Article(id=1320886436484727779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050229, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853467341, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853467341, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853467341, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853467341, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886436912546788, articleId=1320886436484727779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Preparation Process and Quality Analysis of Apricot Crisps as a Carrier for Viable Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to establish a process for preparing probiotic apricot crisps enriched with a high level of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum). Three pretreatment methods, normal pressure impregnation (NPI), ultrasonic impregnation (UI), and vacuum impregnation (VI), were combined with fermentation technology. The viable count of L. plantarum in freeze-dried apricot crisps was determined to evaluate the impregnation efficiency of the different methods. Following the optimization of individual process parameters through single-factor experiments, orthogonal experiments were conducted to further optimize multiple factors, including ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, and fermentation time. In parallel, changes in the apricot cell tissue structure were examined using scanning electron microscopy, and the total sugar, total acid, and total phenolic contents of the fermented apricot crisps were analyzed. The results indicated that UI treatment yielded a viable count of 1.0~2.0×107 CFU/g, which was significantly higher than that of the vacuum and normal pressure treatment groups (P<0.05). The optimal process conditions were determined as follows: Ultrasonic power of 125 W, impregnation time of 12 min, and fermentation time of 20 h, under which the viable count of the final product was increased to 1.0~2.0×108 CFU/g. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that ultrasonic impregnation significantly increased the porosity and pore size of apricot cell tissues, effectively promoting bacterial penetration. After fermentation, the total sugar, total acid, and total phenol contents of the apricot crisps showed significant differences compared with the control group (P<0.05). This study developed an ultrasonic-fermentation synergistic technology for preparing L. plantarum-enriched apricot crisps, providing an innovative process for developing high-activity probiotic fruit crisps. It holds important application value for enhancing the added value of apricots and promoting the development of functional snack foods.

, authors=Zhi ZHANG1, Haihong WU2, *, Zhuqing DAI2, Yanhong MA2, Dajing LI2, Yihong BAO1, *, authorsList=Zhi ZHANG, Haihong WU, Zhuqing DAI, Yanhong MA, Dajing LI, Yihong BAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haihong WU, Yihong BAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886440691614706, articleId=1320886436484727779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=植物乳植杆菌杏脆制备工艺优化与品质分析, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在建立高植物乳植杆菌富集的益生菌杏脆工艺。采用常压浸渍(Normal Pressure Impregnation,NPI)、超声浸渍(Ultrasonic Impregnation,UP)和真空浸渍(Vacuum Impregnation,VI)三种预处理方式与发酵工艺相结合方法,通过测定冻干杏脆中植物乳植杆菌活菌数比较不同浸渍效果,经单因素实验优化工艺参数后,进一步采用正交试验对超声功率、超声时间和发酵时间进行多因素优化;同时通过扫描电镜观察杏子细胞组织变化,并测定发酵后杏脆的总糖、总酸、总酚含量等指标。结果显示,UP处理后活菌数达1.0~2.0×107 CFU/g,显著优于真空、常压处理组(P<0.05)。实验确定最佳工艺条件为:超声功率125 W、浸渍时间12 min、发酵时间20 h,终产品活菌数提升至1.0~2.0×108 CFU/g。通过扫描电镜观察,超声浸渍处理后杏子细胞组织孔隙率、孔径显著增大,可有效促进菌体渗透。发酵后杏脆总糖、总酸、总酚含量指标与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05)。本研究构建了超声-发酵协同增效的植物乳植杆菌杏脆制备技术,为开发高活性益生菌果脆提供了创新工艺方案,对提升杏子附加值和推动功能性休闲食品发展具有重要应用价值。

, authors=张执1, 吴海虹2, *, 戴竹青2, 马艳弘2, 李大婧2, 包怡红1, *, authorsList=张执, 吴海虹, 戴竹青, 马艳弘, 李大婧, 包怡红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴海虹, 包怡红, authorNote=

张执(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴海虹(1976−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:畜禽、水产、果蔬保鲜及休闲健康食品创制,E-mail:。
包怡红(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:林下资源精深加工、功能性食品,E-mail:。
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注:不同小写字母表示不同处理组间差异显著(P<0.05),图3、图6同。

, figureFileSmall=axO2Ig5jN3UcjF65zT3GNA==, figureFileBig=EvWWKwnBZhWJ6+IOT3H+6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886449503846435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Flavor components of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented apricot crisps, figureFileSmall=0Td6r9BjZDdLcLfwsrkLbA==, figureFileBig=bZSiSbvUmt09TDkSv4ezcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886449893916708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=CN, label=图2, caption=植物乳植杆菌杏脆的风味成分, figureFileSmall=0Td6r9BjZDdLcLfwsrkLbA==, figureFileBig=bZSiSbvUmt09TDkSv4ezcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886451668107302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Analysis of viable counts of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented apricot crisps at different stages, figureFileSmall=TPhiLClVtVDvNpD2UJDgBg==, figureFileBig=oy9zjmzNc5u5TMrzvDt6Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886451831685159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=CN, label=图3, caption=植物乳植杆菌杏脆不同阶段活菌数分析

注:A:各浸渍组干燥前后活菌计数;B:各浸渍组杏脆模拟肠胃消化活菌计数。

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注:A和a为空白对照组;B和b为无菌浸渍组;C和c为常压浸渍组;D和d为超声浸渍组;E和e为真空浸渍组;左图为表面结构图,右图为纵截面结构图。

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注:不同小写字母表示不同浸渍组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

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Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented apricot crisps sensory evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准/分数(100分)外观(25分)质地(25分)色泽(25分)气味(25分)
低表面塌陷、边缘
卷曲、严重收缩
硬度过大或过小深褐色无果香有异味
中表面较规整、略
有收缩
局部较硬橙黄稍带褐色无果香异味,有果香异味
高表面规整、边缘
微卷饱满、收缩少
硬度适中橙黄或浅黄色有果香无异味
), ArticleFig(id=1320886453295497265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

植物乳植杆菌杏脆感官评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准/分数(100分)外观(25分)质地(25分)色泽(25分)气味(25分)
低表面塌陷、边缘
卷曲、严重收缩
硬度过大或过小深褐色无果香有异味
中表面较规整、略
有收缩
局部较硬橙黄稍带褐色无果香异味,有果香异味
高表面规整、边缘
微卷饱满、收缩少
硬度适中橙黄或浅黄色有果香无异味
), ArticleFig(id=1320886453601681458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Color indices of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented apricot crisps

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*ΔE
鲜杏33.51±2.877b5.47±1.471b11.05±1.320b−
BC54.13±0.669a9.03±0.357a35.35±0.632a22.66±0.982a
SI52.98±1.709a10.35±1.809a35.13±1.886a22.17±1.598a
NPI55.39±2.911a8.67±0.299a33.4±2.757a22.23±2.122a
UP55.81±1.392a10.39±2.608a37.19±2.463a24.54±1.034a
VI51.44±3.412a12.41±3.811a34.21±2.13a21.28±1.752a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886453761065011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

植物乳植杆菌杏脆色泽指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*ΔE
鲜杏33.51±2.877b5.47±1.471b11.05±1.320b−
BC54.13±0.669a9.03±0.357a35.35±0.632a22.66±0.982a
SI52.98±1.709a10.35±1.809a35.13±1.886a22.17±1.598a
NPI55.39±2.911a8.67±0.299a33.4±2.757a22.23±2.122a
UP55.81±1.392a10.39±2.608a37.19±2.463a24.54±1.034a
VI51.44±3.412a12.41±3.811a34.21±2.13a21.28±1.752a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886454046277684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of orthogonal experiment on ultrasonic impregnation of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented apricot crisps

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A超声功率
(W)
B超声时间
(min)
C发酵时间
(h)
活菌数
(lg(CFU/g))
感官评分
(分)
110010168.36797
210012208.52296
310014248.79187
412510208.52995
512512248.85292
612514168.43493
715010248.67791
815012168.41693
915014208.44392
k18.568.5248.405
k28.6058.5968.498
k38.5128.5568.773
R0.0930.0720.368
K193.394.394.34
K293.3494.6794.34
K39290.6790
R1.340.374.34
), ArticleFig(id=1320886454193078325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

植物乳植杆菌杏脆超声浸渍正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A超声功率
(W)
B超声时间
(min)
C发酵时间
(h)
活菌数
(lg(CFU/g))
感官评分
(分)
110010168.36797
210012208.52296
310014248.79187
412510208.52995
512512248.85292
612514168.43493
715010248.67791
815012168.41693
915014208.44392
k18.568.5248.405
k28.6058.5968.498
k38.5128.5568.773
R0.0930.0720.368
K193.394.394.34
K293.3494.6794.34
K39290.6790
R1.340.374.34
), ArticleFig(id=1320886456130846774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance of orthogonal experimental design for ultrasonic impregnation of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented apricot crisps (viable count)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源自由度平方和均方F值P值
A超声功率(W)20.0130.0066.9010.027
B超声时间(min)20.0080.0044.1950.032
C发酵时间(h)20.220.1111.6720.008
), ArticleFig(id=1320886456239898679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

植物乳植杆菌杏脆超声浸渍正交试验设计方差分析(活菌数)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源自由度平方和均方F值P值
A超声功率(W)20.0130.0066.9010.027
B超声时间(min)20.0080.0044.1950.032
C发酵时间(h)20.220.1111.6720.008
), ArticleFig(id=1320886456567054392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of variance of orthogonal experimental design for ultrasonic impregnation of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented apricot crisps (sensory evaluation)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源自由度平方和均方F值P值
A超声功率(W)23.5561.7783.3230.231
B超声时间(min)222.88911.4442.1470.661
C发酵时间(h)237.5560.115.520.035
), ArticleFig(id=1320886456655134777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886436484727779, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

植物乳植杆菌杏脆超声浸渍正交试验设计方差分析(感官评价)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异来源自由度平方和均方F值P值
A超声功率(W)23.5561.7783.3230.231
B超声时间(min)222.88911.4442.1470.661
C发酵时间(h)237.5560.115.520.035
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植物乳植杆菌杏脆制备工艺优化与品质分析
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张执 1 , 吴海虹 2, * , 戴竹青 2 , 马艳弘 2 , 李大婧 2 , 包怡红 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(10): 1-10
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (10) : 1 -10
植物乳植杆菌杏脆制备工艺优化与品质分析
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张执1 , 吴海虹2, * , 戴竹青2, 马艳弘2, 李大婧2, 包怡红1, *
作者信息
  • 1东北林业大学食品与健康学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
  • 2江苏省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,江苏南京 210014
通讯作者:
吴海虹(1976−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:畜禽、水产、果蔬保鲜及休闲健康食品创制,E-mail:。
包怡红(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:林下资源精深加工、功能性食品,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张执(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Optimization of Preparation Process and Quality Analysis of Apricot Crisps as a Carrier for Viable Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
Zhi ZHANG1 , Haihong WU2, * , Zhuqing DAI2, Yanhong MA2, Dajing LI2, Yihong BAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Health, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
  • 2Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050229
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本研究旨在建立高植物乳植杆菌富集的益生菌杏脆工艺。采用常压浸渍(Normal Pressure Impregnation,NPI)、超声浸渍(Ultrasonic Impregnation,UP)和真空浸渍(Vacuum Impregnation,VI)三种预处理方式与发酵工艺相结合方法,通过测定冻干杏脆中植物乳植杆菌活菌数比较不同浸渍效果,经单因素实验优化工艺参数后,进一步采用正交试验对超声功率、超声时间和发酵时间进行多因素优化;同时通过扫描电镜观察杏子细胞组织变化,并测定发酵后杏脆的总糖、总酸、总酚含量等指标。结果显示,UP处理后活菌数达1.0~2.0×107 CFU/g,显著优于真空、常压处理组(P<0.05)。实验确定最佳工艺条件为:超声功率125 W、浸渍时间12 min、发酵时间20 h,终产品活菌数提升至1.0~2.0×108 CFU/g。通过扫描电镜观察,超声浸渍处理后杏子细胞组织孔隙率、孔径显著增大,可有效促进菌体渗透。发酵后杏脆总糖、总酸、总酚含量指标与对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05)。本研究构建了超声-发酵协同增效的植物乳植杆菌杏脆制备技术,为开发高活性益生菌果脆提供了创新工艺方案,对提升杏子附加值和推动功能性休闲食品发展具有重要应用价值。

杏子  /  植物乳植杆菌  /  超声浸渍  /  发酵工艺  /  杏脆

This study aimed to establish a process for preparing probiotic apricot crisps enriched with a high level of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum). Three pretreatment methods, normal pressure impregnation (NPI), ultrasonic impregnation (UI), and vacuum impregnation (VI), were combined with fermentation technology. The viable count of L. plantarum in freeze-dried apricot crisps was determined to evaluate the impregnation efficiency of the different methods. Following the optimization of individual process parameters through single-factor experiments, orthogonal experiments were conducted to further optimize multiple factors, including ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, and fermentation time. In parallel, changes in the apricot cell tissue structure were examined using scanning electron microscopy, and the total sugar, total acid, and total phenolic contents of the fermented apricot crisps were analyzed. The results indicated that UI treatment yielded a viable count of 1.0~2.0×107 CFU/g, which was significantly higher than that of the vacuum and normal pressure treatment groups (P<0.05). The optimal process conditions were determined as follows: Ultrasonic power of 125 W, impregnation time of 12 min, and fermentation time of 20 h, under which the viable count of the final product was increased to 1.0~2.0×108 CFU/g. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that ultrasonic impregnation significantly increased the porosity and pore size of apricot cell tissues, effectively promoting bacterial penetration. After fermentation, the total sugar, total acid, and total phenol contents of the apricot crisps showed significant differences compared with the control group (P<0.05). This study developed an ultrasonic-fermentation synergistic technology for preparing L. plantarum-enriched apricot crisps, providing an innovative process for developing high-activity probiotic fruit crisps. It holds important application value for enhancing the added value of apricots and promoting the development of functional snack foods.

apricot  /  Lactobacillus plantarum  /  ultrasonic impregnation  /  fermentation process  /  apricot crisps
张执, 吴海虹, 戴竹青, 马艳弘, 李大婧, 包怡红. 植物乳植杆菌杏脆制备工艺优化与品质分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050229
Zhi ZHANG, Haihong WU, Zhuqing DAI, Yanhong MA, Dajing LI, Yihong BAO. Optimization of Preparation Process and Quality Analysis of Apricot Crisps as a Carrier for Viable Lactiplantibacillus plantarum[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050229
杏子(Prunus armeniaca var. vulgaris)为蔷薇科李属作物,已有3000多年栽培历史。中国作为全球杏产业的核心产区,每年鲜杏产量在全球范围保持高占比,主产区集中于新疆、河北、山东、甘肃、宁夏等地区[1]。然而,杏子作为典型呼吸跃变型果实,采后生理代谢活跃导致贮藏期短(常温下仅5~7 d),采后损耗率高达25%以上[2]。加工是解决鲜杏损耗的有效途径,传统杏子通常加工成杏干、杏脆等休闲食品,可将原料利用率提升至20%,具有良好便捷性[3],但现有产品普遍存在功能单一、附加值低等问题,难以满足大健康时代消费者对功能性食品的需求[4]。
近年来,益生菌食品市场呈现爆发式增长,2017年以来我国益生菌食品市场规模以12%~18%高速增长[5]。消费者也逐渐意识到益生菌对肠道健康[6]、免疫系统及整体健康的潜在益处[7],研究表明,植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)等益生菌株可通过调节肠道菌群平衡、增强免疫应答等机制发挥多重健康效应[8]。而杏子富含多酚类物质与膳食纤维,其基质特性可为益生菌提供天然保护屏障[9]。
然而,益生菌杏脆制备技术研究较少,现有研究多聚焦于液态基质中的菌体活性维持,针对多孔性果蔬组织内益生菌的富集机制仍缺乏系统研究,不仅难以保证益生菌的活性与稳定性,而且在产品的口感、品质及贮藏期等方面也存在一定的挑战[10]。通过加工技术将益生菌高效富集于杏子组织内部,有望开发出营养协同效应与肠道调节功能的益生菌杏脆食品[11]。该益生菌产品不仅可提高杏子附加值,同时还可满足消费者对功能性食品需求[12]。
目前,市面上现有益生菌果蔬脆采用的富集方法,无法保证产品有效活菌数。益生菌富集主要依赖真空浸渍(Vacuum Impregnation,VI)和常压浸渍(Normal Pressure Impregnation,NPI)等传统方法。Rodrigues等[13]采用常压浸渍方式将干酪乳杆菌与苹果结合,生产出活菌数含量达106 CFU/g量级的益生菌产品。与之相比,崔莉等[14]研究发现,通过真空富集使植物乳植杆菌渗入到胡萝卜片内部,对植物乳植杆菌有保护作用。与此同时,超声浸渍(Ultrasonic Impregnation,UI)技术因其独特的空化效应不断展现出显著优势[15]。Betoret等[16]研究表明,超声浸渍不仅能够有效加快益生菌在水果中的渗透,提高其在果蔬中的富集水平,还能减少加工过程中的果蔬变质风险。因此,本研究以杏子为功能载体、植物乳植杆菌为益生菌株,系统探究不同浸渍工艺对菌体渗透效率、存活率及产品理化特性的影响。通过建立超声-发酵协同增效工艺增强杏脆与植物乳植杆菌结合,旨在为开发高活性益生菌果蔬产品提供理论依据和技术支撑。
成熟期胡安娜杏 购于南京孝陵卫菜市场;植物乳植杆菌S2-4(Lactipiantibacillus plantarum S2-4) 由江苏省农业科学院农产品加工所菌种库取得(保藏号MG2-2);MRS肉汤培养基 北京陆桥公司;猪胃蛋白酶(3000 U/g)、胰蛋白酶(4000 U/g) 亿发食品科技有限公司;氢氧化钠、氯化氢 天津新技术产业园区科茂有限公司;KH2PO4 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司:苯酚试剂、硫酸溶液 天津科密欧化学试剂有限公司;无水乙醇 天津大茂化学试剂厂;福林酚试剂 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;以上试剂均为分析纯。
SPT-160C培养箱 南京立思高仪器公司;TGL-16离心机 山东百欧公司;JY-FD04X真空冷冻干燥机 江苏广越公司;TMS-PRO质构仪 美国TechnologyCorporation公司;PEN3电子鼻 德国Airsense Analytics公司;Cr10-Plus全自动色差计 深圳柯尼卡美能达公司;EVO LS10扫描电子显微镜 德国蔡司公司;HZQ-F100摇床 南京赛普科学仪器有限公司。
取2 mL植物乳植杆菌冻存液接种于50 mL MRS液体培养基中,于37 ℃恒温培养箱中静置培养24 h,进行一代活化。取一代活化菌液按2%(v/v)接种量转接至50 mL MRS液体培养基中,于37 ℃恒温培养箱中静置培养至对数生长后期(约24 h),测定OD600值同时平板计数,获得适宜浓度植物乳植杆菌菌液(OD600≈1.6~1.8,菌液浓度2.0~5.0×109 CFU/mL)。
将上述植物乳植杆菌菌液离心(5500 r/min、12 min),弃上清液,收集菌泥。用无菌水对菌泥进行洗涤后离心(5500 r/min、12 min),重复洗涤两次以去除培养基残留。后将菌泥重悬于无菌水中,调节菌悬液浓度至1.0~1.5×109 CFU/mL,即为实验所用菌浸渍液,置于4 ℃避光保存待用(使用前再次混匀)。
选取外观良好、无机械损伤的新鲜杏子,清洗后切成大小匀匀的块状厚度7 mm(不去皮,4 cm×2 cm),将杏块置于无菌烧杯中,按料液比1:1加入浸渍菌液(液面需没过原料表面)浸渍12 min,分别设置常压浸渍处理组(NPI),超声浸渍处理组(UP)和真空浸渍处理组(VI),其中NPI组在常温常压下浸渍处理,UP组采用100 W超声功率浸渍处理,VI组在真空度0.098 MPa环境下浸渍。设置不含植物乳植杆菌S2-4的无菌水常温常压浸渍12 min作为无菌浸渍对照处理组(Sterile Impregnation Control,SI),为进一步提高植物乳植杆菌杏脆活菌数含量,对比出最佳浸渍方式为超声浸渍,本研究将于该浸渍处理后结合发酵工艺进行处理,作为发酵处理组(Fermentation,FER)。
将浸渍处理后的杏块置于−20 ℃预冻24 h,随后真空冷冻干燥获得植物乳植杆菌杏脆,真空冷冻干燥参数为真空度40 Pa、冷阱温度−20 ℃;以不经过浸渍处理直接冻干的杏脆作为空白对照(Blank Control,BC)。
采用质构仪(配备圆柱形探头TA44,直径36 mm)测定样品硬度脆度,测试模式设置为压力-应变模式,参数如下:预测试速度、测试速度及返回速度均为1 mm/s;触发力10 g,穿刺距离为样品厚度的50%。为消除个体差异,所有测试样品均取自杏块中心区域,并在相同环境温湿度条件下(25±1 ℃,RH 50%±5%)完成测试。
采用全自动色差计对样品表面色泽进行定量分析,沿样品外围区域等距选取5个测量点,记录杏脆亮度值(L*)、红绿值(a*)和黄蓝值(b*)。
$ \Delta E={[{{(L-{{L}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}}+{{(a-{{a}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}}+{{(b-{{b}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}}]}^{\tfrac{1}{2}} $
式中:L、a、b为新鲜杏子对照组的色度基准值,L*、a*、b*为处理样品的测定值。
采用电子鼻系统测定样品挥发性风味物质,称取杏脆10.0 g于20 mL顶空瓶,60 ℃水浴30 min。检测参数设置为:进样流量400 mL/min(载气为高纯氮气),传感器阵列预热100 s,基线归零10 s,样品平衡5 s,数据采集60 s(间隔1 s)。每个样品平行测定3次,检测前经标准气体校准传感器。基于特征传感器响应值(W1W、W5S)构建风味图谱,进行挥发性成分分析。
依据GB 4789.2-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》[17],称取5.00 g样品,加入45 mL无菌水,拍击均质(10000 r/min,2 min)制备10倍系列稀释液。选取适宜稀释度进行平板倾注培养(MRS琼脂,36±1 ℃,48 h),通过菌落计数法定量分析。
模拟胃肠液配制:胃液以2 g/L NaCl溶液为基液,调节pH至2.0并添加0.3 g/L KCl、0.2 g/L NaHCO3,灭菌后加入3 g/L胃蛋白酶;肠液以磷酸盐缓冲液为基液,调节pH至7.5并添加8.5 g/L NaCl、5 g/L猪胆盐,灭菌后加入10 g/L胰酶。
杏脆与胃肠液混合后于37 ℃厌氧培养(200 r/min,2 h),测定菌落数[18]。
使用扫描电镜观察杏脆微观结构,取10 g冻干样品,液氮脆断制备纵截面样本,真空干燥后经铂金喷镀(60 s)处理以增强导电性。观察参数设置为加速电压5 kV、工作距离10 mm,低真空模式(50 Pa)下采集表面及纵截面图像。每组选取5个代表性视野,利用SMileView软件(v2.0)进行图像分析[19]。
为系统探究超声功率、超声时间、发酵时间对植物乳植杆菌富集效果的影响,本研究通过单因素实验对浸渍、发酵工艺进行优化。超声功率:超声时间12 min、发酵时间16 h,分别测定超声功率为100、125、150、175、200 W时杏脆活菌数;超声时间:超声功率125 W、发酵时间16 h,分别测定超声时间为8、10、12、14、16 min时杏脆活菌数;发酵时间:超声功率125 W、超声时间12 min,分别测定发酵时间为8、12、16、20、24 h时杏脆活菌数,所有实验均采用料液比1:1(g/mL)、发酵温度20 ℃、浸渍温度30±1 ℃,先超声浸渍处理杏子块,随后进行发酵,最终冻干测定活菌数。
基于单因素实验的结果,本研究进行了三因素三水平正交试验设计L9(33)。采用超声功率(A)、超声时间(B)及发酵时间(C)为考察因素,三因素三水平设置:A(100、125、150 W),B(10、12、14 min),C(16、20、24 h)。以活菌数(lg CFU/g)和感官评分(100分制)为双响应指标,每组试验重复三次。
组建由10名经过专业培训的食品感官评价员(男女比例1:1,年龄25~45岁)组成的评估小组。样品采用三位随机编码,在标准感官实验室(温度22±1 ℃,湿度50%±5%)进行盲评。评估前用无味饼干和纯净水清洁口腔,样品呈递间隔≥5 min。依据表1评价体系,从外观、质地、色泽、气味四个维度进行综合评分,数据经Kendall协调系数检验(W=0.82,P<0.05)确认评估一致性后取算术平均值[20]。
根据1.2.2步骤制备植物乳植杆菌浸渍液,按照1.2.3步骤制备UP组样品并冻干,按照1.2.10.1步骤制备FER组样品并冻干,以不经过浸渍处理直接冻干杏脆作为BC组。
称取3.0 g杏脆粉,加30 mL无菌水,50 ℃超声提取(500 W,90 min),离心(4000 r/min,30 min)后保留上清液。复提两次合并上清液,随后定容至50 mL。取1.0 mL待测液,加1.0 mL 6%苯酚溶液和6.0 mL浓硫酸,混匀后室温静置40 min,于490 nm测定吸光度值(以1 mg/mL葡萄糖标准溶液绘制标准曲线)[21],计算公式如下:
$ \text{TS}(\mathrm{g}/100\; \mathrm{g})=\frac{\mathrm{c}\times\mathrm{N}\times\mathrm{V}\times10^{ }}{\mathrm{m}\times(100-\omega)} $
式中:TS为总糖含量(g/100 g);c为标准曲线计算得样品葡萄糖含量(mg/mL);m为样品质量(g);V为定容体积(mL);N为稀释倍数;ω为湿基含水率(%)。
称取1.00 g杏脆粉,加10 mL 75%乙醇,50 ℃水浴磁力搅拌(400 r/min,30 min)后离心(5000 r/min,20 min),取下层液备用。按GB 12456-2021《食品中有机酸的测定》配制0.01 mol/L氢氧化钠标准溶液[22],取10 mL样品液,加入2~4滴10 g/L酚酞指示剂,以0.01 mol/L氢氧化钠滴定至微红色30 s不褪色,记录消耗体积(V1),以同体积无CO2水作空白试验(V2)。公式如下:
$ \mathrm{X}(\mathrm{g}/\text{kg})=\frac{[\mathrm{c}\times \left( {\mathrm{V}}_{1}-{\mathrm{V}}_{2}\right) \times \mathrm{k}\times \mathrm{F}]}{\mathrm{m}}\times 1000 $
式中:X:总酸含量(g/kg);c:氢氧化钠标准滴定液浓度(mol/L);V1:滴定消耗氢氧化钠溶液体积(mL);V2:空白试验消耗氢氧化钠溶液体积(mL);k:酸换算系数:乳酸,0.090;F:稀释倍数;m:样品质量(g);1000:换算系数。
称取1.00 g杏脆粉,加25 mL 80%乙醇,45 ℃超声提取60 min,4500 r/min离心30 min后,上清液为总酚提取液。取50 μL提取液,加入250 μL 50%福林酚试剂、4 mL水及750 μL 20% Na2CO3溶液,混匀后25 ℃避光反应2 h,于765 nm测定吸光度。以没食子酸标准溶液(50~100 mg/L)绘制标准曲线[23]。公式如下:
$ \mathrm{X}(\mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{\rho \times \mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{m}\times (100-{\mathrm{X}}_{\mathrm{W}})}\times 100 $
式中:X:总多酚含量(mg/g);ρ:标准曲线算得样品总多酚含量(mg/mL);m:样品质量(g);V:定容体积(mL);XW:水分含量(g/100 g)。
采用Excel 2022整理数据、Orign 2022绘图,采用SPSS 2022方差分析,邓肯多重比较方法进行样品间显著性差异分析,不同字母表示存在差异(P<0.05),实验重复3次(取平均值、计算标准差)。
本研究通过质构分析评估了不同浸渍处理对杏脆硬度和脆度的影响(图1)。实验结果表明,与BC组、SI组相比,NPI组硬度未有显著变化(P>0.05),UP组、VI组硬度值显著下降(P<0.05),且UP组硬度值显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。在脆度指标方面,UP组脆度值高出VI组9.43%、NPI组20.5%,并显著高于BC组、SI组(P<0.05),VI组脆度值显著高出NPI组13.5%(P<0.05),这与徐欣[24]的研究结果相吻合。
出现上述现象的原因,可能是超声诱导的空穴效应可有效改善杏子表面微结构,促进菌液渗透的同时增强了细胞壁的机械强度。张馨月[25]研究表明,超声处理通过优化冻干过程中的水分分布状态,减少了因相变应力导致的组织塌陷,与本研究结果一致。与之相比,真空浸渍虽能通过压力梯度促进渗透,但是对果蔬组织结构的作用有限[26],这可能是导致其硬度、脆度值介于超声和常压处理之间的关键因素。
如表2所示,经不同处理工艺制备的杏脆样品与未干燥杏子相比,其亮度值(L*)、红绿值(a*)和黄蓝值(b*)显著升高(P<0.05)。其中BC组的L*值(54.13±0.669)较未干燥组(33.51±2.877)提高61.5%,表明冻干过程有效改善了杏子的表面光反射特性[27]。各处理组间比较显示,UP组具有最高的L*值(55.81±1.392)和b*值(37.19±2.463),但其与VI组和NPI组的差异未达统计学显著性(P>0.05)。
色差计算结果显示(表2),处理组ΔE值均分布于21.28±1.752至24.54±1.034间,与未干燥组(ΔE=0)相比差异显著(P<0.05),但处理组间色差变化幅度不超过15%。这表明不同浸渍工艺对杏脆整体色泽的影响具有一致性,主要色泽变化源于冻干过程本身引起的水分脱除和细胞结构改变,而非浸渍处理差异所致,这与Demir等[28]研究结果相一致。
电子鼻分析结果(图2)显示,各处理组W1W传感器处信号强度较BC组及SI组有所提升差异显著(P<0.05),其中UP组在W1W传感器处的响应值最高。该传感器主要对短链羧酸类物质敏感,推测此现象可能源于植物乳植杆菌风干后带来的酸味,这与Wang等[29]研究结果一致。各处理组在芳香烃类(W5S)和氮氧化物(W1C)传感器上的响应值未呈现显著差异(P>0.05),表明可能因处理时间较短,浸渍工艺未显著改变杏脆主体香气成分,后续进行相关实验以初步验证该推测。
如图3A~图3B所示,各处理组杏脆消化后植物乳植杆菌含量变化趋势与杏子干燥后保持一致,经冷冻干燥处理后,各组样品的活菌数均显著低于预处理阶段(P<0.05)。在不同浸渍工艺中,UP组展现出最优的植物乳植杆菌富集效果,其活菌数2.57×108 CFU/g,显著高于VI组和NPI组(P<0.05),冷冻干燥后,UP组活菌数含量是VI组1.4倍、NPI组的2.4倍(P<0.05)。由图3B可看出,消化后UP组仍具备高植物乳植杆菌含量,表明该产品食用消化后仍可稳定发挥效用。
Gonçalves等[30]采用450 W、25 kHz超声辅助植物乳植杆菌菌液浸渍番石榴,结果显示,该超声条件未破坏益生菌,在干燥前植物乳植杆菌计数达到9.08 log CFU/g,显著高于非超声处理的对照组,其研究发现,超声下产生空穴作用能在瞬间形成局部高压环境,为植物乳植杆菌进入创造更多通道,从而促进益生菌在番石榴内的富集。本研究的结果与之相一致,且本研究采用更低超声频率、功率,而真空浸渍主要依靠压力差促进菌液渗透,因此菌液渗透效果不如超声浸渍。
本实验结果从微观尺度揭示了超声辅助浸渍的技术优势,为优化植物乳植杆菌富集工艺提供了重要的结构依据。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对杏脆表面及纵截面进行微观形貌表征(图4)。观察结果显示,不同浸渍处理对样品表面孔隙结构产生显著影响。UP组样品表面呈现多孔网络结构,孔隙分布均匀且平均孔径较大,孔隙通道延伸至样品内部较深,这与Nazarewicz等[31]研究结果相吻合。上述结构特征有助于植物乳植杆菌更多的渗入杏子内部,表明超声诱导产生空化效应可有效增强杏子组织通透性,为植物乳植杆菌渗透提供理想通道[32]。
VI组样品表面孔隙数量较UP组减少,平均孔径均呈现缩小趋势,且孔隙分布呈现局部聚集特征。NPI组与SI组、BC组微观结构相似,表面粗糙度指数显著高于UP组,其孔径分布呈现明显多分散性,这可能导致菌液渗透效率降低[33]。
纵截面分析显示,UP组纵截面可观察到许多细胞壁断裂现象,且超声处理会使杏子细胞壁发生部分解构,形成连续的渗透通道,形成的通道数量显著多于VI组和NPI组(P<0.05),而这种结构改变可能与冻干过程中水分迁移路径优化有关[34]。
单因素实验结果表明(图5),不同工艺参数对杏脆中植物乳植杆菌富集效果具有显著影响(P<0.05)。控制单一参数变化时,发酵时间、超声功率和浸渍时间均呈现先升高后降低的剂量效应曲线。
由图5A可知,超声处理功率对植物乳植杆菌在杏子中的富集效率呈现非线性响应特征,在实验功率范围内(100~200 W),菌体浓度随超声功率呈现先增后降趋势:当超声强度达到125 W时,杏子组织内部载菌量达到最大值,较100 W处理组提高约14%(P<0.05);而当功率达到150 W阈值后,菌体存活数量出现显著衰减,活菌数显著下降约26%(P<0.05)。可能是因空化效应随着超声功率增强而加剧,从而引发菌体更严重的机械损伤。这与刘莹萍[35]研究结果相一致。Santos等[36]研究表明,在4870 W/m2超声强度条件下,超声空化效应引发的微射流冲击能够一定程度破坏鳄梨细胞壁结构并形成微通道和孔隙,增加表面积和渗透路径,因而加速了菌液渗透过程、提高菌液在基质中富集效率,使得更多菌液浸渍到鳄梨切片内。而Zhang等[37]研究发现,超声功率大于400 W时,过度的空化作用导致处理体系温度异常升高,引发菌体蛋白变性及细胞膜结构不可逆损伤,造成活菌菌落数明显下降。本实验结果与该研究结论相吻合。基于上述剂量效应关系,125 W可作为兼顾处理效率与菌体活性的最优功率参数。
超声时间对富集效率的影响如图5B所示。当处理时间延长至12 min时,活菌浓度达到最大值,较8 min处理组提高约9%(P<0.05)。延长处理至16 min导致活菌数下降约15%(P<0.05),可能是长时间持续超声导致菌体被破坏程度不断加大。通过SEM观察发现(图4),12 min处理组样品表面形成均匀微孔(孔径5~8 μm),有利于植物乳植杆菌渗透而不破坏菌体组织结构。
发酵时间对菌体增殖的影响如图5C所示。在20 h时活菌浓度达到峰值,较16 h处理组提高约6%(P<0.05)。但达到24 h后,杏子内的活菌浓度降低。可能是因为,植物乳植杆菌增殖受到了繁殖环境内碳源含量的限制。Dimitrovski等[38]研究发现,乳酸菌在一定量的苹果汁中,发酵约24 h时达到菌落峰值,随着主要碳源(葡萄糖、果糖)消耗殆尽,在后续的10 h内乳酸菌增殖受限,且部分菌体因营养不足或代谢产物积累等原因死亡,活菌数不断下降,本研究结论与之相一致。
探究超声浸渍工艺对杏脆品质的协同影响,如表3~表5所示,方差分析结果表明,A、B、C三因素均对杏脆活菌数影响显著,A、B因素对杏脆感官评分影响不显著,C因素对杏脆感官评分影响显著。根据极差分析,各因素对杏脆活菌数和感官评分影响主次均为:发酵时间>超声功率>超声时间。综合考虑杏脆活菌数、感官评分因素,最佳工艺参数为A2B2C2,即超声功率125 W、超声时间12 min、发酵时间20 h。
在此工艺下,对正交试验筛选的最佳工艺参数进行三次验证实验,杏脆活菌数均值达到8.877(lg(CFU/g)),感官评分均值达到98,高于正交试验测定结果,验证该工艺组合为最佳组合,工艺稳定性较好。
如图6A所示,FER组总糖含量显著低于UP组、BC组(P<0.05),可能是发酵处理改变了杏子的代谢特性[39],植物乳植杆菌在发酵过程中可能通过糖代谢途径消耗了部分糖分[40],这可能与乳酸菌利用糖类作为碳源进行同型发酵的机制相关[41]。
图6B可看出,FER组总酸含量显著高于其他组别,可能与植物乳植杆菌代谢产生有机酸(如乳酸、乙酸)及部分游离酸的释放有关[42]。这与Gao等[43]研究中,乳酸菌发酵可促进果实中结合态酸的转化,并通过糖酸代谢路径调控酸度的结果相吻合。
图6C可知,FER组总酚含量显著高于UP组、BC组(P<0.05),可能是由于植物乳植杆菌在发酵过程中通过酶解作用释放了结合态酚类物质[44],并促进了多酚氧化酶及过氧化物酶的活性,从而加速了酚类化合物的转化。Huang等[45]研究显示,乳酸菌发酵可通过降解细胞壁果胶结构释放结合态多酚,同时激活内源性酶促反应,增强酚类物质的生物可及性,本研究的结果与之相一致。
本研究通过对比常压浸渍、超声浸渍和真空浸渍三种处理方式对杏脆中植物乳植杆菌富集效果的影响,发现超声浸渍可显著提升杏脆内植物乳植杆菌含量(P<0.05),效果优于常压浸渍与真空浸渍。超声浸渍一定程度改善杏子结构,处理产生空化效应使杏子组织孔隙率增加30%,形成连续渗透通道,促进菌体高效渗透,使得富集植物乳植杆菌浓度较高。
对超声浸渍工艺进行优化,鉴于提高菌浓度目标,后续添加发酵时间为单因素指标,并结合超声浸渍功率、超声浸渍时间进行单因素实验,采用活菌数与杏脆感官评分双指标进行正交试验,最佳工艺参数:超声功率125 W、超声时间12 min、发酵时间20 h。经工艺优化后杏脆活菌数达108 CFU/g量级,同时结合方差分析,各因素对杏脆内活菌数、感官评分的影响主次均为:发酵时间>超声功率>超声时间。
且发酵杏脆总糖含量显著下降,总酸和总酚含量显著上升,表明本富集工艺相对比于一般植物乳植杆菌富集工艺,不仅菌富集效率得到较大提升,杏脆营养品质得到较大提升,形成营养强化效应。
本研究将超声辅助浸渍与发酵技术相结合,成功开发出活菌数达108 CFU/g量级植物乳植杆菌杏脆产品。研究结果为果蔬基质中植物乳植杆菌的高效富集提供了理论依据和技术参考,该技术对开发新型功能性休闲食品具有重要实践价值。未来研究需关注长期贮藏稳定性、探索复合菌株适配性,并评估工业化生产的能耗成本与设备适配性。该技术对开发新型功能性休闲食品具有重要实践价值。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050229
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
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    1东北林业大学食品与健康学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150040
    2江苏省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,江苏南京 210014

通讯作者:

吴海虹(1976−),女,硕士,副研究员,研究方向:畜禽、水产、果蔬保鲜及休闲健康食品创制,E-mail:。
包怡红(1970−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:林下资源精深加工、功能性食品,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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