Article(id=1320886432546280232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050226, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792853466401, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792853466401, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792853466401, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792853466401, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=107, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320886432722441001, articleId=1320886432546280232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Interaction of Bovine Serum Albumin with Naringenin and Its Effect on the Stability of Naringenin, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the interaction mechanism between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and naringenin (Nar), as well as the impact on the stability of Nar, multi-spectroscopic techniques were initially utilized to study the quenching mechanism, binding constant, and binding site of the BSA-Nar complex. Subsequently, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to explore the binding free energy, key residues, binding modes, and interactions. Finally, Nar/BSA nanoparticles (Nar/BSA NPs) were prepared, and the antioxidant activity and in vitro release properties were examined. The findings indicated that Nar could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA through a static quenching mechanism. The BSA-Nar complex was primarily formed via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, with a binding constant of 1.7×104 L/mol and a binding free energy of -14.78 kcal/mol. The secondary structure of BSA was altered, with the α-helix content decreasing from 79.39% to 77.67%. There was approximately one binding site between BSA and Nar, and Nar binds to site I of BSA. Key residues Arg208, Ala212, Leu326, and Gly327 significantly contributed to the binding. Furthermore, after six days of storage, when the concentration was 40 µg/mL, the DPPH free radical scavenging rates of Nar/BSA NPs and Nar were 11.42% and 9.30%, respectively. Following 61 hours of simulated gastric fluid digestion, the release rates of Nar/BSA NPs and Nar were 62% and 79%, respectively. The corresponding release rates in simulated intestinal fluids were 86% and 89%, respectively. These results demonstrate that BSA can stably bind with Nar, and the antioxidant activity of Nar is significantly enhanced upon encapsulation with BSA. Additionally, the release rates of Nar in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids are slowed when encapsulated within BSA.

, authors=Kaixin SHI1, Li LI1, Yan GUO1, *, Yilin GUO1, Jinchang TONG1, Boping LIU2, 3, *, Jianguo XU1, *, authorsList=Kaixin SHI, Li LI, Yan GUO, Yilin GUO, Jinchang TONG, Boping LIU, Jianguo XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan GUO, Boping LIU, Jianguo XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320886437164208970, articleId=1320886432546280232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=牛血清白蛋白与柚皮素相互作用及对柚皮素稳定性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)与柚皮素(naringenin,Nar)的相互作用机制及对Nar稳定性的影响。本文首先采用多光谱法研究了BSA与Nar的猝灭机制、结合常数、结合位点,然后利用分子动力学模拟研究了两者的结合自由能、关键残基、结合模式和相互作用,最后利用反溶剂法制备了Nar/BSA纳米颗粒并测定了抗氧化活性和体外释放特性。结果表明,Nar可以有效猝灭BSA的内源荧光,猝灭机制为静态猝灭。Nar主要通过氢键和疏水相互作用与BSA形成稳定复合物,结合常数和结合自由能分别为1.7×104 L/mol和−14.78 kcal/mol。相互作用改变了BSA的二级结构,α-螺旋含量由79.39%变化为77.67%。Nar与BSA的结合位点数约为1且结合在位点Ⅰ,其中残基Arg208、Ala212、Leu326和Gly327与Nar结合最紧密。此外,贮藏第6 d,浓度为40 µg/mL时,Nar/BSA纳米颗粒和Nar的DPPH自由基清除率分别为11.42%和9.30%。体外释放61 h后,Nar/BSA纳米颗粒和Nar在模拟胃液中的累计释放率分别为62%和79%,在模拟肠液中的累计释放率分别为86%和89%。由此表明,BSA与Nar能够稳定结合且BSA包封显著提高了Nar的抗氧化活性并对Nar在模拟胃肠液中起到一定的缓释作用。

, authors=施凯欣1, 李丽1, 郭妍1, *, 郭怡琳1, 仝晋昌1, 刘柏平2, 3, *, 徐建国1, *, authorsList=施凯欣, 李丽, 郭妍, 郭怡琳, 仝晋昌, 刘柏平, 徐建国, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭妍, 刘柏平, 徐建国, authorNote=

施凯欣(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:功能因子及功能食品研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭妍(1992−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能因子及功能食品研究,E-mail:。
刘柏平(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:计算生物学,E-mail:。
徐建国(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能食品研究与活性评价,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Wl2Zq4nmL2AcnkbMarD7Vg==, magXml=gGeRd3fmfQyqA4bbiUms6A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=FRkICA/FrpOW2jKCLxbcaQ==, pdfFileSize=5288338, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=BrXzZ8EAwAVr1Ev7EhS+0A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7hM42+OH2hfnqXY357iTRA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320886438464443221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2230030122@sxnu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320886438766433111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, authorId=1320886438464443221, language=EN, stringName=Kaixin SHI, firstName=Kaixin, middleName=null, lastName=SHI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320886439051645784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, authorId=1320886438464443221, language=CN, stringName=施凯欣, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1山西师范大学食品科学学院,山西太原 030031, bio={"content":"

施凯欣(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:功能因子及功能食品研究,E-mail:

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施凯欣(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:功能因子及功能食品研究,E-mail:

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Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2025, 25(1): 103−112., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320886437793354571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886437843686220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, companyId=1320886437793354571, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886437860463437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, companyId=1320886437793354571, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山西师范大学食品科学学院,山西太原 030031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886438007264078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886438032429903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, companyId=1320886438007264078, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886438074372944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, companyId=1320886438007264078, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2华南农业大学材料与能源学院,广东广州 510630)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320886438279893841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886438309253970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, companyId=1320886438279893841, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Key Laboratory for Bio-based Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320886438359585619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, companyId=1320886438279893841, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3华南农业大学教育部生物材料与能源重点实验室,广东广州 510630)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320886442876851074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=UV spectrum of the interaction between Nar and BSA, figureFileSmall=ZVdH63CyxqFiUMWFS6g1fg==, figureFileBig=BrXzZ8EAwAVr1Ev7EhS+0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886442952348547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Nar与BSA相互作用的紫外光谱

注:a→g表示混合液中Nar的浓度为0~9×10−5 mol/L,h表示最大浓度的Nar溶液(9×10−5 mol/L)。

, figureFileSmall=ZVdH63CyxqFiUMWFS6g1fg==, figureFileBig=BrXzZ8EAwAVr1Ev7EhS+0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886443166258052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Fluorescence spectra of the interaction between different concentrations of Nar and BSA at 298 K (A), 304 K (B) and 310 K (C), figureFileSmall=tyEHiMM50r9UL78ACqh4gg==, figureFileBig=JTIFNeW01hR6e3pdBGlQVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886443250144133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=图2, caption=298 K(A)、304 K(B)、310 K(C)下不同浓度Nar与BSA相互作用的荧光光谱

注:a→i表示混合液中Nar的浓度为0~20×10−6 mol/L;x表示最大浓度的Nar溶液(2×10−5 mol/L)。

, figureFileSmall=tyEHiMM50r9UL78ACqh4gg==, figureFileBig=JTIFNeW01hR6e3pdBGlQVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886443334030214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Stern-Volmer diagram (A) and double-log diagram (B) of fluorescence quenching of BSA by Nar at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=crkrqevM0MAOo/URjlhDDA==, figureFileBig=2H5zD5m3vKIZqOUimiqTvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886443405333383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同温度下Nar对BSA荧光猝灭的Stern-Volmer图(A)和双对数图(B), figureFileSmall=crkrqevM0MAOo/URjlhDDA==, figureFileBig=2H5zD5m3vKIZqOUimiqTvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886443468247944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fluorescence decay curves of BSA, Nar and BSA-Nar, figureFileSmall=vandmyq4AmQul1kPSyElvA==, figureFileBig=SA9c7FgDhCgmRkA91+tVKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886443547939721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=图4, caption=BSA, Nar和BSA-Nar的荧光衰减曲线, figureFileSmall=vandmyq4AmQul1kPSyElvA==, figureFileBig=SA9c7FgDhCgmRkA91+tVKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886443610854282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Synchronous fluorescence spectra of the interaction between Nar and BSA, figureFileSmall=tTQEeyMe9xpKBzAeQ9snFA==, figureFileBig=RE9oQNAYLRfXmXrY2mPSzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886443719906187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Nar与BSA相互作用的同步荧光光谱

注:a→j表示混合液中Nar的浓度为0~22.5×10−6 mol/L。

, figureFileSmall=tTQEeyMe9xpKBzAeQ9snFA==, figureFileBig=RE9oQNAYLRfXmXrY2mPSzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886443812180876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of the interaction between Nar and BSA, figureFileSmall=Q3rADzfPf/5UBdKxDAPSTw==, figureFileBig=YrWUExXDQuSPEV4tIwyC8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886443879289741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Nar与BSA相互作用的三维荧光光谱

注:A~D分别为Nar浓度为0、12.5、17.5、22.5 μmol/L的光谱。

, figureFileSmall=Q3rADzfPf/5UBdKxDAPSTw==, figureFileBig=YrWUExXDQuSPEV4tIwyC8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886443950592911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of warfarin and ibuprofen on the fluorescence spectra of BSA-Nar, figureFileSmall=oKh7/MGRqf7GSiYKOBQSRw==, figureFileBig=aVFYTUdKbD3R+dK3MK95Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886444026090384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=图7, caption=华法林和布洛芬对BSA-Nar荧光强度的影响, figureFileSmall=oKh7/MGRqf7GSiYKOBQSRw==, figureFileBig=aVFYTUdKbD3R+dK3MK95Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886444130947985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Circular dichroism spectra of the interaction between Nar and BSA, figureFileSmall=lwtuihzN2V64fgcB+jFMzg==, figureFileBig=eQ5BI5No96Ev+a20cMF1DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886444193862546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Nar与BSA相互作用的圆二色谱

注:a→c表示混合液中Nar的浓度为0~1.5×10−5 mol/L;x为Nar的圆二色谱。

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注:氢键和疏水相互作用分别表示为绿色和灰色虚线。

, figureFileSmall=E0XL1mkaNZ/GKrH842bXlg==, figureFileBig=uPLQ4cfTlTNrGs7ixTovOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886444932060061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=FTIR spectra of Nar, BSA NPs and Nar/BSA NPs, figureFileSmall=Xc0Z4G7h4EDS/mztOnVKew==, figureFileBig=hLIkWO3caprORiDXiKRpxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886445007557534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=图14, caption=Nar、BSA NPs和Nar/BSA NPs的红外光谱, figureFileSmall=Xc0Z4G7h4EDS/mztOnVKew==, figureFileBig=hLIkWO3caprORiDXiKRpxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886445083055007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=DPPH radical scavenging activity (A), ABTS+ radical scavenging activity (B) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (C) of BSA, Nar and Nar/BSA NPs, figureFileSmall=Ev6Pwg6jcfZ1Uy9IwPXt4Q==, figureFileBig=cb2RQ5KrnaiTUTZ8YqyNIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886445154358176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=图15, caption=BSA、Nar和Nar/BSA NPs的DPPH自由基清除活性(A)、ABTS+自由基清除活性(B)和铁离子还原能力(C), figureFileSmall=Ev6Pwg6jcfZ1Uy9IwPXt4Q==, figureFileBig=cb2RQ5KrnaiTUTZ8YqyNIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886445213078433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Release curves of Nar and Nar/BSA NPs in vitro, figureFileSmall=RO6ASOomcfR0Rt/RzFJrEQ==, figureFileBig=HZ1CPSKpbBic5r0qb87rSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886445275992994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=图16, caption=Nar和Nar/BSA NPs的体外释放曲线

注:A为样品在61 h内的释放曲线;B~C为图A局部放大图。

, figureFileSmall=RO6ASOomcfR0Rt/RzFJrEQ==, figureFileBig=HZ1CPSKpbBic5r0qb87rSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320886445355684771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Quenching constant, binding constant and number of binding sites between Nar and BSA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T(K)Ksv(×104 L/mol)Kq(×1012 L/mol/s)R2Ka(×105 L/mol)nR2
2984.13±0.034.13±0.030.98±0.010.17±0.020.92±0.010.98±0.00
3044.10±0.034.1±0.030.94±0.011.47±0.411.13±0.080.91±0.01
3104.00±0.024.00±0.020.93±0.003.65±1.121.20±0.040.95±0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1320886445414405028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同温度下Nar与BSA的猝灭常数、结合常数和结合位点数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
T(K)Ksv(×104 L/mol)Kq(×1012 L/mol/s)R2Ka(×105 L/mol)nR2
2984.13±0.034.13±0.030.98±0.010.17±0.020.92±0.010.98±0.00
3044.10±0.034.1±0.030.94±0.011.47±0.411.13±0.080.91±0.01
3104.00±0.024.00±0.020.93±0.003.65±1.121.20±0.040.95±0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1320886445481513893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fluorescence life time decay parameters of Nar and BSA-Nar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品τ1(ns)τ2(ns)f1f2<τ>(ns)χ2
BSA6.195623.74790.98540.01466.451863581.0757
BSA-Nar5.01777.13790.5010.4996.07567980.9777
), ArticleFig(id=1320886447150846886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Nar和BSA-Nar的荧光寿命衰减参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品τ1(ns)τ2(ns)f1f2<τ>(ns)χ2
BSA6.195623.74790.98540.01466.451863581.0757
BSA-Nar5.01777.13790.5010.4996.07567980.9777
), ArticleFig(id=1320886447222150055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Characteristic parameters of BSA and Nar-BSA obtained from 3D fluorescence experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Nar(μmol/L)峰峰位置
[λex/λem(nm/nm)]
荧光强度
0a
1
400/400
285/352
8360
1839
12.5a
1
400/400
285/354
9935
955.5
17.5a
1
400/400
285/357
9951
806.7
22.5a
1
400/400
285/355
10000
631
), ArticleFig(id=1320886447293453224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

BSA和Nar-BSA的三维荧光的特征信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Nar(μmol/L)峰峰位置
[λex/λem(nm/nm)]
荧光强度
0a
1
400/400
285/352
8360
1839
12.5a
1
400/400
285/354
9935
955.5
17.5a
1
400/400
285/357
9951
806.7
22.5a
1
400/400
285/355
10000
631
), ArticleFig(id=1320886447427670953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Secondary structure content of the interaction between BSA and Nar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多酚浓度
(×10−6 mol/L)
α-螺旋(%)β-折叠(%)β-转角(%)无规则卷曲
(%)
Nar079.390.205.5914.82
677.810.776.0515.37
1577.670.775.9715.50
), ArticleFig(id=1320886447494779818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

BSA与Nar相互作用的二级结构含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多酚浓度
(×10−6 mol/L)
α-螺旋(%)β-折叠(%)β-转角(%)无规则卷曲
(%)
Nar079.390.205.5914.82
677.810.776.0515.37
1577.670.775.9715.50
), ArticleFig(id=1320886447574471595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Average particle size, polydispersity index and Zeta potential of BSA NPs and Nar /BSA NPs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品平均粒径(nm)分散系数Zeta电位(mV)
BSA NPs126.13±5.87a0.28±0.04a−64.64±15.72b
Nar/BSA NPs582.73±98.91b0.61±0.13b−28.92±3.24a
), ArticleFig(id=1320886447641580460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320886432546280232, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

BSA NPs和Nar/BSA NPs的平均粒径、分散系数和Zeta电位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品平均粒径(nm)分散系数Zeta电位(mV)
BSA NPs126.13±5.87a0.28±0.04a−64.64±15.72b
Nar/BSA NPs582.73±98.91b0.61±0.13b−28.92±3.24a
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牛血清白蛋白与柚皮素相互作用及对柚皮素稳定性的影响
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施凯欣 1 , 李丽 1 , 郭妍 1, * , 郭怡琳 1 , 仝晋昌 1 , 刘柏平 2, 3, * , 徐建国 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(10): 107-119
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (10) : 107 -119
牛血清白蛋白与柚皮素相互作用及对柚皮素稳定性的影响
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施凯欣1 , 李丽1, 郭妍1, * , 郭怡琳1, 仝晋昌1, 刘柏平2, 3, * , 徐建国1, *
作者信息
  • 1山西师范大学食品科学学院,山西太原 030031
  • 2华南农业大学材料与能源学院,广东广州 510630
  • 3华南农业大学教育部生物材料与能源重点实验室,广东广州 510630
通讯作者:
郭妍(1992−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能因子及功能食品研究,E-mail:。
刘柏平(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:计算生物学,E-mail:。
徐建国(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能食品研究与活性评价,E-mail:。
作者简介:

施凯欣(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:功能因子及功能食品研究,E-mail:

Interaction of Bovine Serum Albumin with Naringenin and Its Effect on the Stability of Naringenin
Kaixin SHI1 , Li LI1, Yan GUO1, * , Yilin GUO1, Jinchang TONG1, Boping LIU2, 3, * , Jianguo XU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
  • 2College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China
  • 3Key Laboratory for Bio-based Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050226
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为了研究牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)与柚皮素(naringenin,Nar)的相互作用机制及对Nar稳定性的影响。本文首先采用多光谱法研究了BSA与Nar的猝灭机制、结合常数、结合位点,然后利用分子动力学模拟研究了两者的结合自由能、关键残基、结合模式和相互作用,最后利用反溶剂法制备了Nar/BSA纳米颗粒并测定了抗氧化活性和体外释放特性。结果表明,Nar可以有效猝灭BSA的内源荧光,猝灭机制为静态猝灭。Nar主要通过氢键和疏水相互作用与BSA形成稳定复合物,结合常数和结合自由能分别为1.7×104 L/mol和−14.78 kcal/mol。相互作用改变了BSA的二级结构,α-螺旋含量由79.39%变化为77.67%。Nar与BSA的结合位点数约为1且结合在位点Ⅰ,其中残基Arg208、Ala212、Leu326和Gly327与Nar结合最紧密。此外,贮藏第6 d,浓度为40 µg/mL时,Nar/BSA纳米颗粒和Nar的DPPH自由基清除率分别为11.42%和9.30%。体外释放61 h后,Nar/BSA纳米颗粒和Nar在模拟胃液中的累计释放率分别为62%和79%,在模拟肠液中的累计释放率分别为86%和89%。由此表明,BSA与Nar能够稳定结合且BSA包封显著提高了Nar的抗氧化活性并对Nar在模拟胃肠液中起到一定的缓释作用。

柚皮素  /  牛血清白蛋白  /  光谱法  /  分子动力学模拟  /  互作机制

To investigate the interaction mechanism between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and naringenin (Nar), as well as the impact on the stability of Nar, multi-spectroscopic techniques were initially utilized to study the quenching mechanism, binding constant, and binding site of the BSA-Nar complex. Subsequently, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to explore the binding free energy, key residues, binding modes, and interactions. Finally, Nar/BSA nanoparticles (Nar/BSA NPs) were prepared, and the antioxidant activity and in vitro release properties were examined. The findings indicated that Nar could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA through a static quenching mechanism. The BSA-Nar complex was primarily formed via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, with a binding constant of 1.7×104 L/mol and a binding free energy of -14.78 kcal/mol. The secondary structure of BSA was altered, with the α-helix content decreasing from 79.39% to 77.67%. There was approximately one binding site between BSA and Nar, and Nar binds to site I of BSA. Key residues Arg208, Ala212, Leu326, and Gly327 significantly contributed to the binding. Furthermore, after six days of storage, when the concentration was 40 µg/mL, the DPPH free radical scavenging rates of Nar/BSA NPs and Nar were 11.42% and 9.30%, respectively. Following 61 hours of simulated gastric fluid digestion, the release rates of Nar/BSA NPs and Nar were 62% and 79%, respectively. The corresponding release rates in simulated intestinal fluids were 86% and 89%, respectively. These results demonstrate that BSA can stably bind with Nar, and the antioxidant activity of Nar is significantly enhanced upon encapsulation with BSA. Additionally, the release rates of Nar in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids are slowed when encapsulated within BSA.

naringenin (Nar)  /  bovine serum albumin (BSA)  /  spectroscopy  /  molecular dynamics simulation  /  interaction mechanism
施凯欣, 李丽, 郭妍, 郭怡琳, 仝晋昌, 刘柏平, 徐建国. 牛血清白蛋白与柚皮素相互作用及对柚皮素稳定性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 107 -119 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050226
Kaixin SHI, Li LI, Yan GUO, Yilin GUO, Jinchang TONG, Boping LIU, Jianguo XU. Interaction of Bovine Serum Albumin with Naringenin and Its Effect on the Stability of Naringenin[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 107 -119 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050226
柚皮素(Naringenin,Nar)是广泛存在于柑橘类水果(如葡萄柚、柠檬等)中的一种天然黄烷酮类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌等多种生理功能[1]。Nar进入人体后,能够通过减少氧化应激、调控基因表达保护人体的肠胃、肝脏和心血管等免受外来物质侵害,在功能食品领域具有较高的研究价值和应用前景[2]。然而,Nar水溶性差,生物利用度较低等特点限制了其广泛应用。因此,利用有效的载体提高Nar溶解度和稳定性,从而提高其生物利用度具有非常重要的意义。
牛血清白蛋白(Bovine serum albumin,BSA)被广泛用于构建高效递送体系,具有较好的配体结合特性和生物降解性,在体内代谢过程中不会产生有害物质。BSA由583个氨基酸组成,共有3个同源结构域,分别为Domain Ⅰ、Domain Ⅱ和Domain Ⅲ。每个结构域可分为两个亚结构域A和B。其中,亚结构域IIA(位点I)和IIIA(位点II)是多酚类化合物在BSA上的主要结合位点[3]。近年来,已有研究者利用多光谱与分子对接相结合的方法研究了BSA与多酚类化合物的相互作用,结果表明姜辣素、山奈酚和羟基酪醇与BSA形成了稳定的复合物,且姜辣素结合在BSA的亚结构域II,羟基酪醇结合在亚结构域IIA和IIB之间[4−6]。重要的是,BSA与多酚类化合物的结合有助于提高其稳定性和生物利用度[7]。
然而,上述研究主要集中于静态相互作用。分子动力学模拟能够模拟蛋白的运动轨迹,从而反映蛋白构象在原子水平的变化,是研究分子间相互作用的重要工具[8−9]。因此,多光谱与分子动力学模拟相结合可以提供更全面的相互作用信息。然而,多光谱与分子动力学模拟相结合研究BSA与Nar之间相互作用机制的研究较少,且BSA能否有效负载Nar并提高其稳定性有待进一步探究。
本研究首先通过紫外可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、圆二色谱分析Nar与BSA之间的猝灭机制、结合常数和结合位点。然后进行100 ns的分子动力学模拟,分析两者间的结合自由能、关键残基、接触数、结合模式和相互作用。最后制备Nar/BSA纳米颗粒(Nar/BSA NPs),并探究BSA对Nar抗氧化活性和体外释放特性的影响。以期为BSA有效负载Nar提供理论基础,为拓宽Nar在功能食品领域的应用范围提供数据支撑。
牛血清白蛋白(纯度≥98%,无脂肪酸)、柚皮素(纯度≥98%,HPLC) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;DMSO(纯度≥99.8%) 安徽泽升科技有限公司;2,4,6-三(2-吡啶基)-1,3,5-三嗪(TPTZ)、二苯基肼自由基(DPPH) 西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;所用试剂均为分析纯;实验用水为蒸馏水。
UB-7 pH计 德国赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司;TU-1901双光束紫外分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;F98荧光分光光度计 上海棱光技术有限公司;J-815圆二色谱仪 日本JASCO公司;LGJ-30F真空冷冻干燥机 河南信陵仪器设备有限公司;Nano ZSE纳米粒度仪 马尔文派纳利提克公司;JS94Zeta电位仪 上海中晨数字技术设备有限公司;傅里叶红外光谱仪 Bruker(布鲁克)公司;SpectraMax M2多功能酶标仪 美国Molecular Devices公司。
向BSA溶液中加入不同体积的Nar溶液,使得体系中BSA浓度为5.0×10−6 mol/L,Nar浓度为0、1.5、3、4.5、6、7.5、9×10−5 mol/L。充分混匀后室温静置40 min,以PBS缓冲液为参比,扫描样品液在190~400 nm区间的紫外可见吸收光谱[10]。
将BSA溶液与不同体积的Nar溶液充分混合,使得体系中BSA浓度为1×10−6 mol/L,Nar浓度为0、2.5、5、7.5、10、12.5、15、17.5、20 ×10−6 mol/L。在298、304、310 K温度条件下静置40 min,使用F98荧光分光光度计记录各样品液300~500 nm区间的荧光发射光谱图[10−12]。激发波长为280 nm,激发和发射狭缝均为5 nm,增益为900 V,样品光谱均扣除了PBS缓冲液背景。通过内滤光校正公式(1)对数据进行校正,并使用校正后数据作图。
$ {\text{F}}_{\text{corr}}={\text{F}}_{\text{obs}}\text{×}{\text{10}}^{\tfrac{({\text{A}}_{\text{ex}}\text+{\text{A}}_{\text{em}})}{\text{2}}} $
其中,Fobs与Fcorr分别是校正前后的荧光强度;Aex与Aem分别是激发和发射波长下对应浓度Nar溶液的吸光度。
采用Stern-Volmer方程(2)计算猝灭常数以确定猝灭机制。
$ \frac{{\text{F}}_{\text{0}}}{\text{F}}=1+{\text{K}}_{\text{sv}}\left[\text{Q}\right]=1+{\text{K}}_{\text{q}}{\tau}_{\text{0}}\left[\text{Q}\right] $
其中,F0和F分别为无Nar和Nar存在时BSA的荧光强度;[Q]为Nar的浓度;KSV和Kq分别为猝灭常数和猝灭速率常数;τ0为生物大分子猝灭平均寿命10−8 s。
采用Stern-Volmer方程(3)计算Nar与BSA相互作用的结合常数(Ka)和结合位点数(n):
$ \mathrm{\lg }\frac{{\text{F}}_{\text{0}}-\text{F}}{\text{F}}\text{= lg}{\text{K}}_{\text{a}}\text{+nlg[Q]} $
将BSA溶液与等体积的Nar溶液充分混合,使得体系中BSA浓度为5×10−5 mol/L,Nar浓度为2×10−5 mol/L。在室温条件下静置15 min,使用Edinburgh FLS1000稳态/瞬态荧光光谱仪(PL)记录各样品液的荧光衰减曲线[13]。激发和发射波长分别为280 nm和350 nm。使用Fluoracle软件对荧光衰减曲线进行拟合获得荧光寿命值,所得数据通过χ2值进行评估。采用公式(4)计算平均荧光寿命(τ):
$ \text{<}\tau \text{>}={\text{f}}_{\text{1}}{\tau }_{\text{1}}+{\text{f}}_{\text{2}}{\tau }_{\text{2}} $
其中,<τ>表示平均寿命,ns;τi和fi分别代表不同组分在衰减过程中的寿命(ns)和前指数因子。
同步荧光光谱样品液制备参照1.2.2。在298 K温度下,使用F98荧光分光光度计记录样品液∆λ(∆λ=λem−λex)为15和60 nm时的荧光光谱数据。激发和发射狭缝均为20 nm,增益为750 V,样品光谱均扣除了PBS缓冲液背景[14−15]。
将BSA溶液与不同体积的Nar溶液充分混合,使得体系中BSA浓度为1×10−6 mol/L,Nar浓度为0、12.5、17.5、22.5×10−6 mol/L。298 K静置40 min后,使用F98荧光分光光度计扫描样品液的三维荧光光谱。激发和发射波长范围均为200~400 nm,激发波长扫描间隔为5 nm,激发和发射狭缝分别为10 nm和5 nm,增益为800 V,扫描速率为3000 nm/min[16]。
选用华法林、布洛芬分别作为BSA结合位点I和位点II的探针试剂。将BSA(1×10−6 mol/L)和Nar(2×10−6 mol/L)的混合液在室温下静置40 min,每次分别向BSA-Nar混合液中加入10 μL华法林和布洛芬溶液(2.0×10−6~2.0×10−5 mol/L)。采用F98荧光分光光度计记录激发波长为280 nm和发射波长为300~500 nm下各混合液的荧光光谱[6]。激发和发射狭缝为5 nm,增益为750 V,样品光谱均扣除了PBS缓冲液的背景光谱。采用公式(5)计算探针置换率:
$ \text{探针置换率(\%)}=\frac{{\text{F}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{F}}_{1}}\text{×100} $
其中,F1和F2分别是未添加和添加探针试剂时BSA-Nar混合液的荧光强度。
将BSA溶液与不同体积的Nar溶液充分混合,使得体系中BSA浓度为0.75×10−6 mol/L,Nar浓度为0、6和15 ×10−6 mol/L,室温静置40 min。在恒定充氮条件下,采用Jasco J-815圆二色光谱仪记录各样品液的圆二色谱[17]。波长扫描范围为190~400 nm,扫描间隔为0.5 nm、扫描速度为100 nm/min。样品光谱均扣除了PBS缓冲液背景光谱,浓度为15×10−6 mol/L Nar的光谱作为对照。利用Dichr-Web网址进行SELCON3程序分析,用平均残基摩尔椭圆率计算BSA二级结构α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角、无规则卷曲的含量。
运用AutoDock Vina软件进行分子对接,BSA的晶体结构(PDB ID:4OR0)下载于PDB数据库,Nar(CID:445972)的三维结构下载于Pubchem数据库。运用AutoDock Tools工具对BSA和Nar结构预处理并生成pdbqt文件,盒子大小设为36 Å×36 Å×28 Å,格点间距设为1 Å,其他参数均为默认值。选择结合亲和力最强的对接构象作为分子动力学模拟的初始结构,利用PyMOL软件可视化对接结果。
利用GROMACS 2016.4软件进行分子动力学模拟,分别采用Amber ff99SB[18]和GAFF[19]参数化BSA和Nar。将Nar-BSA复合物置于立方体溶剂盒子中,体系原子到盒子边缘的最小距离设为10 Å,随后加入Na+和Cl−以中和体系电荷。接着采用最陡下降法和共轭梯度法进行能量最小化,以消除不良相互作用和原子碰撞。之后依次进行1 ns NVT和NPT平衡,使用V-rescale和Parrinello-Rahma方法分别将体系温度和压力控制在300 K和1 atm。最后进行100 ns分子动力学模拟,并将轨迹以1.0 ps为时间间隔保存用于后续分析。短程非键相互作用截断值设为10 Å,采用Particle Mesh Ewald算法计算长程静电相互作用,使用LINCS算法约束氢原子。使用mindist程序计算BSA与Nar的分子间接触数,利用VMD 1.9.3计算Nar-BSA体系的氢键占有率。
采用分子力学泊松-玻尔兹曼表面积法(molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area,MM-PBSA)计算Nar-BSA体系的结合自由能(ΔG)[20]。从50~100 ns平衡轨迹中采集500帧构象用于计算ΔG,公式如下:
$ \Delta {\mathrm{G}}={\text{G}}_{\text{complex}}-({\text{G}}_{\text{protein}}+{\text{G}}_{\text{ligand}})$
$ \Delta {\mathrm{G}}={\Delta\text{E}}_{\text{MM}}+\Delta{\text{G}}_{\text{sol}}-{\mathrm{T}}\Delta {\mathrm{S}} $
$ \Delta{\text{E}}_{\text{MM}}=\Delta{\text{E}}_{\text{vdw}}+\Delta {\mathrm{E}}_{\text{ele}} $
$ {{\Delta {\mathrm{G}}}}_{\text{sol}}=\Delta {\text{E}}_{\text{PB}}+{{\Delta {\mathrm{E}}}}_{\text{SA}} $
$ \Delta {\mathrm{G}}=\Delta {\text{E}}_{\text{vdw}}+\Delta{\text{E}}_{\text{ele}}+{{\Delta {\mathrm{E}}}}_{\text{PB}}+\Delta {\text{E}}_{\text{SA}} $
其中,Gcomplex、Gprotein和Gligand分别为Nar-BSA、BSA和Nar的自由能;ΔG为气相结合能(ΔEMM)、溶剂化结合能(ΔGsol)和熵贡献(−TΔS)之和;ΔEMM为范德华相互作用能(ΔEvdw)和静电相互作用能(ΔEele)之和;ΔGsol可分解为极性溶剂化自由能(ΔEPB)和非极性溶剂化自由能(ΔESA);TΔS是熵变对结合自由能的影响,由于熵变计算耗时较长,因此忽略不计。为得到对Nar结合有重要贡献的残基,对结合自由能进行分解,将能量小于−1 kcal/mol的残基视为关键残基。
将BSA溶于蒸馏水,使其浓度为0.4×10−3 mol/L,室温下800 r/min磁力搅拌2 h以便充分水化。将Nar溶于无水乙醇,得到浓度为2.4×10−3 mol/L溶液。以体积比5:1将Nar溶液以2 mL/min速度滴入BSA溶液,继续磁力搅拌3 h,离心得到上清液(10000 r/min,15 min),旋蒸除去乙醇,−20 ℃预冻12 h,真空冷冻干燥24 h得到Nar/BSA NPs[21]。以体积比5:1加入无水乙醇,其他操作与Nar/BSA NPs相同,制备BSA纳米颗粒(BSA NPs)。
将5 mg Nar/BSA NPs溶于蒸馏水,涡旋30 s至完全溶解,用体积比为10:1的乙酸乙酯和无水乙醇提取剂提取,超声20 min,涡旋30 s重复3次,离心得到上清液(10000 r/min,15 min)[22]。稀释至所需浓度,测定289 nm处吸光度,代入标准曲线(y=0.0768x+0.0263,R2=0.9953)计算Nar含量。包封率和载药量计算如公式(11)和公式(12)所示:
$ 载药量\text{(mg/g)}=\frac{\text{Nar/BSA NPs中Nar的质量}}{\text{Nar/BSA NPs质量}} $
$包封率 \text{(\%)}=\frac{\text{Nar/BSA NPs中Nar的质量}}{\text{初始加入Nar的质量}}\text{×100} $
将Nar/BSA NPs和BSA NPs溶于蒸馏水,制备成浓度为100 μg/mL的分散液,使用Zeta sizer Nano ZSE粒度仪记录样品的平均粒径和分散系数,用Zeta JS94电位仪测定Zeta电位[23]。
将1 mg Nar/BSA NPs和BSA NPs与100 mg溴化钾粉末混合,将混合物充分研磨并用压片机压成透明薄片,使用傅里叶红外光谱仪记录4000~400 cm−1区间的红外光谱。扫描次数为32次,分辨率为4 cm−1,样品光谱均扣除溴化钾的背景光谱[24]。
将适量Nar和Nar/BSA NPs溶于蒸馏水,涡旋1 min,磁力搅拌2 h,12000 r/min离心15 min,得到上清液。稀释至样品液中Nar含量相同,并将BSA NPs设为对照组。将Nar、Nar/BSA NPs、BSA NPs溶液储存于具塞试管中,室温保存6 d。每24 h抽取少量样品进行自由基清除活性和铁离子还原能力测定,评估储存时间内Nar和Nar/BSA NPs的抗氧化活性[25−26]。具体步骤:将100 μL样品溶液(40 µg/mL)与100 μL DPPH溶液充分混合,避光反应30 min,在517 nm处测定吸光度并使用公式(13)计算DPPH自由基清除率。
$ {\mathrm{DPPH}}自由基清除率\text{(\text{%})}=\left[\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-({\text{A}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{0}})}{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}}\right]\text{×100} $
其中,A2为样品组的吸光度;A1为对照组的吸光度;A0为空白组的吸光度。
将100 μL样品溶液(25 µg/mL)与100 μL ABTS溶液充分混合,避光反应6 min,在734 nm处测定吸光度,使用公式(14)计算ABTS+自由基清除率。
$ {\text{ABTS}}^{+}自由基清除率\text{(\text{%})}=\left[\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}-({\text{A}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{A}}_{\text{0}})}{{\text{A}}_{\text{1}}}\right]\text{×100} $
其中,A2为样品组的吸光度;A1为对照组的吸光度;A0为空白组的吸光度。
将180 μL样品溶液 (1 mg/mL)与30 μL FRAP工作液充分混合,37 ℃避光反应30 min,测定593 nm处吸光度,铁离子还原能力以Fe2+的毫摩尔数当量(mmol/L)表示。
采用静态模型进行Nar和Nar/BSA NPs的体外模拟消化实验[27]。将2.0 g氯化钠溶于7.0 mL 12 mol/L盐酸,加入2.5%吐温80,蒸馏水定容至1 L以制备模拟胃液(pH=1.2)。向6.8 g磷酸二氢钾和0.89 g NaOH中加入2.5%吐温80,蒸馏水定容至1 L,使pH为6.8以得到模拟肠液。将Nar和Nar/BSA NPs(含2 mg Nar)分别溶于2 mL 37 ℃释放介质,置于Mw为8000~14000 Da的透析袋,将透析袋完全浸没于50 mL模拟胃液和肠液,放入37 ℃空气振荡器(100 r/min)进行61 h体外模拟消化实验,定时取样1 mL,并立即补充等温等体积新鲜介质以保持模拟消化条件。用紫外分光光度计测定289 nm处的吸光度,代入胃、肠液标准曲线计算Nar含量,累计释放率计算如公式(15)所示。
$ {\text{E}}_{\text{r}}{(\text{%})}=\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{e}}\sum \nolimits_{\text{1}}^{{{\mathrm{n}}-1}}{\text{C}}_{\text{i}}+{{{\text{C}}_{\text{n}}}\text{V}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{drug}}}\text{×100} $
其中,Er为累计释放率(%);Ve为PBS的置换体积(mL);V0为释放介质总体积(mL);Ci为第i次置换取样时释放液的浓度(mg/mL);mdrug为纳米颗粒载药总质量(mg);n为置换PBS的次数。
所有实验重复三次,结果以平均值±标准差表示。利用Origin 2018软件作图,利用SPSS 25.0软件进行方差分析,P<0.05表示差异显著。
BSA的紫外可见吸收光谱在280 nm附近有特征吸收峰,该峰由BSA芳香族氨基酸苯环的电子转移(π-π*跃迁)产生,如酪氨酸(tyrosine,Tyr)、色氨酸(tryptophan,Trp)和苯丙氨酸(Phenylalanine,Phe)[28]。通过分析紫外光谱特征吸收峰强度和位移变化可以了解Nar对BSA构象的影响。BSA与不同浓度Nar的紫外吸收光谱如图1所示。由图1可知,Nar的吸收峰位于322 nm处。随着Nar浓度增加,BSA在280 nm处的特征吸收峰强度增加并伴随轻微红移,表明BSA-Nar复合物的形成。二者的结合使得BSA结构趋于舒展,内部的芳香族氨基酸暴露出来。刘丽莉等[29]发现4种植物多酚与牛血清白蛋白相互作用导致牛血清白蛋白的紫外吸收峰的峰值与峰位发生改变,本研究结果与之类似。
荧光光谱被广泛用于多酚类化合物与蛋白质相互作用机理研究。BSA的内源荧光主要由Trp、Tyr、Phe产生,并会与多酚类化合物相互作用猝灭[30]。在298、304、310 K温度下,BSA与不同浓度Nar的内源荧光光谱如图2所示。由图2可知,BSA在340 nm处有一个特征荧光发射峰,荧光强度随Nar浓度增加不断下降,并分别伴随8、4 和7 nm红移。表明Nar与BSA发生了相互作用,使BSA亲水性增加,与紫外光谱结果一致。梁鑫富等[31]研究了柠檬苦素与牛血清白蛋白的荧光光谱,发现随着柠檬苦素的加入牛血清白蛋白的荧光强度逐渐降低。
由于Nar可以猝灭BSA的内源荧光,因此对猝灭机制进行了分析。猝灭机制一般分为动态猝灭和静态猝灭,前者与蛋白质荧光团和猝灭剂之间的碰撞有关,后者则是由复合物的形成引起[32]。Nar与BSA相互作用的Stern-Volmer曲线如图3所示。由图3可知,在所测浓度下,[Q]与F/F0呈线性相关,表明猝灭机制为静态或动态单一猝灭类型。不同温度下,Nar与BSA相互作用的猝灭常数、结合常数和结合位点数如表1所示。由表1可知,温度为298 K时,Ksv值为4.13×104 L/mol,且随着温度的升高逐渐降低,但变化不显著。然而,三个温度下的Kq值均大于最大动态猝灭常数(2.0×1010 L/mol)[33],表明Nar猝灭BSA的机制为静态猝灭。
采用双对数曲线计算了Nar与BSA的结合常数Ka和结合位点数n,分别对应斜率和截距,结果见表1。由表1可知,不同温度下Nar与BSA的Ka和n值分别为0.17×105 L/mol(0.92)、1.47×105 L/mol(1.13)和3.65×105 L/mol(1.20),表明Nar与BSA之间只存在1个结合位点。胡夏恬等[34]的研究表明,298 K温度下苦丁皂苷与牛血清白蛋白的结合常数为5.74×102 L/mol,小于本研究结果,说明Nar与BSA之间的结合亲和力较强。
时间分辨荧光光谱可用来验证猝灭机制。蛋白与多酚结合过程中平均荧光寿命(τ)的显著变化表明存在动态猝灭机制,而稳定的荧光寿命值则对应静态猝灭机制[35]。如图4所示,BSA的时间分辨荧光光谱呈双指数分布,且Nar对BSA光谱的影响不大,谱图几乎重合。fi、τi、χ2和τ的结果见表2。由表2可知,χ2值均小于1.3,说明曲线拟合良好。此外,BSA的τ值为6.45 ns,加入Nar后的τ值为6.08 ns,说明平均荧光寿命未发生显著变化,即τ0/τ~1[36]。由此推测Nar猝灭BSA的机制为静态猝灭,这与荧光光谱结果一致。
同步荧光光谱可用来表征Nar对BSA的Tyr(∆λ=15 nm)和Trp(∆λ=60 nm)微环境的影响[37]。由图5可知,随着Nar浓度增加,Tyr和Trp荧光均发生不同程度的猝灭,表明Nar结合在Tyr和Trp附近。此外,Tyr和Trp的特征吸收峰分别发生蓝移和红移,表明Tyr周围微环境的疏水性增强,Trp周围的亲水性增强。相比于Tyr,同浓度Nar对Trp的荧光猝灭程度更大,说明Nar与BSA的结合更靠近Trp,这与薛燕斌等[38]对高良姜素与人血清白蛋白相互作用的研究结果类似。
三维荧光光谱能够同时表征Tyr和Trp周围微环境的变化[39]。图6为加入不同浓度Nar后BSA的三维荧光光谱。表3为BSA与不同浓度Nar混合液三维荧光的特征信息。由图6和表3可知,峰a(λex=λem)为瑞利散射峰,峰1为BSA的特征荧光吸收峰(λex=285 nm,λem=352 nm),主要反映Trp和Tyr的光谱特征。随着Nar浓度增加,荧光吸收峰强度逐渐减弱,且发射波长峰位置发生了轻微红移(3 nm),说明Nar与BSA相互作用改变了Tyr和Trp周围微环境的极性,最终导致蛋白构象发生改变。该结果进一步验证了紫外光谱和荧光光谱的结果。
BSA主要有两个配体结合位点,一是位于亚结构域IIA的位点I,另一个是位于亚结构域IIIA的位点Ⅱ[40]。华法林和布洛芬分别特异结合在BSA的位点I和位点II。为了确定Nar在BSA上的结合位点,分别以华法林和布洛芬为荧光探针进行了位点竞争实验。由图7可知,随着标记物浓度的增加,华法林的置换率下降至82%,而布洛芬仅下降到93%,相比之下,布洛芬对BSA与Nar的相互作用几乎无干扰作用。这表明华法林对BSA与Nar结合位点的竞争强于布洛芬。由此推断,Nar可能结合在位点I,该结果将通过分子动力学模拟进行验证。
圆二色谱法可以定量分析蛋白质的二级结构。由图8可知,BSA的圆二色谱在208 nm和220 nm处显示两个负峰,是α-螺旋的特征峰[41]。不同浓度的Nar对峰形基本无影响,但导致峰强度减弱。经SELCON3程序计算所得BSA二级结构含量结果如表4所示。由表4可知,BSA的二级结构组成为79.39% α-螺旋,0.20% β-折叠,5.59% β-转角和14.82%无规则卷曲。加入浓度为0.15×10−6 mol/L的Nar后,α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲含量分别为77.67%、0.77%、5.97%和15.50%。说明BSA的α-螺旋部分转变为β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲,Nar与BSA结合一定程度上改变了BSA的内部氢键网络,这与王靖蕊等[42]的研究结果类似。
RMSD能反映模拟过程中蛋白结构与初始构象的平均偏差,是衡量体系稳定性的重要指标[43]。本研究选取Nar附近20 Å残基用于RMSD计算以考察Nar-BSA体系在分子动力学模拟过程中的稳定性。选取与Nar-BSA体系相同的残基计算BSA体系RMSD,结果见图9。由图9可知,Nar-BSA体系的RMSD值基本恒定在2.5 Å。而BSA体系5~55 ns的RMSD值波动在3.4 Å附近,55~70 ns的RMSD值高达4 Å。由此可见,Nar-BSA比BSA体系更稳定,可能是因为Nar结合提高了BSA的结构稳定性。
RMSF主要用于表征蛋白构象的柔性,反映氨基酸残基的波动程度[44]。RMSF越大,BSA柔性越强,反之BSA刚性越强。由图10可知,BSA与Nar-BSA体系RMSF值的变化趋势类似,但整体来看Nar-BSA体系的RMSF值小于BSA体系,如残基Glu229的RMSF值分别为1.53 Å和2.76 Å,与RMSD结果一致。
结合自由能是评估蛋白质与多酚之间结合亲和力的关键指标。本研究采用MM-PBSA方法计算了Nar-BSA体系50~100 ns稳定轨迹的ΔG,结果为−14.78 kcal/mol,略低于BSA-Que体系[45]。说明复合物可以自发形成且Nar与BSA的结合亲和力较强。此外,对相互作用成分的能量贡献进行了详细解析。ΔEpolar,total和ΔEnonpolar,total分别为21.68±3.44和−36.46±1.12 kcal/mol,说明总非极性能有利于结合,而总极性能不利于结合。两者可进一步分解为ΔEele+ΔEPB和ΔEvdw+ΔESA,分别为−15.61、37.29、−33.01和−3.45 kcal/mol,说明范德华作用能和非极性溶剂化有利于结合。静电作用能也有利于结合,但被极性溶剂化能抵消。Nar-BSA体系的静电作用能强于BSA-Que体系,这可能与Nar结构中更多的羟基有关[45]。总的来说,总非极性相互作用是Nar与BSA结合过程中的主要驱动力。
将结合自由能分解以得到对Nar结合起关键作用的残基,本文将能量贡献小于−1 kcal/mol的残基视为关键残基[46]。由图11可知,关键残基为Arg208、Ala212、Leu326和Gly327。其中Leu326的能量贡献最大,为−1.67 kcal/mol。Arg208、Ala212和Gly327的能量贡献分别为−1.31、−1.42和−1.09 kcal/mol,推测Nar结合在芳香族氨基酸Trp213附近,验证了同步荧光光谱结果。Val215和Leu330也参与了Nar结合,能量贡献分别为−0.84和−0.89 kcal/mol。
为了在结构层面确定Nar的结合区域,计算了Nar-BSA体系的分子间接触数,将接触数大于10的残基视为重要残基[47]。由图12可知,重要残基为Arg208、Lys211、Val215、Phe227、Thr231、Val234、Asp323、Leu326、Leu330,其中Arg208和Lys211与Nar结合最紧密,接触数均为22。Leu326的贡献次之,与Nar的平均接触数为19。Val215、Phe227、Thr231、Val234、Leu326和Leu330的接触数贡献分别为13、10、13、11、19和16,这与结合自由能结果类似。
接下来分析Nar与BSA之间的相互作用,首先计算了Nar-BSA体系在分子动力学模拟过程中氢键占有率。氢键是维持蛋白结构稳定性的主要作用力[44]。Nar的O4原子易与极性氨基酸Thr231形成氢键,占有率为86.16%。Nar的O3原子与极性氨基酸Glu353的OE1和OE2原子分别形成了占有率为40.52%和35.34%的氢键。Nar与BSA的结合模式见图13,Nar被残基Leu326、Val215、Glu353、Lys211和Thr231的侧链包围,其中Leu326和Val215与Nar形成了紧密的疏水相互作用。说明氢键和疏水相互作用是维持Nar-BSA复合物稳定的主要作用力。
载药量和包封率是评价纳米颗粒包封性能的重要指标。Nar/BSA NPs的包封率为87.13%,高于大豆分离蛋白-叶黄素纳米颗粒的包封率[48]。Nar/BSA NPs的载药量为41.27 mg/g,与玉米醇溶蛋白-海藻酸钠对姜黄素的载药量基本相当(43.4 mg/g)[49]。说明BSA是负载Nar的良好载体,用BSA包封Nar可能是提高其活性的有效手段。
BSA NPs和Nar/BSA NPs的平均粒径、分散系数和Zeta电位如表5所示。BSA NPs平均粒径为126.13±5.87 nm,加入Nar后纳米颗粒的粒径为582.73±98.91 nm,这可能是因为Nar结合使得BSA疏水区域暴露,表面电荷被剥夺,静电排斥效应减小,颗粒尺寸变大[50]。分散系数代表粒径分布的均匀性,分散系数越低表示粒径大小越均匀。Nar/BSA NPs的分散系数为0.61±0.13,说明纳米颗粒分布较为均匀。Nar/BSA NPs的Zeta电位为−28.92±3.24 mV,绝对值接近30 mV,说明制备的Nar/BSA NPs稳定性较好,这与两者间的疏水和范德华力有关[51−52]。
Nar、BSA NPs和Nar/BSA NPs的红外光谱如图14所示。BSA的特征吸收带主要有酰胺I带(1600~1700 cm−1)、酰胺II带(1500~1600 cm−1)和O-H伸缩振动(3300~3400 cm−1)[53]。由图14可知,相比于BSA NPs,Nar/BSA NPs特征吸收带的强度和位置均发生了变化。酰胺I带和酰胺II带分别由1655.3和1538.4 cm−1移动至1648.3和1523.8 cm−1,O-H伸缩振动由3291.6 cm−1移动至3285.4 cm−1,这可能是由于氢键和疏水相互作用参与了BSA与Nar的结合[53]。Nar在1463和1082 cm−1处的特征吸收带分别代表O-H弯曲和C-O伸缩[54]。然而,Nar/BSA NPs的光谱中不存在Nar的这些特征吸收带,表明Nar成功包封于BSA纳米颗粒中。
Nar由于酚羟基的存在具有较强的抗氧化活性[55]。为了评估BSA对Nar抗氧化活性的影响,测定了DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除活性和铁离子还原能力。Nar、BSA NPs和Nar/BSA NPs的DPPH自由基清除活性如图15(A)所示。由图15(A)可知,随着贮藏时间增加,各样品DPPH自由基清除活性均下降,这可能是由于样品的降解造成的。然而,Nar/BSA NPs DPPH自由基清除活性始终大于游离Nar。贮藏第6 d,Nar和Nar/BSA NPs的DPPH自由基清除率分别为9.30%和11.42%,这可能是BSA包封提高了Nar的水溶性[56]。此外,BSA可能对Nar活性基团起到一定保护作用。
ABTS+自由基清除活性结果与DPPH自由基结果整体趋势相似(图15(B))。贮藏4 d后,游离Nar的ABTS+自由基清除活性强于Nar/BSA NPs,可能是由于Nar的活性基团被掩盖[21]。铁离子还原能力结果如图15(C)所示。由图15(C)可知,Nar/BSA NPs的铁离子还原能力强于游离Nar。此外,Nar/BSA NPs前期的铁离子还原能力大于游离Nar和BSA NPs的理论相加值,说明BSA包封对Nar抗氧化能力有增效作用。铁离子还原能力与自由基清除结果略有差异,可能是由于铁离子空间位阻小,更易与Nar/BSA NPs相互作用[57]。因此三种方法联用可以综合评估BSA对Nar抗氧化活性的影响。
通过测定游离Nar和Nar/BSA NPs的胃肠道释放特性评估其生物可及性[58]。如图16所示,前3 h Nar在两种介质中的释放速度相近,3 h后差异明显,在模拟肠液中累积释放率较高,35 h后释放率趋于平衡。继续释放26 h,Nar在模拟胃液和肠液的累积释放率分别为79%和89%。然而,Nar/BSA NPs在模拟胃液和肠液的累积释放率分别为62%和86%,说明BSA包封对Nar产生了较好的缓释效果,提高了Nar的生物可及性。此外,Nar/BSA NPs在模拟肠液的释放率高于胃液,有利于Nar的吸收利用。
本文通过多光谱法和分子动力学模拟研究了BSA与Nar的相互作用机制,并探讨了BSA对Nar抗氧化活性和体外释放特性的影响。紫外光谱结果表明,Nar导致BSA的特征吸收峰发生了轻微的红移。荧光光谱和时间分辨荧光光谱结果表明,Nar导致BSA的内源荧光发生猝灭,猝灭类型为静态猝灭。Nar在BSA上只有1个结合位点且结合常数为1.7×104 L/mol。同步荧光光谱结果表明,Nar的结合改变了BSA中Tyr和Trp的微环境,且对Trp的荧光猝灭效率大于Tyr。位点竞争结果表明,Nar结合在BSA的位点Ⅰ。分子动力学模拟验证了多光谱实验结果,表明Nar与BSA的结合自由能为−14.78 kcal/mol,主要作用力为氢键和疏水相互作用,与Nar结合最紧密的残基为Arg208、Ala212、Leu326和Gly327。此外,BSA包封提高了Nar的抗氧化活性,且对Nar在模拟胃肠液中的释放起到一定缓释作用。本研究为BSA有效负载Nar提供了思路,为Nar应用于功能食品领域提供了理论基础。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050226
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
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    1山西师范大学食品科学学院,山西太原 030031
    2华南农业大学材料与能源学院,广东广州 510630
    3华南农业大学教育部生物材料与能源重点实验室,广东广州 510630

通讯作者:

郭妍(1992−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能因子及功能食品研究,E-mail:。
刘柏平(1966−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:计算生物学,E-mail:。
徐建国(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能食品研究与活性评价,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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