Article(id=1320889177437225890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050182, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854120835, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854120835, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854120835, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854120835, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=34, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889179077198755, articleId=1320889177437225890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Wheat Gluten on the Gel Properties and Structure of Mung Bean Protein, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effect of the composite ratio of mung bean protein (MBP) and wheat gluten (WG) on the gel properties and structure of their gel system. The effects on the water-holding capacity, textural properties, rheological properties, secondary and tertiary structure, and microstructure of the heat-induced (95 ℃, 30 min) composite gels were analyzed by regulating the mass ratio of the two (MBP:WG was 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5, respectively). The results showed that compared to pure MBP, the gel strength and densification of the composite gels could be significantly improved by the addition of WG in appropriate amounts, especially when the mass ratio of MBP and WG was 7:3, which showed the best water-holding capacity (97.15%) and springiness (0.98) of the gels (P<0.05). This was mainly attributed to the enhancement of disulfide bonds, while the FTIR spectral analysis showed that the protein secondary structure was transformed from α-helix to β-sheet structure under this ratio, which was conducive to the construction of a stable gel network structure. In conclusion, the rational regulation of the ratio of MBP to WG can significantly improve the structural and functional properties of the composite protein gel system, which provides the theoretical basis and technical support for the application of plant proteins in the structural design of high-quality foods.

, authors=Ruqi GUO1, Xiuqing ZHU1, *, Ying WANG2, *, authorsList=Ruqi GUO, Xiuqing ZHU, Ying WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiuqing ZHU, Ying WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889181304374202, articleId=1320889177437225890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=谷朊蛋白对绿豆蛋白凝胶特性及结构的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究探讨了绿豆蛋白(mung bean protein,MBP)与谷朊蛋白(wheat gluten,WG)复合比例对其凝胶体系凝胶特性及结构的影响。通过调控两者的质量比例(MBP:WG分别为10:0、9:1、8:2、7:3、6:4、5:5),分析了其对热诱导(95 ℃,30 min)复合凝胶持水性、质构特性、流变特性、二三级结构及微观结构的影响。结果表明,与纯MBP相比,适量添加WG可显著改善复合凝胶的凝胶强度和致密性,特别是在MBP:WG为7::3时,凝胶表现出最佳的持水性(97.15%)和弹性(0.98)(P<0.05)。此配比下蛋白二级结构由α-螺旋向β-折叠结构转变。综上,合理调控MBP与WG的比例可显著改善复合蛋白凝胶体系的结构与功能特性,为植物蛋白在高质量食品结构设计中的应用提供理论基础和技术支持。

, authors=郭汝杞1, 朱秀清1, *, 王颖2, *, authorsList=郭汝杞, 朱秀清, 王颖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱秀清, 王颖, authorNote=

郭汝杞(2000−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:植物蛋白加工与利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱秀清(1968−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质分子化学及大豆深加工,E-mail:。
王颖(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏工程及食品质量安全,E-mail:。
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注:a,粒径分布;b,平均粒径。图中不同大小写字母表示差异显著,P<0.05,图3、图5、图7~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=4IigvNSkma+gaGekmLPeLg==, figureFileBig=u1T2XQXgudYeO805UDo9dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889185863582685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of different ratios of MBP-WG on the protein molecular weight of composite gels, figureFileSmall=45lA+R9eWtt2FxHtqNV73A==, figureFileBig=1ZhPlDt6jSKHSF4hFYg8gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889185943274462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶蛋白分子量的影响, figureFileSmall=45lA+R9eWtt2FxHtqNV73A==, figureFileBig=1ZhPlDt6jSKHSF4hFYg8gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889186031354847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of different ratios of MBP-WG on water holding capacity of composite gels, figureFileSmall=98O49UWa1kee2Rw880rNWQ==, figureFileBig=NESX8EtFGQz67gSPms43Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889186085880800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶持水性的影响, figureFileSmall=98O49UWa1kee2Rw880rNWQ==, figureFileBig=NESX8EtFGQz67gSPms43Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889186148795361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of different ratios of MBP-WG on T2 relaxation time distribution curves of composite gels, figureFileSmall=MRbhxi9vffDcdPxKG4RiYA==, figureFileBig=zUdltngUTrkgCykzWMXakg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889187805545442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=CN, label=图4, caption=MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶T2弛豫时间分布曲线的影响, figureFileSmall=MRbhxi9vffDcdPxKG4RiYA==, figureFileBig=zUdltngUTrkgCykzWMXakg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889187885237219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of different ratios of MBP-WG on hardness and springiness of composite gels, figureFileSmall=1vnCEgKFzvA0bKf/sVaBZw==, figureFileBig=NQidD7Qh+kAdx8905NsG9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889187964928996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=CN, label=图5, caption=MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶硬度和弹性的影响, figureFileSmall=1vnCEgKFzvA0bKf/sVaBZw==, figureFileBig=NQidD7Qh+kAdx8905NsG9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188044620773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of different ratios of MBP-WG on storage modulus(G') and loss modulus(G'') of composite gels, figureFileSmall=pE3LzJmJIATv5A7nov4Ocw==, figureFileBig=IssnSe9TvHmiv5bmMaC4ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188141089766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=CN, label=图6, caption=MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')的影响

注:a,储能模量(G');b,损耗模量(G'')。

, figureFileSmall=pE3LzJmJIATv5A7nov4Ocw==, figureFileBig=IssnSe9TvHmiv5bmMaC4ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188212392935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of different ratios of MBP-WG on free sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds of composite gels, figureFileSmall=nBwUcbqZX0DSqVrnOGOq5w==, figureFileBig=to12Th2FK7j7J4+WLYnq0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188287890408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=CN, label=图7, caption=MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶游离巯基和二硫键的影响, figureFileSmall=nBwUcbqZX0DSqVrnOGOq5w==, figureFileBig=to12Th2FK7j7J4+WLYnq0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188346610665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of different ratios of MBP-WG on the protein secondary structure of composite gels, figureFileSmall=0VVbE8lTmx0Y9tgCf7+Iyg==, figureFileBig=r919mC2aAvjDia05zdtkrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188430496746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=CN, label=图8, caption=MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶蛋白二级结构的影响

注:a,红外光谱;b,二级结构含量。

, figureFileSmall=0VVbE8lTmx0Y9tgCf7+Iyg==, figureFileBig=r919mC2aAvjDia05zdtkrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188505994219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of different ratios of MBP-WG on the intrinsic fluorescence spectra of composite gels, figureFileSmall=rmSUOzAdxhMuxOByvIOm+g==, figureFileBig=BrcgQoI5xfuvUkC8PTcqaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188585685996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=CN, label=图9, caption=MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶内源荧光光谱的影响, figureFileSmall=rmSUOzAdxhMuxOByvIOm+g==, figureFileBig=BrcgQoI5xfuvUkC8PTcqaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188686349293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect of different ratios of MBP-WG on the microstructure of composite gels, figureFileSmall=/9KL0dLwq2Mwu8sZgkLiLg==, figureFileBig=j5DM3wGtWOupilQjxSHlWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188757652462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=CN, label=图10, caption=MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶微观结构的影响, figureFileSmall=/9KL0dLwq2Mwu8sZgkLiLg==, figureFileBig=j5DM3wGtWOupilQjxSHlWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188837344239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Correlation between gel properties and structural properties, figureFileSmall=3zif1ut3OwwLKyiUhOxhUg==, figureFileBig=DXt+0HSHtKdxh49SAWBAew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889188904453104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=CN, label=图11, caption=凝胶特性和结构性质之间的相关性

注:*代表P<0.05,表示显著;**代表P<0.01,表示非常显著;***代表P<0.001,表示极显著。

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Effect of different ratios of MBP-WG on the ratio of peak areas of composite gels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MBP:WG(w/w%)PT21(%)PT22(%)PT23(%)
10:04.76±0.77b84.87±0.23c10.37±0.55a
9:15.95±0.87a85.21±0.97c8.83±0.31b
8:25.42±0.47ab86.92±0.15b7.67±0.45c
7:35.01±0.70ab88.85±0.85a6.13±0.35d
6:45.17±0.16ab86.29±0.27b8.53±0.32b
5:54.68±0.12b84.55±0.07c10.77±0.15a
), ArticleFig(id=1320889189101585394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889177437225890, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶峰面积比例的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MBP:WG(w/w%)PT21(%)PT22(%)PT23(%)
10:04.76±0.77b84.87±0.23c10.37±0.55a
9:15.95±0.87a85.21±0.97c8.83±0.31b
8:25.42±0.47ab86.92±0.15b7.67±0.45c
7:35.01±0.70ab88.85±0.85a6.13±0.35d
6:45.17±0.16ab86.29±0.27b8.53±0.32b
5:54.68±0.12b84.55±0.07c10.77±0.15a
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谷朊蛋白对绿豆蛋白凝胶特性及结构的影响
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郭汝杞 1 , 朱秀清 1, * , 王颖 2, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(5): 34-42
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (5) : 34 -42
谷朊蛋白对绿豆蛋白凝胶特性及结构的影响
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郭汝杞1 , 朱秀清1, * , 王颖2, *
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江省普通高校食品科学与工程重点实验室,绿色食品加工与贮藏省级工程实验室,黑龙江省谷物食品与谷物资源综合加工重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150076
  • 2黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,国家杂粮工程技术中心,黑龙江大庆 163319
通讯作者:
朱秀清(1968−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质分子化学及大豆深加工,E-mail:。
王颖(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏工程及食品质量安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

郭汝杞(2000−),女,博士研究生,研究方向:植物蛋白加工与利用,E-mail:

Effects of Wheat Gluten on the Gel Properties and Structure of Mung Bean Protein
Ruqi GUO1 , Xiuqing ZHU1, * , Ying WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Green Food Processing and Storage, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Grain Food and Comprehensive Processing, Harbin 150076, China
  • 2College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing 163319, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050182
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本研究探讨了绿豆蛋白(mung bean protein,MBP)与谷朊蛋白(wheat gluten,WG)复合比例对其凝胶体系凝胶特性及结构的影响。通过调控两者的质量比例(MBP:WG分别为10:0、9:1、8:2、7:3、6:4、5:5),分析了其对热诱导(95 ℃,30 min)复合凝胶持水性、质构特性、流变特性、二三级结构及微观结构的影响。结果表明,与纯MBP相比,适量添加WG可显著改善复合凝胶的凝胶强度和致密性,特别是在MBP:WG为7::3时,凝胶表现出最佳的持水性(97.15%)和弹性(0.98)(P<0.05)。此配比下蛋白二级结构由α-螺旋向β-折叠结构转变。综上,合理调控MBP与WG的比例可显著改善复合蛋白凝胶体系的结构与功能特性,为植物蛋白在高质量食品结构设计中的应用提供理论基础和技术支持。

绿豆蛋白  /  谷朊蛋白  /  复合蛋白体系  /  凝胶特性  /  结构

This study investigated the effect of the composite ratio of mung bean protein (MBP) and wheat gluten (WG) on the gel properties and structure of their gel system. The effects on the water-holding capacity, textural properties, rheological properties, secondary and tertiary structure, and microstructure of the heat-induced (95 ℃, 30 min) composite gels were analyzed by regulating the mass ratio of the two (MBP:WG was 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5, respectively). The results showed that compared to pure MBP, the gel strength and densification of the composite gels could be significantly improved by the addition of WG in appropriate amounts, especially when the mass ratio of MBP and WG was 7:3, which showed the best water-holding capacity (97.15%) and springiness (0.98) of the gels (P<0.05). This was mainly attributed to the enhancement of disulfide bonds, while the FTIR spectral analysis showed that the protein secondary structure was transformed from α-helix to β-sheet structure under this ratio, which was conducive to the construction of a stable gel network structure. In conclusion, the rational regulation of the ratio of MBP to WG can significantly improve the structural and functional properties of the composite protein gel system, which provides the theoretical basis and technical support for the application of plant proteins in the structural design of high-quality foods.

mung bean protein  /  wheat gluten  /  composite protein system  /  gel properties  /  structure
郭汝杞, 朱秀清, 王颖. 谷朊蛋白对绿豆蛋白凝胶特性及结构的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 34 -42 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050182
Ruqi GUO, Xiuqing ZHU, Ying WANG. Effects of Wheat Gluten on the Gel Properties and Structure of Mung Bean Protein[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 34 -42 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050182
随着生活水平的提高,消费者越来越重视健康的饮食方式。植物蛋白不含胆固醇、饱和脂肪酸含量低且常富含膳食纤维与植物活性物质,有助于降低心血管疾病等慢性病风险,这促使其制品消费地位不断提升。对于素食者等特殊人群,植物蛋白更是兼具价格低廉与营养替代价值的健康食品来源。绿豆中蛋白质含量较高(25%~28%),是一种可持续的优质蛋白质来源,其中绿豆蛋白作为绿豆淀粉加工的副产物,来源广泛且成本低廉[1]。绿豆蛋白(mung bean protein,MBP)主要由清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白组成,其氨基酸组成模式与人体接近,具有良好的乳化性、凝胶性、起泡性、持水和持油性等功能性质[2]。因此,扩大其在各种食品中的潜在用途具有重大意义。
在植物蛋白的加工处理中,凝胶性在食品和制药行业发挥着重要作用,可以赋予食品理想的结构和感官特性。研究表明绿豆蛋白具有良好的凝胶形成能力。例如,Wang等[3]研究发现绿豆蛋白凝胶的质地与鸡蛋凝胶相似,从而开发了其作为鸡蛋替代品的潜力。然而,单一绿豆蛋白凝胶对外部环境(如温度、pH、离子强度)变化敏感,在加工与贮藏过程中稳定性不足,严重制约了其工业应用。相较之下,蛋白质复合体系形成的凝胶优势显著。不同蛋白质间的相互作用可构建更丰富的微观结构,从而赋予复合凝胶更优异的稳定性与功能特性[4]。因此,寻求适宜蛋白组分与MBP复配以改善其凝胶稳定性与机械性能,具有重要应用价值。小麦面筋蛋白(wheat gluten,WG)又名谷朊蛋白,作为小麦淀粉工业的副产品,含有丰富的含硫氨基酸,是一种优质廉价的谷物蛋白。因其具有优良的凝胶性和黏弹性已被认为可安全用作营养补充剂、加工剂、稳定剂和胶凝剂等[5]。小麦面筋蛋白能与大豆蛋白或者豌豆蛋白发生相互作用,在提高产品品质的同时也能提供素食者所需要的蛋白质[6]。鉴于WG的凝胶特性与协同潜力,将其引入MBP体系,有望克服单一MBP凝胶的缺陷,开发性能更优的新型复合蛋白凝胶食品。
目前,关于绿豆蛋白和谷朊蛋白复配形成热诱导凝胶的研究报道很少,本研究的目的是了解在保持总蛋白浓度不变的情况下,以不同比例混合MBP和WG,研究其对复合物凝胶性质的影响。为此,采用动态流变分析、质构分析、持水性测定及低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)水分分布分析表征复合凝胶的性质;同时,结合内源性荧光光谱、动态光散射、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、游离巯基/二硫键含量测定及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测,阐明宏观性质差异的微观成因,包括蛋白构象变化、聚集行为及凝胶网络微观结构演变。本研究旨在为开发性能可控、稳定性高的绿豆蛋白基凝胶产品提供理论依据与技术支撑。
绿豆 市售;谷朊蛋白(纯度≥80%) 山东渠风食品科技有限公司;正己烷 分析纯,天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司;所有试剂均为国产分析纯。
TDZ5-WS型离心机 湘仪仪器有限公司;PHS-3C型pH计 上海仪电科学仪器有限公司;HH-4型恒温水浴锅 江苏金坛宏华仪器厂;Alpha1-2LDplus型冷冻干燥机 德国Christ有限公司;Nano-ZS-90型粒度分析仪 英国马尔文公司;DYY-6D型电泳仪 北京六一电泳仪仪器厂;TA.new plus型质构仪 ISENSO公司;MCR 102型高级旋转流变仪 安东帕(上海)商贸有限公司;NMI-20型低场核磁共振分析仪 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司;Spectrum Two型红外光谱仪 PerkinElmer公司;UV-1100型紫外可见分光光度计 山东霍尔德电子科技有限公司;F-7000型荧光分光光度计 日本日立仪器有限公司;Hitachi S3400型扫描电子显微镜 Hitachi(中国)有限公司。
参考Zhong等[7]的方法,通过碱法提取和等电沉淀法从绿豆中制备了MBP。首先,将绿豆研磨成粉,并用正己烷脱去油脂得到脱脂绿豆粉。将脱脂绿豆粉碾磨通过60目筛,并在水(豆水比为1:20)中分散至pH9.0,然后将pH调至4.5进行沉淀。等电沉淀的蛋白在pH7.0下重新溶解后冷冻干燥待用。凯氏定氮法测定干粉中MBP蛋白含量在85%以上。
将MBP与WG按质量比(w/w%)为10:0、9:1、8:2、7:3、6:4、5:5混匀后溶解在蒸馏水(20%,w/v)中,用NaOH(1 mol/L)或HCl(1 mol/L)将混合溶液的pH调整为7.0。之后,95 ℃恒温水浴加热混合物30 min,然后立即在冰上冷却,将形成的凝胶于4 ℃保存过夜后待用。将另一些凝胶样品通过冷冻干燥机冷冻干燥后进行研磨过筛(100目)用于进一步分析。
为表征热诱导凝胶化过程中不同比例MBP与WG复合物在溶液中的聚集状态,参考Wu等[8]的方法,制备MBP-WG混合物的热诱导蛋白质聚集体,并进行动态光散射测量。具体步骤如下:将不同比例的MBP-WG复合物(MBP:WG分别为10:0、9:1、8:2、7:3、6:4、5:5)溶解于去离子水中,配制总蛋白浓度为2%的混合溶液,确保该浓度远低于复合蛋白体系形成稳定热诱导凝胶所需的临界浓度。之后将蛋白混合溶液在95 ℃下加热30 min得到经过热诱导的混合蛋白聚集体溶液,使用去离子水将经过加热的混合蛋白聚集体溶液稀释为3 mg/mL。在室温(25 ℃)下采用粒度分析仪测定上清液中蛋白聚集体的平均粒径。
根据Li等[9]的方法稍作修改,用含有0.08 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH6.8)、1%(w/v)SDS、2%(v/v)β-巯基乙醇、5%(v/v)甘油和0.025%(w/v)溴酚蓝的样品缓冲液溶解经过冷冻干燥、磨粉和过筛后的复合凝胶样品粉末,并将复合凝胶粉末稀释至蛋白质浓度为5 mg/mL,然后在沸水中加热10 min,6000 r/min离心10 min后,取10 μL上清液进行电泳。用考马斯亮蓝染色液G250染色凝胶。
凝胶的持水能力是根据Yang等[10]的方法改进后确定的。将约2 g凝胶样品装入50 mL离心管,在室温下1000 r/min离心10 min。弃去分离的水,记录离心前后管和样品凝胶的重量分别为W1和W2,W0为空离心管的重量。WHC按下式(1)计算。
$ \text{WHC(\text{%})}=\frac{{\text{W}}_{\text{2}}-{\text{W}}_{\text{0}}}{{\text{W}}_{\text{1}}-{\text{W}}_{\text{0}}}\times \text{100} $
使用低场核磁共振分析仪实现核磁共振弛豫测量。根据Cen等[11]的方法稍加修改,将MBP-WG复合蛋白凝胶切成约5 mm×5 mm×10 mm左右的长方体,放入核磁共振管中进行测量。质子共振频率18 MHz,测试温度25 ℃。采用CarrPurcell-Meiboom-Gill序列测定样品的横向弛豫时间(T2)。
参考Li等[12]的方法,略有改动。将制备好的凝胶样品25 ℃平衡1 h后,切取成大约直径22 mm,高度大于12 mm的圆柱形,采用质构仪对凝胶的弹性和硬度进行分析。采用p/0.5探头,设定参数:测前速度1 mm/s,测试速度1 mm/s,应变和触发力分别设置为40%和5 g。
使用流变仪对复合蛋白凝胶进行动态流变行为的测量。根据Yang等[10]和尚靖雯等[13]的方法稍作修改,将柱状复合蛋白凝胶样品切成1.0 mm的薄片并置于25 ℃的铝板上(直径40 mm,间隙1 mm),复合蛋白凝胶的频率扫描在25 ℃从0.1到10 Hz,线性粘弹性区域内的固定应变0.5%下测定储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G'')。
蛋白质二硫键的测定参考改进的Ellman试剂法测定[14]。游离巯基含量的测定:称取15 mg冷冻干燥后的凝胶粉末加入5 mL Tris-Gly缓冲液和50 μL Ellman试剂溶液,室温反应1 h后离心(6000 r/min,10 min),以不加Ellman试剂为空白对照,取上清液在412 nm处读取吸光度。总巯基含量的测定使用的是Tris-Gly-Urea缓冲液溶解样品,其余步骤与游离巯基的测定方法一致。计算公式按下式(2)和(3)所示:
$ \text{X}=\frac{\text{73.53×}{\text{A}}_{\text{412}}\text{×D}}{\text{C}} $
$\rm {\text{二硫键含量}(\text{μmol/mg})=\dfrac{{(总巯基含量-游离巯基含量)}}{\text{2}}} $
式中:X为游离巯基或总巯基的含量,μmol/mg;73.53为Ellman试剂的摩尔消光系数;A412为412 nm处的吸光度值;D为稀释倍数;C为样品浓度,mg/mL。
根据Yan等[15]的方法稍作修改,将经冷冻干燥磨粉过筛后的复合蛋白凝胶样品于Spectrum Two红外光谱仪下进行二级结构分析。具体步骤如下:将2 mg经冷冻干燥磨粉过筛后的复合蛋白凝胶样品粉末与198 mg 溴化钾充分混合后研磨并压片。扫描速度设置为0.2 cm/s,分辨率为4 cm−1。每个样品在4000 cm−1至400 cm−1的波数范围内测量,共扫描32次。并根据吸光度的峰谱面积计算蛋白质中各二级结构的相对含量。
为了获得内源荧光光谱,将经冷冻干燥磨粉过筛后的MBP-WG复合蛋白凝胶样品粉末稀释到5 mg/mL。利用F-7000荧光分光光度计,在290 nm的激发波长和5 nm的激发和发射带宽下,获得波长为300~420 nm的荧光光谱。
采用扫描电子显微镜对绿豆蛋白-谷朊蛋白复合蛋白凝胶的微观结构进行表征。将复合蛋白凝胶样品进行切割,暴露其横截面面积后进行冻干。将冻干的样品转移到扫描电镜的金属支架上,并在暴露表面涂金。在15 kV电压下,2000倍放大倍率下观察复合蛋白凝胶样品的截面。
所有结果测定三次,并以均数±标准差(SD)表示最终结果。数据分析采用IBM SPSS软件(version 20.0, IBM, Chicago, IL, USA)和PeakFit(version 4.12, USA)处理。单因素方差分析(ANOVA)数据P<0.05被认为有统计学意义。图表使用Origin软件(9.80版本,OriginLab,Northhampton,MA,USA)生成。使用GraphPad Prism 8.0(GraphPad Prism Software Inc.,San Diego,California)处理相关性数据。
为了了解MBP-WG不同配比对MBP-WG复合蛋白体系聚集行为的影响,采用动态光散射技术研究了样品的粒径分布。图1a显示了不同比例的绿豆蛋白和谷朊蛋白复合物的粒径大小分布图谱。可以观察到,随着WG所占比例的升高,MBP-WG复合物的粒径分布逐渐向右移动,颗粒尺寸逐渐增大,表明谷朊蛋白的加入增加了绿豆蛋白在凝胶过程中的聚集程度。这可能是由于谷朊蛋白中含有较多的二硫键,可以促进蛋白质之间的相互作用,提高其聚集程度[16]。图1b中平均粒径的大小与图1a的结果一致,这进一步证明了添加WG促进了蛋白质之间交联聚集,这有助于改善复合蛋白的凝胶特性[17]。然而,随着WG的过度添加,蛋白之间的聚集程度更大,可能不利于凝胶的形成。
为了进一步证明MBP-WG不同配比引起的MBP/WG复合凝胶的聚集行为,对MBP/WG复合凝胶进行了电泳。如图2所示,观察到高分子量聚集体(>100 kDa)和低分子量聚集体(<100 kDa)在MBP-WG不同配比条件下的条带变化,主要代表为绿豆蛋白(8S球蛋白的亚基35~66 kDa)和谷朊蛋白(高分子量谷蛋白的亚基75~110 kDa,低分子量谷蛋白的亚基25~35 kDa,醇溶蛋白的亚基30~50 kDa以及少量的清蛋白和球蛋白亚基(17~25 kDa)[18−19]。结果表明,加入谷朊蛋白后,75~110 kDa条带强度明显增强,同时17~35 kDa和35~66 kDa条带变浅或者消失,这表明谷朊蛋白的加入消耗了低分子量的蛋白亚基,促进了绿豆蛋白和谷朊蛋白高分子量聚集体的形成。Gao等[20]研究也表明谷朊蛋白会与大豆蛋白发生相互作用,形成高分子量聚合物。这与粒径的结果一致。结果证实,谷朊蛋白的加入可以促进蛋白质之间的交联聚集。
持水性(WHC)是绿豆蛋白凝胶食品生产中的一个重要因素。图3显示了MBP-WG不同配比的复合凝胶的WHC。结果表明,MBP-WG复合凝胶的持水性随着WG所占比例的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在MBP:WG为7:3时达到最大值。凝胶网络结合水的能力与凝胶网络结构和亲水性基团的数量密切相关,是导致WHC变化的主要原因[21]。当WG所占比例过高时,MBP与WG会发生交联形成更大的聚集体,降低了MBP-WG复合凝胶的亲水基团,从而导致了WHC的降低。Fang等[22]也观察到了类似的现象,他们发现过度交联会减少SPI-SDF凝胶的亲水基团,导致WHC降低。
低场核磁共振技术被用来洞察水在复合凝胶中的分布,横向弛豫时间T2反映了氢质子的自由度和结合力[23]。T2弛豫时间依赖于样品中水的迁移率,T2越短,水的迁移率越弱,水活度和流动性越低,结合力越大,样品中水与其他组分的相互作用越强[3]。根据凝胶上T2弛豫时间的分布,观察到三个不同状态的水分子,分别位于0.1~10 ms(T21)、10~100 ms(T22)和100~1000 ms(T23)。小于10 ms的弛豫时间即T21通常被认为对应与大分子紧密相关的水—结合水的状态。T22对应蛋白质间隙之间的水分,即凝胶微观结构中的困水(固定水)。T23代表未进入凝胶中的水(游离水)[24]。由图4可知,所有样品的T22弛豫时间峰面积占比最大,说明凝胶体系中固定水含量较高,结合水和游离水含量较低。PT21、PT22和PT23分别为结合水、固定水和游离水的百分比。由表1可知,PT22的含量最高,表明不易流动水是凝胶中水分主要存在形态,随着WG所占比例的增加,复合蛋白凝胶中T22对应的峰面积比例PT22呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在MBP:WG为7:3时最高。这说明适当地添加WG可使复合凝胶网络中松散的水向紧密结合的水转换。但过多的WG会导致WG与MBP结合成了较大的聚集体,使得凝胶网络变得粗糙,并且孔径较大,从而容易释放出一部分的被固定在蛋白凝胶网络中的水。这与2.3中持水性的结果一致,表明适当添加WG可以弥补MBP网络的空隙,使凝胶网络更致密,从而促进了凝胶网络中的水分迁移,提高了凝胶的持水性。
由图5可知,与未添加WG的对照组相比,添加一定量WG的MBP-WG复合凝胶的硬度显著提高(P<0.05),弹性略有升高。这说明WG的加入促进了WG与MBP之间的有效交联,导致形成的凝胶网络结构更加致密、均匀,从而增强复合凝胶的机械强度(硬度)并改善其质地特性(如弹性)。这与Wouters等[25]的研究结果一致,他们也发现谷朊蛋白-蛋清蛋白混合物的硬度高于不含蛋清蛋白的谷朊蛋白复合物。此外,复合凝胶强度和质地的改善可能是由于分子间作用力的增强、二级结构的变化、蛋白之间的交联以及形成的凝胶结构致密[11]。Luo等[16]也报道了添加谷朊蛋白(WG)可以增强蛋清蛋白凝胶的凝胶强度,因为WG和EWP交联有助于形成致密的网络结构。此外,具有良好粘弹性的WG填充了MBP凝胶网络中的空隙,增强了MBP-WG复合凝胶的致密性,提高了MBP-WG复合凝胶的性能。但当WG所占比例进一步增加时,凝胶的硬度下降。下降的原因可能是WG的过量加入会导致蛋白过度聚集,影响凝胶网络的连续性[26]。
图6显示了MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶流变特性的影响,可以观察到,在所有配比下,MBP-WG复合凝胶的储能模量(G')和损失模量(G'')都高度依赖于频率,并且随着频率的增加而增加。此外,G'始终高于G'',这表明MBP-WG复合凝胶形成了具有突出的类弹性特性的结构[8]。另外,随着WG所占比例的增加,MBP-WG复合凝胶的储能模量逐渐增加。储能模量(G')证明了蛋白质分子之间的交联和凝胶网络中的聚集体,G'值越高表明交联程度越强[27]。因此,以上结果表明,当在MBP中加入WG时,凝胶结构得到加强。但当WG所占比例进一步增加时(MBP:WG为6:4),MBP-WG复合凝胶的储能模量逐渐降低。这可能是由于过多的WG与MBP分子发生了交联聚集,形成了大分子聚集体,使复合凝胶网络变得松散不规则,从而导致了储能模量的降低[28]。这与持水性的结果一致。
位于蛋白质分子表面的游离巯基对凝胶的形成有很大的影响,游离巯基和二硫键的交换反应也在蛋白质分子交联和聚集体形成中起重要作用,对凝胶形成有积极作用[29]。图7显示了MBP-WG不同配比对复合凝胶体系中游离巯基和二硫键含量的影响。可以观察到,在MBP:WG为7:3时复合凝胶的游离巯基含量为3.42 μmol/mg,显著高于未添加WG的凝胶(2.62 μmol/mg)(P<0.05)。二硫键含量在此配比下也呈现相应增加的趋势(保持在较高水平),表明此阶段游离巯基的暴露增加并有效参与了二硫键的形成。但随着WG所占比例的进一步增加,复合凝胶体系中游离巯基和二硫键含量反而下降。这些结果表明,游离巯基暴露与二硫键形成之间可能存在一定的动态转化关系。在适量WG添加时,蛋白质可能发生部分展开,暴露出原本埋藏的游离巯基,并在热凝胶化过程中参与二硫键的形成[30]。这也导致了二者含量同步升高的现象。但当WG含量过高时,体系粘度上升,导致蛋白链的节段运动受限[27]。这会阻碍游离巯基之间或游离巯基与二硫键之间发生有效碰撞和交换反应,从而抑制了新二硫键的形成。此外,游离巯基与二硫键含量的同步变化也说明,尽管存在相互转化的可能,但体系中还可能受空间位阻、非共价作用等因素干扰,影响转化的平衡。Li等[31]也报道了薏仁淀粉的添加会使疏水相互作用强度增加从而有助于蛋白质聚集,这种聚集方式可能在空间上屏蔽了巯基位点或减少了蛋白质分子间形成二硫键所需的有效接触机会。
总之,由于物理限制(粘度上升)和竞争性聚集途径(疏水相互作用)的共同作用,可能会导致在高WG比例下,游离巯基向二硫键的转化效率降低,表现为游离巯基无法有效消耗,同时新二硫键生成受阻,最终造成体系中两者含量同步下降。
傅里叶变换红外光谱技术是蛋白质结构和构象表征的有力技术。在4000~400 cm−1范围内的红外光谱中,酰胺II带(1500~1600 cm−1)的吸收是由于C-N的伸缩振动或N-H的弯曲振动[32]。酰胺I波段(1700~1600 cm−1)显示了蛋白质的二级结构成分,该波段主要是C=O拉伸振动(约80%),一些C-H拉伸和面内N-H弯曲。具体地说,蛋白质中的C=O伸缩振动主要取决于它们的二级结构、分子间或分子内效应以及氢键模式。酰胺I带由几个重叠的蛋白质结构成分组成,包括α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规卷曲[10]。
在图8a中发现WG的加入并没有导致新的峰出现,说明MBP和WG之间没有形成新的共价键。为了进一步探究复合凝胶中蛋白质的结构变化,根据酰胺I区分析了复合蛋白的二级结构。如图8b所示,随着WG的所占比例的增加,β-折叠和β-转角呈现先增加后降低的趋势,在MBP:WG为7:3时分别达到最高值。α-螺旋和无规卷曲的趋势与之相反。这一结果表明添加WG后形成了一个更聚集的蛋白质网络。而且,在蛋白质的二级结构中,β-折叠是稳定有序的构象,而无规卷曲是不规则无序的构象[33]。这也说明添加WG后,复合凝胶中蛋白结构由无规则结构向更有序的结构的转变。Luo等[16]也报道了β-折叠结构的增加导致结构更加刚性,这表明蛋白质在加热过程中发生了相互作用。但随着WG所占比例的进一步增加(MBP:WG=6:4),复合凝胶的结构又变得无序,这可能是因为过量的谷朊蛋白与绿豆蛋白形成了更大的聚集体,导致凝胶结构被破坏,变得松散不规则。这与Moreno等[34]的研究一致,即无规卷曲含量的增加可能是由于形成的网络比之前更加混乱和碎片化。
蛋白质之间的相互作用可以显著猝灭蛋白质的固有荧光,且随着添加量的增加猝灭作用增强。因此,荧光发射的变化可以作为蛋白质三级结构转变的证据[35]。如图9显示了不同MBP-WG配比下复合凝胶的荧光强度变化。可以发现,随着WG所占比例的增加,色氨酸荧光强度下降,这表明更多的色氨酸残基被埋在其中。在热凝胶过程中,蛋白质会受热展开,并且暴露出更多的活性位点,从而促进蛋白质的聚集行为[36]。此外,热诱导过程中WG的加入也会增强蛋白质之间疏水相互作用,从而促进了蛋白质进一步聚集。聚集行为会导致更多的色氨酸残基被埋在其中,导致荧光猝灭。这与粒径的结果一致,即WG的加入导致蛋白质的聚集程度增高,颗粒尺寸变大。
微观结构是决定凝胶质构和流变性能的关键因素。为了支持上述观察到的质构和流变特性的变化,通过SEM研究了MBP-WG不同配比下复合凝胶的微观结构。如图10所示,不同配比组成的凝胶具有不同的结构。在没有添加WG(10:0)的情况下,凝胶中蛋白的表面凹凸不平,孔隙较多,而在加入WG后,随着WG所占比例的增加,复合凝胶表面趋于平整,粗糙程度降低。在MBP:WG为7:3时,复合凝胶表面致密光滑,网络结构稳定。这与本研究中持水性的结果一致,证实了凝胶的WHC受到不同交联方式的微观结构的影响[10]。少量谷朊蛋白添加可以弥补MBP网络的空隙,使凝胶网络更致密,从而显著提高了凝胶的持水性。然而,过高的WG会导致凝胶网络结构变得粗糙、孔隙比较大,从而导致复合凝胶容易在离心力的作用下脱水,降低了持水性。然而,随着WG所占比例的进一步增加,复合凝胶中有大量蛋白颗粒附着,表面粗糙孔隙较大,网络结构稳定性差。这可能是由于过多的WG导致蛋白质之间的聚集程度增大,导致凝胶结构被破坏。刘鑫硕等[37]也表明过量地添加蛋清蛋白会对马铃薯蛋白凝胶的微观结构产生负面影响,其粗糙度和表面不平整度逐渐增大。
基于凝胶性质随结构变化的趋势,通过Pearson相关系数(r)建立了凝胶特性和结构性能之间的相关性分析。如图11所示,β-折叠结构与固定水含量和弹性分别呈非常显著正相关(r=0.95,P<0.01)和显著正相关(r=0.87,P<0.05),但与游离水含量呈极显著负相关(r=−0.98,P<0.001),这表明WG的加入促进了致密、稳定的蛋白质网络形成,从而显著增强凝胶的持水性及机械性能,还表明致密有序的β-折叠结构更有利于改善复合凝胶的质构性能。另一方面,α-螺旋结构与固定水含量和弹性呈显著负相关(P<0.05),说明该结构可能不利于凝胶网络的形成和稳定性。此外,二硫键与持水性和硬度之间存在显著正相关(P<0.05),和最终G'之间存在非常显著正相关(P<0.01),这表明谷朊蛋白引入后的分子间作用力的加强促进了蛋白质聚集体的形成,从而显著提高了最终储能模量(G')、硬度、弹性及持水能力(图3、图5、图6a)。
本研究表明,WG与MBP在不同复配比例下对复合凝胶性能具有显著影响,尤其在持水性、质构特性与流变性能方面表现出明显的量效关系。当MBP:WG为7:3时,复合凝胶的综合性能最优,其持水率提高了4.77%,弹性显著增强(0.98),流变储能模量也达到最大值(244483.77 Pa)。WG通过促进蛋白质分子间二硫键形成和疏水相互作用,显著增强了凝胶网络的结构有序性和稳定性。然而,当WG添加比例超过30%时,由于蛋白过度聚集导致网络结构不均匀,凝胶性能反而下降。本研究明确了WG在诱导MBP结构有序化和强化分子交联中的关键作用,为基于MBP-WG复合体系开发质地优良的植物蛋白凝胶制品提供了理论依据与配比优化策略。尽管目前研究揭示了WG的宏观功能效应,但WG对蛋白质结构变化的具体调控机制仍有待深入解析,未来研究可进一步结合分子动力学模拟与多尺度结构分析技术,系统揭示WG诱导下蛋白质结构与功能的关系,为构建高性能植物蛋白基食品体系提供更加可靠的科学依据。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050182
  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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    1哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江省普通高校食品科学与工程重点实验室,绿色食品加工与贮藏省级工程实验室,黑龙江省谷物食品与谷物资源综合加工重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨 150076
    2黑龙江八一农垦大学食品学院,国家杂粮工程技术中心,黑龙江大庆 163319

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朱秀清(1968−),女,硕士,教授,研究方向:蛋白质分子化学及大豆深加工,E-mail:。
王颖(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏工程及食品质量安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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