Article(id=1320882546620093191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050158, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747584000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852539925, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852539925, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852539925, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852539925, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=421, endPage=429, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882546829808392, articleId=1320882546620093191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects and Mechanisms of Degradation Products of Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis Polysaccharides in Promoting GLP-1 Secretion from NCI-H716 Cells, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The research was designed to examine how the unfermented FCP-2-1 (DFPG-0) and its degradation products after 8 h of in vitro fermentation (DFPG-8) stimulated GLP-1 secretion and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms using the NCI-H716 cell model. The CCK-8 test verified that DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 were non-toxic to NCI-H716 cells within the 50~200 μg/mL concentration range. Thereafter, the study employed 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL doses in subsequent assays to assess how DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 affected GLP-1 release, GCG gene mRNA levels, and key intracellular signaling factors. Experimental data revealed that both DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 markedly enhanced GLP-1 secretion at 50~200 μg/mL (P<0.05), with DFPG-8 demonstrating superior efficacy at the same doses, elevating GLP-1 levels by 21.79%, 10.94%, and 13.19%. In terms of GCG expression, both DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 significantly raised mRNA levels (P<0.05), with DFPG-8 outperforming DFPG-0 at 100 and 200 μg/mL by 37.69% and 80.24%, respectively. Furthermore, DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 both markedly enhanced the expression of CAMP, PKA, Epac, CREB, Cdx-2, and GCG proteins (P<0.05), and DFPG-8 showed superior potency compared to DFPG-0, elevating each marker by 39.17%, 39.41%, 139.40%, 45.16%, 93.13%, and 45.34%. Collectively, the results showed that DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 each facilitated GLP-1 secretion and elevated GCG gene expression, concurrently upregulating CAMP, PKA, Epac, CREB, Cdx-2, and GCG proteins, indicating that FCP-2-1's in vitro glucose-lowering action was mediated via activation of the CAMP/PKA/GCG and CAMP/Epac/GCG cascades to drive GLP-1 production and secretion, with the fermented degradation products exerting a more pronounced effect.

, authors=Cheng ZHONG, Yuxiao WU, Yihong FANG, Aimei ZHOU*, authorsList=Cheng ZHONG, Yuxiao WU, Yihong FANG, Aimei ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aimei ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882548184568595, articleId=1320882546620093191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=广佛手多糖体外发酵降解物促NCI-H716细胞分泌GLP-1的作用及机制, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨未发酵的广佛手多糖FCP-2-1(Degradation products of FCP-2-1 from gut microbiota for 0 hours,DFPG-0)及其体外发酵8 h的降解物(Degradation products of FCP-2-1 from gut microbiota for 8 hours,DFPG-8)在NCI-H716细胞模型中促进胰高血糖素样肽-1(Glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)分泌的作用及其机制。采用CCK-8试验确定DFPG-0和DFPG-8在50~200 μg/mL浓度范围内对细胞无毒性作用。随后,选择50、100和200 μg/mL浓度进行后续实验,评估DFPG-0和DFPG-8对GLP-1分泌、前胰高血糖素原(Preproglucagon,GCG)基因表达以及细胞内相关信号分子的影响。实验结果表明,DFPG-0和DFPG-8在50、100和200 μg/mL浓度下均能显著促进GLP-1分泌(P<0.05),且DFPG-8在相同浓度下的促进作用更为显著,分别提高了21.79%、10.94%和13.19%。在GCG基因表达方面,DFPG-0和DFPG-8均显著上调GCG基因的表达(P<0.05),且DFPG-8在100和200 μg/mL浓度下的效果分别比DFPG-0高出37.69%和80.24%。此外,两者还显著上调了环磷酸腺苷(Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,CAMP)、蛋白激酶A(Protein kinase A,PKA)、CAMP直接激活的交换蛋白(Exchange protein activated by CAMP,Epac)、环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(CAMP-response element binding protein,CREB)、尾型同源框-2(Caudal type homeobox-2,Cdx-2)和GCG蛋白的表达,并且DFPG-8的效果均强于DFPG-0(P<0.05),分别提高了39.17%、39.41%、139.40%、45.16%、93.13%和45.34%。上述结果说明,DFPG-0和DFPG-8均具有促进细胞GLP-1分泌和提高GCG基因mRNA表达的作用,同时能显著上调CAMP、PKA、Epac、CREB、Cdx-2和GCG蛋白表达,说明广佛手多糖的体外降血糖机制可能是通过激活CAMP/PKA/GCG和CAMP/Epac/GCG通路,促进GLP-1的合成和分泌,从而发挥降血糖作用,并且体外发酵降解物的效果更为显著。

, authors=钟诚, 吴宇箫, 方益虹, 周爱梅*, authorsList=钟诚, 吴宇箫, 方益虹, 周爱梅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周爱梅, authorNote=

钟诚(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能食品开发与评价,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
周爱梅(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品化学与功能食品活性物、农产品与水产品深加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
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Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai), 2008, 40(7): 651−662., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882548394283796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882548398478101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, companyId=1320882548394283796, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882548406866710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, companyId=1320882548394283796, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南农业大学食品学院,广东省功能食品活性物重点实验室,广东广州 510642)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882550353023795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=NCI-H716 cells under inverted microscope (500×), figureFileSmall=f2CRLKLHuebk0clWtcf+mQ==, figureFileBig=PQIMJ8bFgSZ4gcBUJ8shNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882550453687092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=CN, label=图1, caption=倒置显微镜下的NCI-H716细胞(500×), figureFileSmall=f2CRLKLHuebk0clWtcf+mQ==, figureFileBig=PQIMJ8bFgSZ4gcBUJ8shNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882550734705461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of DFPG on the viability of NCI-H716 cells, figureFileSmall=iP2CGpbOGm0iHECDlnoJqA==, figureFileBig=ZuCTUOIXefk/3wLzN6NZSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882550826980150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=CN, label=图2, caption=DFPG对NCI-H716细胞活力的影响

注:(a)24 h;(b)48 h;不同字母表示不同组间具有显著差异,P<0.05,图3、图4同。

, figureFileSmall=iP2CGpbOGm0iHECDlnoJqA==, figureFileBig=ZuCTUOIXefk/3wLzN6NZSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882550898283319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of DFPG on GLP-1 secretion by NCI-H716 cells, figureFileSmall=m82OTYzpsPKjfbNFNEVMCw==, figureFileBig=IxPcSUK0y62NgvLeD/q+5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882551007335224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=CN, label=图3, caption=DFPG对NCI-H716细胞分泌GLP-1的影响, figureFileSmall=m82OTYzpsPKjfbNFNEVMCw==, figureFileBig=IxPcSUK0y62NgvLeD/q+5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882551082832697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of DFPG on GCG gene expression in NCI-H716 cells, figureFileSmall=pSotXck6ESg62CDQ6QifPQ==, figureFileBig=KqKZKRr3RkTp0SeO07d1fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882551187690298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=CN, label=图4, caption=DFPG对NCI-H716细胞GCG基因表达量的影响, figureFileSmall=pSotXck6ESg62CDQ6QifPQ==, figureFileBig=KqKZKRr3RkTp0SeO07d1fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882551267382075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of DFPG on the expression of GCG-related proteins in NCI-H716 cells, figureFileSmall=a9EiYLwiIpNuqKGu4fOQ+A==, figureFileBig=jJTa0ONvgDAmC0wz4oA7GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882551363851068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=CN, label=图5, caption=DFPG对NCI-H716细胞GCG相关蛋白表达量的影响

注:(a)蛋白条带;(b)CAMP;(c)PKA;(d)Epac;(e)CREB;(f)Cdx-2;(g)GCG;*表示与BLANK组相比具有显著差异,P<0.05;#表示与DFPG-0组相比具有显著差异,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=a9EiYLwiIpNuqKGu4fOQ+A==, figureFileBig=jJTa0ONvgDAmC0wz4oA7GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882551485485885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer design chart

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因Primer 1 (Forward)Primer 2 (Reverse)
GCGGTAATGCTGGTAC
AAGGCAG
TTATAAAGTCCC
TGGCGGCA
GAPDH
(内参基因)
CCACCCATGGCAAAT
TCCATGGCA
TCTAGACGGCAGGTC
AGGTCCACC
), ArticleFig(id=1320882551577760574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882546620093191, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物设计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因Primer 1 (Forward)Primer 2 (Reverse)
GCGGTAATGCTGGTAC
AAGGCAG
TTATAAAGTCCC
TGGCGGCA
GAPDH
(内参基因)
CCACCCATGGCAAAT
TCCATGGCA
TCTAGACGGCAGGTC
AGGTCCACC
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广佛手多糖体外发酵降解物促NCI-H716细胞分泌GLP-1的作用及机制
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钟诚 , 吴宇箫 , 方益虹 , 周爱梅 *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(15): 421-429
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (15) : 421 -429
广佛手多糖体外发酵降解物促NCI-H716细胞分泌GLP-1的作用及机制
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钟诚(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能食品开发与评价,E-mail:

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钟诚 , 吴宇箫, 方益虹, 周爱梅*
作者信息
  • 华南农业大学食品学院,广东省功能食品活性物重点实验室,广东广州 510642
通讯作者:
周爱梅(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品化学与功能食品活性物、农产品与水产品深加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

钟诚(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能食品开发与评价,E-mail:

Effects and Mechanisms of Degradation Products of Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis Polysaccharides in Promoting GLP-1 Secretion from NCI-H716 Cells
Cheng ZHONG , Yuxiao WU, Yihong FANG, Aimei ZHOU*
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050158
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本研究旨在探讨未发酵的广佛手多糖FCP-2-1(Degradation products of FCP-2-1 from gut microbiota for 0 hours,DFPG-0)及其体外发酵8 h的降解物(Degradation products of FCP-2-1 from gut microbiota for 8 hours,DFPG-8)在NCI-H716细胞模型中促进胰高血糖素样肽-1(Glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)分泌的作用及其机制。采用CCK-8试验确定DFPG-0和DFPG-8在50~200 μg/mL浓度范围内对细胞无毒性作用。随后,选择50、100和200 μg/mL浓度进行后续实验,评估DFPG-0和DFPG-8对GLP-1分泌、前胰高血糖素原(Preproglucagon,GCG)基因表达以及细胞内相关信号分子的影响。实验结果表明,DFPG-0和DFPG-8在50、100和200 μg/mL浓度下均能显著促进GLP-1分泌(P<0.05),且DFPG-8在相同浓度下的促进作用更为显著,分别提高了21.79%、10.94%和13.19%。在GCG基因表达方面,DFPG-0和DFPG-8均显著上调GCG基因的表达(P<0.05),且DFPG-8在100和200 μg/mL浓度下的效果分别比DFPG-0高出37.69%和80.24%。此外,两者还显著上调了环磷酸腺苷(Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,CAMP)、蛋白激酶A(Protein kinase A,PKA)、CAMP直接激活的交换蛋白(Exchange protein activated by CAMP,Epac)、环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(CAMP-response element binding protein,CREB)、尾型同源框-2(Caudal type homeobox-2,Cdx-2)和GCG蛋白的表达,并且DFPG-8的效果均强于DFPG-0(P<0.05),分别提高了39.17%、39.41%、139.40%、45.16%、93.13%和45.34%。上述结果说明,DFPG-0和DFPG-8均具有促进细胞GLP-1分泌和提高GCG基因mRNA表达的作用,同时能显著上调CAMP、PKA、Epac、CREB、Cdx-2和GCG蛋白表达,说明广佛手多糖的体外降血糖机制可能是通过激活CAMP/PKA/GCG和CAMP/Epac/GCG通路,促进GLP-1的合成和分泌,从而发挥降血糖作用,并且体外发酵降解物的效果更为显著。

广佛手多糖(FCP-2-1)  /  体外发酵降解物  /  糖尿病  /  GLP-1

The research was designed to examine how the unfermented FCP-2-1 (DFPG-0) and its degradation products after 8 h of in vitro fermentation (DFPG-8) stimulated GLP-1 secretion and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms using the NCI-H716 cell model. The CCK-8 test verified that DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 were non-toxic to NCI-H716 cells within the 50~200 μg/mL concentration range. Thereafter, the study employed 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL doses in subsequent assays to assess how DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 affected GLP-1 release, GCG gene mRNA levels, and key intracellular signaling factors. Experimental data revealed that both DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 markedly enhanced GLP-1 secretion at 50~200 μg/mL (P<0.05), with DFPG-8 demonstrating superior efficacy at the same doses, elevating GLP-1 levels by 21.79%, 10.94%, and 13.19%. In terms of GCG expression, both DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 significantly raised mRNA levels (P<0.05), with DFPG-8 outperforming DFPG-0 at 100 and 200 μg/mL by 37.69% and 80.24%, respectively. Furthermore, DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 both markedly enhanced the expression of CAMP, PKA, Epac, CREB, Cdx-2, and GCG proteins (P<0.05), and DFPG-8 showed superior potency compared to DFPG-0, elevating each marker by 39.17%, 39.41%, 139.40%, 45.16%, 93.13%, and 45.34%. Collectively, the results showed that DFPG-0 and DFPG-8 each facilitated GLP-1 secretion and elevated GCG gene expression, concurrently upregulating CAMP, PKA, Epac, CREB, Cdx-2, and GCG proteins, indicating that FCP-2-1's in vitro glucose-lowering action was mediated via activation of the CAMP/PKA/GCG and CAMP/Epac/GCG cascades to drive GLP-1 production and secretion, with the fermented degradation products exerting a more pronounced effect.

polysaccharide of Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis (FCP-2-1)  /  in vitro fermentation degradation products  /  diabetes  /  GLP-1
钟诚, 吴宇箫, 方益虹, 周爱梅. 广佛手多糖体外发酵降解物促NCI-H716细胞分泌GLP-1的作用及机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 421 -429 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050158
Cheng ZHONG, Yuxiao WU, Yihong FANG, Aimei ZHOU. Effects and Mechanisms of Degradation Products of Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis Polysaccharides in Promoting GLP-1 Secretion from NCI-H716 Cells[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 421 -429 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050158
佛手(Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis)为芸香科柑橘属的一种药食两用植物,根据不同产地可分为广佛手、川佛手、闽佛手和金佛手等,其中广佛手生长快、果形大、品质好、产量高,含有多糖、精油、黄酮等活性成分,具有独特的优势[1]。多糖为广佛手的主要活性成分之一,其具有广泛的生物活性,如降血糖、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和免疫调节等[2−3],并因其毒副作用小而受到研究者们的青睐[4]。
糖尿病是以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病,临床上可以根据不同的病理机制将糖尿病主要分为Ⅰ型糖尿病(Type 1 diabetes mellitus,T1DM)、Ⅱ型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)和妊娠糖尿病(Gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)[5]。其中,T2DM更为常见,它是由胰岛素抵抗和胰腺β细胞功能不足引起[6]。糖尿病的危害主要来自长期的高血糖状态,可导致多个器官和系统的损害,如糖尿病患者容易发生高血压、动脉硬化、冠心病等心血管疾病,导致中风、心脏病等严重后果[7]。糖尿病的治疗包括综合的生活方式管理和药物治疗。生活方式管理主要包括科学饮食、规律运动、控制体重以及戒烟限酒[8]。根据糖尿病类型和个体病情,选择不同的药物治疗。T1DM主要通过补充胰岛素,如胰岛素泵持续皮下注射胰岛素,模拟生理分泌[9]。T2DM则可通过口服降糖药进行治疗,如双胍类、磺脲类、二肽基肽酶4抑制剂和钠葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂[10]。此外,胰高血糖素样肽-1(Glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)受体激动剂可缓解高血糖病症[11]。然而,药物治疗可能会产生一定的副作用,如二甲双胍可能会导致机体胃肠道不适、乳酸中毒和维生素B12缺乏等;格列本脲可能会导致机体出现低血糖、体重增加和肠道不适等[12−13]。
GLP-1是一种由肠道分泌的肠促胰素,是一种重要的代谢调节因子,主要由肠道L细胞中的前胰高血糖素原(Preproglucagon,GCG)转化而来[14]。机体GLP-1的分泌主要受到以下因素的刺激,如进食高糖高脂食物、碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪等营养素[15]。GLP-1分泌进入血液后,迅速发挥作用,尤其是在进食后迅速增加其血浆浓度,此外还可以与其他肠道激素共同作用来调节餐后血糖[16]。GLP-1改善糖尿病的作用主要包括促进胰岛素分泌、延缓胃排空、控制食欲和改善β细胞功能[17]。
多糖发挥活性的作用部位主要是肠道[18]。多糖在肠道中与肠道菌群发生相互作用。一方面,多糖有助于益生菌的增殖并改善肠道的微生物多样性[19];另一方面,肠道微生物会发酵多糖产生不同的代谢产物,例如乙酸、丙酸和丁酸等短链脂肪酸(Short chain fatty acids,SCFAs),同时也将多糖降解[20]。目前,SCFAs的活性已经被证实,它可调节食欲、能量代谢和血糖平衡[21]。不同结构的多糖发挥降血糖的活性存在差异,但所有多糖被肠道菌群利用后均能产生SCFAs,且产生的SCFAs的种类基本相同,只是含量上有所差异[22]。然而,对于具有某些特定结构的多糖来说,其降血糖的作用可能不仅受SCFAs的影响,还有多糖降解物的作用。研究表明,多糖经肠道菌群酵解后,相比原本的多糖具有更好的生物活性。如罗游[23]研究表明,经微生物固态发酵7 d后的番石榴叶多糖平均分子量有所降低,其抗氧化活性和抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性比未发酵前的活性要强。李煜[24]研究表明,魔芋葡甘聚糖经体外人肠道菌群发酵,其产丁酸量和产戊酸量均有显著的提高,可增加乳杆菌属丰度,并且分子量越低的魔芋葡甘聚糖促进乳杆菌属增殖的效果越好。对于促GLP-1分泌来说,研究表明,分子量更低的糖类物质更能促进GLP-1的分泌,且低聚糖在改善胰岛素抵抗中发挥重要作用[25]。例如,杨艳燕等[26]研究发现,魔芋低聚糖可以显著降低糖尿病小鼠的血糖值,并提示其具有与盐酸双胍片类降糖药物相同的作用;朱巧玲等[27]研究证实,桑枝低聚糖能够通过改善氧化应激水平、改善胰岛素抵抗和调节肠道菌群等途径降低糖尿病小鼠血糖,缓解糖尿病小鼠消瘦的状况,修复结肠与肾脏损伤。因此,肠道菌群降解多糖形成的多糖降解物可能是多糖促进GLP-1分泌的重要物质基础。但是目前关于多糖降解物促进GLP-1分泌的作用及机制的研究鲜见报道。
本课题组前期从广佛手中分离纯化获得一种纯度较高的新型广佛手多糖(FCP-2-1),研究发现FCP-2-1具有促进小鼠血清GLP-1含量提高,从而缓解T2DM的作用[28],但具体机制尚未清楚。并且在FCP-2-1的体外模拟发酵的研究中发现,FCP-2-1体外发酵8 h的降解物(Degradation products of FCP-2-1 from gut microbiota for 8 hours,DFPG-8)比未体外发酵的FCP-2-1(Degradation products of FCP-2-1 from gut microbiota for 0 hours,DFPG-0)具有更强的α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用[29],提示经体外发酵的FCP-2-1可能具有更强的降血糖和促进GLP-1分泌的作用,但仍需通过细胞模型进一步探究。基于此,本研究采用NCI-H716细胞模型,通过CCK-8法测定DFPG-0和DFPG-8对细胞的毒性作用,通过ELISA法测定DFPG-0和DFPG-8对细胞分泌GLP-1的影响,通过RT-QPCR法测定DFPG-0和DFPG-8对细胞GCG基因表达的影响,并通过Western Blot法测定DFPG-0和DFPG-8对细胞环磷酸腺苷(Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,CAMP)、蛋白激酶A(Protein kinase A,PKA)、CAMP直接激活的交换蛋白(Exchange protein activated by CAMP,Epac)、环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(CAMP-response element binding protein,CREB)、尾型同源框-2(Caudal type homeobox-2,Cdx-2)和GCG蛋白表达的影响,为阐明广佛手多糖的降血糖活性及其开发利用提供有益参考。
广佛手 广东展翠食品股份有限公司提供;广佛手多糖(FCP-2-1) 实验室自制[30];1640基础培养基 美国Thermo Fisher;DMEM基础培养基、磷酸缓冲液(Phosphate buffer saline,PBS) 美国Gibco;胎牛血清 美国Sigma;青/链霉素 美国Sigma 100×;细胞冻存液 苏州新赛美生物科技有限公司;二甲双胍(Metformin,Met)、CCK-8试剂盒 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;人GLP-1试剂盒 武汉华美生物工程有限公司;RC122试剂盒、R223试剂盒、Q711试剂盒 南京诺维赞生物科技有限公司;CAMP、PKA、Epac、CREB、Cdx-2、GCG蛋白 上海艾博抗贸易有限公司;NCI-H716细胞 美国模式培养物保藏所。
CCL-1708-8 CO2培养箱 新加坡ESCO;2030i生物安全柜 美国Thermo Fisher;XSP-15C倒置显微镜 上海长方光学仪器有限公司;TGL-16B高速台式离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;CFX Connect实时荧光定量PCR仪 美国BIO-RAD公司;DYY-6C电泳仪、DYCZ-40D转膜仪 北京六一生物科技有限公司。
DFPG-0:将菌群接种液与培养基在厌氧管混合均匀(1:9),加入FCP-2-1并使其浓度为10 mg/mL,在37 ℃培养箱中培养0 h,发酵液过0.22 μm滤膜,加入4倍体积乙醇,4 ℃放置24 h,取沉淀,冻干得DFPG-0。
DFPG-8:参考DFPG-0,培养8 h,发酵液过0.22 μm滤膜,加入4倍体积乙醇,4 ℃放置24 h,取沉淀,冻干得DFPG-8。具体实验方法参考本课题组前期研究[29]。
1640完全培养基:1640基础培养基:胎牛血清:青/链霉素=89:9:1。
DMEM完全培养基:DMEM基础培养基:胎牛血清:青/链霉素=89:9:1。
参考Yang等[31]方法并稍作修改。
复苏:取储液氮罐中NCI-H716细胞冻存管,转移至−80 ℃冰箱,放置数分钟使残留液氮挥发。将冻存管迅速浸入37 ℃水浴锅中,左右晃动冻存管,当管中结晶基本融化至剩余约2 mm直径的冰晶时停止水浴。将细胞与5 mL 1640完全培养基于15 mL离心管混合,离心后弃去上清(1000 r/min,3 min)。加入1640完全培养基,轻柔吹打细胞沉淀,充分混匀。将细胞接种至T 25培养瓶中,1640完全培养基总量为6 mL。摇匀细胞,在倒置显微镜下观察,细胞无异常后将培养瓶放入培养箱培养(37 ℃,5% CO2)。
换液:轻轻吸取培养瓶中的培养基于15 mL离心管,剩余2 mL培养基,使用移液枪轻柔吹打培养瓶中的培养基,形成细胞悬液。吸取细胞悬液于前述的同一15 mL离心管,离心后弃去上清(800 r/min,3 min)得细胞沉淀。加入1640完全培养基于15 mL离心管,轻柔吹打,形成均匀的细胞悬液。将细胞接种至T 25培养瓶,1640完全培养基总量为6 mL。在倒置显微镜下观察,细胞无异常后将培养瓶放入培养箱培养(37 ℃,5% CO2)。每2 d换液或传代。
传代:参考换液方法得细胞沉淀。加入2 mL 1640完全培养基于15 mL离心管,轻柔吹打,形成均匀的细胞悬液。将细胞悬液平均分到2~3个T 25培养瓶中,每个培养瓶中的1640完全培养基总量为6 mL。在倒置显微镜下观察,细胞无异常后将培养瓶放入培养箱培养(37 ℃,5% CO2)。每2 d换液或传代。
冻存:参考换液方法获得细胞沉淀,向离心管加入适量1640完全培养基得均匀细胞悬液并进行细胞计数。计数完成后,离心弃去上清(1000 r/min,3 min),加入冻存液,使细胞密度在5×105~1×107 cell/mL范围内,轻柔吹打,形成细胞悬液,并分装至冻存管。将冻存管放入程序降温盒,于−80 ℃过夜,随后将冻存管放入液氮罐贮存。
参考Chen等[32]方法并稍作修改。取对数生长期细胞,使用DMEM完全培养基制备细胞悬液,以每孔2×104个接种于96孔板,放置于培养箱中培养24 h(37 ℃,5% CO2)。每孔加入由DMEM基础培养基配制的DFPG-0和DFPG-8的样品溶液,使两种样品在板孔中的样品浓度分别为5、25、50、100、200、400 μg/mL,同时设置空白组,放置于培养箱中培养。24 h和48 h后,每孔加入CCK-8试剂(CCK-8溶液:培养基=1:10),然后在培养箱中孵育4 h,随后在450 nm处测定吸光度,记空白组吸光度为A0,样品组吸光度为A1,根据以下公式计算存活率。
$\rm 存活率(\text{%})=\frac{{A_1}}{{A_0}}\times 100 $
参考Okimura等[33]方法并稍作修改。取对数生长期细胞,使用DMEM完全培养基制备细胞悬液,以每孔3×105个接种于24孔板,在培养箱培养48 h,观察到细胞已由半悬浮状态转为贴壁状态即可加样。
使用PBS分别配制浓度为50、100和200 μg/mL的DFPG-0和DFPG-8样品溶液。弃去24孔板上清,并加入已配制的各种样品溶液,在培养箱中培养2 h后,离心并吸取上清(800 r/min,3 min)至1.5 mL离心管。设置Met组,为方便对比,浓度采用DFPG的中剂量浓度。GLP-1半衰期较短,需立即使用试剂盒进行测定。
参考杨光[34]方法并稍作修改。取对数生长期细胞,使用DMEM完全培养基制备细胞悬液,以每孔6×105个接种于6孔板,在培养箱培养48 h,观察到细胞已由半悬浮状态转为贴壁状态即可加样。使用DMEM基础培养基配制浓度为50、100和200 μg/mL的DFPG-0和DFPG-8样品溶液。弃去6孔板上清,每孔对应加入各浓度的DFPG-0和DFPG-8样品溶液,在培养箱中培养24 h后,离心并吸取上清(800 r/min,3 min)至1.5 mL离心管,收集细胞。设置Met组,浓度采用DFPG的中剂量浓度。根据总RNA提取试剂盒(RC112)提取细胞总RNA。通过Nanodrop测定RNA纯度在1.9~2.1间即可,立即进行后续实验或放置于−80 ℃暂时保存。根据逆转录试剂盒(R223)对所提取的细胞总RNA进行逆转录,得cDNA,立即进行后续实验或放置于−80 ℃暂时保存。根据qPCR试剂盒(Q711),每管加入10 μL SYBR qPCR Mix、0.4 μL Primer 1和Primer 2、1 μL cDNA以及8.2 μL ddH2O,使用qPCR仪进行扩增。以相对定量的方法2−△△Ct计算GCG基因表达量。所设计引物[35]如表1所示。
取对数生长期细胞,使用DMEM完全培养基制备细胞悬液,以每孔6×105个接种于6孔板,在培养箱培养48 h,观察到细胞已由半悬浮状态转为贴壁状态即可加样。使用DMEM基础培养基配制浓度为200 μg/mL的DFPG-0和DFPG-8样品溶液。弃去6孔板上清,每孔对应加入DFPG-0和DFPG-8样品溶液,在培养箱中培养24 h后,离心并吸取上清(800 r/min,3 min)至1.5 mL离心管,收集细胞。对各组细胞进行总蛋白提取、蛋白浓度测定和Western Blot试验,方法参考杨玉洁[28]并稍作修改。
实验结果以均值±标准差表示,使用Origin 2024和Graphpad prism 8进行作图和数据分析,P<0.05为差异显著,所有结果平行测定3次。
NCI-H716细胞是一种源自人结肠腺癌的肠内分泌细胞系,具有独特的生理功能和细胞学特征[36]。该细胞在高糖环境可促进其代谢活动和增殖能力,同时通过激活CAMP相关信号通路,进一步上调GLP-1的分泌[37]。如图1所示,该细胞呈现典型上皮细胞特征,包括极性分布和紧密连接结构,悬浮聚团或半贴壁生长[38]。
CCK-8实验是一种基于比色法的细胞活性检测技术,其核心意义在于通过量化活细胞线粒体脱氢酶的代谢活性,快速、灵敏地评估细胞增殖、毒性或药物效应[39]。如图2所示,作用24 h,DFPG-8在浓度小于200 μg/mL时,细胞存活率均大于100%,说明DFPG-8在该浓度范围对细胞无毒性作用;当浓度为50和100 μg/mL时对细胞具有增殖作用,细胞存活率分别为105.08%和116.76%。作用48 h,DFPG-8在浓度为50、100和200 μg/mL时对细胞具有增殖作用,细胞存活率分别为109.31%、123.87%和125.35%,DFPG-0也有类似效果。然而DFPG-0在400 μg/mL抑制细胞增殖,在24 h和48 h细胞存活率分别为89.29%和91.92%。当浓度小于100 μg/mL时,DFPG-0和DFPG-8均能促进细胞增殖,细胞存活逐步升高;当浓度大于100 μg/mL时,DFPG-0和DFPG-8促进细胞增殖作用逐步下降,且当浓度为400 μg/mL时,DFPG-0抑制细胞生长,因此,后续实验浓度选择50、100、200 μg/mL,Met则采用100 μg/mL。
如图3所示,BLANK组的GLP-1分泌量为17.85 ng/mL。与BLANK组相比,Met、DFPG-0(50、100和200 μg/mL)和DFPG-8(50、100和200 μg/mL)组的GLP-1分泌量都显著升高(P<0.05),分别提高了52.35%、55.17%、91.20%、89.15%、88.78%、112.12%和114.10%。与Met组相比,DFPG-0(100和200 μg/mL)组和DFPG-8(50、100和200 μg/mL)都能显著提高GLP-1的分泌量(P<0.05),分别提高了25.49%、24.14%、23.90%、39.24%和40.52%。与DFPG-0相比,当浓度相同时,浓度为50、100和200 μg/mL的DFPG-8能显著提高GLP-1分泌量(P<0.05),分别提高了21.79%、10.94%和13.19%。DFPG-0主要成分是分子量为1.503×104 Da的多糖,其单糖组成为阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸(摩尔比,0.342:0.280:0.276);降解产物DFPG-8的分子量为1891 Da,其单糖组成为阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸、鼠李糖(摩尔比,0.117:0.208:0.326:0.123),经体外发酵后的广佛手多糖具有更强的促L细胞分泌GLP-1的作用。研究表明,多糖及其降解物具有促进细胞分泌GLP-1的作用,田巧基等[40]研究发现,海藻糖、赤藓糖醇、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、异麦芽糖醇和L-阿拉伯糖均可通过激活甜味剂受体信号通路,促进NCI-H716细胞分泌GLP-1。本研究中DFPG-0和DFPG-8同样具有促进NCI-H716细胞分泌GLP-1的作用,分子量小、半乳糖醛酸含量高的DFPG可能通过甜味剂受体信号通路促进细胞分泌GLP-1,具体机制则需通过RT-qPCR和Western Blot进一步探究。
GCG基因编码胰高血糖素原,其表达产物通过组织特异性翻译后加工形成不同激素[41]。在肠道L细胞中,胰高血糖素原则被激素原转化酶1/3剪切生成GLP-1,后者作为肠促胰素,通过葡萄糖依赖性方式刺激胰岛素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素释放,并延缓胃排空[42]。如图4所示,与BLANK组相比,Met、DFPG-0(50、100和200 μg/mL)和DFPG-8(50、100和200 μg/mL)组的GCG基因表达量都显著升高(P<0.05),分别提高了34.31%、41.94%、32.38%、157.78%、24.19%、82.27%和364.63%。与Met组相比,浓度为200 μg/mL的DFPG-0与100和200 μg/mL的DFPG-8都能显著提高GCG基因表达量(P<0.05),分别提高了91.92%、35.71%和245.94%。与DFPG-0相比,当浓度相同时,浓度为100和200 μg/mL的DFPG-8能显著提高GCG基因表达量(P<0.05),分别提高了37.69%和80.24%,研究表明,生物活性物具有促进细胞表达GCG基因的作用。例如,马丽[43]研究发现,黄连素可通过上调Bcl-2/Bcl-xl蛋白并下调Bax/Bad蛋白,改善细胞存活状态,间接促进NCI-H716细胞GCG基因的表达。枸杞多糖LBP[44]可通过诱导β-catenin核转位,增强β-catenin与转录因子TCF7L2的结合能力,激活下游基因转录,促进GCG基因的表达,并且,LBP还可通过激活CAMP/Epac信号通路,增强GCG基因的表达。本研究中,DFPG-0和DFPG-8均能促进细胞GCG基因表达,并且DFPG-8的作用更强。降解物DFPG-8的分子量更低,因此其分子氢键作用弱,产生更多的游离羟基,更有利于发挥活性作用[45];此外,DFPG-8具有更高含量的半乳糖醛酸,有研究表明,半乳糖醛酸能明显影响寡糖片段的活性中心[46],增强活性,这可能是DFPG-8能够更强地促进细胞GCG基因表达的原因。
促进L细胞GCG基因表达的通路主要包括CAMP/PKA和CAMP/Epac通路[25]。当胞内CAMP水平升高时,CAMP与PKA中的R亚基结合,PKA被激活[47]。CREB是CAMP/PKA通路下游的重要效应器。PKA可磷酸化CREB的丝氨酸133位点,激活CREB,被激活的CREB可与GCG基因启动子区域中上游180位置的CRE1和116位置的CRE2结合,启动子区域的染色质结构变得松散,为RNA聚合酶II及其转录复合体的结合创造有利条件,促进GCG基因的表达[48]。当CAMP、PKA和CREB表达量降低时,CAMP/PKA通路受抑制,GCG基因的表达也受抑制。CAMP/Epac通路是独立于PKA的另一条信号分支,可通过激活Rap1,间接激活CREB,促进GCG基因的表达[49]。Cdx-2则是一种同源框转录因子,广泛表达于肠道上皮细胞中,特别是在结肠细胞,其可与GCG基因启动子G1原件的近端AT富集区结合,驱动GCG基因的表达[50]。Epac则可通过磷酸化激活Akt,间接上调Cdx-2的表达[51]。
如图5所示,与BLANK组相比,DFPG-0可促进CAMP、PKA、Epac、CREB、Cdx-2和GCG蛋白表达(P<0.05),分别提高了69.62%、53.50%、132.42%、367.18%、102.82%、84.11%;DFPG-8也可显著提高CAMP、PKA、Epac、CREB、Cdx-2和GCG蛋白表达(P<0.05),分别提高了136.07%、114.01%、447.12%、578.17%、291.71%和167.59%。与DFPG-0相比,DFPG-8促进CAMP、PKA、Epac、CREB、Cdx-2和GCG蛋白表达作用显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了39.17%、39.41%、139.40%、45.16%、93.13%和45.34%。胞内CAMP的提高可促进GCG基因和蛋白的表达,促进GLP-1的合成。此外,胞内CAMP的提高还可促进细胞的胞吐作用。CAMP升高导致PKA激活,PKA则将L细胞膜上L型钙通道的b2亚基、KATP通道的Kir6.2和SUR 1亚基磷酸化[52],这增加了KATP通道对ATP的敏感性,导致KAPT通道关闭、细胞膜去极化和L型钙通道打开,随后Ca2+内流,促进GLP-1的胞吐作用[53]。并且,当胞内CAMP含量升高,其与Epac结合并激活Epac活性[54],在L细胞中,CAMP与Epac结合,通过L型钙通道进入L细胞的Ca2+内流增强,并促进内质网中的兰尼碱受体Ca2+通道打开,进一步提高胞内Ca2+水平,增强GLP-1的分泌[47]。本研究中,DFPG-0和DFPG-8均能通过促进CAMP、PKA、Epac、CREB和Cdx-2的表达,提高GCG基因和蛋白的表达,通过激活CAMP/PKA/GCG和CAMP/Epac/GCG通路促进细胞合成和分泌GLP-1,并且体外发酵降解物DFPG-8的激活作用更强。
本文采用NCI-H716细胞模型研究DFPG-0和DFPG-8的促GLP-1分泌的作用和机制。通过CCK-8试验确定了DFPG-0和DFPG-8在50~200 μg/mL均对细胞无毒性作用。与BLANK组相比,50、100和200 μg/mL的DFPG-0和DFPG-8均能促进GLP-1的分泌,且浓度相同时DFPG-8比DFPG-0的作用更强。其次,与BLANK组相比,50、100和200 μg/mL的DFPG-0和DFPG-8均能促进GCG基因mRNA的表达,当浓度为100和200 μg/mL时,DFPG-8的作用均比DFPG-0的作用更强。此外,与BLANK组相比,DFPG-0和DFPG-8均能显著提高CAMP、PKA、Epac、CREB、Cdx-2和GCG蛋白的表达,且浓度相同时DFPG-8比DFPG-0的作用更强。综上所述,与DFPG-0相比,DFPG-8具有更强的促进GLP-1分泌和GCG基因mRNA表达的作用,同时能显著上调CAMP、PKA、Epac、CREB、Cdx-2和GCG蛋白表达,说明广佛手多糖的体外促GLP-1分泌机制可能是通过激活CAMP/PKA/GCG和CAMP/Epac/GCG通路,促进GLP-1的合成和分泌,从而发挥降血糖作用,并且其体外发酵降解物的效果更为显著。本文有助于揭示广佛手多糖的体外降血糖机制,为阐明其降血糖活性及开发利用提供有益参考。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050158
  • 接收时间:2025-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-19
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    华南农业大学食品学院,广东省功能食品活性物重点实验室,广东广州 510642

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周爱梅(1971−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品化学与功能食品活性物、农产品与水产品深加工与综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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