Article(id=1320888822779466717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050175, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854036277, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854036277, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854036277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854036277, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=159, endPage=168, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320888823001764830, articleId=1320888822779466717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Physicochemical Properties and Stability of Oil Body in Different Parts of Idesia polycarpa Maxim, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The physicochemical properties, physical and oxidative stability of whole fruit oil body (WOB), peel oil body (POB), and seed oil body (SOB) via water extraction were investigated in this study. The results showed that SOB had significantly higher contents of total sugar (49.58±0.30 g/kg), protein (12.00%±0.37%), essential amino acids (41.99±0.23 mg/100 g protein), and total amino acids (103.25±0.38 mg/100 g protein) than WOB and POB (P<0.05). In contrast, WOB exhibited the highest total phenol content (2.59±0.02 mg/g), compared with POB (P<0.05). POB had the highest lipid content (92.88%±1.70%), and significantly higher than WOB and SOB (P<0.05). Additionally, the apparent viscosity of three oil body emulsions decreased with the increase of shear rate and showed the shear-thinning behavior. At the same shear rate, SOB had higher apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G'), and loss modulus (G'') than WOB and POB. SOB also had significantly lower particle size, lipid hydroperoxide (LPO), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values than WOB and POB, whereas SOB exhibited higher absolute zeta-potential and interfacial protein adsorption rate than WOB and POB (P<0.05). Principal component analysis confirmed that SOB had the highest comprehensive score. Therefore, SOB extracted from Idesia polycarpa Maxim seed, demonstrated the superior physicochemical properties and stability. The research would provide the essential technical support for the processing and utilization of Idesia polycarpa Maxim oil body.

, authors=Yongchen LIU1, 2, 3, Jiamin ZHANG1, Xuan LIU1, Jing ZHANG1, Wanyi ZHU1, Zhanmei JIANG1, Hongxia FENG2, 3, Mingfa SONG2, 3, Juncai HOU1, 2, 3, *, Yunhe CHANG2, 3, *, authorsList=Yongchen LIU, Jiamin ZHANG, Xuan LIU, Jing ZHANG, Wanyi ZHU, Zhanmei JIANG, Hongxia FENG, Mingfa SONG, Juncai HOU, Yunhe CHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Juncai HOU, Yunhe CHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320888826877301747, articleId=1320888822779466717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=山桐子不同部位油脂体的理化特性及稳定性研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文以山桐子不同部位(整果、果皮、种子)为原料,探究通过水萃取法制得的整果油脂体(Whole fruit oil body,WOB)、果皮油脂体(Peel oil body,POB)、种子油脂体(Seed oil body,SOB)的理化特性、物理及氧化稳定性。研究发现,SOB的总糖、蛋白质、必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量分别为49.58±0.30 g/kg、12.00%±0.37%、41.99±0.23 mg/100 g protein、103.25±0.38 mg/100 g protein,均显著高于WOB和POB(P<0.05)。而WOB的总酚含量为2.59±0.02 mg/g,显著高于POB(P<0.05)。POB的脂质含量为92.88%±1.70%,显著高于WOB和SOB(P<0.05)。此外,三种OB的表观黏度都随着剪切速率的增大而减小,表现出了剪切变稀行为,在相同剪切速率下,SOB的表观黏度、G'和G''高于WOB和POB。SOB的粒径、脂质氢过氧化物(Lipid hydroperoxides,LPO)、硫代巴比妥酸反应物质(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARS)值均显著低于WOB和POB(P<0.05),但其ζ-电位绝对值、界面蛋白吸附率显著高于WOB和POB(P<0.05)。主成分分析的结果也显示出SOB的综合得分最高。综上,以山桐子种子为原料提取得到的SOB有着更优异的理化特性和稳定性。本文的研究可以为山桐子油脂体加工与利用提供基本的技术支撑。

, authors=刘永辰1, 2, 3, 张佳敏1, 刘璇1, 张静1, 朱婉仪1, 姜瞻梅1, 冯红霞2, 3, 宋明发2, 3, 侯俊财1, 2, 3, *, 常云鹤2, 3, *, authorsList=刘永辰, 张佳敏, 刘璇, 张静, 朱婉仪, 姜瞻梅, 冯红霞, 宋明发, 侯俊财, 常云鹤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=侯俊财, 常云鹤, authorNote=

刘永辰(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳品加工,E-mail:

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侯俊财(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:乳品加工,E-mail:。
常云鹤(1986−),男,博士,高级实验师,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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China Oils and Fats, 2025, 50(1): 129−134,152., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320888827774882804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888827787465717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, companyId=1320888827774882804, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888827800048630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, companyId=1320888827774882804, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888828194313207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888828206896120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, companyId=1320888828194313207, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Engineering Technology Research Center for Processing and Comprehensive Utilization of Idesia polycarpa Maxim of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guiyang 550005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888828232061945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, companyId=1320888828194313207, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2国家林业草原山桐子加工与综合利用工程技术研究中心,贵州贵阳 550005)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320888828299170810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888828521468923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, companyId=1320888828299170810, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Food Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320888828529857532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, companyId=1320888828299170810, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3贵阳学院食品科学与工程学院,贵州贵阳 550005)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320888833160368197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Analysis of the basic components of Idesia polycarpa Maxim, figureFileSmall=2IxZUEHTFE5WbmblR1GSOg==, figureFileBig=GH3vgLC55k2/tzHXJ+XCXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833244254278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=图1, caption=山桐子基本成分分析

注:不同小写字母表示不同部位样品间差异显著(P<0.05),图2、图3、图6同。

, figureFileSmall=2IxZUEHTFE5WbmblR1GSOg==, figureFileBig=GH3vgLC55k2/tzHXJ+XCXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833462358087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Protein and lipid (A), total sugars and total phenols (B) content of Idesia polycarpa Maxim oil body, figureFileSmall=ErkBFvehbGsJhWC990QBHA==, figureFileBig=dHwnZAazDcGVssVvHKrQ+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833529466952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=图2, caption=山桐子OB中蛋白质和脂质(A)、总糖和总酚含量(B), figureFileSmall=ErkBFvehbGsJhWC990QBHA==, figureFileBig=dHwnZAazDcGVssVvHKrQ+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833592381513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Extraction rate of oil body, figureFileSmall=yLpqXif7rJLRMt3+7xT6NA==, figureFileBig=yIAU+lUdXnqcX2nbqWksiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833651101770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=图3, caption=油脂体提取率, figureFileSmall=yLpqXif7rJLRMt3+7xT6NA==, figureFileBig=yIAU+lUdXnqcX2nbqWksiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833726599243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Particle size changes of oil body during storage, figureFileSmall=6r2/ElhMmmXqqhGkWH/4AA==, figureFileBig=j2HHg0egiLBSonmoBaEGBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833789513804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=图4, caption=油脂体乳液在贮藏期内粒径变化

注:不同小写字母表示不同部位样品间差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示同一样品不同贮藏时间差异显著(P<0.05),图5、图7同。

, figureFileSmall=6r2/ElhMmmXqqhGkWH/4AA==, figureFileBig=j2HHg0egiLBSonmoBaEGBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833865011277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes in the potential of the oil body during storage, figureFileSmall=vco8DfSl/NFqhxprHVilTg==, figureFileBig=UbsR7xCP/DsPUJNmgKXV4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833923731534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=图5, caption=油脂体乳液在贮藏期内电位变化, figureFileSmall=vco8DfSl/NFqhxprHVilTg==, figureFileBig=UbsR7xCP/DsPUJNmgKXV4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888833995034703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Interface protein adsorption rate of oil body, figureFileSmall=fdGqFMoliSouxPk18JJaTQ==, figureFileBig=PceZ5v3upOCQskRk+U2CWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888834078920784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=图6, caption=油脂体界面蛋白吸附率, figureFileSmall=fdGqFMoliSouxPk18JJaTQ==, figureFileBig=PceZ5v3upOCQskRk+U2CWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888834150223954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Changes in LPO (A) and TBARS (B) of oil body during storage, figureFileSmall=+kZrapUzxFKOuuEV/G90cg==, figureFileBig=u5CRKdULzGAPqHp5Sgjmsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888834213138515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=图7, caption=油脂体乳液在贮藏期间LPO(A)、TBARS(B)变化, figureFileSmall=+kZrapUzxFKOuuEV/G90cg==, figureFileBig=u5CRKdULzGAPqHp5Sgjmsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888834284441684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Apparent viscosity change of oil body (A) and frequency scan plot (B), figureFileSmall=pxJhcLfCqguP3SUztny6Ag==, figureFileBig=FoJctvOw1U8nFsvWZXBdsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888834418659413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=图8, caption=油脂体的表观黏度变化 (A)和频率扫描图 (B), figureFileSmall=pxJhcLfCqguP3SUztny6Ag==, figureFileBig=FoJctvOw1U8nFsvWZXBdsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888834510934102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Confocal laser scanning microscope images of oil body, figureFileSmall=0Mv3EHJnt7kP+BznWSwJhA==, figureFileBig=lTEYh6vFgN4ps4553ylnQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888834825506903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=图9, caption=油脂体乳液激光扫描共聚焦显微镜图, figureFileSmall=0Mv3EHJnt7kP+BznWSwJhA==, figureFileBig=lTEYh6vFgN4ps4553ylnQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888834905198680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Two-dimensional principal component analysis of oil body, figureFileSmall=q6PQtfLC3oAqd3trPFH3Ow==, figureFileBig=1HHrxVjDr1+wwdG3e9SMAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888834980696153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=图10, caption=油脂体的二维主成分分析图, figureFileSmall=q6PQtfLC3oAqd3trPFH3Ow==, figureFileBig=1HHrxVjDr1+wwdG3e9SMAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320888835303657562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Amino acid composition of oil body (mg/100 g protein)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸WOBPOBSOB
天冬氨酸8.08±0.95b5.63±0.23c9.47±0.65a
苏氨酸*4.13±0.23b2.78±0.66c6.14±0.32a
丝氨酸4.92±0.86b3.13±0.21c6.19±0.41a
谷氨酸10.73±0.56b4.35±0.36c15.65±0.66a
甘氨酸4.47±0.23b2.77±0.15c6.94±0.16a
丙氨酸3.96±0.56b2.64±0.22c6.31±0.33a
半胱氨酸0.40±0.27b0.26±0.11b1.80±0.26a
缬氨酸*4.97±1.29b3.46±0.36c7.75±0.46a
甲硫氨酸*0.84±0.15b0.34±0.19c1.26±0.13a
异亮氨酸*3.43±0.45b2.62±0.38c5.42±0.29a
亮氨酸*6.37±0.77b4.13±0.25c10.63±0.53a
酪氨酸2.09±0.82b1.99±0.38b4.32±0.26a
苯丙氨酸*3.72±0.53b2.50±1.26c5.60±0.17a
赖氨酸*3.37±0.26b2.25±0.36c5.19±0.63a
组氨酸1.41±0.66b0.63±0.16c2.48±0.49a
精氨酸5.00±0.87b2.32±0.57c8.10±0.37a
TEAA26.83±0.51b18.08±0.27c41.99±0.23a
TAA59.81±0.73b41.80±0.36c103.25±0.38a
亲水性氨基酸32.05±0.31b23.34±0.43c59.34±0.33a
疏水性氨基酸27.76±0.23b18.46±0.33c43.91±0.22a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888835379155035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

油脂体氨基酸组成(mg/100 g protein)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸WOBPOBSOB
天冬氨酸8.08±0.95b5.63±0.23c9.47±0.65a
苏氨酸*4.13±0.23b2.78±0.66c6.14±0.32a
丝氨酸4.92±0.86b3.13±0.21c6.19±0.41a
谷氨酸10.73±0.56b4.35±0.36c15.65±0.66a
甘氨酸4.47±0.23b2.77±0.15c6.94±0.16a
丙氨酸3.96±0.56b2.64±0.22c6.31±0.33a
半胱氨酸0.40±0.27b0.26±0.11b1.80±0.26a
缬氨酸*4.97±1.29b3.46±0.36c7.75±0.46a
甲硫氨酸*0.84±0.15b0.34±0.19c1.26±0.13a
异亮氨酸*3.43±0.45b2.62±0.38c5.42±0.29a
亮氨酸*6.37±0.77b4.13±0.25c10.63±0.53a
酪氨酸2.09±0.82b1.99±0.38b4.32±0.26a
苯丙氨酸*3.72±0.53b2.50±1.26c5.60±0.17a
赖氨酸*3.37±0.26b2.25±0.36c5.19±0.63a
组氨酸1.41±0.66b0.63±0.16c2.48±0.49a
精氨酸5.00±0.87b2.32±0.57c8.10±0.37a
TEAA26.83±0.51b18.08±0.27c41.99±0.23a
TAA59.81±0.73b41.80±0.36c103.25±0.38a
亲水性氨基酸32.05±0.31b23.34±0.43c59.34±0.33a
疏水性氨基酸27.76±0.23b18.46±0.33c43.91±0.22a
), ArticleFig(id=1320888835458846812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

PCA load matrix of oil body characteristic indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征指标载荷系数
PC1PC2PC3
蛋白质(X1)0.3700.156−0.020
脂质(X2)0.0020.2710.962
总糖(X3)0.121−0.4960.146
总酚(X4)0.330−0.2770.088
必需氨基酸(X5)0.3450.243−0.076
总氨基酸(X6)0.3650.181−0.059
亲水性氨基酸(X7)0.3580.205−0.065
疏水性氨基酸(X8)0.3470.238−0.074
LPO(X9)−0.3810.108−0.027
TBARS(X10)−0.2700.376−0.102
粒径(X11)−0.1440.486−0.123
特征值6.5833.6080.794
贡献率(%)59.84132.8047.216
累积贡献率(%)59.84192.64599.861
), ArticleFig(id=1320888835735670877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

油脂体特征指标PCA载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征指标载荷系数
PC1PC2PC3
蛋白质(X1)0.3700.156−0.020
脂质(X2)0.0020.2710.962
总糖(X3)0.121−0.4960.146
总酚(X4)0.330−0.2770.088
必需氨基酸(X5)0.3450.243−0.076
总氨基酸(X6)0.3650.181−0.059
亲水性氨基酸(X7)0.3580.205−0.065
疏水性氨基酸(X8)0.3470.238−0.074
LPO(X9)−0.3810.108−0.027
TBARS(X10)−0.2700.376−0.102
粒径(X11)−0.1440.486−0.123
特征值6.5833.6080.794
贡献率(%)59.84132.8047.216
累积贡献率(%)59.84192.64599.861
), ArticleFig(id=1320888835811168350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Principal component score and composite score of oil body

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称F1F2F3综合得分排名
WOB0.07−1.320.18−0.382
POB−1.190.60−0.078−0.523
SOB1.190.72−0.1080.901
), ArticleFig(id=1320888836075409503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320888822779466717, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

油脂体主成分得分及综合得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称F1F2F3综合得分排名
WOB0.07−1.320.18−0.382
POB−1.190.60−0.078−0.523
SOB1.190.72−0.1080.901
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山桐子不同部位油脂体的理化特性及稳定性研究
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刘永辰 1, 2, 3 , 张佳敏 1 , 刘璇 1 , 张静 1 , 朱婉仪 1 , 姜瞻梅 1 , 冯红霞 2, 3 , 宋明发 2, 3 , 侯俊财 1, 2, 3, * , 常云鹤 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(7): 159-168
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (7) : 159 -168
山桐子不同部位油脂体的理化特性及稳定性研究
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刘永辰1, 2, 3 , 张佳敏1, 刘璇1, 张静1, 朱婉仪1, 姜瞻梅1, 冯红霞2, 3, 宋明发2, 3, 侯俊财1, 2, 3, * , 常云鹤2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
  • 2国家林业草原山桐子加工与综合利用工程技术研究中心,贵州贵阳 550005
  • 3贵阳学院食品科学与工程学院,贵州贵阳 550005
通讯作者:
侯俊财(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:乳品加工,E-mail:。
常云鹤(1986−),男,博士,高级实验师,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘永辰(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:乳品加工,E-mail:

Physicochemical Properties and Stability of Oil Body in Different Parts of Idesia polycarpa Maxim
Yongchen LIU1, 2, 3 , Jiamin ZHANG1, Xuan LIU1, Jing ZHANG1, Wanyi ZHU1, Zhanmei JIANG1, Hongxia FENG2, 3, Mingfa SONG2, 3, Juncai HOU1, 2, 3, * , Yunhe CHANG2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
  • 2Engineering Technology Research Center for Processing and Comprehensive Utilization of Idesia polycarpa Maxim of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guiyang 550005, China
  • 3School of Food Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050175
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本文以山桐子不同部位(整果、果皮、种子)为原料,探究通过水萃取法制得的整果油脂体(Whole fruit oil body,WOB)、果皮油脂体(Peel oil body,POB)、种子油脂体(Seed oil body,SOB)的理化特性、物理及氧化稳定性。研究发现,SOB的总糖、蛋白质、必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量分别为49.58±0.30 g/kg、12.00%±0.37%、41.99±0.23 mg/100 g protein、103.25±0.38 mg/100 g protein,均显著高于WOB和POB(P<0.05)。而WOB的总酚含量为2.59±0.02 mg/g,显著高于POB(P<0.05)。POB的脂质含量为92.88%±1.70%,显著高于WOB和SOB(P<0.05)。此外,三种OB的表观黏度都随着剪切速率的增大而减小,表现出了剪切变稀行为,在相同剪切速率下,SOB的表观黏度、G'和G''高于WOB和POB。SOB的粒径、脂质氢过氧化物(Lipid hydroperoxides,LPO)、硫代巴比妥酸反应物质(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARS)值均显著低于WOB和POB(P<0.05),但其ζ-电位绝对值、界面蛋白吸附率显著高于WOB和POB(P<0.05)。主成分分析的结果也显示出SOB的综合得分最高。综上,以山桐子种子为原料提取得到的SOB有着更优异的理化特性和稳定性。本文的研究可以为山桐子油脂体加工与利用提供基本的技术支撑。

不同部位  /  山桐子  /  油脂体  /  理化特性  /  物理稳定性  /  氧化稳定性

The physicochemical properties, physical and oxidative stability of whole fruit oil body (WOB), peel oil body (POB), and seed oil body (SOB) via water extraction were investigated in this study. The results showed that SOB had significantly higher contents of total sugar (49.58±0.30 g/kg), protein (12.00%±0.37%), essential amino acids (41.99±0.23 mg/100 g protein), and total amino acids (103.25±0.38 mg/100 g protein) than WOB and POB (P<0.05). In contrast, WOB exhibited the highest total phenol content (2.59±0.02 mg/g), compared with POB (P<0.05). POB had the highest lipid content (92.88%±1.70%), and significantly higher than WOB and SOB (P<0.05). Additionally, the apparent viscosity of three oil body emulsions decreased with the increase of shear rate and showed the shear-thinning behavior. At the same shear rate, SOB had higher apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G'), and loss modulus (G'') than WOB and POB. SOB also had significantly lower particle size, lipid hydroperoxide (LPO), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values than WOB and POB, whereas SOB exhibited higher absolute zeta-potential and interfacial protein adsorption rate than WOB and POB (P<0.05). Principal component analysis confirmed that SOB had the highest comprehensive score. Therefore, SOB extracted from Idesia polycarpa Maxim seed, demonstrated the superior physicochemical properties and stability. The research would provide the essential technical support for the processing and utilization of Idesia polycarpa Maxim oil body.

different parts  /  Idesia polycarpa Maxim  /  oil body  /  physicochemical properties  /  physical stability  /  oxidation stability
刘永辰, 张佳敏, 刘璇, 张静, 朱婉仪, 姜瞻梅, 冯红霞, 宋明发, 侯俊财, 常云鹤. 山桐子不同部位油脂体的理化特性及稳定性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 159 -168 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050175
Yongchen LIU, Jiamin ZHANG, Xuan LIU, Jing ZHANG, Wanyi ZHU, Zhanmei JIANG, Hongxia FENG, Mingfa SONG, Juncai HOU, Yunhe CHANG. Physicochemical Properties and Stability of Oil Body in Different Parts of Idesia polycarpa Maxim[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 159 -168 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050175
油脂体(Oil body,OB),是一种贮存在种子细胞中的亚细胞器,广泛存在于大豆、芝麻、油菜籽、亚麻籽和花生等富含油脂的植物种子中。在内质网中经过蛋白质与磷脂对产生的甘油三酯(Triglycerides,TG)进行逐渐包裹而形成OB,所以OB负责TG的储存[1]。OB的微观结构通常为球形,外层是一层单分子磷脂层,三种内源性蛋白,分别是油质蛋白、油体钙蛋白、甾醇蛋白[2]。OB富含维生素E和植物甾醇等微量营养素,根据提取方法和原料品种的不同,其浓度也不同[3]。OB乳液为水包油结构,具有天然预乳化性,是一种安全且良好的乳化剂,可以代替化学合成的乳化剂[4],进而在食品加工、医药行业、化妆品中得到广泛的应用。
OB乳液的稳定性在其提取与加工应用中至关重要。影响OB稳定性的因素主要有不同来源、热处理、pH、盐离子、表面活性剂等。Hou等[5]探究了对不同原料来源的OB的理化性质及稳定性差异,证实了大豆油脂体的乳化稳定性、热稳定性、电位绝对值均显著高于花生油脂体和向日葵油脂体。此外,Chen等[6]证实大豆OB乳液经热处理(90 ℃,30 min)后,可显著改善其储存稳定性,这可归因于内源性酶如脂肪酶和脂氧合酶的失活。Zaaboul等[7]研究发现,随着pH从6.8增加至11.0,花生粗OB的外源蛋白含量、脂质氧化程度降低,使花生OB乳液的物理和氧化稳定性增强。进一步研究表明,盐离子会降低OB的稳定性,例如,氯化钠和氯化钙会诱导核桃仁OB的粒径变大和低密度聚集体到达管的顶部,并在宏观水平上观察到形成富含OB的奶油层[8]。Sukhotu等[9]的结果表明阴离子表面活性剂SDS可以减少玉米胚芽OB液滴之间的聚集。然而,针对由相同原料不同部位提取得到的OB的理化性质及稳定性差异性的研究未见报道。
山桐子具有适应性强、产量高、含油率高等特点,是一种优良的木本油料树种[10]。山桐子中含有较多的不饱和脂肪酸,例如亚油酸、棕榈油酸、油酸等,不饱和脂肪酸相对含量约占70%左右,亚油酸相对含量约占60%左右,具有“树上油库”的美称[11]。目前,关于山桐子的研究主要聚焦在山桐子油加工、山桐子油工艺条件优化、提高山桐子油的氧化稳定性等方面[12−13],山桐子的研究和加工还处于初级阶段。此外,山桐子具有较高的营养价值[14],国家卫生健康委员会将油葡萄(山桐子)油列入普通食品管理[15]。由此可见,山桐子是提取油脂体新的原料来源。因此,本文以山桐子不同部位为原料,探究山桐子不同部位提取OB的理化性质及其稳定性,不仅可以充分探究山桐子OB各部位的性质,还可以推动山桐子精细化加工产业的前进,解决目前山桐子产品单一、加工技术落后的问题。
山桐子 贵州省仁怀市新华丰农业发展有限公司;蔗糖 天津市天力化学试剂有限公司;PC900抑菌剂 北京兰杰柯科技有限公司;总蛋白定量测定试剂盒(BCA法) 南京建成生物工程研究所;其他一般化学试剂均为分析纯,所有试验所用水均为去离子水或超纯水。
H1750R离心机 湖南湘仪离心机仪器有限公司;T18高速分散器 IKA公司;UV-6100 紫外-可见光分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;SYNC激光粒度仪 济南微纳颗粒仪器股份有限公司;HH-8恒温水浴锅 常州朗越仪器制造有限公司;BSA224S分析天平 Sartorius公司;Malvern纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪 Malvern公司;LA8080氨基酸分析仪 日本日立公司;rapid max n exceed杜马斯定氮仪 德国元素公司;MARS40旋转流变仪 赛默飞公司;P1破壁百谷料理机 九阳公司;SP8激光扫描共聚焦显微镜 德国徕卡公司;BPG-9106A精密鼓风干燥箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;LGJ-18真空冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司。
根据Zhou等[16]的方法并稍加修改,分别称取300 g经过人工分离得到的整果、果皮、种子,加入去离子水,以料液比为1:6的方式在4 ℃下冷藏浸泡20 h,然后将样品取出,加入搅拌机中搅拌3 min,用三层纱布过滤,将得到的山桐子浆加入20wt%的蔗糖,用NaOH溶液和HCl溶液调pH至7,在4 ℃下、以10000 r/min离心30 min,取上层乳膏,溶解于20wt%蔗糖溶液中,调pH至7,在4 ℃下、以10000 r/min离心30 min。从加入20wt%蔗糖溶液步骤开始,一直到离心步骤,重复3次,最后一次洗涤介质由20wt%的蔗糖溶液替换成去离子水。最后配成10%的OB乳液,在90 ℃条件下进行杀菌灭酶20 min,然后用流水冷却,冷却后调pH至7,加入0.04%的抑菌剂(PC900),放入4 ℃冰箱冷藏待测。贮藏条件为黑暗下4 ℃贮藏14 d,取样时间为0、3、7、14 d。其中由整果、果皮、种子提取出来的OB样品分别命名为整果油脂体(Whole fruit oil body,WOB)、果皮油脂体(Peel oil body,POB)、种子油脂体(Seed oil body,SOB)。OB蛋白质、总糖、总酚、氨基酸分析等测定需要将样品进行冻干操作,具体为:将样品在−80 ℃下进行48 h预冻处理,然后使用真空冷冻干燥机进行冻干,得到的样品即为冻干样品。
采用GB 5009.3-2016中的干燥法[17]。
采用GB 5009.6-2016中的索氏抽提法[18]。
采用GB 5009.4-2016测定原料灰分[19]。
使用杜马斯定氮仪测定[20]。
根据Ding等[21]的方法。将冻干后的OB分散到4%的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)(w/v)溶液中,振荡涡旋1 min,在4 ℃,12000 r/min条件下离心40 min,收集上清液,使用BCA法测定OB中蛋白质。
采用GB 5009.6-2016中的索氏抽提法[18]。
使用苯酚-硫酸法测定OB中总糖,根据Dubois等[22]的方法并稍加修改。称取1 g冻干后的OB,加入到250 mL的容量瓶中,加入25 mL去离子水,10 mL盐酸,振荡摇匀至形成均匀的悬浊液,装上冷凝回流装置,在沸水浴中水解1 h,冷却后过滤,并洗涤滤渣,合并滤液及洗液,最后定容至250 mL,摇匀备用。取1 mL的待测液,加入1 mL苯酚溶液(50 g/L),缓慢加入5 mL浓硫酸,反应静置10 min,涡旋摇匀,冷却至室温,在490 nm处读取吸光值。以不同浓度葡萄糖标准溶液制作标准曲线(y=9.0367x−0.0178,R2=0.997),根据标准曲线计算总糖含量。
根据Fisk等[23]描述的方法并稍加修改。将2 g冻干的OB,加入10 mL甲醇,在冰水浴的辅助下超声15 min,然后在4 ℃,8000 r/min的条件下离心15 min,收集上清液,该提取过程进行两次,合并两次提取液。取1 mL总酚提取物,加入5 mL水与0.5 mL福林酚试剂,充分混合。5 min后,加入1 mL饱和碳酸钠溶液,然后在黑暗中孵育1 h,将孵育后的样品,在4 ℃,10000 r/min的条件下,离心10 min,取上清液,在760 nm处读取吸光值。以不同浓度的没食子酸标准品制作标准曲线(y=0.1667x−0.0018,R2=0.9994),根据标准曲线计算总酚含量。
根据Ntone等[24]的方法计算山桐子油脂体的提取率,根据以下公式计算出油脂体提取率:
$ \rm 油脂体提取率(\text{%})=\frac{每克山桐子油脂体中的脂质含量}{每克山桐子中的脂质含量}\times 100 $
根据Tang等[25]描述的方法并加以修改。称取含蛋白质含量约20~30 mg的冻干油体样品,放入水解管中,加入10 mL 6 mol/L的盐酸,氮吹30 min,小心移出水解管,旋紧瓶盖,置于耐高温试管架上,放入高温烘箱110 ℃,水解20 h,水解完毕后,取出水解管,冷却至室温,倒入50 mL容量瓶中,用超纯水定容至50 mL,吸取5~10 mL水解液,过滤到10 mL离心管中,从上述10 mL的离心管中吸取1 mL水解液,氮吹干燥,将干燥后的氨基酸用0.02 mol/L的盐酸复溶,再用0.22 μm的滤膜过滤到进样瓶中待测。使用氨基酸分析仪上机检测。
取OB乳液,加入磷酸盐缓冲溶液,稀释至100倍,使用激光粒度仪进行粒径分析。取OB乳液,加入磷酸盐缓冲溶液,稀释至500倍,使用纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪测定电位。
根据Gong等[26]的方法,将5 mL OB乳液置于离心管中,在25 ℃,10000×g条件下离心45 min,取下清液使用0.45 μm滤膜进行过滤。使用BCA法测定蛋白质含量,界面蛋白吸附率(Ar)计算公式为:
$\rm A\text{r}(\text{%})=\frac{(C_0-C_S)\times 100}{C_0} $
式中:C0为蛋白质分散液的初始含量(mg/mL),CS为下清液中的蛋白质含量(mg/mL)。
根据Yu等[27]的方法,取1.5 mL的OB乳液加入7.5 mL的异辛烷/异丙醇溶液(2/1,v/v),涡旋1 min,在3000 r/min的条件下离心5 min,收集上清0.5 mL加入3 mL甲醇/正丁醇溶液(2/1,v/v),随后加入15 μL的3.94 mol/L硫氰酸铵溶液和15 μL的0.072 mol/L硫酸亚铁溶液,混匀溶液黑暗条件下孵育30 min,读取在510 nm下的吸光值。使用过氧化氢异丙苯标准溶液制作标准曲线(y=0.2174x−0.0076,R2=0.9995),根据标准曲线计算出LPO值。
根据Zhao等[28]的方法,将1.5 mL的OB乳液加入2 mL的三氯乙酸溶液(10%,w/v),与5 mL硫代巴比妥酸(1%,w/v)溶液混合,随后煮沸20 min,流水冷却至室温,冷却的混合物与1 mL氯仿混合,混合物在4000 r/min的条件下离心15 min,取上清液,在532 nm处测定吸光值。根据摩尔消光系数152000 L·mol−1·cm−1计算TBARS值。公式如下:
$\rm C=\frac{A}{\varepsilon \times \text{L}} $
式中:C为TBARS浓度(mmol/kg),A为吸光度,ε为摩尔消光系数(152000 L·mol−1·cm−1),L为光程(1 cm)。
根据Liao等[29]描述的方法进行流变学测试。使用模块化旋转流变仪测定新鲜OB的黏度和粘弹性,存储模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')通过0.1~10 Hz范围内的频率扫描测定,应变为0.1%。
通过激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察分析山桐子OB乳液的微观结构,根据de Chirico等[30]描述的方法并稍加修改。用10 mmol/L的磷酸盐缓冲溶液将OB乳液稀释10倍,取1 mL稀释后的乳液加入尼罗蓝和尼罗红染液,来对OB中的蛋白质和脂肪进行染色。染色10 min后,取染色后的OB乳液制片,用指甲油封边过夜,使用60×油镜在488 nm和633 nm的选择性激发波长下记录显微镜像。
所有实验至少进行3次独立重复。实验结果以平均值±标准差的形式表示,使用SPSS 25软件进行数据的统计分析。数据采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行分析,用Duncan方法分析比较变量间的差异。P<0.05表示显著性差异有统计学意义,并对实验数据进行主成分分析。所有图表均使用Origin 2021绘制。
图1中展示了山桐子整果、果皮和种子中脂质、蛋白质、水分和灰分的含量。山桐子果皮脂质含量显著高于整果、种子,整果的脂质含量显著高于种子(P<0.05)。山桐子种子蛋白质含量显著高于整果、果皮(P<0.05),含量为9.82%±0.07%,整果次之,含量为8.07%±0.05%,果皮最低,含量为6.55%±0.15%。种子富含蛋白质,为其萌发和早期生长提供物质和能量基础,这与山桐子的原料特性相符合[31]。闻乐嫣等[32]的研究结果也证实了山桐子果皮中的脂质含量高于整果和种子,而种子中的蛋白质含量高于整果和果皮。水分含量从高到低的顺序为种子>整果>果皮。灰分含量从高到低的顺序为果皮>整果>种子,较高的灰分含量可能与矿物质积累有关,对维持果皮结构和功能有重要意义[31]。不同部位成分含量差异显著,这与各部位功能密切相关。
图2A为WOB、POB、SOB的蛋白质和脂质含量。其中脂质含量为87.94%~92.88%(干基),WOB、SOB中的脂质含量显著低于POB(P<0.05)。三种OB蛋白质含量为5.71%~12.00%(干基),其中SOB提取得到的蛋白质含量为12.00%±0.37%(干基),显著高于WOB和POB(P<0.05)。总的来说,蛋白质含量方面,SOB>WOB>POB。脂质含量方面,WOB、SOB无显著差异(P>0.05),二者的脂质含量显著低于POB(P<0.05)。这可能是由在原料中,三种部位所含蛋白质、脂质等含量不同所导致的[31]。
三种OB的总糖、总酚含量见图2B,SOB的总糖显著高于WOB和POB(P<0.05),为49.58±0.30 g/kg,POB的总糖含量最低,这可能与原料的总糖含量呈正相关[33]。三种山桐子OB的总酚含量为2.00~2.59 mg/g,WOB、SOB中的总酚含量显著高于POB(P<0.05),其中WOB的总酚含量为2.59±0.02 mg/g,这可能是由山桐子整果、种子中的总酚含量较高引起的。
以山桐子不同部位为原料,通过水提法得到的三种OB,如图3所示。三种不同部位山桐子提取得到的OB提取率为22.39%~34.08%,其中WOB的提取率最高,为34.08±3.88%,WOB与SOB的提取率显著高于POB(P<0.05)。其原因可能是山桐子整果的蛋白质与脂质比例较为平衡,因此WOB的提取率最高,而山桐子果皮中的脂质含量高,蛋白质含量低,脂质与蛋白质不平衡,因此POB提取率最低。
如表1所示,三种OB的氨基酸有16种,色氨酸在酸水解过程中被水解[34],所以未在结果中显示。WOB和SOB中,谷氨酸的含量最高,分别为10.73±0.56 mg/100 g和15.65±0.66 mg/100 g;POB中,天冬氨酸是含量最高的氨基酸,为5.63±0.23 mg/100 g。谷氨酸为三种OB的主要氨基酸(4.35±0.36~15.65±0.66 mg/100 g),其次是天冬氨酸(5.63±0.23~9.47±0.65 mg/100 g),亮氨酸(4.13±0.25~10.63±0.53 mg/100 g),缬氨酸(3.46±0.36~7.75±0.46 mg/100 g)。三种通过水提法得到的OB中,POB中的亲水性氨基酸、疏水性氨基酸、必需氨基酸总含量与总氨基酸含量最低,分别为23.34±0.43、18.46±0.33、18.08±0.27、41.80±0.36 mg/100 g。而SOB中的亲水性氨基酸、疏水性氨基酸、必需氨基酸总含量和总氨基酸含量最高,分别为59.34±0.33、43.91±0.22、41.99±0.23、103.25±0.38 mg/100 g,这可能与SOB的蛋白质含量(干基)最高有关(图2A)。SOB的必需氨基酸与总氨基酸含量最高,说明其具有较高的营养价值。
粒径变化见图4,三种OB乳液的粒径均随贮藏时间延长呈现增长趋势。在贮藏期间内,SOB乳液的粒径始终显著低于WOB和POB乳液(P<0.05),这可能与SOB的蛋白质含量较高有关(图2A)。Roberts等[35]的研究表明,蛋白质分子吸附在OB表面形成保护膜。当蛋白质含量较高时,更多蛋白质分子间相互的空间位阻使OB难以靠近融合,从而保持较小粒径。此外,周鑫等[36]的研究也发现蛋白质含量高,OB表面吸附的蛋白质增多,使OB表面电荷增多,静电排斥作用增强,阻止OB聚集和粒径增大。POB乳液的粒径始终显著高于WOB和SOB乳液(P<0.05),这可能是因为POB乳液中含有更多的脂质(图2A),脂质在油水界面更容易发生氧化作用,使得POB的结构被破坏,发生更大程度的絮凝[37]。
如图5为WOB、POB、SOB乳液在贮藏期内的ζ-电位变化趋势。三种OB乳液在贮藏期内ζ-电位绝对值逐渐降低,说明三种OB乳液在贮藏过程中体系逐渐趋于不稳定。在贮藏期间内,SOB乳液的ζ-电位绝对值始终显著高于WOB和POB乳液(P<0.05)。这可能是因为SOB的蛋白质含量高(图2A),这意味着OB表面有更多的带电氨基酸残基暴露,形成了较强的静电斥力,可有效抑制OB乳液液滴聚集[38]。有研究发现大豆OB中蛋白质含量显著高于花生OB和葵花籽OB,导致其ζ-电位绝对值也显著增大[36]。POB乳液的电位绝对值下降幅度相对较大,可能是乳液内部的脂质含量较多,非常容易发生氧化反应,导致静电斥力减弱,稳定性有所降低[37]。
图6显示了三种OB乳液的界面蛋白吸附率,SOB乳液的界面蛋白吸附率显著高于WOB和POB乳液(P<0.05),SOB乳液所形成的界面膜更稳定,聚结力更强,这证实了SOB乳液的稳定性最强。这可能与SOB乳液中的蛋白质含量相对较高有关。Chen等[39]的研究表明,当蛋白质含量较高时意味着体系中可用于吸附的蛋白质分子数量增多。根据吸附动力学原理,蛋白质分子与OB界面的碰撞频率增加,从而提高了蛋白质吸附至OB表面的可能性。
通过测定OB乳液在贮藏期间的脂质氢过氧化物(LPO)和硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)来评价OB乳液的氧化稳定性。如图7A、B所示,经过水提法提取的三种OB乳液的LPO、TBARS值都随着贮藏时间的增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。但是与POB乳液相比,WOB乳液和SOB乳液的LPO、TBARS值的累积明显存在一个滞后期,WOB乳液和SOB乳液的氧化稳定性显著高于POB乳液。这可能与山桐子整果和山桐子种子中含有较多酚类物质有关,或者是与OB中含有的磷脂有关[40]。已经有报道指出,磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酰丝氨酸通过与生育酚醌反应再次生成生育酚,通过增加生育酚含量来增强生育酚的氧化稳定性能力[41]。
在食品加工生产中,大多数的食品都呈现出非牛顿流体特性,即其剪切力与剪切应变率之间不是线性关系的流体。本研究中的山桐子OB也表现出类似的流变特性。如图8A所示,WOB、POB、SOB的表观黏度都随着剪切速率的增大而减小,表现出剪切变稀行为,这可能是因为随着剪切速率的增加,稳定OB的磷脂与膜蛋白受到剪切,导致絮凝体的分子间交联被破坏,从而使得黏度降低[42]。SOB的表观黏度始终处于较高的状态,这可能是因为其含有更多的外源蛋白。根据Nikiforidis等[43]的报道,含有较多外源蛋白的玉米胚芽OB乳液的表观黏度高于含有较少外源蛋白的乳液。
如图8B为WOB、POB、SOB新鲜状态下的动态频率扫描图,三种OB的存储模量(G')及损耗模量(G'')随频率变化趋势如图所示。在扫描频率范围内,G'始终大于G''。SOB的G'和G''高于WOB和POB,可能的原因是其含有更多的蛋白质,其中油质蛋白可以提供更多的氢键供体与受体,OB分子间会通过氢键形成相对稳定的缔合结构[44]。在受力时,这些氢键网络能有效抵抗变形,使OB的G'和G"升高。由图8B还可见,三种OB在低频扫描时表现出类似于液体的流变行为,在高频扫描时表现出类似于固体的流变行为,这是典型的弱凝胶流变特性[45]。这与Mason等[46]的研究相似,他们报告了菜籽OB乳液在pH3.1下的流变行为,也具有相似的弱凝胶流变特性,其研究结果与本研究在数值上略有不同,可能的原因是样品中的含油量不同和所含有的蛋白质种类等不同[45],但是所表现出的流变学行为是相似的。
图9为三种山桐子OB乳液的激光扫描共聚焦显微镜图。从图中可以看出,WOB乳液的荧光信号与其他两种OB乳液相比较为微弱,SOB乳液则具有更加规则的圆球形结构,且蛋白信号更加明显,进一步证实了SOB乳液蛋白质含量较高。并且与POB乳液相比,SOB乳液聚集程度较小,这与前面的粒径结果保持一致,更加证实了SOB乳液的较高稳定性。POB乳液出现絮凝聚结的现象可能是因为正如前文所述,其含有较多的脂质含量,脂滴的粒径变大,并且容易发生氧化反应,进而导致POB乳液脂滴出现聚集现象。
主成分分析也称主分量分析,是一种实用的多元分析方法,通过将原始数据降维,尤其是多个样品、多个指标,揭示样品之间可能存在的统计学差异[47]。使用主成分分析法对通过水提法得到的WOB、POB、SOB的组成成分、物理稳定性、氧化稳定性等指标进行分析。由表2载荷矩阵可知,三个主成分贡献率分别为59.841%、32.804%、7.216%,三个主成分累积贡献率为99.861%,可以最大程度地解释样本的信息。主成分1(PC1)的主要评价指标为蛋白质、总酚、必需氨基酸、总氨基酸、亲水性氨基酸、疏水性氨基酸、LPO,主成分2(PC2)的主要评价指标为总糖、TBARS、粒径,主成分3(PC3)的主要评价指标为脂质。
将原有的11个指标通过新的三个线性关系进行重新表示。以载荷系数与特征值1/2次方的比值作为相应主成分的得分系数[48]:F1=0.144X1+0.047X3+0.127X4+0.134X5+0.142X6+0.140X7+0.135X8−0.148X9−0.105X10−0.056X11;F2=0.082X1+0.143X2−0.261X3−0.146X4+0.128X5+0.095X6+0.108X7+0.125X8+0.057X9+0.198X10+0.256X11;F3=−0.022X1+1.079X2+0.164X3+0.099X4−0.085X5−0.066X6−0.073X7−0.083X8−0.030X9−0.114X10−0.138X11。由各主成分得分和贡献率加权求和得到综合评价函数,山桐子OB综合评价函数表达式为F=0.599F1+0.328F2+0.072F3。OB综合得分越高,则表明其综合性质越好。三种OB的主成分得分及综合得分见表3。由表3可知,三种山桐子OB中,SOB的综合得分最高,WOB次之,得分最低的是POB。
图10为油脂体的二维主成分分析图,从图中可以看出,SOB位于第一象限,POB位于第二象限,WOB位于第四象限。WOB在PC1得分为正值,在PC2中的得分为负值,POB在PC1得分为负值,在PC2得分上为正值,SOB在PC1、PC2上均为正值,这说明了WOB、POB、SOB在理化性质方面具有差异性,从图10中也可以看出SOB的得分最高。
通过测定从山桐子不同部位提取WOB、POB、SOB的理化性质、物理稳定性、氧化稳定性、微观结构、主成分分析等。结果表明,SOB基本组成成分中的总糖、蛋白质含量、必需氨基酸含量和总氨基酸含量较高,这表明SOB具有更高的营养价值,更有利于人体摄入。SOB的G'和G''高于WOB和POB,表明其内部网络结构更为致密,能够有效抵抗外力形变,可以此为基础开发凝胶类产品。在稳定性方面,SOB展现出了优异的物理稳定性和氧化稳定性,这表明SOB在贮藏期内有着更加稳定的性质。CLSM也进一步显示出了SOB乳液具有更小的粒径和较高浓度的蛋白质。主成分分析图和综合得分也进一步证实,SOB在多维度指标下综合得分最高,具有优于WOB与SOB的优势。综上所述,以山桐子种子为原料提取制得的SOB在食品领域具有较高的应用价值,有望为功能性山桐子食品开发提供新的选择。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050175
  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-21
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    1东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
    2国家林业草原山桐子加工与综合利用工程技术研究中心,贵州贵阳 550005
    3贵阳学院食品科学与工程学院,贵州贵阳 550005

通讯作者:

侯俊财(1975−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:乳品加工,E-mail:。
常云鹤(1986−),男,博士,高级实验师,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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