056491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766511862206906, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=罗归一, 宋春芳, 李臻峰, 等. 基于温度和功率控制的微波干燥研究[J]. 食品与机械, 2018, 34(6): 58-63. [LUO Guiyi, SONG Chunfang, LI Zhenfeng, et al. Study on microwave drying based on temperature and power control[J]. Food and Machinery, 2018, 34(6): 58-63.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321766527217553964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766511862206906, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO Guiyi, SONG Chunfang, LI Zhenfeng, et al. Study on microwave drying based on temperature and power control[J]. 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注:a.物料初始状态;b.不同微波功率密度;c.不同干燥温度。

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Effects of different drying conditions on drying time, average drying rate, specific energy consumption, water holding characteristics, apparent density and porosity of M. rosenbergii meat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品干燥时间(min)Va(kg·kg−1·h−1)SEC(kW∙h/kg)虾青素含量(μg/g)表观密度(g/cm3)孔隙率(%)WHC(%)
新鲜虾仁−−−3.96±0.40a8.42±0.52a2.01±1.02i33.44±1.39a
Fre-333.17±0.15e11.17±0.052d7.52±0.03de0.55±0.05ef3.29±1.03b4.66±1.00f6.69±1.36f
Fro-336.00±1.08d10.29±0.29d8.09±0.11cd0.93±0.28d3.14±0.87b5.44±1.01d19.75±1.12b
Fro-1123.96±1.0a2.99±0.024g21.11±0.17a1.95±0.05b3.05±0.56b6.33±1.04b13.62±0.37d
Fro-257.67±2.52b6.43±0.28f12.48±0.54b1.43±0.28c3.68±0.20b4.07±1.20h10.15±0.21e
Fro-426.67±1.53f13.92±0.81c6.97±0.39ef0.75±0.01de3.57±0.84b4.29±1.07g11.49±0.51e
Fro-515.27±0.64h24.29±1.00a4.55±0.18g0.32±0.03f3.10±1.93b5.67±1.03c20.34±0.61b
Control-4548.42±0.52c7.65±0.08e12.41±0.19b0.81±0.13de3.41±0.64b4.87±1.05e15.30±0.31c
Control-5036.50±0.44d10.15±0.12d8.67±0.47c0.79±0.07de3.39±0.19b5.43±1.07d20.26±0.72b
Control-5528.33±1.53f13.10±0.70c7.38±0.40e0.75±0.15de3.17±0.58b7.41±1.01a20.42±0.50b
Control-6018.50±0.50g20.03±0.54b6.31±0.38f0.71±0.10de3.34±0.91b5.73±1.04c20.15±0.36b
), ArticleFig(id=1321766520204677622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766511862206906, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同干燥条件对罗氏沼虾虾仁干燥时间、平均干燥速率、比能耗、持水特性、表观密度和孔隙率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品干燥时间(min)Va(kg·kg−1·h−1)SEC(kW∙h/kg)虾青素含量(μg/g)表观密度(g/cm3)孔隙率(%)WHC(%)
新鲜虾仁−−−3.96±0.40a8.42±0.52a2.01±1.02i33.44±1.39a
Fre-333.17±0.15e11.17±0.052d7.52±0.03de0.55±0.05ef3.29±1.03b4.66±1.00f6.69±1.36f
Fro-336.00±1.08d10.29±0.29d8.09±0.11cd0.93±0.28d3.14±0.87b5.44±1.01d19.75±1.12b
Fro-1123.96±1.0a2.99±0.024g21.11±0.17a1.95±0.05b3.05±0.56b6.33±1.04b13.62±0.37d
Fro-257.67±2.52b6.43±0.28f12.48±0.54b1.43±0.28c3.68±0.20b4.07±1.20h10.15±0.21e
Fro-426.67±1.53f13.92±0.81c6.97±0.39ef0.75±0.01de3.57±0.84b4.29±1.07g11.49±0.51e
Fro-515.27±0.64h24.29±1.00a4.55±0.18g0.32±0.03f3.10±1.93b5.67±1.03c20.34±0.61b
Control-4548.42±0.52c7.65±0.08e12.41±0.19b0.81±0.13de3.41±0.64b4.87±1.05e15.30±0.31c
Control-5036.50±0.44d10.15±0.12d8.67±0.47c0.79±0.07de3.39±0.19b5.43±1.07d20.26±0.72b
Control-5528.33±1.53f13.10±0.70c7.38±0.40e0.75±0.15de3.17±0.58b7.41±1.01a20.42±0.50b
Control-6018.50±0.50g20.03±0.54b6.31±0.38f0.71±0.10de3.34±0.91b5.73±1.04c20.15±0.36b
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Effects of different drying conditions on the color and texture of M. rosenbergii meat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*ΔE白度值硬度(N)弹性(mm)咀嚼性(mJ)
新鲜虾仁72.62±0.33f−1.23±1.26a4.93±2.54b−72.06±0.79e40.56±0.69e0.61±0.11ab13.70±3.17d
Fre-381.46±0.85de2.60±0.35a13.36±1.06a13.09±1.32a76.98±0.08d216.36±22.78bc0.72±0.01a97.78±16.33a
Fro-383.15±2.35bcd1.92±2.39a13.32±2.04a15.47±1.60a77.72±1.34cd181.68±10.22cd0.71±0.04ab69.44±13.20abc
Fro-180.32±0.53e2.03±0.93a13.74±2.33a12.49±1.92a75.85±1.40d178.65±15.06cd0.75±0.06a59.75±10.11bc
Fro-281.34±0.41de0.35±1.75a14.40±0.81a14.53±2.07a76.60±1.12d204.01±1.85bcd0.56±0.13b52.11±20.40c
Fro-484.45±0.50bc−0.70±1.41a13.99±1.93a12.80±1.43a79.52±1.85bc229.19±23.62b0.68±0.06ab77.53±22.70abc
Fro-584.72±0.99ab−0.56±0.22a12.25±1.70a14.10±1.17a80.16±0.83ab273.68±45.31a0.68±0.10ab91.08±41.41ab
Control-4586.45±0.50a1.13±1.19a11.21±1.74a15.67±0.11a82.33±1.48a175.02±13.94d0.72±0.02ab68.52±12.20abc
Control-5082.78±0.10bcd1.07±2.04a13.63±1.00a13.88±0.99a77.94±0.83bcd183.63±8.86cd0.73±0.03a72.55±6.64abc
Control-5582.71±0.73cd1.29±2.19a13.93±2.11a14.16±1.15a77.64±1.38cd200.57±8.37bcd0.74±0.03a77.90±14.10abc
Control-6081.31±1.17de−0.23±3.56a13.87±1.06a12.96±1.74a76.51±0.50d217.60±24.63bc0.68±0.07ab83.51±17.10abc
), ArticleFig(id=1321766520397615608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1321766511862206906, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同干燥条件对罗氏沼虾颜色和质构的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*ΔE白度值硬度(N)弹性(mm)咀嚼性(mJ)
新鲜虾仁72.62±0.33f−1.23±1.26a4.93±2.54b−72.06±0.79e40.56±0.69e0.61±0.11ab13.70±3.17d
Fre-381.46±0.85de2.60±0.35a13.36±1.06a13.09±1.32a76.98±0.08d216.36±22.78bc0.72±0.01a97.78±16.33a
Fro-383.15±2.35bcd1.92±2.39a13.32±2.04a15.47±1.60a77.72±1.34cd181.68±10.22cd0.71±0.04ab69.44±13.20abc
Fro-180.32±0.53e2.03±0.93a13.74±2.33a12.49±1.92a75.85±1.40d178.65±15.06cd0.75±0.06a59.75±10.11bc
Fro-281.34±0.41de0.35±1.75a14.40±0.81a14.53±2.07a76.60±1.12d204.01±1.85bcd0.56±0.13b52.11±20.40c
Fro-484.45±0.50bc−0.70±1.41a13.99±1.93a12.80±1.43a79.52±1.85bc229.19±23.62b0.68±0.06ab77.53±22.70abc
Fro-584.72±0.99ab−0.56±0.22a12.25±1.70a14.10±1.17a80.16±0.83ab273.68±45.31a0.68±0.10ab91.08±41.41ab
Control-4586.45±0.50a1.13±1.19a11.21±1.74a15.67±0.11a82.33±1.48a175.02±13.94d0.72±0.02ab68.52±12.20abc
Control-5082.78±0.10bcd1.07±2.04a13.63±1.00a13.88±0.99a77.94±0.83bcd183.63±8.86cd0.73±0.03a72.55±6.64abc
Control-5582.71±0.73cd1.29±2.19a13.93±2.11a14.16±1.15a77.64±1.38cd200.57±8.37bcd0.74±0.03a77.90±14.10abc
Control-6081.31±1.17de−0.23±3.56a13.87±1.06a12.96±1.74a76.51±0.50d217.60±24.63bc0.68±0.07ab83.51±17.10abc
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微波真空干燥罗氏沼虾虾仁理化特性与微观结构变化
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张焯 1 , 赵亚 1 , 高瑞昌 2 , 石启龙 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(8): 172-182
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (8) : 172 -182
微波真空干燥罗氏沼虾虾仁理化特性与微观结构变化
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张焯1 , 赵亚1, 高瑞昌2, 石启龙1, *
作者信息
  • 1山东理工大学农业工程与食品科学学院,山东淄博 255000
  • 2江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212013
通讯作者:
石启龙(1974−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬/水产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张焯(1998−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品干燥理论与技术,E-mail:

Physicochemical and Microstructural Variation of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Meat during Microwave Vacuum Drying
Zhuo ZHANG1 , Ya ZHAO1, Ruichang GAO2, Qilong SHI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
  • 2College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050231
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罗氏沼虾营养丰富、肉质鲜美,具有重要商业价值。但其含水率高,容易腐败变质。干燥是水产品高值化加工利用的重要途径。为提高罗氏沼虾虾仁微波真空干燥(microwave vacuum drying,MVD)效率,获得高品质虾仁干制品,本研究探讨了物料初始状态(新鲜虾仁和冷冻虾仁)、微波功率密度(1~5 W/g)和干燥温度(45~60 ℃)对MVD虾仁的干燥效率、比能耗、微观结构和品质特性的影响,并采用综合加权评分法对虾仁干燥效率和干制品品质进行综合评估,优选虾仁干燥工艺参数。结果表明,相较于鲜虾仁,将冷冻虾仁直接MVD的制品结构更完整、孔隙率高,蛋白质结构更稳定,而且具有更高的虾青素含量(0.93 μg/g),色泽、复水性能、持水能力和综合评分更优(P<0.05)。微波功率密度5 W/g时,虾仁呈疏松多孔结构,干燥时间最短(15.27 min)、比能耗最低(4.55 kW·h/kg),持水能力最高(20.34%),综合评分优于其他功率密度(P<0.05)。此外,微波干燥温度55 ℃时,虾仁内部孔隙规整,纤维适度收缩,硬度较低(200.57 N),复水比(5.31)和持水能力(20.42%)表现最佳。综上,相比于鲜虾仁,冷冻虾仁在微波功率密度5 W/g、温度55 ℃条件下干燥,可得到“优质、高效、低能耗”干制品。

微波真空干燥  /  物料状态  /  罗氏沼虾虾仁  /  物理化学性质  /  微观结构

Macrobrachium rosenbergii is rich in nutritional components and has delicious flavor, giving it significant commercial value. However, it is prone to spoilage and deterioration due to high moisture content. Drying is an important way for the high-value processing and utilization of aquatic products. In this study, the effects of initial status of M. rosenbergii meat (both the fresh M. rosenbergii meat and the frozen M. rosenbergii meat), microwave power intensities (1~5 W/g), and drying temperatures (45~60 ℃) on the drying efficiency, specific energy consumption, microstructure, and quality attributes of M. rosenbergii meat to obtain dried shrimp products with superior quality and high energy efficiency during microwave vacuum drying (MVD). The optimal drying conditions were selected based on a comprehensive weighted scoring method by a comprehensive assessment of the drying efficiency and quality attributes of dried products. The results demonstrated that compared to fresh M. rosenbergii meat, frozen samples that directly treated by MVD resulted in the dried products possessing a more intact structure with more internal pores and stable protein structure, as well as a higher astaxanthin content (0.93 μg/g), improved color, superior rehydration capacity, enhanced water-holding ability, and a significantly higher comprehensive quality score (P<0.05). At microwave power intensity of 5 W/g, microwave vacuum dried M. rosenbergii meat exhibited a denser porous structure, accompanied by the shortest drying time (15.27 min), lowest specific energy consumption (4.55 kW∙h/kg), highest water-holding capacity (20.34%), and highest comprehensive score among the tested power intensity levels (P<0.05). Among the four controlled temperatures, M. rosenbergii meat dried at 55 ℃ displayed regular internal pores and moderate fiber contraction, along with a lower hardness (200.57 N), and superior rehydration ratio (5.31) and water-holding capacity (20.42%). To sum up, compared to the fresh M. rosenbergii meat, the frozen meat was suitable material during MVD. The frozen M. rosenbergii meat was recommended to be dried at a power intensity of 5 W/g and drying temperature of 55 ℃ to achieve the dried products with superior quality, high drying efficiency and lower energy consumption.

microwave vacuum drying  /  material status  /  Macrobrachium rosenbergii meat  /  physicochemical properties  /  microstructure
张焯, 赵亚, 高瑞昌, 石启龙. 微波真空干燥罗氏沼虾虾仁理化特性与微观结构变化. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 172 -182 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050231
Zhuo ZHANG, Ya ZHAO, Ruichang GAO, Qilong SHI. Physicochemical and Microstructural Variation of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Meat during Microwave Vacuum Drying[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 172 -182 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050231
罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)又称马来西亚长臂虾,属于长臂虾科、沼虾属,为“淡水虾之王”。罗氏沼虾富含蛋白质、必需氨基酸等营养成分,而且具有独特的风味,是全球重要的商业水产养殖物种[1]。近年来,中国罗氏沼虾养殖规模和产量逐年增加。2023年,我国罗氏沼虾养殖总产量达19.6万吨[2]。但是,鲜活罗氏沼虾含水率高,内源酶种类多且含量高,极易腐败变质。目前,市场上罗氏沼虾主要以鲜销为主,而加工所占比例非常低(约占10%)。冷冻和干燥是罗氏沼虾主要的加工方式[3]。罗氏沼虾冷冻/冻藏过程中,虾肉品质随着贮藏时间的延长迅速劣变,虾肉软烂无弹性,严重影响其商品价值[4]。
干燥是水产品常用的加工方式,通过降低含水率和水分活度,延缓甚至抑制微生物生长,降低酶活性,达到延长货架期目的[5]。真空冷冻干燥(vacuum freeze drying,VFD)在低温和真空条件下通过冰晶升华去除水分,能最大限度保留物料营养成分,是获得高品质干制品的主要方式。但是,VFD能耗和设备维护成本过高,限制了其在食品干燥领域的应用[6]。微波真空干燥(microwave vacuum drying,MVD)结合微波快速加热和真空条件,而且物料温度梯度和含水率梯度一致,因此干燥效率较高[7]。MVD通过缩短干燥时间并在较低温度下去除水分,可保持食品色泽、风味和营养成分,特别适合热敏性的水产品[8]。MVD的温度和均匀性受功率、真空度等因素影响,高功率可缩短干燥时间,但可能导致局部过热、蛋白质变性、脂质氧化和褐变,影响产品质量。真空环境条件可降低水的沸点,有助于减少氧化和褐变。但微波加热系统容易产生局部过热,造成干燥不均,且高温或长时间干燥会加剧蛋白变性和脂质氧化,降低干制品质构和复水性[7]。MVD技术在水产品干燥领域的研究和应用尚不广泛,仅见应用于扇贝柱[9]、海参[10]、罗非鱼[11]、鱿鱼丝[12]等少数水产原料(或初级产品)。
目前,MVD主要用于生鲜食品或者冷冻-解冻(即冻融处理)的原料,例如,苹果[13]、胡萝卜[14]、火龙果[15]、大蒜[16]、罗非鱼[17]。然而,冻融预处理严重破坏物料内部结构,尤其不适用富含蛋白质的水产品,而且解冻过程中也存在高能耗和二次污染等问题[15]。微波耦合真空状态下,冷冻物料具有升华潜力,而且能抑制物料氧化和变色[18]。冷冻物料的刚性结构,可减少微波干燥过程中物料的体积收缩[19]。此外,冰晶介电特性小于水,可有效地缓解微波加热不均匀的局限性[18]。综上,将冷冻物料直接应用于MVD具有潜在的可能性。但是,国内外鲜有对冷冻物料直接进行MVD方面的报道。通过对比新鲜虾仁和冷冻虾仁在MVD过程中理化特性及微观形态的差异,探索2种状态物料对干燥效果的影响规律,对于提高MVD工艺的效率和产品质量至关重要。
基于此,本研究以罗氏沼虾虾仁为原料,探究不同物料状态(新鲜虾仁和冷冻虾仁)、微波功率密度(1~5 W/g)和加热温度(45~60 ℃)对罗氏沼虾虾仁干燥效率与能效(干燥时间、平均干燥速率、比能耗)、物理化学特性和微观结构的影响规律,采用综合加权评分法优化罗氏沼虾虾仁MVD参数。本研究可为罗氏沼虾“优质、高效、低能耗”MVD提供理论依据和实践参考。
罗氏沼虾虾仁 购于江苏戚伍水产发展股份有限公司。2024年10月,该公司养殖基地的鲜活罗氏沼虾剥壳后用PE膜包装、塑封,置于−40 ℃冻结。冷冻虾仁通过生鲜食品配送物流送达实验室(1~2 d)。虾仁初始干基含水率为6.26±0.01 kg/kg,单个虾仁平均质量和直径分别为14.16±0.78 g和35.69±2.57 mm;甲苯 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;丙酮 烟台市双双化工有限公司;石油醚 莱阳经济技术开发区精细化工厂;氯化钠 天津市恒兴化学试剂制造有限公司;以上试剂均为分析纯(AR)。
ORW2S-5Z微波真空干燥设备 南京澳润微波科技有限公司;WSC-S测色色差计 上海仪电物理光学仪器有限公司;TA.XT PLU物性测试仪 英国Stable Micro Systems公司;Sirion 200扫描电子显微镜 美国FEI公司;Nicolet 5700傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国热电公司;UV-2102PCS紫外可见分光光度计 尤尼柯(上海)仪器有限公司;DW-HL100型超低温冰箱 中科美菱低温科技有限公司;PL204电子天平 瑞士梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司。
将冷冻虾仁分成2组。取一组流水解冻,沥干水分后待用,作为解冻后的新鲜虾仁(此后表述为新鲜虾仁)原料。另一组不解冻,置于−40 ℃冻藏至少24 h,作为冷冻虾仁原料。
本研究重点探究3种MVD调控策略,包括:虾仁初始状态(新鲜虾仁和冷冻虾仁)、微波功率密度(1~5 W/g)和干燥温度(45~60 ℃)。其中虾仁干燥终点为0.087±0.012 kg/kg。具体调控方案,物料初始状态:根据预实验结果和相关文献[9],2种不同初始状态的物料,包括新鲜虾仁和冷冻虾仁,分别在微波功率密度3 W/g、真空度−0.092 MPa、非控温条件下进行MVD,样品分别记为Fre-3和Fro-3;微波功率调控:采用冷冻虾仁为原料,在真空度−0.092 MPa、非控温条件下,分别采用1、2、3、4、5 W/g微波功率密度进行MVD处理,样品分别记为Fro-1、Fro-2、Fro-3、Fro-4和Fro-5;干燥温度调控:以冷冻虾仁为原料,固定微波功率密度5 W/g、真空度−0.092 MPa,设置干燥温度为45、50、55、60 ℃,通过设备自带的编程逻辑控制器与人机界面系统实现干燥温度动态调控(控温精度±2 ℃),进而实现控温目的,样品分别记为Control-45、Control-50、Control-55和Control-60。
干燥过程中,虾仁表面温度采用内置式红外热偶在线采集,采集周期1 s,测量精度为±0.2 ℃,温度控制精度为±2 ℃。
平均干燥速率(average drying rate,Va)按公式(1)计算[20]:
$ {\text{V}}_{\text{a}}\text=\frac{{\text{X}}_{\text{0}}-{\text{X}}_{\text{t}}}{\text{t}} $
式中:Va为平均干燥速率,kg·kg−1·h−1;X0和Xt为虾仁初始和最终干基含水率(kg/kg);t为干燥时间(h)。
参考林雅文等[21]的方法,并略作修改。称取0.5 g虾粉,加入10 mL丙酮(4 ℃),均质3 min,然后5000 r/min离心5 min。取上清液,加入20 mL石油醚与100 mL 0.5% NaCl溶液,振荡分层后,读取油相在量筒中刻度,并于472 nm处测定吸光度值。通过绘制质量浓度与吸光度标准曲线得到回归方程为:y=0.2037x+0.0152;R2=1。根据公式(2)计算虾青素含量:
$\rm 虾青素含量\left(\mathrm{\text{μ}g}/\mathrm{g}\right)=\frac{C\times V\times N}{m}$
式中:C为虾青素浓度,μg/mL;V为油相在量筒中刻度,mL;N为稀释倍数;m为虾粉质量,g。
参考Liu等[22]的方法,称取一定质量的虾仁(M,g),将其置于100 mL量筒中并加入适量甲苯,轻轻振荡量筒排出气泡,继续倒入甲苯,直至30 mL。表观密度(ρa)根据公式(3)和公式(4)计算:
$ \text{V}={\text{V}}_{\text{f}}-\frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{t+s}}-{\text{M}}_{\text{f}}-\text{M}}{\rho} $
$ \rho_{a_{ }}\text{=}\frac{\text{M}}{\text{V}} $
式中:V和Vf为样品和量筒体积,cm3;Mt+s为样品和溶剂的总质量,g;Mf为量筒质量,g;ρ为甲苯密度,g/cm3。
孔隙率按照公式(5)和公式(6)计算[21]:
$ {\rho}_{\text{s}}=\frac{\text{1}+{\text{X}}_{\text{sample}}}{\dfrac{\text{1}}{{\rho}_{\text{a}}}+\dfrac{{\text{X}}_{\text{sample}}}{{\rho}_{\text{w}}}} $
$ {孔隙率(\text{%})}=\left(\text{1}-\frac{{{\rho}}_{\text{a}}}{{{\rho}}_{\text{s}}}\right)\text{×100} $
式中:ρs为样品密度,g/cm3;ρa为样品表观密度,g/cm3;Xsample为样品干基含水率,kg/kg;ρw为水的密度,g/cm3。
根据成晓宁等[1]的方法,采用色差计测定虾仁色泽参数,包括:L*(亮度),a*(绿-红度)和b*(蓝-黄度)。总色差(ΔE)和白度值根据公式(7)和公式(8)计算:
$ {\Delta E}=\sqrt{{{{\left({{L}}^{\text{*}}-{{L}}_{\text{0}}\right)}^{\text{2}}}+\left({{a}}^{\text{*}}-{{a}}_{\text{0}}\right)}^{\text{2}}+{\left({{b}}^{\text{*}}-{{b}}_{\text{0}}\right)}^{\text{2}}} $
$ \text{白度值=100}-\sqrt{{(\text{100}-{{L}}^{\text{*}})}^{\text{2}}+{({{a}}^{\text{*}})}^{\text{2}}+{({{b}}^{\text{*}})}^{\text{2}}} $
式中:L0、a0、b0为干燥前虾仁的色泽参数;L*、a*、b*为干制后虾仁的色泽参数。
根据Liu等[23]的方法,采用物性测试仪测定虾仁的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性。仪器测试参数:P/75柱形探头,形变率30%,触发力0.05 N,测试前、中、后速度分别为2.0、1.0、1.0 mm/s,压缩间隔5 s。
根据Liu等[23]的方法,称取一定质量干制虾仁(W0,g),置于40±1 ℃蒸馏水中。分别在复水时间4、8、12、16、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100、110和120 min时取出虾仁,用滤纸吸干表面水分,并称取质量(WR,g)。复水比(rehydration ratio,RR)根据公式(9)计算:
$\rm R_R=\frac{{\text{W}}_{\text{R}}}{{\text{W}}_{\text{0}}} $
参照Gao等[24]的方法,并略作修改。称取一定量复水虾仁(W1,g),并用2层滤纸裹住,8000×g离心10 min,称取离心后虾仁质量(W2,g)。持水力(water holding capacity,WHC)根据公式(10)计算:
$ \text{WHC}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{W}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{W}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{W}}_{\text{1}}}\text{×100} $
虾仁干燥过程中,SEC按照公式(11)计算[16]:
$ \text{SEC}=\frac{{\text{E}}_{\text{d}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}} $
式中:m0为虾仁干燥前质量,kg;Ed为MVD过程中能耗,kW∙h。
根据Cheng等[25]的方法,采用FT-IR光谱仪测试。波数扫描范围4000~400 cm−1,分辨率4 cm−1。利用PeakFit软件对1600~1700 cm−1光谱进行高斯分峰拟合,计算蛋白质二级结构的相对含量。
根据Liu等[23]的方法,样品在真空镀膜系统中喷射涂金,随后在5.0 kV加速电压下观察虾仁的横截面,放大倍数200×。
参考刘静等[26]的方法。综合考虑虾仁Va、SEC、虾青素含量、孔隙率、RR、白度值和硬度等指标,对虾仁进行加权评分。其中,Va、SEC、虾青素含量和孔隙率的权重为10;RR、白度值和硬度的权重为20,所得总分作为最终判断标准。
Va、虾青素含量、孔隙率、RR、白度值越大越好,故评分按公式(12)计算;SEC、硬度越小越好,按公式(13)计算:
$ {\text{Y}}_{\text{i}}=\text{a}\frac{{\text{W}}_{\text{i}}}{{\text{W}}_{\text{0}}} $
$ {\text{Y}}_{\text{i}}=\text{a}\frac{{\text{W}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{W}}_{\text{i}}} $
式中:Yi为各指标加权得分;a为各指标权重分值;W0为各指标实验中最优值;Wi为各指标对应的实际测定值。
干燥实验和指标测定平行3次,数据表示为平均值±标准差。采用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析,采用Duncan多重检验在95%置信区间评估各组平均值之间的差异。采用Origin 2024软件绘制柱状图和折线图,采用TBtools软件绘制层次聚类热图。采用Origin 2024软件进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和层次聚类分析(hierarchical cluster analysis,HCA)。
虾仁MVD过程中温度分布随干燥时间变化曲线如图1a所示。可以看出,温度变化曲线分为快速上升和缓慢升高2个阶段,二者过渡区间大约出现在230~450 s。在MVD过程中,温度的快速上升是由微波能量激发水分子振动所导致。由于真空环境的影响,温度上升的幅度不如常压下明显,因此干燥后期虾仁温度升高幅度缓慢[19]。王应强[27]在利用MVD处理鱿鱼和海带的过程中,得到了相似的温度变化规律。此外,MVD处理草莓[28]、苹果[29]等果蔬原料的温度变化规律时,也呈现相同的结论。
物料初始状态对虾仁干燥时间、Va及SEC的影响如表1所示。相比于Fre-3,Fro-3的干燥时间显著增加了7.86%(P<0.05),而Va降低了7.88%,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。这一现象可能与冷冻虾仁的较低初始温度及其介电特性有关,这会导致虾仁干燥过程中升温速率较慢,从而延长了总体干燥时间,进而降低了干燥速率[19]。在SEC方面,Fro-3比Fre-3的增加0.57 kW∙h/kg。这主要是由于:Fro-3物料MVD过程中,相同干燥时间下,温度低于Fre-3,因此传热效率低,达到干燥终点所需要的能耗也就增加。
物料初始状态对虾仁干燥过程中虾青素含量、表观密度和孔隙率的影响见表1。可以看出,干燥前虾仁的虾青素含量为3.96±0.40 µg/g,MVD显著降低了虾青素含量(P<0.05)。其中,相较于新鲜虾仁,Fre-3和Fro-3中的虾青素含量分别下降了86.11%和76.52%,其原因可能是虾青素在高温下易于氧化或异构化,从而发生了热降解[30]。然而,相较于Fre-3,Fro-3多保留了0.38 µg/g虾青素含量,这可能与冷冻状态虾仁MVD过程中较低的初始温度和较慢的加热速率有关。在表观密度和孔隙率方面,相较于新鲜虾仁,Fro-3和Fre-3的表观密度下降,而孔隙率增加。这些变化可归因于干燥过程中水分的去除,形成了更多且稳定的孔隙结构。此外,Fro-3的表观密度低于Fre-3,而孔隙率则显著高于Fre-3(P<0.05)。这可能是由于虾仁冷冻过程中,其内部形成了大量冰晶,而在MVD的真空环境下快速熔化并直接蒸发,这使其形成了更稳定的结构,避免了干燥过程中的结构塌陷,从而降低了表观密度并提高了虾仁的孔隙率[14]。
干制品的色泽和质构是评估其干制品品质的重要指标。虾仁初始状态对虾仁色泽参数和质构特性的影响如表2所示。与新鲜虾仁相比,Fro-3和Fre-3的L*和b*值均显著增加(P<0.05)。这表明干燥后的虾仁亮度有所提高,并呈现出黄色色调。这一变化与虾仁表面蛋白质变性、虾青素降解和脂肪氧化有关。蛋白质变性增强了表面光反射,而MVD过程中虾青素降解和脂肪氧化都会导致虾仁呈现黄色或褐色[31]。此外,Fro-3的L*值和白度值高于Fre-3,这可能是冷冻过程中水分子重结晶引起的表面修饰效应,且在MVD过程中,虾仁表面蛋白质的变性,更加增强了虾仁表面光的反射[18]。此外,虾仁初始状态对其干制品的质构特性也存在显著影响。与新鲜虾仁相比,Fre-3和Fro-3在干燥后均表现出硬度、弹性和咀嚼性均明显提升。这主要是由冰晶的快速熔化使水分的蒸发流失速度加快,以及蛋白质变性等原因,导致虾仁内部结构更为紧凑,表面更加致密。然而,相比于Fre-3,Fro-3的硬度和咀嚼性分别降低了16.03%和28.98%。这一现象可能与冰晶MVD过程中形成的孔隙结构有关,孔隙结构的形成使得虾仁在保持弹性的同时,降低了硬度和咀嚼性[14]。吴宝川[32]在利用冻融预处理对罗非鱼片热泵干燥的研究中也观察到类似的质构结果。
虾仁初始状态对干制虾仁复水比的影响如图2a所示。可以看出,Fro-3和Fre-3的复水比均随复水时间的延长而增加,但Fro-3的复水比明显高于Fre-3。例如,虾仁复水120 min时,Fre-3的复水比仅为Fro-3的70.96%。这主要是相比于Fre-3,Fro-3具有较高的孔隙率、更完整的结构及更大的体积,这些因素可促进其快速且充分吸水。Pankyamma等[12]在利用不同干燥方法对鱿鱼块处理的过程中也发现MVD处理的鱿鱼块的复水比显著高于热风干燥和日光干燥,这与其内部结构保留更完整密不可分。虾仁初始状态对干制虾仁WHC的影响如表1所示。与新鲜虾仁相比,干制虾仁复水后WHC显著降低(P<0.05),其中Fre-3和Fro-3的WHC分别下降了79.99%和40.41%,这意味着MVD过程中虾仁的结构发生了不可逆的损伤,导致其水合作用能力显著下降。此外,Fro-3样品的WHC显著高于Fre-3(P<0.05),其值是Fre-3的2.95倍。这表明复水后的Fro-3能更好地保留水分。由于Fro-3样品的蛋白质变性程度较Fre-3低,内部组织结构更为完整且孔隙结构更多,因此WHC更高[33]。
虾仁初始状态对干制虾仁蛋白质二级结构的影响如图3a所示。虾仁的红外光谱包括酰胺带A(3300~3200 cm−1)、酰胺带B(约2925 cm−1)、酰胺带I(1700~1600 cm−1)、酰胺带II(约1540 cm−1)和酰胺带III(1330~1220 cm−1)等5个区域。各处理组之间表现出相似峰,但峰的位置略有偏移。Fro-3的酰胺带A、I、III向更高波数偏移,这表明氢键减弱,N-H和C=O键的拉伸增强。而酰胺带B和II则向较低波数转移,表明分子弛豫和C-H、N-H振动频率降低。这些变化可能源于冷冻过程中冰晶的形成,并通过干燥过程中的升温进一步改变了氢键结合能力[34]。虾仁蛋白质二级结构相对含量如图3b所示。与Fre-3相比,Fro-3的β-折叠含量更低,无规则卷曲和α-螺旋含量更高,β-转角含量相对稳定。Lin等[35]认为β-折叠可反映蛋白质的热稳定性,这表明冷冻状态的虾仁蛋白质热稳定性降低,对蛋白质变性的敏感性增加。α-螺旋相对含量的增加可能是因为干燥处理使得分子内氢键作用增强,使其蛋白质内部构象更热稳定和灵活[25]。综上,冷冻状态虾仁直接干燥可以增强MVD过程中蛋白质二级结构的稳定性。
图4进一步揭示了Fro-3和Fre-3的微观结构差异。Fre-3的孔隙较小、数量较少,肌原纤维网络较为紧密。这可能是由于干燥过程中水分以液态蒸发,蛋白质纤维收缩并保持较为紧凑的结构。相反,Fro-3样品呈现出较多、较大的孔隙,其结构完整。这可能是由于冷冻物料MVD过程中冰晶快速熔化并直接蒸发为气体所致,这有助于保持其内部结构[19]。
为评估2种状态下虾仁的综合品质,选择了Va、SEC、复水比、孔隙率、白度值、虾青素含量和硬度等关键指标进行综合评分,结果见图5a。Fro-3虾仁的综合评分为76.66,显著高于Fre-3(66.35)(P<0.05)。虽然Fre-3在SEC和干燥速率上具有优势,但Fro-3在复水比、孔隙率、白度值、虾青素含量、硬度、蛋白质二级结构和微观结构等方面表现更优。因此,选择冷冻状态的虾仁为原料,进行后续实验。
图1b为不同微波功率密度下虾仁表面温度变化曲线。可以看出,随着功率密度的增加,虾仁表面温度曲线变得更加陡峭且时间更短,这说明功率密度越高,升温速率越快,干燥时间更短。Li等[29]和Bórquez等[28]分别探究了不同微波功率对苹果和草莓干燥过程中温度变化曲线的影响,得到了类似的结论。不同微波功率密度对干燥时间、Va和SEC的影响如表1所示。可以看出,相较于Fro-1,随着功率密度的增加,干燥时间和SEC显著降低(P<0.05)。例如,相较于Fro-1,Fro-5的干燥时间减少了87.68%,SEC降低了78.77%,Va增加了7.12倍。较高的微波功率密度可以增强虾仁的能量吸收,从而减弱了虾仁内部肌纤维与自由水之间的结合力,加速了虾仁内部水分的蒸发,因此缩短了干燥时间[19]。在水产品干燥研究中,Pankyamma等[33]研究表明,较高微波功率导致金枪鱼块的干燥时间和能耗显著降低,这与本研究结果相似。
不同微波功率密度对干制虾仁虾青素含量、表观密度和孔隙率的影响如表1所示。与新鲜虾仁相比,Fro-1、Fro-2、Fro-3、Fro-4和Fro-5的虾青素含量分别减少了50.76%、63.89%、76.52%、81.06%和91.92%。这表明微波功率密度与虾青素的保留量呈负相关。Fro-1的虾青素含量保留率最高,可能是由于低功率密度下加热速率较慢,这有助于减少虾青素的热降解;相比之下,Fro-5的虾青素含量最低,这表明微波功率密度越高,物料吸收微波能越多且越快,温度升高速度也就越快,导致虾青素热力分解速度加快。此外,相较于新鲜虾仁,经不同微波功率处理的虾仁,其表观密度下降,而孔隙率显著增加(P<0.05)。与新鲜虾仁相比,Fro-1、Fro-2、Fro-3、Fro-4和Fro-5的孔隙率分别增加了4.32%、2.06%、3.43%、2.28%和3.66%。这说明MVD有利于虾仁孔隙结构的形成。此外,微波功率密度显著影响虾仁的孔隙率。相比于其他功率密度,1 W/g和5 W/g可得到孔隙率更高的虾仁干制品。这可能是因为较低微波功率密度下(1 W/g),温度上升较为缓慢,虾仁内部水分迁移速度慢,这更有助于虾仁内部结构更加松散,促进了均匀孔隙的形成[33]。在高微波功率密度(5 W/g)时,水分的快速蒸发和内部高蒸汽压会使虾仁产生更大的内部孔隙,从而增加了孔隙率,降低了表观密度[36]。
不同微波功率密度对干制虾仁色泽和质构特性的影响见表2。与新鲜虾仁相比,不同微波功率密度干燥虾仁L*、b*和白度值显著增加(P<0.05),这说明干燥后的虾仁色泽均有不同的提高,并呈现出较为明显的红黄色调。但在不同功率密度下,a*、b*和ΔE值差异不显著(P>0.05),而更高的微波功率密度(4、5 W/g)提高了虾仁的L*值和白度值,整体亮度的得到增加。与新鲜虾仁相比,Fro-1、Fro-2、Fro-3、Fro-4和Fro-5的L*值分别增加了9.59%、10.72%、12.66%、14.01%和14.28%,白度值分别增加了4.9%、5.93%、7.3%、9.38%和10.10%。质构特性方面,Fro-5样品的硬度和咀嚼性最高,分别为273.68 N和91.08 mJ。高微波功率密度下蛋白质的快速变性会导致硬度和咀嚼性增加。相比之下,Fro-1的弹性最高(0.75 mm),表明较低功率密度更有利于保持较高弹性。本研究中,虾仁的色泽和质构变化与Pankyamma等[33]利用MVD处理金枪鱼块的研究结果相似。
不同微波功率密度对干制虾仁复水比的影响如图2b所示。可以看出,在相同的复水时间,Fro-5的复水比最高。例如,复水时间60 min时,Fro-5的复水比为3.97,而Fro-1~Fro-4的复水比分别为3.67、3.50、3.77和3.59。这表明,在较高功率密度下,较大的蒸汽压差促进了更多孔隙的形成,从而增强了复水能力[33]。当复水时间为120 min时,Fro-5的复水比最高,为4.55,但Fro-5与Fro-3、Fro-1和Fro-4之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。这可能是由于较长的复水时间,外部水分已经完全渗透到虾肉中,从而提高了复水效率。Pankyamma等[33]在利用微波干燥金枪鱼块时发现,金枪鱼块复水比随着微波功率增大而增大,且复水比高于日光干燥和热风干燥,这与本研究结果一致。不同微波功率密度对干制虾仁WHC的影响见表1。可知Fro-5的WHC最高(20.34%),而Fro-2的WHC最低(10.15%)。WHC值由高到低依次为:Fro-5>Fro-3>Fro-1>Fro-4>Fro-2。高功率密度(5 W/g)处理导致虾仁内部水分快速蒸发,形成了更多孔隙结构,这为其更高的WHC提供了条件[33]。然而,Fro-2处理导致虾仁的内部结构严重破坏,致使其水合能力较差,故WHC较低。
图3a显示了不同微波功率密度对干制虾仁的红外光谱图及蛋白质二级结构的影响。可以看出,随着微波功率密度的增加,多个光谱区域的峰值强度发生了明显的位移和变化。除Fro-5外,所有组别的酰胺A、B、I和III波段都向更高波数移动。这些变化可能是由于高功率密度下水分蒸发速率增加,进而改变了蛋白质的结构,特别是影响了N-H、C-H、C-N和C=O的振动模式[34]。这些变化与蛋白质变性、脱水以及氢键的破坏或重组密切相关。由图3b可知,随着微波功率密度的增加,α-螺旋含量从Fro-1的23.55%下降至Fro-5的22.95%,而无规则卷曲含量则从20.09%增加至20.62%,但β-折叠和β-转角的含量相对稳定。α-螺旋的下降可能是由于高功率密度导致虾仁内部升温速度加快,使得水分重新分配,进而破坏了虾仁内部水分间的氢键和疏水相互作用,导致虾仁蛋白质的分解和重排,进而引起α-螺旋的下降和无规则卷曲上升[34]。β-折叠和β-转角保持含量相对稳定,这意味着微波功率密度对虾仁蛋白质的热稳定性影响并不显著,致使这2种结构受微波功率密度影响较小。
图4展示了不同微波功率密度对干制虾仁的微观结构影响。Fro-1内部结构较为完整,具有小而密集的孔隙和纤维收缩。由于低功率密度导致的水分蒸发较慢,使得虾仁内部孔隙较为完整和均匀[33]。相反,Fro-2、Fro-3和Fro-4内部结构较为松散,出现明显的坍塌和破碎,这可能是由于快速水分蒸发和内部压力导致的虾仁内部纤维破裂。Fro-5的结构紧密,纤维密集,孔隙清晰。高功率密度有利于在短时间内去除水分,促进蛋白质快速变性和致密结构形成。此外,高功率密度加热导致样品蒸汽压差增加,这有助于虾仁形成致密、多孔结构[36]。
图5a显示了不同微波功率密度下干制虾仁的综合得分。Fro-5的Va、SEC、复水比、孔隙率和白度值均达到了最优值,综合得分为78.70,为5种微波功率密度的最高值。因此,选择5 W/g为最佳功率密度,进行后续MVD实验。
图1c展示了不同温度控制下的虾仁温度变化曲线。结果表明,所有实验组的温度都稳定保持在预设范围内,各控温组的温度曲线在初期的快速加热阶段后趋于稳定,一旦达到设定温度,曲线呈现平行趋势,同时较高的温度控制水平导致虾仁的干燥时间更短。罗归一等[37]在基于温度和功率控制的微波干燥土豆片的研究也观察到类似的温度变化现象。
不同温度对虾仁的干燥时间、Va和SEC的影响如表1所示。可以看出,固定微波功率密度(5 W/g)时,较高的控制温度能够缩短干燥时间,降低SEC和提高Va。例如,与Control-45相比,Control-60的干燥时间缩短了30 min,Va增加了61.81%,而SEC减少了6.10 kW·h/kg。这是因为在更高温度条件下,虾仁内部水分的流动性增强,水分扩散速率增加,导致干燥时间减少,比能耗降低。
不同温度对干制虾仁虾青素含量、表观密度和孔隙率的影响如表1所示。可以看出,虾青素含量由高到低的处理依次为:Control-45>Control-50>Control-55>Control-60。这表明干燥温度与虾青素含量呈负相关,即随着温度的升高,虾青素含量逐渐降低。这主要归因于高温导致虾青素的热降解加快[30]。在表观密度和孔隙率方面,与Control-45相比,Control-50、Control-55和Control-60的表观密度降低了0.02、0.24和0.07 g/cm3,孔隙率分别增加了10.31%、34.27%和15.01%,较高的温度会促进虾仁内部水分快速蒸发,增强结构内部稳定性和孔隙率,使得表观密度降低。
不同控制温度对干制虾仁色泽和质构特性影响见表2。可以看出,不同温度调控策略显著影响虾仁的L*值和白度值(P<0.05)。例如,与Control-45相比,Control-50、Control-55和Control-60的L*值分别下降了4.26%、4.31%和5.95%,白度值分别下降了5.32%、5.33%和7.07%。这表明在更高的温度下,虾仁表面颜色变暗,亮度降低,这可能是由于高温导致其水分损失和虾青素和脂质降解所导致[31]。而其他颜色参数(a*、b*和ΔE)均无显著性差异(P>0.05),这可能是与控温温差较小有关。质地方面,随着温度的升高,虾仁硬度和咀嚼度均增加。例如,Control-50、Control-55和Control-60的硬度比Control-45分别高出8.61、22.55和42.58 N,而咀嚼性分别提高了4.03、9.38和14.99 mJ。较高温度下水分蒸发加速,导致虾仁蛋白质变性或聚集更加严重,致使虾仁内部纤维收缩更加严重,表面更加致密,最终提高了虾仁的硬度和咀嚼性[31]。弹性方面,各处理之间未观察到显著差异(P>0.05),这可能是由于虾仁内部形成的网状结构支撑所致。
不同温度对干制虾仁复水比的影响如图2c所示。可以看出,复水比随着复水时间的延长而逐渐增加,且在前20 min时,复水速度最快,之后增长较为缓慢。在相同时间,Control-45和Control-50的复水比明显低于Control-55和Control-60。由于较低干燥温度下,虾仁干燥时间较长,导致其孔隙较少,结构较为密集,长时间干燥也会导致蛋白质严重变性,进而限制了水分的吸收。相比之下,Control-55和Control-60的较高温度促使冰晶快速熔化并加快水分蒸发,导致孔隙率增加,从而提高了复水比。罗归一等[37]在基于温度和功率对土豆微波干燥中发现,更低的控制温度会导致土豆导致干燥时间变长,会使其内部结构变得更加紧密,降低复水性,但过高的温度控制会使土豆内部水分丧失过快,更容易发生严重变形,因此将温度控制在合适范围对于提高干豆的复水性非常重要。这与本研究结论一致。不同温度对干制虾仁WHC的影响见表1。可以看出,Control-45的WHC最低,为15.30%,Control-50上升至20.26%,而Control-55达到最高值,为20.42%,随后Control-60略有下降,为20.15%。这一变化趋势表明,温度的升高有助于提高WHC。这是因为高温使得虾仁内部蛋白纤维固化更加迅速,有助于其内部结构的保持,而且快速干燥导致虾仁蛋白质变性程度减轻,从而有效地提高了WHC。然而,过高的温度(Control-60)使得虾仁内部水分扩散速度更快,会使得虾仁内部形成较大的蒸气压差,从而对细胞结构造成损伤[33]。
图3显示了不同控温水平下虾仁的红外光谱图及蛋白质二级结构的变化。由图3a可以看出,随着温度升高,酰胺A和酰胺B的吸收峰逐渐向较低波数移动,尤其Control-60变化最为显著。这表明较高温度削弱了氢键的强度,导致N-H键和C-H键的伸缩振动频率下降。氢键的破裂或减弱通常会导致分子间相互作用的减少,从而影响蛋白质的整体稳定性[34]。此外,与Control-45、Control-50和Control-55相比,Control-60中酰胺I、II和III的峰值波数更低,特别是在1650.29、1533.4和1328.24 cm−1。这些变化表明温度升高可能破坏了氢键和疏水相互作用,促进了蛋白质从有序结构转变为无序结构[23]。由图3b可以看出,随着温度的升高,β-折叠含量保持相对稳定,其范围约为37.65%~38.42%。这可能是由于其氢键更加密集和分子灵活性的降低,从而具有更大的抗热破坏能力[35]。相比之下,温度的上升导致α-螺旋含量略有下降,由22.96%(Control-45)下降到22.40%(Control-60),这反映了氢键的部分破坏。同样,β-转角含量略有下降,由19.35%(Control-45)下降到18.82%(Control-60),表明更灵活的蛋白质区域更容易受到温度的影响而变性。无规则卷曲含量变化最小,这表明虽然温度增加会导致蛋白质结构变化,但并没有显著增加蛋白质的整体紊乱程度。
图4展示了不同温度条件下虾仁的微观结构变化。Control-45表现出紧密的纤维网络和较少且不规则的孔隙,表明较低温下的适度的水分蒸发有助于蛋白质交联,保持结构完整性。Control-50中,纤维结构明显收缩,并伴随较小孔隙的增加,可能是由于水分蒸发加速,导致内部压力波动增大,从而影响虾仁纤维的结构稳定性。Control-55中,观察到最佳的微观结构,虾仁内部纤维收缩平衡,孔隙均匀分布,表明水分蒸发与热变性之间达到了最佳平衡。然而,Control-60结构明显降解,纤维收缩严重,孔隙不规则,整体网络松散,这是由于过热加速蛋白质变性,严重破坏了虾仁的肌原纤维蛋白结构。
MVD过程中,后期的温度峰值会影响产品质量,因此保持温度在最佳范围内是至关重要的。图5a显示了不同温度控制下虾仁的综合得分情况。结果表明,Contorl-55的复水比、孔隙率和白度值等都表现较好,综合得分为81.71,为4种控制温度的最高值,因此,适合罗氏沼虾虾仁干燥的最适宜温度为55 ℃。
如图5b所示,PC1和PC2的累积贡献为75.1%。Control-60、Control-55和Fro-5位于第1象限,表明其具有相似的干燥特性和品质。Fro-1与Fro-3位于第2象限,但Fro-1距离其他处理组较远,说明与其他处理相比有显著差异。Fro-2、Control-50和Control-45在第3象限,说明它们在干燥率和整体质量上表现出很高的相似性,但Fro-3和Control-50距离更加相近,这说明它们各指标表现得极为相近,变化更小。Fre-3和Fro-4位于第4象限,但是距离较远,这突出了与其他干燥条件的显著差异。如图5c所示,RR、Va、硬度、白度值对PC1呈正向贡献,孔隙率、虾青素含量和SEC呈负向贡献。PC2中,Va、RR、Va、孔隙率、SEC和虾青素含量呈正向贡献,而白度值和硬度呈负向贡献。总体而言,PC1和PC2捕获了各个指标的主要差异,有效地区分了不同处理条件下的虾仁样品。
根据HCA左侧的聚类树(图5d),所有处理组可大致分为4类。Control-55,Fro-3,Control-50为第1类,因在干燥时间,Va,WHC,虾青素含量及咀嚼性方面表现出相似的趋势,故归为一类。Fro-5,Fro-4和Control-60为第2类,这些处理都具有较高的微波功率密度或者较高的控制温度,导致干制品的质量特征较为相似。例如,都具有较高的硬度、RR和WHC。Fro-1为第3类,由于其较低的微波功率,导致干燥时间最长,Va最低,SEC最大,虾青素含量最多和弹性最大等特点,因此单独归为一类。Control-45,Fre-3和Fro-2为第4类,由于其在孔隙率,WHC等方面表现为相似的特点,但其整体质量较差,因此被归为一类。
本文探究了物料初始状态、微波功率密度和加热温度对罗氏沼虾虾仁微波真空干燥理化特性和微观结构的影响。相比于新鲜虾仁,冷冻虾仁直接进行微波真空干燥,干制品的复水比和持水能力更好,孔隙率、白度值更高,虾青素含量和质构等方面更优。不同微波功率密度处理虾仁时,5 W/g微波功率密度导致虾仁升温速度更快,干燥时间更短,平均速率更高,比能耗更低,且干制品形成较大孔隙,复水比和持水力更高。与其他控制温度相比,采用55 ℃干燥的虾仁在复水能力,质构特性和微观结构(如孔隙分布均匀性)等方面都具有显著优势。综上,罗氏沼虾虾仁最适微波真空干燥工艺为:以冷冻罗氏沼虾虾仁为原料,控制微波功率密度为5 W/g,干燥温度为55 ℃。本研究为罗氏沼虾虾仁“优质、高效、低能耗”微波真空干燥工艺提供理论依据和实践参考。未来应偏重罗氏沼虾虾仁MVD过程中虾仁内部热质传递规律,虾仁蛋白质、脂质动态变化规律及其影响风味物质形成机制等方面的研究。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050231
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
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    1山东理工大学农业工程与食品科学学院,山东淄博 255000
    2江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212013

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石启龙(1974−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:果蔬/水产品加工与贮藏,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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