Article(id=1320889135137665392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320888908896907909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050171, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747584000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792854110749, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792854110749, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792854110749, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792854110749, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320888908896907909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='503', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772294400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792854056809, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792854056809, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=217, endPage=226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320889136811192689, articleId=1320889135137665392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Construction and Optimization of Pichia pastoris-based Cell Factory for Production of Hyaluronic Acid and Its Oligosaccharides from Methanol, columnId=1261336275769016441, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Bioengineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high-value glycosaminoglycan that is extensively utilized in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In this study, to establish greener and more cost-effective methods for HA production, Pichia pastoris was employed as a cell factory to evaluate the feasibility of synthesizing HA from methanol, a C1 substrate. Initially, an HA biosynthetic pathway was designed, which was subsequently incorporated into P. pastoriscells. The production of HA was quantified and confirmed using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, thereby verifying the successful establishment of an engineered cell factory. Using this system as a basis, with a view toward enhancing HA yield, hyaluronic acid synthases from different sources were screened. The results revealed that the hyaluronic acid synthase seHAS, derived from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, was characterized by the highest efficiency. Using this synthase, an HA titer of 941 mg/L with a molecular weight of approximately 1100 kDa was obtained under shake flask conditions. In addition, the efficacy of selected high-activity HA depolymerases was assessed, and both exogenous addition and co-expression approaches were employed to analyze potential bottlenecks in HA production. It was found that the depolymerase FhChAC was highly expressed in P. pastoris, and regardless of whether it was exogenously supplied or co-expressed, HA polysaccharides accumulated on the cell surface were efficiently released and degraded to oligosaccharides, thereby contributing to a significant increase in overall HA yield. Based on these optimization steps, a final shake flask fermentation yield of 5.6 g/L of unsaturated disaccharide-form HA oligosaccharides was obtained. The findings from this study are expected to provide important theoretical insights and technical guidance for the engineering of P. pastoris to produce HA from methanol.

, authors=Ziyang YE1, 2, 3, 4, Taicheng ZHU2, *, Yin LI2, Xiangzhao MAO1, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=Ziyang YE, Taicheng ZHU, Yin LI, Xiangzhao MAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Taicheng ZHU, Xiangzhao MAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320889141550756226, articleId=1320889135137665392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=利用甲醇合成透明质酸及其寡糖的毕赤酵母细胞工厂的构建与优化, columnId=1261336277547401341, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=生物工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

透明质酸是一种广泛用于食品、医药和化妆品领域的高价值糖胺聚糖。为探索更绿色、经济的透明质酸生产方式,本研究以毕赤酵母为细胞工厂,评估了利用一碳甲醇合成透明质酸的可行性。首先,在毕赤酵母中设计并构建了透明质酸合成途径,通过液相色谱和质谱分析对产物进行了定量和定性检测,验证了细胞工厂的成功构建。在此基础上,筛选了不同来源的透明质酸合酶以提升产量。结果显示,来源于兽疫链球菌的透明质酸合酶seHAS具有最高的合成效率,在摇瓶发酵条件下透明质酸产量达到941 mg/L,分子量约1100 kDa。此外,本研究还筛选了高活性表达的透明质酸降解酶,并通过外源添加或共表达的方式,探究了透明质酸生产效率的限制因素。结果表明,降解酶FhChAC能够在毕赤酵母中高效表达。通过外源添加或共表达FhChAC能有效释放积累在细胞表面的透明质酸多糖,并将其降解为寡糖,从而显著提升生产效率。通过以上优化,最终在摇瓶发酵中获得了5.6 g/L不饱和二糖形式的透明质酸寡糖产物。本研究为工程毕赤酵母利用一碳甲醇生产透明质酸提供了重要的理论和技术参考。

, authors=叶子扬1, 2, 3, 4, 朱泰承2, *, 李寅2, 毛相朝1, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=叶子扬, 朱泰承, 李寅, 毛相朝, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱泰承, 毛相朝, authorNote=

叶子扬(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱泰承(1980−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:甲基营养型酵母的系统生物学及合成生物学,E-mail:。
毛相朝(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产资源生物加工与高效利用、食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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3Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
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注:Fru-6-P:6-磷酸果糖;Glc-6-P:6-磷酸葡萄糖;Glc-1-P:1-磷酸葡萄糖;UDP-Glc:尿苷二磷酸-葡萄糖;UDP-GlcA:尿苷二磷酸-葡萄糖醛酸;GlcN-6-P:6-磷酸葡萄糖胺;GlcNAc-6-P:6-磷酸乙酰葡萄糖胺;GlcNAc-1-P:1-磷酸N-乙酰葡萄糖胺;UDP-GlcNAc:尿苷二磷酸-N-乙酰葡萄糖胺;Pgi:磷酸葡糖异构酶;Pgm:磷酸葡糖变位酶;GalU:尿苷二磷酸-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶;Ugd:尿苷二磷酸-葡萄糖脱氢酶;GlmS:磷酸葡糖胺合酶;GpaT:磷酸葡糖胺乙酰基转移酶;Pagm:磷酸乙酰葡糖胺变位酶;Uagdp:尿苷二磷酸-N-乙酰葡糖胺焦磷酸化酶;Type Ⅰ HAS:Ⅰ型透明质酸合酶;Type Ⅱ HAS:Ⅱ型透明质酸合酶;UTP:尿苷三磷酸;PPi:焦磷酸;NAD+:氧化型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸;NADH:还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸;Gln:谷氨酰胺;Glu:谷氨酸;Ac-CoA:乙酰辅酶A;CoA:辅酶A;HA:透明质酸。

, figureFileSmall=4imDHQVwKvJnIXo/Hge0gg==, figureFileBig=LHEW6KdKKKrgkFIj83suSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889151587725761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Determination of hyaluronic acid produced by the engineered strains xl2HA and pmHA after a 96-hour fermentation in shake flasks, figureFileSmall=0wQFk93U/FUeZlWDnofOiQ==, figureFileBig=6oQp6E0ZjQ5uFHH029uT7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889151881327042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=CN, label=图2, caption=工程菌xl2HA和pmHA摇瓶发酵96 h生产透明质酸的检测结果

注:A:HPLC法检测工程菌xl2HA和pmHA摇瓶发酵96 h所得透明质酸产物的色谱图;B:工程菌xl2HA和pmHA摇瓶发酵96 h的透明质酸产量;图中*表示与其他组相比差异显著(P<0.05),图4、图6同。

, figureFileSmall=0wQFk93U/FUeZlWDnofOiQ==, figureFileBig=6oQp6E0ZjQ5uFHH029uT7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889151961018819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Confirmation of hyaluronic acid synthesis by the engineered strain pmHA using LC-MS, figureFileSmall=r/FC30PSfvYAsKU20H00/Q==, figureFileBig=m3SI8EOrXBIvJ5HAopIoPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152036516292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=CN, label=图3, caption=工程菌pmHA合成透明质酸的LC-MS鉴定

注:A:透明质酸不饱和二糖标品;B:工程菌pmHA摇瓶发酵96 h产物经软骨素酶ABC处理后的反应液;上图为总离子流色谱图(TIC),下图为保留时间0.840 min特征峰的质谱图。

, figureFileSmall=r/FC30PSfvYAsKU20H00/Q==, figureFileBig=m3SI8EOrXBIvJ5HAopIoPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152099430853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Screening of hyaluronic acid synthases and analysis of hyaluronic acid produced by the engineered strain GS-dcbC-seHAS, figureFileSmall=ex/hhU+XNNnp6u2qxDCD3Q==, figureFileBig=ViDcwZQ8+8PcjjJziE2RtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152300757446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=CN, label=图4, caption=透明质酸合酶的筛选及工程菌GS-dcbC-seHAS透明质酸产物的检测分析

注:A:整合不同透明质酸合酶基因的工程菌摇瓶发酵96 h的透明质酸产量;B:工程菌GS-dcbC-seHAS合成透明质酸的LC-MS鉴定,上图为总离子流色谱图(TIC),下图为保留时间为0.840 min特征峰的质谱图;C:工程菌GS-dcbC-seHAS合成透明质酸的分子量测定。

, figureFileSmall=ex/hhU+XNNnp6u2qxDCD3Q==, figureFileBig=ViDcwZQ8+8PcjjJziE2RtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152372060615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic representation of the presumed location of synthesized hyaluronic acid in engineered P. pastoris, figureFileSmall=BBnU40illkFaRko/MCppqQ==, figureFileBig=SmzGYJRUJ51EfQ7KI+NpnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152430780872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=CN, label=图5, caption=工程毕赤酵母中透明质酸细胞定位的推测示意图

注:HA oligosaccharide:透明质酸寡糖;HA depolymerase:透明质酸降解酶;Extracellular:胞外环境;Cell wall:细胞壁;Mannoprotein:甘露糖蛋白层;Glucan:葡聚糖层;Chitin:几丁质层;Plasma membrane:细胞膜;Cytosol:细胞质;HA:透明质酸;HA synthase:透明质酸合酶。

, figureFileSmall=BBnU40illkFaRko/MCppqQ==, figureFileBig=SmzGYJRUJ51EfQ7KI+NpnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152489501129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Hyaluronic acid depolymerizing activity in a crude enzyme solution from engineered strains after a 96-hour fermentation in shake flasks and its effects on hyaluronic acid molecular weight, figureFileSmall=v3ESdgMO+FssLDGqXehfGg==, figureFileBig=nBALcJfJqeY8JfxfhdlJ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152556609994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=CN, label=图6, caption=工程菌经96 h摇瓶发酵所得粗酶液中HA降解酶活力及其用于降低HA分子量的效果

注:A:工程菌经96 h摇瓶发酵所得粗酶液中HA降解酶活力;B:琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析不同工程菌发酵所得粗酶液与HA(1000 kDa)反应后的产物分子量;Ce:添加菌株GS-sec-CeChnase发酵所得粗酶液进行反应;Fh:添加菌株GS-sec-FhChAC发酵所得粗酶液进行反应;Pv:添加菌株GS-sec-PvChABC发酵所得粗酶液进行反应;NC:添加经热变性处理后的粗酶液进行反应作为对照。

, figureFileSmall=v3ESdgMO+FssLDGqXehfGg==, figureFileBig=nBALcJfJqeY8JfxfhdlJ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152636301771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of FhChAC addition on hyaluronic acid release and production, figureFileSmall=9zWU939M7yc2ONawWc55Gw==, figureFileBig=2ugM1AZ4j7DNRK8cPgIdfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152703410636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=CN, label=图7, caption=添加FhChAC对透明质酸的释放和产量的影响

注:图中*表示透明质酸总量与其他组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=9zWU939M7yc2ONawWc55Gw==, figureFileBig=2ugM1AZ4j7DNRK8cPgIdfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152770519501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Analysis of the product of the engineered strain GS-dcbC-seHAS-sec-FhChAC and its productivity following a 96-hour fermentation in shake flasks, figureFileSmall=OuktFZ6hiUVc+wZDxVvr5g==, figureFileBig=qCKnEYyDcAqAQF/nhHkd3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152833434062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=CN, label=图8, caption=工程菌GS-dcbC-seHAS-sec-FhChAC的产物分析及在96 h摇瓶发酵中的生产性能

注:A:工程菌GS-dcbC-seHAS-sec-FhChAC摇瓶发酵96 h所得产物样品经软骨素酶ABC处理前后的色谱分析;B:工程菌GS-dcbC-seHAS-sec-FhChAC摇瓶发酵96 h的生产性能。

, figureFileSmall=OuktFZ6hiUVc+wZDxVvr5g==, figureFileBig=qCKnEYyDcAqAQF/nhHkd3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320889152917320143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Plasmids and strains used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质粒或菌株相关信息来源
质粒
pPICHAOX1启动子,Hygr实验室保存
pPICZAOX1启动子,Zeor实验室保存
pPICZαAOX1启动子,含α交配因子信号肽的分泌表达载体,Zeor实验室保存
pL3HhisHIS4,用于Golden Gate Assembly的载体骨架,Hygr实验室保存
pPICZ-pmdcbCpPICZ衍生,插入pmdcbC基因本研究
pPICH-pmHASpPICH衍生,插入pmHAS基因本研究
pPICH-xl2HASpPICH衍生,插入xl1HAS基因本研究
pPICH-xl1HASpPICH衍生,插入xl2HAS基因本研究
pPICH-cnHASpPICH衍生,插入cnHAS基因本研究
pPICH-cvHASpPICH衍生,插入cvHAS基因本研究
pPICH-seHASpPICH衍生,插入seHAS基因本研究
pPICZα-FhChACpPICZα衍生,插入HA降解酶FhChAC的编码基因本研究
pPICZα-CeChnasepPICZα衍生,插入HA降解酶CeChnase的编码基因本研究
pPICZα-PvChABCpPICZα衍生,插入HA降解酶PvChABC的编码基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-pmHASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和pmHAS基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-xl2HASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和xl2HAS基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-xl1HASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和xl1HAS基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-cnHASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和cnHAS基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-cvHASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和cvHAS基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-seHASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和seHAS基因本研究
菌株
E. coli DH5α用于表达载体的构建Invitrogen
P. pastoris GS115(GS)HIS4,野生型毕赤酵母菌株Invitrogen
GS-dcbC-xl2HAS(xl2HA)GS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-xl2HAS本研究
GS-dcbC-pmHAS(pmHA)GS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-pmHAS本研究
GS-dcbC-xl1HASGS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-xl1HAS本研究
GS-dcbC-cnHASGS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-cnHAS本研究
GS-dcbC-cvHASGS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-cvHAS本研究
GS-dcbC-seHASGS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-seHAS本研究
GS-sec-FhChACGS转入线性化载体pPICZα-FhChAC本研究
GS-sec-CeChnaseGS转入线性化载体pPICZα-CeChnase本研究
GS-sec-PvChABCGS转入线性化载体pPICZα-PvChABC本研究
GS-dcbC-seHAS-sec-FhChACGS-dcbC-seHAS转入线性化载体pPICZα-FhChAC本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1320889152984429008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用质粒与菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质粒或菌株相关信息来源
质粒
pPICHAOX1启动子,Hygr实验室保存
pPICZAOX1启动子,Zeor实验室保存
pPICZαAOX1启动子,含α交配因子信号肽的分泌表达载体,Zeor实验室保存
pL3HhisHIS4,用于Golden Gate Assembly的载体骨架,Hygr实验室保存
pPICZ-pmdcbCpPICZ衍生,插入pmdcbC基因本研究
pPICH-pmHASpPICH衍生,插入pmHAS基因本研究
pPICH-xl2HASpPICH衍生,插入xl1HAS基因本研究
pPICH-xl1HASpPICH衍生,插入xl2HAS基因本研究
pPICH-cnHASpPICH衍生,插入cnHAS基因本研究
pPICH-cvHASpPICH衍生,插入cvHAS基因本研究
pPICH-seHASpPICH衍生,插入seHAS基因本研究
pPICZα-FhChACpPICZα衍生,插入HA降解酶FhChAC的编码基因本研究
pPICZα-CeChnasepPICZα衍生,插入HA降解酶CeChnase的编码基因本研究
pPICZα-PvChABCpPICZα衍生,插入HA降解酶PvChABC的编码基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-pmHASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和pmHAS基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-xl2HASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和xl2HAS基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-xl1HASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和xl1HAS基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-cnHASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和cnHAS基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-cvHASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和cvHAS基因本研究
pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-seHASpL3Hhis衍生,插入pmdcbC和seHAS基因本研究
菌株
E. coli DH5α用于表达载体的构建Invitrogen
P. pastoris GS115(GS)HIS4,野生型毕赤酵母菌株Invitrogen
GS-dcbC-xl2HAS(xl2HA)GS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-xl2HAS本研究
GS-dcbC-pmHAS(pmHA)GS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-pmHAS本研究
GS-dcbC-xl1HASGS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-xl1HAS本研究
GS-dcbC-cnHASGS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-cnHAS本研究
GS-dcbC-cvHASGS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-cvHAS本研究
GS-dcbC-seHASGS转入线性化载体pL3Hhis-pmdcbC-seHAS本研究
GS-sec-FhChACGS转入线性化载体pPICZα-FhChAC本研究
GS-sec-CeChnaseGS转入线性化载体pPICZα-CeChnase本研究
GS-sec-PvChABCGS转入线性化载体pPICZα-PvChABC本研究
GS-dcbC-seHAS-sec-FhChACGS-dcbC-seHAS转入线性化载体pPICZα-FhChAC本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1320889153068315089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物序列(5ʹ-3ʹ)
5ʹAOXGACTGGTTCCAATTGACAAGC
3ʹAOXGCAAATGGCATTCTGACATCC
GGA-start-FGGCTACGGTCTCACAGAAACATCCAA
AGACGAAAGGT
GGA-1-RGGCTACGGTCTCCTGTTATCTTCTGTACTCTGAAGAGG
GGA-2-FGGCTACGGTCTCCAACATCCAAAGACGAAAGG
GGA-end-RGGCTACGGTCTCCTCCTATCTTCTGTA
CTCTGAAGAGG
), ArticleFig(id=1320889153160589778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320889135137665392, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所用主要引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物序列(5ʹ-3ʹ)
5ʹAOXGACTGGTTCCAATTGACAAGC
3ʹAOXGCAAATGGCATTCTGACATCC
GGA-start-FGGCTACGGTCTCACAGAAACATCCAA
AGACGAAAGGT
GGA-1-RGGCTACGGTCTCCTGTTATCTTCTGTACTCTGAAGAGG
GGA-2-FGGCTACGGTCTCCAACATCCAAAGACGAAAGG
GGA-end-RGGCTACGGTCTCCTCCTATCTTCTGTA
CTCTGAAGAGG
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利用甲醇合成透明质酸及其寡糖的毕赤酵母细胞工厂的构建与优化
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叶子扬 1, 2, 3, 4 , 朱泰承 2, * , 李寅 2 , 毛相朝 1, 3, 4, 5, *
食品工业科技 | 生物工程 2026,47(5): 217-226
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食品工业科技 |生物工程 2026 , 47 (5) : 217 -226
利用甲醇合成透明质酸及其寡糖的毕赤酵母细胞工厂的构建与优化
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叶子扬1, 2, 3, 4 , 朱泰承2, * , 李寅2, 毛相朝1, 3, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,海洋食品加工与安全控制全国重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
  • 2中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,微生物生理与代谢工程研究室,北京 100101
  • 3青岛海洋科技中心海洋药物与生物制品功能实验室,山东青岛 266237
  • 4青岛市食品生物技术重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
  • 5中国轻工业水产品生物加工重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
通讯作者:
朱泰承(1980−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:甲基营养型酵母的系统生物学及合成生物学,E-mail:。
毛相朝(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产资源生物加工与高效利用、食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

叶子扬(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

Construction and Optimization of Pichia pastoris-based Cell Factory for Production of Hyaluronic Acid and Its Oligosaccharides from Methanol
Ziyang YE1, 2, 3, 4 , Taicheng ZHU2, * , Yin LI2, Xiangzhao MAO1, 3, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
  • 2Department of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 3Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 4Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, China
  • 5Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050171
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透明质酸是一种广泛用于食品、医药和化妆品领域的高价值糖胺聚糖。为探索更绿色、经济的透明质酸生产方式,本研究以毕赤酵母为细胞工厂,评估了利用一碳甲醇合成透明质酸的可行性。首先,在毕赤酵母中设计并构建了透明质酸合成途径,通过液相色谱和质谱分析对产物进行了定量和定性检测,验证了细胞工厂的成功构建。在此基础上,筛选了不同来源的透明质酸合酶以提升产量。结果显示,来源于兽疫链球菌的透明质酸合酶seHAS具有最高的合成效率,在摇瓶发酵条件下透明质酸产量达到941 mg/L,分子量约1100 kDa。此外,本研究还筛选了高活性表达的透明质酸降解酶,并通过外源添加或共表达的方式,探究了透明质酸生产效率的限制因素。结果表明,降解酶FhChAC能够在毕赤酵母中高效表达。通过外源添加或共表达FhChAC能有效释放积累在细胞表面的透明质酸多糖,并将其降解为寡糖,从而显著提升生产效率。通过以上优化,最终在摇瓶发酵中获得了5.6 g/L不饱和二糖形式的透明质酸寡糖产物。本研究为工程毕赤酵母利用一碳甲醇生产透明质酸提供了重要的理论和技术参考。

透明质酸  /  毕赤酵母  /  代谢工程  /  透明质酸降解酶  /  透明质酸合酶  /  甲醇

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high-value glycosaminoglycan that is extensively utilized in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In this study, to establish greener and more cost-effective methods for HA production, Pichia pastoris was employed as a cell factory to evaluate the feasibility of synthesizing HA from methanol, a C1 substrate. Initially, an HA biosynthetic pathway was designed, which was subsequently incorporated into P. pastoriscells. The production of HA was quantified and confirmed using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, thereby verifying the successful establishment of an engineered cell factory. Using this system as a basis, with a view toward enhancing HA yield, hyaluronic acid synthases from different sources were screened. The results revealed that the hyaluronic acid synthase seHAS, derived from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, was characterized by the highest efficiency. Using this synthase, an HA titer of 941 mg/L with a molecular weight of approximately 1100 kDa was obtained under shake flask conditions. In addition, the efficacy of selected high-activity HA depolymerases was assessed, and both exogenous addition and co-expression approaches were employed to analyze potential bottlenecks in HA production. It was found that the depolymerase FhChAC was highly expressed in P. pastoris, and regardless of whether it was exogenously supplied or co-expressed, HA polysaccharides accumulated on the cell surface were efficiently released and degraded to oligosaccharides, thereby contributing to a significant increase in overall HA yield. Based on these optimization steps, a final shake flask fermentation yield of 5.6 g/L of unsaturated disaccharide-form HA oligosaccharides was obtained. The findings from this study are expected to provide important theoretical insights and technical guidance for the engineering of P. pastoris to produce HA from methanol.

hyaluronic acid  /  Pichia pastoris  /  metabolic engineering  /  hyaluronic acid depolymerase  /  hyaluronic acid synthase  /  methanol
叶子扬, 朱泰承, 李寅, 毛相朝. 利用甲醇合成透明质酸及其寡糖的毕赤酵母细胞工厂的构建与优化. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (5) : 217 -226 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050171
Ziyang YE, Taicheng ZHU, Yin LI, Xiangzhao MAO. Construction and Optimization of Pichia pastoris-based Cell Factory for Production of Hyaluronic Acid and Its Oligosaccharides from Methanol[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (5) : 217 -226 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050171
透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)是由葡萄糖醛酸和N-乙酰葡萄糖胺经β-1,3和β-1,4糖苷键交替连接形成的一种糖胺聚糖。HA因具有良好的生物相容性、保水性和黏弹性等理化性质[1],得到了广泛的应用。而HA的分子量是决定其功能与应用范围的主要因素[2]。高分子量HA(1000 kDa以上)常用于开发食品增稠剂[3]、生物支撑材料[4]和化妆品保湿剂[5]等;低分子量HA(10~1000 kDa)可用作药物载体[6]且具有抗炎、促进伤口愈合等生理功能[7];HA寡糖(10 kDa以下)具有抗氧化、抗炎、促进肠道健康等功能活性[8],且更容易被人体吸收,可应用于功能性食品[2]。传统HA生产方法主要为动物组织提取法或致病性链球菌发酵法[9],但这些方法存在病毒污染风险、动物源过敏原以及病原菌安全性等问题,限制了HA在医药和食品领域的应用。
近年来,代谢工程技术的迅速发展为HA的微生物合成提供了新的思路和手段。以谷氨酸棒状杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等GRAS(generally regarded as safe)级模式菌为底盘,通过引入UDP-GlcA/UDP-GlcNAc(尿苷二磷酸-葡萄糖醛酸/尿苷二磷酸-N-乙酰葡萄糖胺)供体途径及透明质酸合酶编码基因,已实现约10~100 g/L的HA产量[8,10]。例如,Hu等[11]通过应用透明质酸合酶改造策略扩展了产物分子量范围、适应性进化策略提升了工程菌株的稳定性与抗逆性,最终在工程谷氨酸棒状杆菌中取得了45~105 g/L的HA产量。Jin等[12]应用途径优化和共表达透明质酸酶等策略在工程枯草芽孢杆菌中取得了5.96~19.4 g/L的HA产量。然而,已报道的绝大多数研究仍依赖于葡萄糖这一传统碳源。相比之下,甲醇作为新一代生物制造关键原料,更加绿色、经济[13−14],可通过工业废气(如CO2加氢)或生物质气化工艺进行规模化生产[15],能够缓解“与民争粮、与粮争地”的问题[16]。因此,基于甲醇的生物制造在近些年成为学术和产业界研究的热点和前沿[17]。以更为廉价的甲醇原料进行HA生产有望进一步降低生产成本,加快推动HA绿色生物制造的产业化进程。毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)作为典型的甲基营养型宿主,具备高效的甲醇代谢能力、高密度发酵特性及强大的蛋白表达能力[18−19],目前已成功用于HA[20]以及其他复杂硫酸糖胺聚糖如硫酸软骨素A[21]和肝素[22]的从头合成,展现出强大的应用潜力。但目前甲醇生物合成糖胺聚糖的研究尚处于起步阶段,生产效率普遍偏低,与产业化目标相去较远,亟需进一步优化提高。
本研究旨在以甲醇为唯一碳源,在毕赤酵母中构建HA合成途径,通过筛选最佳透明质酸合酶及辅助HA降解酶表达系统提升HA生产效率。该研究为毕赤酵母甲醇细胞工厂高效合成透明质酸提供了理论基础和技术支撑。
本研究中使用的质粒与菌株如表1所示 所有pPICH、pPICZ和pPICZα衍生质粒均由南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司完成基因合成和质粒组装;本研究所用主要引物如表2所示 引物合成以及DNA测序均由北京擎科生物科技有限公司完成;软骨素酶ABC、透明质酸不饱和二糖标准品 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;分子量为1000 kDa的透明质酸、Stains-All染料 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;DNS试剂 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;限制性核酸内切酶、Golden Gate Assembly试剂盒 美国New England Biolabs公司;LB培养基:10  g/L蛋白胨、5  g/L酵母粉、10 g/L NaCl(固体培养基需另加入15 g/L琼脂粉);YPD培养基:20  g/L葡萄糖、20  g/L蛋白胨、10  g/L酵母粉(固体培养基需另加入15 g/L琼脂粉);BMGY培养基:20  g/L蛋白胨、10  g/L酵母粉、13.4 g/L无氨基酵母氮源、100 mmol/L pH6.0磷酸钾缓冲液、0.4 mg/L生物素、10 g/L甘油;BMMY培养基:20  g/L蛋白胨、10  g/L酵母粉、13.4 g/L无氨基酵母氮源、100 mmol/L pH6.0磷酸钾缓冲液、0.4 mg/L生物素、10 g/L甲醇。
ZQZY-CR8摇床 上海知楚仪器有限公司;ETC811 PCR仪 苏州东胜兴业科学仪器有限公司;Eporator电转仪、Centrifuge 5420台式离心机 德国Eppendorf公司;3-18KS高速冷冻离心机 美国Sigma公司;Infinite M200酶标仪 瑞士Tecan公司;1260 Infinity液相色谱仪 美国Agilent公司;ACQUITY UPLC I-Class PLUS系统配备Xevo G2-XS Tof的液相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国Waters公司;Optilab示差折光检测器、DAWN光散射检测器 美国Wyatt公司。
本研究所用pL3Hhis衍生的重组质粒均通过Golden Gate Assembly方法进行构建获得,具体为:用引物GGA-start-F/GGA-1-R扩增基因pmdcbC表达框,作为DNA片段1;用引物GGA-2-F/GGA-end-R扩增各透明质酸合酶基因表达框,作为DNA片段2。其反应体系为:1 μL Golden Gate Assembly Mix(BsaI-HFv2)、2 μL T4 DNA连接酶缓冲液、2 μL pL3Hhis质粒、1 μL DNA片段1、1 μL DNA片段2和13 µL ddH2O。Golden Gate Assembly的反应程序为:37 ℃,1 min;16 ℃,1 min;循环30次;37 ℃,5 min;60 ℃,5 min;4 ℃,保存。将反应所得重组质粒经热激转化至E. coli DH5α后筛选获得阳性克隆用于pL3Hhis衍生重组质粒的提取。将直接合成的质粒和pL3Hhis衍生质粒分别用限制性核酸内切酶PmeⅠ和SalⅠ线性化,然后按表1描述通过电转化转入相应的毕赤酵母感受态细胞中,筛选获得酵母转化子。以引物5ʹAOX/3ʹAOX对转化子进行菌落PCR扩增,在扩增产物中同时检测到pmdcbC和透明质酸合酶基因的阳性转化子,即为成功构建的重组菌株。
取保藏的菌液划线于YPD平板,在30 ℃培养48 h后,挑取单菌落接种于液体YPD培养基,于30 ℃,200 r/min摇床中培养种子液48 h。取5 mL种子液转接于45 mL的BMGY培养基后继续在30 ℃,200 r/min摇床中培养24 h。在4 ℃以5000×g离心10 min收集BMGY培养液中菌体并重悬于50 mL的BMMY培养基中,并在30 ℃,200 r/min摇床中培养96 h。在甲醇诱导期间,每12 h补充625 µL的无水甲醇,每24 h取样用于测定发酵液细胞密度OD600和制备样品。
取适量按1.2.2方法所得发酵液,在4 ℃以5000×g离心10 min后分别收集菌体和发酵液上清。加入适量ddH2O重悬菌体以恢复至量取的发酵液体积,然后按体积比1:1:2将直径为0.1和0.5 mm的氧化锆颗粒与菌液混合,以120 Hz振荡破碎120 s。随后以10000×g离心15 min收集破碎液上清。将发酵液上清与破碎液上清置于65 ℃孵育2 h后以10000×g离心15 min去除沉淀,分别得到胞外来源和菌体来源的产物样品。
取适量按1.2.2方法所得的发酵液,在4 ℃以10000×g离心15 min收集发酵上清液,然后经0.22 µm滤膜过滤去除残留的酵母细胞,获得粗酶液。
将1.2.3.1所得产物样品适量稀释后与终浓度为0.05 U/mL的软骨素酶ABC于37 ℃过夜充分反应使酶解率达95%以上,经0.22 µm滤膜过滤后得到反应液,使用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定其中HA不饱和二糖含量以表征HA含量[23]。产物样品中HA含量等于反应液样品中HA不饱和二糖含量与样品稀释倍数之积。色谱条件如下:色谱柱:BioRad Aminex HPX-87H Column,7.8 mm×300 mm;流动相:8 mmol/L H2SO4水溶液;流速:0.6 mL/min;柱温:55 ℃;紫外检测器:232 nm;进样量:10 µL。
方法参考已有文献[21]。通过液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)检测1.2.4方法所得反应液中HA不饱和二糖的生成,其理论质量数为378.1036 Da。LC-MS条件如下:色谱柱:ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column,2.1 mm×100 mm;梯度洗脱:流动相A为0.1%甲酸水溶液,流动相B为乙腈,以0.4 mL/min的流速运行10 min,流动相B从0升至5%;柱温:室温;进样量:2 µL。质谱采用负离子模式对100~800 m/z进行扫描,扫描频率为20 points/s,锥孔电压为40 V,碰撞能量为20 eV,毛细管电压为2 kV,源温为100 ℃,脱溶剂温度为450 ℃。
用配备示差折光检测器和光散射检测器的排阻色谱测定1.2.3.1所得产物样品中HA分子量。方法参考已有文献[24]。色谱条件如下:色谱柱:Shodex SB-806M OHpak,8.0 mm×600 mm;流动相:0.1 mol/L NaCl水溶液;流速:0.5 mL/min;柱温:室温;检测器:示差折光检测器与光散射检测器;进样量:50 µL。
将1.2.3.2所得粗酶液与溶于50 mmol/L磷酸钾缓冲液(pH6.0)终浓度为1 mg/mL的HA(分子量1000 kDa)在30 ℃孵育15 min后立即沸水浴5 min终止反应,获得反应液样品。使用经热变性处理后的粗酶液进行反应作为对照。电泳方法参考已有文献[25]。用1×TAE缓冲液配制0.5%的琼脂糖凝胶,取反应液样品与6×DNA上样缓冲液混匀并上样后,在室温以80 V恒压电泳1 h,电泳缓冲液为1×TAE缓冲液。完成后将凝胶用含0.005% Stains-All的50%乙醇溶液过夜避光染色。
测定方法参考已有文献[26]。在1.2.7中所得反应液样品中加入等体积的DNS试剂并混匀,于沸水浴中孵育5 min后,立即冰水浴终止显色反应。用酶标仪测定显色反应液在530 nm处的吸光度值,用以葡萄糖为反应底物绘制的标准曲线计算酶活。单位酶活定义为在30 ℃,pH6.0的条件下,每小时释放出1 μg葡萄糖当量的还原糖所需的酶量。使用1.2.7中的对照反应液样品作为检测背景。
按1.2.2方法发酵工程菌pmHA,在发酵36 h时,添加终浓度为0、400、10000 U/mL的工程菌GS-sec-FhChAC发酵所得粗酶液(按1.2.3.2方法获得)。然后继续按1.2.2方法发酵工程菌pmHA至96 h,通过1.2.4方法测定其HA产量。
质谱数据使用MassLynx软件处理,排阻色谱数据使用Astra软件处理,其余实验数据使用Excel软件处理,每组实验均重复3次,用t-test统计分析,P<0.05认为具有显著差异,使用Veusz软件绘图。
在毕赤酵母中构建的完整HA合成途径如图1所示。甲醇首先通过木酮糖单磷酸途径(XuMP)进行同化,碳流汇集至6-磷酸果糖后,从两条途径分别合成HA合成所需的两种糖基供体UDP-GlcA和UDP-GlcNAc,随后在透明质酸合酶的作用下合成HA糖链。为在毕赤酵母中构建HA合成途径,需引入外源的UDP-Glc脱氢酶基因和透明质酸合酶基因。前人研究中,Jeong等[20]通过引入非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)来源的Ⅰ型透明质酸合酶编码基因xl2HAS,在毕赤酵母中成功实现了HA合成途径的构建,但该菌株的HA产量较低。天然合成HA的多杀巴斯德杆菌A型(Pasteurella multocida type A)来源的pmHAS为唯一已报道的Ⅱ型透明质酸合酶[27],具有独特的研究价值。本研究选择使用多杀巴斯德杆菌来源的UDP-Glc脱氢酶基因pmdcbC,分别与已报道的Ⅰ型透明质酸合酶编码基因xl2HAS和具有独特性的Ⅱ型透明质酸合酶编码基因pmHAS进行组合,用于HA合成途径的初步构建。所有异源基因的表达均由甲醇诱导型强启动子PAOX1驱动。pmdcbC基因表达框分别与xl2HAS和pmHAS基因表达框通过Golden Gate Assembly策略按1.2.1方法组装至同一载体,然后转化至野生型菌P. pastoris GS115(GS)中,并经菌落PCR验证,最终获得工程菌株xl2HA(GS-dcbC-xl2HAS)和pmHA(GS-dcbC-pmHAS)。为初步评估构建的毕赤酵母细胞工厂以甲醇生产HA的能力,本研究在摇瓶条件下对工程菌xl2HA和pmHA进行了96 h的甲醇诱导发酵,并对发酵96 h所得产物样品中HA进行定性和定量分析。
在透明质酸的常用定量检测方法中,HPLC法[23,28]通过检测多糖裂解酶消化HA多糖生成的不饱和二糖进行定量,借助酶反应的简便高效与HPLC系统的批量自动化检测能力,可大幅降低操作流程并节省人工成本,适合在工程毕赤酵母生产HA的场景下应用。因此,本研究选取HPLC法分析工程菌株的HA产量。色谱分析结果如图2A所示,工程菌样品中存在与HA不饱和二糖标品保留时间(7.8 min)一致的产物峰。同时,野生菌(GS)样品中完全没有特征峰的出现,表明没有明显的背景干扰,说明了HPLC法在测定毕赤酵母发酵液样品中HA的适用性。HA产量分析结果表明(图2B),工程菌xl2HA的HA产量非常低,而工程菌pmHA的产量较高,可达260 mg/L。
为进一步确认工程菌pmHA的产物为HA,通过LC-MS对经软骨素酶处理后的产物样品进行分析。结果如图3所示,检测到与标准品保留时间(0.840 min)一致的产物峰以及质荷比同为378.1031的离子峰,且后者与理论值(378.1029)的相对误差在合理范围内(低于5×10−6)。这一结果证实了样品中存在HA不饱和二糖,进一步证明了HA的合成,表明产透明质酸的毕赤酵母细胞工厂得到成功构建。
由于工程菌xl2HA与pmHA的基因型差异仅在于透明质酸合酶基因的不同,故推断不同来源的透明质酸合酶可能对HA的合成效率具有重要影响。为深入探究不同来源透明质酸合酶对毕赤酵母HA合成效率的影响,本研究进一步选择了多种不同来源的透明质酸合酶基因,包括革兰氏阳性菌兽疫链球菌(Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus)来源的seHAS、真菌新生隐球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans)来源的cnHAS、小球藻病毒(Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus)来源的cvHAS和脊椎动物非洲爪蟾来源的xl1HAS,用于HA合成途径的构建,菌株的构建策略与方法同1.2.1。经过96 h的摇瓶发酵,结果显示,工程菌GS-dcbC-seHAS的HA产量最高,达到941 mg/L(图4A),表明兽疫链球菌来源的seHAS在毕赤酵母中有最高的HA合成效率。同时,其产物经LC-MS检测得到了与标准品(图3A)一致的产物峰与母离子,由此确定了HA产物的合成(图4B)。通过排阻色谱测定产物HA的分子量为1131 kDa,多分散系数为1.03(图4C),表明工程菌GS-dcbC-seHAS可生产高分子量HA(大于1000 kDa),且分子量分布较为均一。
此外,工程菌GS-dcbC-seHAS的HA产物仅在菌体来源产物样品中检测到,而发酵上清液中未能检测到HA。结合Ⅰ型透明质酸合酶“边合成边分泌”的分子机制[29−30],可以推测,虽然HA被分泌到酵母细胞膜的外侧,但可能滞留于细胞膜与酵母细胞壁复杂结构之间的间隙内或包裹在细胞外,导致HA无法进一步扩散到发酵液中,同时也限制了其有效的分泌和合成(图5)。为验证这一推测,通过外源添加HA降解酶修剪阻滞的HA多糖,同时检测胞外HA的释放情况并分析其对HA总体产量的影响。
目前,已在毕赤酵母中表达的HA降解酶较少,且市售酶价格较高。为进一步提升毕赤酵母在HA生物合成中的应用潜力,本研究筛选了具有高活性且能在毕赤酵母中高效表达的HA降解酶。普通变形杆菌(Proteus vulgaris)来源的PvChABC[31]和肝素黄杆菌(Flavobacterium heparinum)来源的FhChAC[32]均已报道具有较强的HA反应活性,但尚未在毕赤酵母中实现表达。秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)来源的CeChnase[33]被报道为软骨素水解酶,但也具有一定的HA水解活性。因此,将上述三个HA降解酶编码基因整合至分泌表达载体pPICZα并转入野生菌(GS)中,获得工程毕赤酵母GS-sec-CeChnase、GS-sec-FhChAC和GS-sec-PvChABC。通过96 h甲醇诱导摇瓶发酵,收集粗酶液与HA(1000 kDa)反应后利用DNS法检测HA降解酶活性。结果如图6A所示,工程菌GS-sec-FhChAC产生的HA降解活性远高于其他两者,可达7.37×105 U/mL。工程菌GS-sec-CeChnase发酵所得粗酶液中酶活力较低,约1290 U/mL,而GS-sec-PvChABC产生的HA降解活性极低,仅130 U/mL。同时,使用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析上述反应液中HA的分子量,结果如图6B所示,经工程菌GS-sec-CeChnase粗酶液处理后,HA条带出现下移,表明其具有一定的HA降解能力,但降解效果较为有限。而采用工程菌GS-sec-PvChABC粗酶液处理后,HA条带位置与对照相比无显著差异,说明其无法有效降低HA分子量。相比之下,工程菌GS-sec-FhChAC粗酶液因含有较强的HA降解活性,其反应产物分子量已超出琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析下限(约10 kDa[25]),导致条带不可见。以上结果表明,工程菌GS-sec-CeChnase和GS-sec-PvChABC粗酶液的HA降解能力较弱,而工程菌GS-sec-FhChAC能够表达高活性的HA降解酶,展现出较强的应用潜力。因此,选择在菌株GS-dcbC-seHAS的发酵过程中添加工程菌GS-sec-FhChAC发酵所得粗酶液,考察其对HA释放和产量的影响。
为考察外源添加HA降解酶对HA细胞定位和生产效率的影响,添加时机的选择至关重要。考虑到外加酶的稳定性有限,不宜在酵母细胞积累足量HA之前过早添加;而若在发酵后期添加,则可能因催化时间不足导致HA切割不充分。因此,选择在工程菌GS-dcbC-seHAS摇瓶发酵的中期(36 h),添加终浓度为0、400或10000 U/mL菌株GS-sec-FhChAC发酵所得粗酶液,并测定发酵96 h时的HA产量。结果如图7所示,随着HA降解酶添加量的升高,HA的产量以及胞外来源HA的比例均逐渐升高。当添加量为10000 U/mL时,HA产量达到约2.4 g/L,且胞外来源HA约占50%。这一结果表明外源添加的HA降解酶可有效切割积累于工程毕赤酵母细胞表面的HA并将其部分释放至发酵液中。
由于外源添加HA降解酶可显著提升HA生产效率,因此本研究进一步在HA生产菌株GS-dcbC-seHAS中引入整合FhChAC编码基因的分泌表达载体,得到共表达FhChAC菌株GS-dcbC-seHAS-sec-FhChAC,并在摇瓶水平对其进行96 h甲醇诱导发酵以评价生产性能。鉴于FhChAC的高降解活力,推测其可能使原HA多糖产物的分子量大幅下降,甚至降解产生聚合度最低的HA不饱和二糖。为验证该假设,采用HPLC法比较分析了工程菌发酵96 h所得产物样品经软骨素酶ABC处理前后的HA不饱和二糖含量。结果显示(图8A),产物样品中HA不饱和二糖含量在酶处理前后无显著差异,表明HA多糖产物已被高活性的FhChAC完全消化为HA不饱和二糖。同时,工程菌GS-dcbC-seHAS-sec-FhChAC经96 h甲醇诱导摇瓶发酵,最终获得了5.6 g/L不饱和二糖形式的HA寡糖,表明通过共表达高效的HA降解酶不仅能够显著降低产物分子量,还能进一步提高HA的生产效率。此外,这一摇瓶水平的产量结果远高于已报道的工程毕赤酵母在2.5-L发酵罐水平中取得的1.7 g/L HA产量[20]。
通过降低产物HA多糖的分子量,从而提升HA生产效率的类似发现在其他研究中也有所报道。例如,Wang等[34]通过外源添加HA降解酶,大量释放包裹在工程谷氨酸棒状杆菌细胞表面的HA,不仅显著降低了HA分子量,还使HA产量最高提升了约117%。因此,HA多糖在细胞表面的过度累积现象可能是普遍存在的,这导致了HA分泌效率受限进而影响合成效率。而通过引入HA降解酶,及时释放积累在细胞表面的HA多糖缓解分泌阻滞,无疑是一种有效提升HA生产效率的重要策略。
本研究通过共表达HA降解酶显著提高了HA产量,但由于FhChAC的表达水平和酶活力较高,HA多糖分子量在发酵周期内急剧下降,最终获得了不饱和二糖形式的HA寡糖产物。研究报道显示,HA寡糖在胃肠道中的吸收率较高,口服HA寡糖不仅具有抗氧化和美容作用[35],还可促进肠道益生菌产生有益代谢物,有助于肠道健康[36],适用于保健食品的开发。为进一步满足市场对不同分子量HA产品的需求,未来可通过精细调控HA降解酶的表达强度或控制添加时机,实现对HA产物分子量的精准控制。
本研究成功在毕赤酵母中构建了以甲醇为碳源的HA合成途径。通过筛选不同来源的透明质酸合酶,确定了来自兽疫链球菌的seHAS最适合用于毕赤酵母合成HA。该酶的性能显著优于其他来源的透明质酸合酶,摇瓶发酵水平的HA产量达到941 mg/L,产物分子量较高(约1100 kDa)且分布较为均一。进一步研究表明,大量HA可能被限制在细胞膜与细胞壁复杂结构之间的间隙中或困滞于细胞表面,无法有效扩散到胞外,这严重限制了HA的高效生产。为解决此问题,本研究进一步筛选得到了适合在毕赤酵母中高效表达且具备较强HA降解能力的HA降解酶FhChAC。通过外源添加或共表达FhChAC的方式,大量积累于工程酵母表面的HA多糖被降解为寡糖并释放至胞外环境中。同时,HA总产量也得到了显著提升,共表达降解酶的HA生产菌株经96 h甲醇诱导摇瓶发酵获得了5.6 g/L不饱和二糖形式的HA寡糖产物。本研究不仅验证了以甲醇为唯一碳源的毕赤酵母作为HA生产宿主的巨大潜力,也提出了一个通用的降解酶共表达策略,为推动基于毕赤酵母甲醇细胞工厂的透明质酸工业化生产提供了理论基础和技术参考。

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2026年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050171
  • 接收时间:2025-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-19
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    1中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,海洋食品加工与安全控制全国重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
    2中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,微生物生理与代谢工程研究室,北京 100101
    3青岛海洋科技中心海洋药物与生物制品功能实验室,山东青岛 266237
    4青岛市食品生物技术重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
    5中国轻工业水产品生物加工重点实验室,山东青岛 266404

通讯作者:

朱泰承(1980−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:甲基营养型酵母的系统生物学及合成生物学,E-mail:。
毛相朝(1981−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:水产资源生物加工与高效利用、食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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