Article(id=1320883957017718816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050224, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747843200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852876190, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852876190, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852876190, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852876190, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=500, endPage=510, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883957357457441, articleId=1320883957017718816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Functional Components and Their Applications in Livestock and Poultry Plasma Proteins, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing consumption of livestock and poultry meat products, the blood by-products generated during processing has also increased. However, the current comprehensive utilization rate of animal blood was remained below 30%, which not only resulted in severe waste of high-quality protein resources but may also create environmental pressures. Plasma protein, as the main component of blood, possesses exceptional nutritional value and development potential. Based on recent domestic and international research on livestock and poultry plasma proteins, this paper introduces their nutritional value, and focus on the separation and purification techniques as well as the bioactivity of their functional components. It also explores the applications of these bioactive properties, aiming to provide references for research and utilization of functional components in livestock and poultry plasma proteins and promote their efficient utilization.

, authors=Mei CHEN1, 2, Jingjing MA2, 3, Jing YANG2, 3, Biao YANG2, 3, Mei CHENG2, 3, Yanxiu NI2, 3, Xinxiao ZHANG2, 3, Weimin XU2, 3, Daoying WANG1, 2, 3, *, Ye ZOU2, 3, Haibo LUO1, 2, *, authorsList=Mei CHEN, Jingjing MA, Jing YANG, Biao YANG, Mei CHENG, Yanxiu NI, Xinxiao ZHANG, Weimin XU, Daoying WANG, Ye ZOU, Haibo LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Daoying WANG, Haibo LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883958263427110, articleId=1320883957017718816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=畜禽血浆蛋白中功能组分及其应用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着畜禽肉制品消费量的增长,其加工过程中产生的血液副产物也大幅增加。然而,目前畜禽血液的综合利用率不足30%,不仅造成优质蛋白资源的严重浪费,还可能带来环境压力。作为血液中的主要成分,血浆蛋白具有极高的营养价值和开发潜力。本文根据近年来国内外畜禽血浆蛋白的研究情况,介绍了其营养价值,并重点阐述了畜禽血浆蛋白中功能组分的分离纯化技术和生物活性,并对其生物活性进行了应用,旨在为畜禽血浆蛋白中功能组分的研究与应用提供参考,推动其高效利用。

, authors=陈梅1, 2, 马晶晶2, 3, 杨静2, 3, 杨彪2, 3, 程梅2, 3, 倪艳秀2, 3, 张新笑2, 3, 徐为民2, 3, 王道营1, 2, 3, *, 邹烨2, 3, 罗海波1, 2, *, authorsList=陈梅, 马晶晶, 杨静, 杨彪, 程梅, 倪艳秀, 张新笑, 徐为民, 王道营, 邹烨, 罗海波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王道营, 罗海波, authorNote=

陈梅(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜禽副产物综合利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王道营(1979−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:肉制品及其副产物加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
罗海波(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BUXWKZMRbiHpMfJS1QpJaw==, magXml=Ebv5MYJ+lI8ItjzTLo+Uqw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=O0bQpQHcNQZxyEBDj/xWqg==, pdfFileSize=1913087, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=cEjfPSBpqtigSRKRMbLC7g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=CVmbxpTt94i2gFbR4vsckw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883958791909425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883957017718816, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=18036921194@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883958871601204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883957017718816, authorId=1320883958791909425, language=EN, stringName=Mei CHEN, firstName=Mei, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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陈梅(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜禽副产物综合利用,E-mail:

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Standard techniques for isolating and purifying functional plasma protein fractions

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分离纯化方法分离出的蛋白蛋白纯度
(%)
蛋白回收率
(%)
优点缺点应用范围参考文献
离心技术白蛋白−−高效快速、操作简便,可进行规模化应用设备成本高、分离效果有限、纯度差可分离多种物质,如蛋白质、核算、细胞等[30]
盐析法免疫球蛋白G72.980.5操作简单、成本低、利于工业化大量生产选择性差、耗时较
长、后续处理复杂
适合实验室中蛋白质的初步纯化或工业化生产中蛋白质的粗
分离
[31]
有机溶剂沉淀法白蛋白>97>80操作快速、成本低廉、可直接处理大体积
样品
条件控制严格、可能造成溶剂残留适合蛋白质的初步分离和工业规模化生产[32]
有机溶剂(冷乙醇)
沉淀法
纤维蛋白原85.193.8操作简单、成本低、处理量大操作条件严格,需严格控制低温、pH等,溶剂残留问题适合蛋白质的粗纯化[33]
膜分离技术(超滤)免疫球蛋白G99−操作简单、可规模化生产、条件温和可保留生物活性分辨率有限、膜材料成本较高、可能造成膜污染广泛用于蛋白质的浓缩与纯化[34]
离子交换色谱白蛋白99.562分辨率高、高载量、填料可重复利用前处理要求高、操作较为耗时、洗脱条件严苛常用于蛋白质的纯化[35]
亲和色谱γ-球蛋白−92.7高特异性、载量高成本高昂、增加操作步骤适用于抗体、重组蛋白的纯化[36]
疏水相互作用色谱免疫球蛋白G92.395.6高回收率、高载量、填料成本相对较低、适合规模化样品前处理要求高、高盐易导致蛋白变性适用于对高盐耐受蛋白质的纯化[37]
电泳技术γ-球蛋白−−高分辨率、成本较低、可视化好不能精确定量、通量低广泛用于血清蛋白、球蛋白、血红蛋白等蛋白质的分析鉴定[38]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883966840778884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883957017718816, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见的血浆蛋白中功能组分的分离纯化技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分离纯化方法分离出的蛋白蛋白纯度
(%)
蛋白回收率
(%)
优点缺点应用范围参考文献
离心技术白蛋白−−高效快速、操作简便,可进行规模化应用设备成本高、分离效果有限、纯度差可分离多种物质,如蛋白质、核算、细胞等[30]
盐析法免疫球蛋白G72.980.5操作简单、成本低、利于工业化大量生产选择性差、耗时较
长、后续处理复杂
适合实验室中蛋白质的初步纯化或工业化生产中蛋白质的粗
分离
[31]
有机溶剂沉淀法白蛋白>97>80操作快速、成本低廉、可直接处理大体积
样品
条件控制严格、可能造成溶剂残留适合蛋白质的初步分离和工业规模化生产[32]
有机溶剂(冷乙醇)
沉淀法
纤维蛋白原85.193.8操作简单、成本低、处理量大操作条件严格,需严格控制低温、pH等,溶剂残留问题适合蛋白质的粗纯化[33]
膜分离技术(超滤)免疫球蛋白G99−操作简单、可规模化生产、条件温和可保留生物活性分辨率有限、膜材料成本较高、可能造成膜污染广泛用于蛋白质的浓缩与纯化[34]
离子交换色谱白蛋白99.562分辨率高、高载量、填料可重复利用前处理要求高、操作较为耗时、洗脱条件严苛常用于蛋白质的纯化[35]
亲和色谱γ-球蛋白−92.7高特异性、载量高成本高昂、增加操作步骤适用于抗体、重组蛋白的纯化[36]
疏水相互作用色谱免疫球蛋白G92.395.6高回收率、高载量、填料成本相对较低、适合规模化样品前处理要求高、高盐易导致蛋白变性适用于对高盐耐受蛋白质的纯化[37]
电泳技术γ-球蛋白−−高分辨率、成本较低、可视化好不能精确定量、通量低广泛用于血清蛋白、球蛋白、血红蛋白等蛋白质的分析鉴定[38]
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畜禽血浆蛋白中功能组分及其应用研究进展
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陈梅 1, 2 , 马晶晶 2, 3 , 杨静 2, 3 , 杨彪 2, 3 , 程梅 2, 3 , 倪艳秀 2, 3 , 张新笑 2, 3 , 徐为民 2, 3 , 王道营 1, 2, 3, * , 邹烨 2, 3 , 罗海波 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(7): 500-510
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (7) : 500 -510
畜禽血浆蛋白中功能组分及其应用研究进展
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陈梅1, 2 , 马晶晶2, 3, 杨静2, 3, 杨彪2, 3, 程梅2, 3, 倪艳秀2, 3, 张新笑2, 3, 徐为民2, 3, 王道营1, 2, 3, * , 邹烨2, 3, 罗海波1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1南京师范大学食品与制药工程学院,江苏南京 210023
  • 2江苏省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,江苏南京 210014
  • 3江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212001
通讯作者:
王道营(1979−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:肉制品及其副产物加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
罗海波(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈梅(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜禽副产物综合利用,E-mail:

Research Progress on Functional Components and Their Applications in Livestock and Poultry Plasma Proteins
Mei CHEN1, 2 , Jingjing MA2, 3, Jing YANG2, 3, Biao YANG2, 3, Mei CHENG2, 3, Yanxiu NI2, 3, Xinxiao ZHANG2, 3, Weimin XU2, 3, Daoying WANG1, 2, 3, * , Ye ZOU2, 3, Haibo LUO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
  • 3College of Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050224
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随着畜禽肉制品消费量的增长,其加工过程中产生的血液副产物也大幅增加。然而,目前畜禽血液的综合利用率不足30%,不仅造成优质蛋白资源的严重浪费,还可能带来环境压力。作为血液中的主要成分,血浆蛋白具有极高的营养价值和开发潜力。本文根据近年来国内外畜禽血浆蛋白的研究情况,介绍了其营养价值,并重点阐述了畜禽血浆蛋白中功能组分的分离纯化技术和生物活性,并对其生物活性进行了应用,旨在为畜禽血浆蛋白中功能组分的研究与应用提供参考,推动其高效利用。

畜禽血浆蛋白  /  营养价值  /  功能组分  /  分离纯化技术  /  生物活性  /  应用

With the increasing consumption of livestock and poultry meat products, the blood by-products generated during processing has also increased. However, the current comprehensive utilization rate of animal blood was remained below 30%, which not only resulted in severe waste of high-quality protein resources but may also create environmental pressures. Plasma protein, as the main component of blood, possesses exceptional nutritional value and development potential. Based on recent domestic and international research on livestock and poultry plasma proteins, this paper introduces their nutritional value, and focus on the separation and purification techniques as well as the bioactivity of their functional components. It also explores the applications of these bioactive properties, aiming to provide references for research and utilization of functional components in livestock and poultry plasma proteins and promote their efficient utilization.

livestock and poultry plasma proteins  /  nutritional value  /  functional components  /  separation and purification technologies  /  bioactivity  /  applications
陈梅, 马晶晶, 杨静, 杨彪, 程梅, 倪艳秀, 张新笑, 徐为民, 王道营, 邹烨, 罗海波. 畜禽血浆蛋白中功能组分及其应用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 500 -510 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050224
Mei CHEN, Jingjing MA, Jing YANG, Biao YANG, Mei CHENG, Yanxiu NI, Xinxiao ZHANG, Weimin XU, Daoying WANG, Ye ZOU, Haibo LUO. Research Progress on Functional Components and Their Applications in Livestock and Poultry Plasma Proteins[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 500 -510 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050224
随着生活水平的不断提高,人们对畜禽肉制品的需求逐年增加,在畜禽肉制品加工过程中,产生大量副产物如血液、骨头、皮肤、内脏、脚和碎肉等[1−2]。动物血液是畜禽加工中产生的主要副产物之一,是优质蛋白质的重要来源,据统计,2024年全世界肉制品生产总量预计达到3.73亿吨[3],其中畜禽血液的生产量超过3000万吨。畜禽血液具有良好的起泡能力、稳定性和乳化性,这意味着在对泡沫能力和乳化性有要求的情况下,它们具有替代蛋清烘焙蛋糕的潜力。如Csurka等[4]研究证实了血液粉制品适用于替代海绵蛋糕中的蛋粉,并且血粉可以增加蛋糕的硬度、咀嚼性和破碎力,使它们能够在不影响感官特性的情况下塞入更多馅料并塑造成特殊形状。它们还可以增加可可风味的强度,从而产生更丰富、更深的颜色。畜禽血液也可作为发香剂和发色剂应用于肉类加工中,如张军等[5]以猪血为原料,通过糖基化制得糖基化色素,该色素与传统色素相比表现出更优的热稳定性和溶解性,同时还赋予产品特殊的香味。畜禽血液还可直接加工利用,制成血肠等传统肉类产品,如贡佳欣等[6]利用牦牛血资源,通过益生菌发酵工艺开发出高蛋白、易消化的牦牛血肠产品。
然而,由于技术水平和生产设备的问题,只有30%左右的畜禽血液被加工成传统食品,如血粉、血肠和血布丁,以及胶凝剂和天然着色剂等食品添加剂[7−8],其余的被用作低价值的肥料和动物饲料,甚至作为废弃物排放。这不仅导致了大量的资源浪费,还可能造成环境污染[9]。在此背景下,探索畜禽血液的高效利用途径,开发血浆蛋白等增值深加工产品,既能提高畜禽血液的经济附加值,又能减少环境污染,产生一定的社会效益。因此,本文综述了畜禽血浆蛋白的营养价值与组分,并对其功能组分的分离纯化技术、生物活性以及在食品方面的应用进行了探讨,以期为畜禽血浆蛋白中功能组分的研究和应用提供参考。
畜禽血浆蛋白是一种营养丰富、功能多样的优质蛋白质资源,其氨基酸组成均衡合理,富含多种必需氨基酸,尤其是赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸等限制性氨基酸[10−11],能够为人体提供优质蛋白质,满足其生长、发育和生产的需要。其中限制性氨基酸是指在蛋白质合成或营养吸收过程中,含量相对不足从而限制其他氨基酸利用及整体蛋白质合成效率的必需氨基酸[12]。血浆蛋白的消化率较高,达到92%,生物效价为87%,蛋白质利用率也高达80%,可完全取代全能蛋白,是一种理想蛋白补充剂[13]。张映玉等[14]研究发现,猪血浆蛋白中含有8种必需氨基酸和10种非必需氨基酸,除蛋氨酸外,其他的必需氨基酸含量接近甚至高于鸡蛋的全蛋白。说明猪血浆蛋白的氨基酸含量丰富,营养价值高。血浆蛋白中还含有维生素、酶、抗体和激素等生物活性物质[15],其中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)是从血浆中提取的具有抗氧化活性的蛋白酶,具有抗辐射、减少自由基损伤和延缓组织衰老的作用[16−17]。此外,血浆蛋白中还含有人体不可缺少的矿物质,如钙、磷、铜、锰、锌、硒,具有较高的营养价值[18]。
血浆是畜禽血液的主要成分之一,液体颜色呈淡黄色,占血液重量的55%~60%。血浆中含有约91%~92%的水、6%~8%的蛋白质以及2%的小分子物质[17,19]。血浆蛋白是血浆中蛋白质的总称,由多种蛋白质组成[20],其功能组分是指血浆中具有特定生理功能的蛋白成分,主要包括白蛋白、球蛋白和纤维蛋白原[21],其组分如图1所示。其中白蛋白是最丰富的血浆蛋白,占蛋白质含量的50%~60%,呈现球状,等电点(pI)约为4.8,分子量为66~69 kDa,在生理pH下带有净负电荷,此时白蛋白与其他pH条件相比,它的溶解度最高[22]。这一特性使得白蛋白胶体具有渗透作用,并有助于营养物质和亲脂性激素的运输。球蛋白是一组异质的球状蛋白质,可细分为α球蛋白、β球蛋白和γ球蛋白(免疫球蛋白)三大类,其等电点分别为5.1、5.6和5.9。球蛋白分子量的范围从几到几百kDa,且最低溶解度出现在等电点附近[23]。纤维蛋白原是一种糖蛋白复合物,分子量为340 kD,等电点为5.8,它在生理pH下带有净负电荷,易通过疏水作用聚合。纤维蛋白原由三对多肽链α(63 kDa)、β(56 kDa)和γ(47 kDa)组成,形成两个相同的亚基,是一种多结构域纤维蛋白[24–25]。纤维蛋白原的功能与血液凝固有关。当纤维蛋白原从血浆中去除时,剩余的部分称为血清[26]。血清与血浆的关键区别在于纤维蛋白原的存在状态。在凝血过程中,血浆中的可溶性纤维蛋白原通过凝血酶的作用,转化为不溶性的纤维蛋白多聚体,这些纤维蛋白细丝交织成网状结构,将血细胞包裹形成凝块。因此,当血液完全凝固后,通过离心分离得到的上清液(即血清)中不再含有纤维蛋白原。从本质上说,血清就是去除了纤维蛋白原及其他凝血因子的血浆,其蛋白质组成以白蛋白、球蛋白等非凝血蛋白为主[27]。
近年来,随着大众对畜禽血浆蛋白价值认知的逐步加深,其丰富的营养价值与独特的功能特性,愈发受到国内外学者的关注。对于血浆蛋白中的功能组分来说,其分离纯化技术已成为研究的关键前提。国内外学者普遍认为,要实现功能组分的高效利用,首先必须建立完善的分离纯化体系。这一过程需要重点解决两个核心问题:一是有效去除血红蛋白、脂类等非目标成分,避免这些杂质干扰蛋白的功能特性;二是保持目标蛋白的生物活性,防止提取过程中的变性失活[28]。对于不同来源的原料(猪、牛、鸡等),研究人员需要根据其组分差异,设计个性化的提取方案。根据血浆蛋白中功能组分的溶解度、分子大小和电荷等不同,可采用离心技术、沉淀法、膜分离技术、色谱技术以及电泳技术分离纯化血浆蛋白各组分[29],如表1。
离心技术是分离血浆蛋白中功能组分的基础手段,其效率取决于离心参数设计和前处理方法优化。其原理是利用不同血浆蛋白组分的密度、大小和形状差异。在离心力作用下,密度大的蛋白会向离心管底部沉降,密度小的则分布在上层。同时,分子大的蛋白受离心力大,沉降快;分子小的沉降慢。通过控制离心转速和时间,不同特性的血浆蛋白组分会在离心管中形成不同沉降带,从而实现分离[39]。王文婷等[40]比较了猪血在不同离心转速下的血浆分离效果,发现随着转速提高至3000 r/min,血浆蛋白浓度显著上升。其原因是较低转速下分离的血浆中残留的血细胞较多,导致蛋白测定值偏低;提高转速可使血细胞充分沉降,从而获得纯度更高的血浆蛋白。然而,当转速提高至8000 r/min时,部分血浆中免疫球蛋白、白蛋白等目标蛋白因共沉降或变性作用而损失。王骏俊[41]、李廷军等[42]和杨海等[43]分别比较了不同离心条件下从鸡、牦牛和猪血中分离免疫球蛋白的效果,发现离心参数的优化需要结合目标蛋白的特性,如牦牛血因红细胞含量高、黏度大,需要更高的转速和更短的时间以避免细胞破碎时污染。离心技术具有高效快速、操作简单、适用范围广和可调节性强等优点,但是也具有分辨率有限、样本依赖性高和蛋白损失风险高等缺点。
沉淀法是血浆蛋白中功能组分分离的主要方法之一,它是一种较为传统且常用的蛋白质分离方法。通过沉淀的方法可以把目标生物大分子转移至固相沉淀或者留在液相从而达到与杂质初步分离的目的[30]。常见的蛋白质沉淀方法为盐析法、有机溶剂沉淀法以及聚乙二醇沉淀法。
盐析法是血浆蛋白中功能组分分离的经典方法,通过控制盐浓度使不同蛋白依次沉淀,其原理主要基于蛋白质在水溶液中的溶解度变化。蛋白质在水溶液中的溶解度受其表面电荷和水化膜的影响。当向蛋白质溶液中加入中性盐时,高浓度的盐离子会与蛋白质表面的电荷相互作用,削弱蛋白质分子间的静电斥力,同时增加溶剂的极性,导致蛋白质在溶剂中的稳定性下降,溶解度降低[44]。常见的中性盐有硫酸铵、氯化钠和硫酸钠等,其中硫酸铵应用最为广泛。研究表明,采用硫酸铵盐析法沉淀血浆蛋白时,不同蛋白组分因其分子特性差异而呈现规律性的分级沉淀现象。通常情况下,当硫酸铵饱和度达到20%左右时,纤维蛋白原优先析出;饱和度升至30%~35%范围内,γ-球蛋白开始沉淀;当饱和度达到50%左右时,其他球蛋白组分相继析出[45]。如胡晓艳等[45]研究发现猪血浆中免疫球蛋白G在33%硫酸铵饱和度、pH为7.4条件下分离效果最好,达到88.08%,这可能由于在该条件下的盐离子夺走水分子破坏水合层,促使免疫球蛋白G分子间疏水作用增强而沉淀。郭玲[46]研究发现在硫酸铵饱和度为22%时,可以分离出牛血浆中纤维蛋白原,且纯度为90.73%,这可能是纤维蛋白原的三聚体结构具有更大的分子表面积,分子间更容易通过电荷相互作用形成聚集。Odunuge等[47]利用50%饱和度的硫酸铵,可有效从牛血清中分离得到牛血清白蛋白,这可能是该条件下溶液的离子强度可以显著降低白蛋白的溶解度,使其因电荷中和而沉淀。盐析法具有操作简单、成本低廉、与有机溶剂相比具有条件温和,对蛋白结构破坏小等优点,缺点是盐析过程所花费的时间较长和盐残留问题可能需要额外超滤除盐,从而增加步骤。
有机溶剂沉淀法是分离血浆蛋白中功能组分的重要方法之一,其原理是通过加入有机溶剂,降低溶液的介电常数,增加蛋白质分子间的静电引力,同时有机溶剂还能与水结合,使蛋白质的水化膜破坏,从而导致蛋白质分子聚集和沉淀[48]。不同的血浆蛋白组分由于其结构和性质的差异,在不同浓度的有机溶剂中会先后沉淀,从而达到分离目的。龚慧芳等[49]通过低温乙醇法分离提取猪血浆白蛋白,且1 L猪血浆可提取白蛋白29.3 g,产品纯度高达97.3%。Jin等[50]采用乙醇分级沉淀法从猪血中分离出球蛋白与白蛋白,且纯度均在90%左右。杨海等[43]通过三次乙醇反应和纯化操作,从猪血浆中分离出球蛋白,且猪血浆球蛋白回收率和纯度可以分别达到30%和99%。这些研究表明,血浆蛋白功能组分的分离效果受有机溶剂的浓度、温度和pH协同调控,操作条件较为严苛并且易造成溶剂残留问题,但是该方法具有分辨率相对较高(即能够有效分离结构或性质相似的不同蛋白质)、操作快速和成本低等优点。
聚乙二醇(Polyethylene Glycol,PEG)沉淀法是一种常用的分离血浆蛋白中功能组分的方法,其原理为PEG是一种非离子型水溶性聚合物,在适当浓度下,它可以降低蛋白质在水溶液中的溶解度,使蛋白质分子之间的相互作用增强而发生沉淀[51]。不同种类和性质的蛋白质由于其结构和表面性质的差异,对PEG浓度的敏感性不同,从而在不同的PEG浓度下沉淀,实现分离。蒋兴龙等[52]采用聚乙二醇结合硫酸铵沉淀法分离纯化鸡血浆中的鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白,得到的鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白纯度达到89.5%,得率在6.0 g/L以上。范彩彩等[53]利用聚乙二醇的空间排阻特性,分离纯化猪血中高分子量的纤维蛋白原,得到的纤维蛋白原浓度为3.2 g/L。蒋兴龙等[54]采用聚乙二醇将鸡血浆中鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白分离出来,得率为5.11 g/L,这也证实聚乙二醇沉淀法对分离中等分子量的蛋白同样有效。聚乙二醇沉淀法操作过程与盐析法相比耗时短,且获得的产物浓度也较高,但是纯度与加入的化学试剂量有密切关系,难以掌握;同样加入的化学试剂会存在残留问题,可能会给目标产物和血液的综合利用带来负面作用。
膜分离技术是分离血浆蛋白中功能组分的高效方法,根据目标蛋白的特性选择不同膜类型和工艺参数,可以实现高收率的分离效果。按照膜孔径或其截留性能的不同,可将膜分离分为微滤、超滤、纳滤和反渗透[55],其中超滤是最为常见的膜分离技术。超滤主要基于超滤膜的物理分离特性,通过压力驱动实现血浆中不同成分的分离。汪学荣等[56]采用超滤技术分离纯化牛血清白蛋白,得到牛血清白蛋白提取率为98.13%,得率为24.09 g/L。这可能因为牛血清白蛋白在近等电点条件下,因表面电荷减少而降低膜吸附,使更多目标蛋白透过膜进入滤液,从而提高了目标蛋白提取率。陈艳等[57]采用膜分离技术将猪血浆中的免疫球蛋白进行浓缩纯化,得到免疫球蛋白的浓缩浓度为6.21%,而浓缩浓度是在最终浓缩液中免疫球蛋白质量与体积之比,还需要结合层析等步骤才能将免疫球蛋白进行纯化。刘爱国等[58]采用超滤法对牛血浆免疫球蛋白进行分离,得到的提取率为8.927 g/L,产品回收率为69%,说明部分免疫球蛋白可能在膜分离过程中被截留或损失。膜分离技术具有操作简便、分离条件温和、能高效浓缩和便于实现自动化控制等优点,但可能造成膜污染且若杂质与目标蛋白分子量接近时难以分离,即分辨率有限的缺点。
色谱技术也称层析技术,是纯化血浆蛋白中功能组分的核心手段。它能依据血浆蛋白组分不同的物理化学性质进行精细分离,可显著提高目标蛋白的纯度。常见的色谱技术有离子交换色谱、亲和色谱、疏水相互作用色谱和凝胶过滤色谱等。
离子交换色谱是分离畜禽血浆蛋白中功能组分的重要方法,是一种基于电荷相互作用的分离纯化技术,其核心机制是利用固定相离子交换剂与流动相中目标离子之间的可逆交换反应实现分离。从分子层面理解,也就是利用蛋白质分子中可电离的氨基酸侧链与色谱基质上功能基团(如DEAE的季铵基、CM的羧甲基)之间的静电相互作用,通过精确控制环境条件(pH、离子强度等)实现不同蛋白质的选择性分离[59]。杨俊杰等[60]采用离子交换色谱纯化马血浆中的免疫球蛋白,经过Capto DEAE阴离子交换柱分离,去除了一些小分子物质和聚合体,使得免疫球蛋白纯度提高至95%左右。Kurák等[61]以Sartobind STIC多模式阴离子交换色谱膜为吸附剂对牛血清白蛋白进行分离纯化,在负向流通模式下,牛血清白蛋白纯度可达到99%,产率为97%。李媛媛等[62]采用离子交换色谱对牛血清白蛋白进行纯化,得到的蛋白纯度为99.1%。这说明该方法能较为准确地识别牛血清白蛋白与其他电荷特性不同的蛋白杂质,实现高效分离,即说明离子交换色谱法具有分辨率高的优点,缺点是相较沉淀法成本高昂和预处理要求较高(如需预先除去大分子杂质,否则可能堵塞色谱柱)。
亲和色谱是基于偶联在固相基质上的亲和配体与蛋白分子之间的特异性识别作用,从而实现对原料液中目标蛋白的高效纯化[63]。亲和色谱的种类很多,如固定化金属离子亲和色谱、仿生亲和色谱和温敏亲和色谱等。Ma等[64]采用仿生亲和色谱法对牛血清免疫球蛋白G进行纯化,选用的树脂为BiAC-A5-87树脂,此方法得到的牛血清免疫球蛋白G纯度为85.9%,回收率为89.78%。Jain等[65]采用固定化金属离子亲和色谱法从山羊血清中分离出免疫球蛋白,通过优化铜离子负载量从94 µmol/mL到188 µmol/mL,提高了免疫球蛋白的分离效果,回收率为62.4%。王建忠[66]采用温敏亲和色谱对牛血中γ-球蛋白进行纯化,得到的纯度高达99%,回收率大于90%。亲和色谱法具有特异性强、纯化效率高和反应条件温和等优点,但是其配体成本高、载体寿命有限,不利于工业化生产。
疏水相互作用色谱是一种基于疏水作用差异对血浆蛋白中功能组分进行分离纯化的技术,其工作原理与离子交换色谱相反。该技术通过调节流动相极性,在高盐浓度条件下增强固定相与目标蛋白之间的疏水相互作用实现吸附,随后通过降低盐浓度进行梯度洗脱。作为血浆蛋白组分生产工艺中的关键纯化步骤,HIC技术凭借其独特的分离机制在生物制药领域获得了广泛应用。Galeotti等[67]采用疏水相互作用色谱法对牛血清白蛋白进行分离纯化,使用的树脂是pH为7的轻度疏水性树脂Toyopearl PPG-600M,避免了强疏水性树脂可能导致蛋白质不可逆吸附或变性问题,并比较了不同种类的盐对白蛋白的分离效果。结果表明,氯化钠和硫酸钠的混合物与过量的氯化钠对牛血清白蛋白的分离效果最好。Brean等[68]利用疏水相互作用色谱对牛血清白蛋白进行纯化,得到的蛋白的纯度可高达95.3%,表明疏水相互作用色谱能高效分离牛血清白蛋白。Chen等[69]采用疏水相互作用色谱对牛血清白蛋白和免疫球蛋白G进行纯化,最终得到牛血清白蛋白的回收率约98%。疏水相互作用色谱具有分离条件温和、蛋白质纯度和回收率高等优点,缺点是高浓度的盐容易使蛋白质沉淀和变性,因此在选择疏水相互作用色谱法时,应该考虑蛋白质是否对高盐耐受。
凝胶过滤色谱又称尺寸排阻色谱,它是一种温和的蛋白质分离技术,主要通过分子筛效应实现生物大分子的纯化[70]。该方法依据待分离蛋白的相对分子质量和三维构象差异,当混合样品流经多孔性凝胶介质时,不同大小的分子因在凝胶颗粒孔道中的迁移速率不同而实现分离。由于该过程不涉及化学修饰或剧烈条件变化,通常能较好地维持蛋白质的天然构象和生物活性。刘振兴等[71]采用Sepharose-6B凝胶过滤色谱法纯化免疫球蛋白M,发现得到的免疫球蛋白M纯度只有56%左右。刘生杰等[72]通过Sephadex G200凝胶过滤色谱法纯化猪血清中免疫球蛋白M,最终得到纯度为63.8%的免疫球蛋白M,纯化免疫球蛋白M回收率较高(1.28 mg/mL血清)的原因可能是含有部分杂蛋白。相对于亲和色谱法分离纯化目的蛋白,凝胶过滤色谱法的特异性相对较差,且因靶蛋白在柱中不能被保留而呈现相对较低的分辨率,即得到的目标蛋白纯度不高[73]。
电泳技术在畜禽血浆蛋白功能组分研究中发挥着关键作用,主要用于分析、分离和鉴定目标蛋白质。其原理是利用蛋白质在电场作用下的迁移率差异实现分离,驱动力主要来自蛋白质的电荷、分子大小及构象特性[74]。何程铖[35]采用电泳技术对纯化后的牛血清白蛋白进行检测,得到的蛋白纯度达到99.5%,这里的电泳技术具有纯度分析与鉴定的作用,通过与标准分子量Marker对比,确认牛血清白蛋白的分子量符合预期。秦宗华等[75]对纯化后的兔子血清免疫球蛋白和白蛋白进行电泳鉴定,并用电泳分析系统对电泳图像进行分析。同样可以确定目标蛋白是否符合实验要求。周霞云等[76]在分离纯化猪血浆蛋白粉中的免疫球蛋白时,利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对免疫球蛋白的纯化效果进行了鉴定,通过分析电泳条带的数量、位置及深浅,评判了免疫球蛋白的纯度。电泳技术能够直观性看出目标蛋白,可以进行定性分析,但是其具有半定量性、通量低且耗时的缺点,不适合大规模制备,常常需要和其他分离纯化技术配合才可以提高目标蛋白的纯度。
畜禽血浆蛋白中功能组分展现出丰富的生物活性,如抗氧化作用、抗菌作用、免疫调节作用、抗癌作用等,如图2。
生物体中的血浆蛋白具有抗氧化作用,发挥其重要作用的是血浆中的白蛋白,它是血浆中主要的抗氧化剂[77]。白蛋白的Cys34巯基是关键活性位点,在氧化应激条件下可与游离半胱氨酸或谷胱甘肽形成二硫键,改变白蛋白的三维结构,从而影响抗氧化活性[78],即通过巯基清除自由基。白蛋白结合多价金属离子对其氧化还原特性也起重要作用。Faraji等[79]研究发现,猪血浆蛋白能有效抑制铁离子介导的脂质氧化作用。这一效应主要归因于血浆中的白蛋白:该蛋白凭借其独特的黏弹性和胶体特性,可自发结合金属离子,从而清除氧化反应中的关键诱发剂(铁离子),最终阻断脂质氧化过程。宋露露等[80]发现驴血清白蛋白具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,当驴血清白蛋白浓度为10.0 mg/mL时,其对超氧阴离子自由基、ABTS+自由基、DPPH自由基和羟自由基的清除率分别为73.39%、83.61%、71.24%、83.79%。Ye等[81]进一步发现,牛血清白蛋白对ABTS+自由基的清除能力显著强于其对过氧自由基的清除能力,前者抗氧化活性约为后者的7倍,说明其抗氧化能力具有自由基选择性。这些研究证实了白蛋白具有一定的抗氧化作用,其活性受来源和靶标自由基类型共同影响。
畜禽血浆蛋白中的球蛋白和白蛋白均具有抗菌作用。球蛋白(尤其是免疫球蛋白)的抗菌作用主要是抗原结合位点能够特异性识别并中和细菌表面抗原,同时通过Fc段介导补体激活和吞噬细胞调理作用,形成膜攻击复合物直接溶解病原体或增强吞噬清除效率[82]。罗明姬等[83]发现牛血清免疫球蛋白G和猪血清免疫球蛋白G在30 ℃培养条件下,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌均具有抑制作用,且抑菌效果在培养12 h更显著。Arzumanyan等[84]研究发现牛血清白蛋白对白色念珠菌、新型隐球菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均表现出抗菌活性,且其作用具有剂量依赖性。当血清白蛋白浓度接近生理浓度(50 mg/mL)时,微生物细胞被破坏,形成碎片囊泡;而在较低浓度(10 mg/mL)时,仅细胞膜的完整性受到损害;这表明牛血清白蛋白可能是通过破坏微生物的细胞膜,进而影响细胞的正常生理功能,最终导致细胞被破坏,从而发挥抗菌作用。张志强等[85]研究发现高质量浓度的卵黄免疫球蛋白对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果要优于低质量浓度的抑菌效果,以10 g/L的抑菌率最高,为74.3%。这些研究证实了血浆蛋白中的功能组分具有广谱抗菌活性,能有效抑制细菌和真菌的生长,且抗菌效果受培养时间和浓度因素的影响。
畜禽血浆中含有多种具有免疫调节活性的功能组分,可通过直接或间接途径影响先天性和适应性免疫系统[86]。免疫球蛋白G通过其Fc段与Fcγ受体的相互作用触发精密的免疫调控网络。在激活信号通路方面,多聚体免疫球蛋白G与激活型FcγR结合后引发ITAM结构域磷酸化,依次激活SRC家族激酶(包括Lyn、LCK、HCK和FGR)和下游的SYK激酶[87]。这一级联反应进一步通过PI3K途径招募BTK和PLCγ等信号分子,促使IP3和DAG生成,从而启动钙离子信号和细胞活化程序[88]。信号传导的终末阶段涉及MEK/MAPK通路的激活,调控促炎细胞因子和趋化因子的基因表达,最终影响免疫细胞的存活与分化状态[89]。与此同时,抑制性受体FcγRIIb通过其ITIM结构域募集SHIP1和SHP2等磷酸酶,催化PIP3向PIP2的转化,有效阻断PLCγ和BTK的活化,形成负反馈调节回路[21]。Bailey等[90]研究发现,在断奶仔猪的2期日粮中添加喷雾干燥牛血浆可减少黏膜促炎细胞因子,这表明其作用靶点是宿主的免疫系统而非直接作用于病原体。Espinosa等[91]同样证实添加喷雾干燥牛血浆可介导免疫调节作用,其主要机制归因于牛血浆中含有的免疫球蛋白G能够阻止病原体与肠道壁结合[92]。与抗菌作用的快速病原体清除特征不同,喷雾干燥牛血浆表现出持续的生长发育改善和系统性炎症调控,这些效应更符合免疫调节介导的生理功能优化,而非直接的微生物杀灭或抑制。白蛋白也具有一定的免疫调节作用,Zhang等[93]研究发现牛血清白蛋白通过结合游离锌离子有效下调了基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)的表达和活性,最终保护神经元免于凋亡。同时,白蛋白处理促使活化的小胶质细胞转变为多核巨噬细胞,并减轻了炎症反应。
畜禽血浆蛋白本身不具有直接抗癌作用,但是可以作为药物载体协同抗癌。如Ibrahim等[94]对负载原儿茶酸的牛血清白蛋白纳米颗粒(PCA-BSA-NPs)的抗癌性能进行了评估,发现在pH为6.5时,PCA能够从PCA-BSA-NPs中有效释放,使得PCA能够更集中地作用于癌细胞,这里的白蛋白主要起到药物保护与控释作用,防止PCA在递送过程中被代谢失活。血浆中的转铁蛋白也可以通过靶向递送间接实现抗癌作用。如Wang等[95]研究发现对比紫杉醇(PTX),载紫杉醇的转铁蛋白纳米颗粒(PTX-Tf-NPs)在较高浓度(0.4、2和10 μg/mL)时,对大鼠多形性胶质母细胞瘤C6细胞活性抑制作用更强,说明转铁蛋白(Tf)修饰的纳米颗粒增强了紫杉醇的抗癌效果;较低浓度(0.0032、0.0160和0.0800 μg/mL)下,PTX-Tf-NPs处理C6细胞诱导更多细胞阻滞在G2/M期,而单独PTX无此明显效果,表明Tf有助于PTX更好发挥抗癌作用。
除了上述生物活性,血浆蛋白中的纤维蛋白原还具有凝血与修复损伤作用,其机制为纤维蛋白原在凝血酶的作用下发生特异性蛋白水解,其α链和β链N末端的纤维蛋白肽(分别为FpA和FpB)被切除,从而转化为纤维蛋白单体。这些单体随后通过分子间相互作用自发聚合,并在凝血因子XIIIa的催化下形成γ-链间共价交联,最终组装成稳定的纤维蛋白多聚体网络[96]。此外,纤维蛋白的纤溶过程可释放生长因子,可以为其他创口愈合细胞创造重要条件[97]。血浆蛋白中的胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)还具有促进肌肉生长和机体发育的作用,该机制是当IGF-1与细胞膜表面的IGF-1R结合后,可诱导受体胞内结构域发生构象变化,进而引发胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)的酪氨酸磷酸化。磷酸化的IRS-1作为关键衔接蛋白,能够募集并激活下游信号分子磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)[98]。活化后的PI3K催化生成第二信使PIP3,进一步启动蛋白激酶B(Akt)的磷酸化级联反应。Akt作为信号枢纽,通过调控mTOR等下游靶点,最终促进蛋白质合成、抑制蛋白质分解,并刺激细胞增殖与分化,从而实现其显著的促生长和促发育生物学效应[99]。
畜禽血浆蛋白中的功能组分(如白蛋白、免疫球蛋白和纤维蛋白原等)凭借其抗氧化、抗菌和免疫调节的生物活性,在食品工业中展现出广阔的应用前景,主要应用于食品保鲜和功能性食品开发两大领域。这些蛋白质不仅能够改善食品的功能特性,还能满足现代食品工业对健康安全的要求。然而,在实际应用中仍需重视其潜在的安全性问题,如原料的卫生质量、加工过程中的病毒灭活控制以及潜在的致敏风险等。
食品保鲜是一个综合性的概念,它包含了所有旨在延缓食品腐败变质、延长其可食用期限、并尽可能保持其原有品质(感官、营养、安全)的方法。向食品中添加血浆蛋白来延长食品的贮藏期以达到保鲜目的,主要是依赖血浆中白蛋白的抗氧化作用和免疫球蛋白的抑菌作用。如Jin等[100]研究发现,添加血浆蛋白可显著降低猪乳化肠中的硫代巴比妥酸反应物质水平,其中硫代巴比妥酸反应物质用于评估脂质氧化程度,值越低说明抗氧化性越强,更利于延长贮藏期,这可能是由于白蛋白的抗氧化作用在一定程度上延长猪乳化肠的贮藏期。张洁[101]研究进一步证实,2.5%血浆蛋白的添加可以使猪排中的硫代巴比妥酸反应物质降低23.16%,有效抑制腐败变质,从而延长其贮藏期,这种显著的抗氧化效果可能是由于血浆中白蛋白的巯基对脂质自由基的清除作用,同时血浆中的免疫球蛋白也可能通过抑制微生物增殖间接缓解猪排的氧化。然而,血浆蛋白原料可能携带病原体,必须通过严格的巴氏杀菌或膜过滤等处理工艺确保安全性。
免疫球蛋白作为畜禽血浆蛋白中主要功能组分之一,在功能性食品领域具有广泛的应用价值。在婴幼儿配方食品中添加免疫球蛋白,可以模拟母乳的免疫保护功能,不仅有助于促进婴幼儿的生长发育,更能显著增强其免疫防御能力,降低感染性疾病的发生风险。针对老年人群的生理特点,在保健食品中强化免疫球蛋白成分,可有效改善因年龄增长导致的免疫功能衰退,提升机体抵抗力[15]。免疫球蛋白还可以加入到饮料中或制成口服液,以提高人类预防疾病和抗病能力,促进生长。如del Hoyo等[102]研究发现,牛血清来源的免疫球蛋白补充剂对炎症性肠病起到预防和改善的作用。但血浆来源的免疫球蛋白可能引起过敏反应,特别是对动物蛋白敏感的人群,因此需要明确标识并建立过敏预警机制[103]。随着国民健康意识提升,免疫球蛋白功能性食品市场前景广阔,但其推广应用必须建立在完善的安全评估基础上。建议生产过程中实施严格的病原体检测、过敏原控制和灭菌工艺,同时加强消费者教育,确保在发挥功能优势的同时最大限度降低安全风险。
畜禽血液是畜禽肉制品加工的关键副产物,血液中的血浆蛋白不仅氨基酸组成均衡,更兼具抗氧化、抗菌、免疫调节和抗癌等多种生物活性,是一种极具开发潜力的优质蛋白资源。目前,其在食品工业中的应用已初见成效:一方面可用于食品保鲜,主要利用白蛋白的抗氧化作用和免疫球蛋白的抑菌作用延长贮藏期;另一方面作为功能性成分应用于免疫增强类食品的开发。这为大幅提高畜禽血液资源利用率、减轻环境压力提供了切实可行的路径。近年来,研究已逐步深入至功能组分的分离纯化、生物活性机制的阐释以及实际食品体系中的应用验证,初步构建了较为完整的理论框架与技术储备。然而,要实现大规模产业化推广仍面临两个关键瓶颈:其一,工业化生产层面,现有分离纯化工艺(如高成本的亲和色谱、易污染堵塞的膜分离)难以同时兼顾产品纯度、回收率与规模化生产的可行性,严重限制了功能组分的高效稳定供应;其二,在安全性评价方面,仍缺乏针对原料病原体控制和免疫球蛋白致敏性风险的全面评估体系,相关检测标准与控制规范尚未健全,系统性安全研究仍显不足。未来,需要通过技术创新与安全管控地协同推进,才能充分利用畜禽血液资源,推动其在食品工业中实现规模化、高附加值应用,因此深入开展相关研究具有重要意义。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050224
  • 接收时间:2025-05-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-22
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    1南京师范大学食品与制药工程学院,江苏南京 210023
    2江苏省农业科学院农产品加工研究所,江苏南京 210014
    3江苏大学食品与生物工程学院,江苏镇江 212001

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王道营(1979−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:肉制品及其副产物加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
罗海波(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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